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All-In-One / CompTIA Linux+™ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, 2 Ed. / Jordan / 896-2 / FM
Blind Folio: i
ALL IN ONE
CompTIA
Linux+™
Certification
EXAM GUIDE
Second Edition (Exam XK0-005)
00-FM.indd 1 06/04/23 10:52 AM

Blind Folio: ii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Ted Jordan (MS, CompTIA Linux+, CompTIA Security+, CompTIA Cloud+, CISSP,
CSSLP) has over 25 years of UNIX, IRIX, Solaris, and Linux engineering experience.
He studied coding and UNIX as a graduate student of the University of California,
Berkeley and Kettering University. During Mr. Jordan’s engineering career, he coded in
C/UNIX for General Motors, Silicon Graphics, Fakespace CAVE Virtual Reality, and
Sun Microsystems. He is the founder and president of successful technical ventures,
Funutation, Inc., and JordanTeam LLC, both providing Linux coding and education.
He has taken and passed all CompTIA Linux+ exams since 2001 and has successfully
trained hundreds of others to attain their Linux+ certifications. Follow him on Twitter
and YouTube @JordanTeamLearn.
Sandor Strohmayer is a trainer and curriculum developer who has been teaching and
writing Linux and UNIX training material for more than 20 years. Mr. Strohmayer
began as a hardware and operating system instructor for Sun Microsystems. Since then
he has developed and taught UNIX, Linux, and other training programs for schools,
corporations, and the military, using study guides and blended learning techniques
supplemented with individually paced learning via a learning management system.
Mr. Strohmayer also offers study, Linux, and other IT hints on LinkedIn (www.linkedin
.com/pub/sandor-strohmayer/4/702/765).
About the Technical and Developmental Editor

Kenneth “Ken” Hess is a practicing senior system administrator and a technology
author, blogger, columnist, editor, and podcaster. Ken has written hundreds of technology
articles on topics that cover Linux, open source software, Windows, Mac, mobile devices,
databases, and cryptocurrencies. He also reviews technology products and is an avid
photographer and filmmaker.
00-FM.indd 2 06/04/23 10:52 AM

Blind Folio: iii
ALL IN ONE
CompTIA
Linux+™
Certification
EXAM GUIDE
Second Edition (Exam XK0-005)
Ted Jordan
Sandor Strohmayer
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Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto
McGraw Hill is an independent entity from CompTIA® and is not affiliated with CompTIA in any manner. This publication
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nor McGraw Hill warrants that use of this publication and accompanying media will ensure passing any exam. CompTIA
and CompTIA Linux+™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of CompTIA in the United States and/or other countries.
All other trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. The CompTIA Marks are the proprietary trademarks and/or
service marks of CompTIA and its affiliates used under license from CompTIA.
00-FM.indd 3 06/04/23 10:52 AM

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Blind Folio: v
This book is dedicated to my parents, Gwendolyn and

Theodore Jordan, who helped me find my passion for
technology and teaching others “how to fish.”
—Ted Jordan
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BeginNew-Tight5.5 / Java: A Beginner’s Guide, Ninth Edition / Herbert Schildt / 355-9 / Front Matter
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CONTENTS AT A GLANCE
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Linux and a Pre-Assessment Exam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 2 Using the vi Text Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Chapter 3 Working with the Linux Shell.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Chapter 4 Managing Linux Users and Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Chapter 5 Managing Linux Files and Directories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Chapter 6 Managing Ownership and Permissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Chapter 7 Managing Storage.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Chapter 8 Configuring Volume Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Chapter 9 Managing Linux Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Chapter 10 Managing Linux Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Chapter 11 Managing the Linux Boot Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Chapter 12 Managing Hardware Under Linux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Chapter 13 Writing Shell Scripts.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Chapter 14 Managing Linux Network Settings.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Chapter 15 Understanding Network Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Chapter 16 Securing Linux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Chapter 17 Applying DevOps: Automation and Orchestration.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Chapter 18 Understanding Virtualization and the Cloud. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Chapter 19 Troubleshooting and Diagnostics.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Chapter 20 Installing and Configuring Linux.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Appendix A Objective Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Appendix B About the Online Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
Index.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
vii
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Linux and a Pre-Assessment Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
A Brief History of Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Batch Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
MULTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Linux Operating System Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Operating System Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Application Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Linux Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Distribution Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Linux Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Common Linux Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Linux on the Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Linux on the Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Mobile Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Linux and Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Linux and Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Embedded Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Pre-Assessment Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Quick Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
In-Depth Answer Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Analyzing Your Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Chapter 2 Using the vi Text Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
The Role and Function of the vi Text Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Editing Text Files in vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Opening Files in vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
The vi Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Working in Normal Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
ix
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x
Working in Command-Line Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Exercise 2-1: Using the vi Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Editing Text Files in nano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Command Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Configuration Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Chapter 3 Working with the Linux Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
What Is a Shell? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Configuring the Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
The Life of a Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Managing Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Configuring Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Setting Up the Local Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Locale Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Character Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
An ASCII Primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
A Unicode Primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Setting Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
The date Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
The /usr/share/zoneinfo/
and /etc/localtime Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
The hwclock Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
The timedatectl Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Bash Configuration Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Login Script Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
The source Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Exercise 3-1: Working with Variables, Parameters,
and Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Redirection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
File Descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Redirect stdin with < . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Redirect stdout with > and >> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Redirect stderr with 2> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Combining stdout and stderr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Send Data to a Command Using a Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Exercise 3-2: Redirection Hands-on Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
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Contents
xi
Chapter 4 Managing Linux Users and Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Understanding Linux Users and Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Linux User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Displaying User and Group IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Creating and Managing User Accounts from the Command Line . . . 106
Provisioning New Users with useradd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Exercise 4-1: Managing User Accounts
from the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Provisioning New Workgroups with groupadd . . . . . . . . . 113
Exercise 4-2: Managing Groups from the Command Line . . . 114
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Chapter 5 Managing Linux Files and Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Understanding the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Navigating the Linux Filesystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Viewing Directory Contents with ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Exercise 5-1: Navigating the Filesystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Managing Linux Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Files, Filenames, and Inodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Creating and Validating Files with touch and stat . . . . . . 128
Soft and Hard Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Creating New Directories with mkdir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Determining the File Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Viewing File Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Deleting Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Copying and Moving Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Exercise 5-2: Managing Files and Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Finding Files in the Linux Filesystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Using find to Search for Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Using xargs to Run Commands from Standard Input . . . . 141
Using locate to Find Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Understanding Commands and Precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Creating Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Creating and Using Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Using Builtin Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Using External Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Exercise 5-3: Finding Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Finding Content Within Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Using grep to Search Within Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Using egrep to Search Within Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Exercise 5-4: Using grep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
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Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Chapter 6 Managing Ownership and Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Managing File Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Viewing Default File Permissions and Ownership . . . . . . . . . 160
Managing Ownership from the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . 161
Exercise 6-1: Managing Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Managing File and Directory Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
How Permissions Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Managing Permissions from the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . 165
Exercise 6-2: Managing Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Working with Default Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Working with Special Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Exercise 6-3: Managing Default and Special Permissions . . . 173
Configuring File Attributes and Access Control Lists . . . . . . . . . . . 174
File Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
File Access Control Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Chapter 7 Managing Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
An Overview of Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
The Master Boot Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
The GUID Partition Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
The Device Naming Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Viewing Disk Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Creating Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Partition Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
fdisk Partitioning Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
parted Partitioning Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
gdisk Partitioning Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Block Device Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Creating Filesystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Available Filesystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Building a Filesystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Mounting a Filesystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Mounting Filesystems Automatically at Boot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Unmounting a Partition with umount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Managing Linux Filesystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Using df to Verify Free Disk Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Using du to Verify Directory Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Reporting Filesystem Status Using dumpe2fs . . . . . . . . . . . 209
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Verifying XFS Filesystems Using xfs_admin . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Checking the Filesystem Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Managing Quotas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Editing /etc/fstab to Set Up Quotas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Creating Quota Database Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Assigning a Quota to Users and Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Exercise 7-1: Managing Linux Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Chapter 8 Configuring Volume Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Implementing Logical Volume Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
LVM Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
LVM Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
LVM Snapshots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Extending LVMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Creating Archives and Performing Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Selecting a Backup Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Selecting a Backup Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Linux Backup and Compression Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Exercise 8-1: Backing Up Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Enabling Redundant Array of Independent Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Configuring Software RAID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Verifying RAID Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Exercise 8-2: Configuring RAID and Logical Volumes . . . . . 239
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Chapter 9 Managing Linux Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Understanding Linux Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Types of Linux Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
User Processes Versus System Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
How Linux Processes Are Loaded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Managing Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Starting System Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Viewing Running Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Prioritizing Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Managing Foreground and Background Processes . . . . . . . . . 264
Ending a Running Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Keeping a Process Running After Logout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Exercise 9-1: Working with Linux Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Scheduling Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Using the at Daemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Using the cron Daemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
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Exercise 9-2: Scheduling Linux Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Using systemd timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Chapter 10 Managing Linux Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Using a Package Manager to Install Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Installing Applications on Red Hat with RPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
RPM Package Naming Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
RPM Command Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
RPM Application Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
RPM Application Upgrades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
RPM Application Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
RPM Application Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
RPM Database Querying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
RPM Conversion to CPIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Exercise 10-1: Practicing Package Manipulation with RPM . . . . 297
Installing RPMs with YUM, DNF, and ZYpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
The YUM Package Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Exercise 10-2: Practicing Package Manipulation with YUM . . . 303
The DNF Package Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
The ZYpp Package Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Installing Applications on Debian with dpkg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Debian Package Naming Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Managing Applications with dpkg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Viewing Application Information with apt-cache . . . . . . 308
Installing Applications on Debian with APT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Troubleshooting an Application Crash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Using Universal Linux App Stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Snap Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Flatpak Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
AppImage Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Installing Applications from Source Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Preparing the Installation Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Compiling the Executable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Installing the Executable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Exercise 10-3: Building Software from Source Code . . . . . . . 316
Uninstalling Software Compiled from Source Code . . . . . . . 317
Managing Shared Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
How Shared Libraries Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Managing Shared Library Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Exercise 10-4: Working with Shared Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
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Chapter 11 Managing the Linux Boot Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
The BIOS POST Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
The Classic BIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
The Modern UEFI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
The GRUB2 Bootloader Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Modify the GRUB2 Bootloader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Change a Forgotten root Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Exercise 11-1: Working with GRUB2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
The Kernel Initiation Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
System V Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
The Linux Runlevels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
The inittab Startup File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Shutting Down the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
The systemd Initialization Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
systemd Unit Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Service Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Kernel Panic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Chapter 12 Managing Hardware Under Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Discovering Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Displaying the Kernel Ring Buffer with dmesg . . . . . . . . . . 356
Detecting USB Devices with lsusb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Detecting PCI Devices with lspci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Managing Kernel Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Exercise 12-1: Working with Kernel Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Referencing Kernel and User Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
/sys and sysfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
udev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Configuring Hardware Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
lsdev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
lshw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Exercise 12-2: Discovering Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Configuring Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Bluetooth Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Configuring Wi-Fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Scanning for Network Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Configuring a Wi-Fi Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Configuring Storage Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
SCSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
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SATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Optical Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Solid State Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
USB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
hdparm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
lsscsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Printing in Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Adding Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Printing to a Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Managing Printers and Print Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Canceling Print Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
lpmove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Removing a Printer or Printer Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Exercise 12-3: Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Chapter 13 Writing Shell Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Advanced Shell Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Globbing Wildcard Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Sequencing Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Command Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Understanding Shell Script Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Defining the Interpreter with #! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Commenting with # . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Defining Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Reading User Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Using Positional Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Using Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Using Control Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Expression Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Testing with Conditionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Using Looping Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Exercise 13-1: Creating a Basic Shell Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Processing Text Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
The tr Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
The cut Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
The nl Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
The od Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
The sed Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
The awk Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
The sort Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
The split Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
The head Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
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The tail Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
The uniq Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
The wc Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Exercise 13-2: Processing Text Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Chapter 14 Managing Linux Network Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Understanding IP Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
What Is a Protocol? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
How IPv4 Addresses Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
How IPv4 Subnet Masks Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Configuring Network Addressing Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Assigning NIC Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Configuring IPv4 Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Exercise 14-1: Working with Network Interfaces . . . . . . . . . 454
Configuring Routing Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Configuring Name Resolver Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Configuring IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Troubleshooting Network Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Using a Standardized Troubleshooting Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Using ping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Using netstat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Using traceroute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Using nc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Using Name Resolution Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Synchronizing Time on a Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Exercise 14-2: Working with Network Commands . . . . . . . . 471
Understanding Network-Based Filesystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
Network File System (NFS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
Samba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Chapter 15 Understanding Network Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Understanding How Encryption Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Symmetric Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Asymmetric Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Integrity Checking via Hashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Implementing Secured Tunnel Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
How SSH Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Configuring SSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Exercise 15-1: Working with SSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
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xviii
Logging In to SSH Without a Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Exercise 15-2: Configuring Public Key Authentication . . . . . 493
Virtual Private Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Configuring High-Availability Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Network Bridge Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Network Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Understanding Single Sign-On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
RADIUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
LDAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Kerberos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
TACACS+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Defending Against Network Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Mitigating Network Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Implementing a Firewall with firewalld . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Exercise 15-3: Implementing Network Security Measures
with firewalld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Implementing a Firewall with iptables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Exercise 15-4: Implementing Network Security Measures
with iptables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Encrypting Files with GPG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
How GPG Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Using GPG to Encrypt Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Using GPG to Revoke Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Exercise 15-5: Using GPG to Encrypt Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Chapter 16 Securing Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Securing the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Securing the Physical Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Securing Access to the Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
Controlling User Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
To Root or Not to Root? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Implementing a Strong Password Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Locking Accounts After Failed Authentications . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Configuring User Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Disabling User Login . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Security Auditing Using find . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Exercise 16-1: Managing User Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Managing System Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Configuring Log Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Using Log Files to Troubleshoot Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Using Log Files to Detect Intruders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
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xix
Enhancing Group and File Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Implementing SELinux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Implementing AppArmor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
Exercise 16-2: Managing SELinux Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Chapter 17 Applying DevOps: Automation and Orchestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Orchestration Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Orchestration Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
The Git Revision Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Using Git . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Collaborating with Git . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Exercise 17-1: Working with a Git Repository . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Chapter 18 Understanding Virtualization and the Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Understanding Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Hypervisors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Thin vs. Thick Provisioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Virtualization File Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Managing Virtual Machines with virsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Virtual Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
BLOB Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Virtual Machine Shortcomings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Understanding Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Persistent Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Container Markup Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Managing Containers with Docker and Kubernetes . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Getting Started with Docker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
Deploying an Existing Container Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Running a Container Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Configuring Container Persistent Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Removing Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Cluster Management with Kubernetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Automating Installations with Kickstart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
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Chapter 19 Troubleshooting and Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
A Standardized Troubleshooting Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Troubleshooting Computer Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Verify Hardware Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Verify CPU Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Verify Memory Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Exercise 19-1: Working with Swap Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Validate Storage Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Validate Other Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Troubleshooting Network Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Verify Network Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Validate User Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Validate the Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
Exercise 19-2: Troubleshooting Networking Issues . . . . . . . . 628
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Chapter 20 Installing and Configuring Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Designing a Linux Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Conducting a Needs Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Selecting a Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
Checking Hardware Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
Verifying System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
Planning the Filesystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Selecting Software Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Identifying User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Gathering Network Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Selecting an Installation Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Installing Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
Exercise 20-1: Installing a Linux System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
Configuring the X Window System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Configuring the X Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Configuring the Display Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Configuring Accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Configuring Locale Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
Configuring Time Zone Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Configuring Printing with CUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Configuring CUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Configuring E-mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Configuring SQL Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Configuring Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
GUID Partition Table Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
IDE Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
Locating a Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
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Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
Appendix A Objective Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Exam XK0-005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Appendix B About the Online Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
Your Total Seminars Training Hub Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
Privacy Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
Single User License Terms and Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
TotalTester Online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Other Book Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Performance-Based Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Virtual Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
Videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thank you to my wife, Cheryl, and my children, Theo and Aria, for allowing Daddy to
toil, peacefully, in the basement, alone, to complete this work.
Also I would like to thank my Cass Technical High School teachers Mr. Max Green and
Mr. Walter Downs, a Tuskegee Airman who felled 6 ½ enemy aircraft in WWII, for
giving me my “serious fun” teaching style.
Dr. David “Doc” Green and Dr. Duane McKeachie of Kettering University showed me
how to simplify difficult concepts for students.
Dr. Larry Stark and Dr. Masayoshi Tomizuka of the University of California at Berkeley
introduced me to UNIX, which has taken me further than I imagined.
—Ted Jordan
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INTRODUCTION
Congratulations on your decision to become CompTIA Linux+ certified! By purchasing

this book, you have taken the first step toward earning one of the hottest certifications
around. Being CompTIA Linux+ certified provides you with a distinct advantage in
today’s IT job market. When you obtain your Linux+ certification, you prove to your
employer, your coworkers, and yourself that you truly know your stuff with Linux.
The new CompTIA Linux+ exam, XK0-005, is an expanded version of the previous
CompTIA Linux+ XK0-004 exam. In addition to Linux, it covers some DevOps,
virtualization, and cloud topics. The Linux portion of the test includes SELinux and
other security topics as well as device management firewall and server commands used
in a multiserver environment.
The XK0-005 exam is designed for those with at least 12 months of hands-on
experience working with Linux servers as a Linux, cloud, or DevOps support engineer.
The exam includes both multiple-choice and performance-based questions, requiring
a working knowledge of the topics listed in the CompTIA Linux+ exam objectives,
described later in this introduction.
We first need to introduce you to the nuts and bolts of this book and the CompTIA
Linux+ certification program. We’ll look at the following topics:
•• Who this book is for

•• How to use this book
•• How this book is organized
•• Special features of the All-in-One certification series
•• The CompTIA Linux+ certification exam
•• Tips for succeeding on the Linux+ certification exam
Let’s begin!
Who This Book Is For

Before you start this book, you need to be aware that we have two primary goals in mind:
•• To help you prepare for and pass the Linux+ exam offered by CompTIA
•• To provide you with the extra skills and knowledge you need to be successful on
the job after you are certified
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xxvi
How to Use This Book
We suggest you use the virtual machine image supplied with the book (see Appendix B
for more details). Although it is a large download, the image contains everything you
need to study for the test offline. The image is CentOS 7–based, but it also contains
Docker images to review the material specifically related to Fedora, openSUSE, and
Debian. We have also included an Ubuntu image. Each of these images may be opened
by executing the fedora, opensuse, debian, or ubuntu commands.
Prior to working with the image, make a clone. Before experimenting, make a snap-
shot so that if you mess up you can just roll it back. Don’t be afraid to trash the image.
That is what learning is about.
There are two users on the system: root and student1. To log in as root from
the graphical interface, select Unlisted and then use the username root and the pass-
word password. To log in as student1, select student1 and supply the password
student1.
We have also provided a directory called /LABS. This directory contains lab files
for specific chapters. Each chapter directory contains a source directory and a work
directory. We suggest you practice with the copy in the work directory; if you make a
mistake or want to start over, you can easily copy the original lab files from the source
directory to the work directory.
As you are reading, use the Linux image to test what you have read. Read a section
and then try the commands in the section. These actions will help you remember the
material better and also improve your problem-solving skills. Most chapters also include
one or more exercises. When you encounter an exercise, do each step. Don’t just scan
the exercise—understand what each step does. Anticipate what your actions will affect
and then verify the results. If something unexpected happens, try to understand why,
and try again.
The activities help you understand the material better and are similar to the exam’s
performance-based questions. So don’t just read the activities or watch the videos; perform
them so that you can pass the exam the first time.
In some exercises we have not supplied all the steps. We are not trying to trick you.
We want you to build the assessment skills that you will need not only when taking the
CompTIA Linux+ exam but also in real life. Always ask, what do I have to complete?
What do I need for this function to work? Examine pertinent variable or parameter
settings as well as related configuration files. If you are having difficulty, each exercise
has an accompanying video available in the online content that demonstrates how to
perform the exercise.
Take your time studying. The object of the CompTIA Linux+ exam is to certify that
you know what you are doing, not that you can pass a test. Rome wasn’t built in a day.
Take the time to prepare. If you can explain concepts, can complete the exercises while
understanding them, and can discriminate why a question’s answer is correct whereas
other choices are incorrect, you are ready to take the exam.
00-FM.indd 26 06/04/23 10:52 AM

Introduction
xxvii
How This Book Is Organized
The CompTIA Linux+ exam objectives, as currently published, are organized by topic.
They aren’t organized into a logical instructional flow. As you read through this book,
you’ll quickly notice that we don’t address the CompTIA Linux+ objectives in the same
order as they are published by CompTIA. All the objectives are covered; however, we’ve
reorganized them such that we start with the most basic Linux concepts first. Then, as
we progress through the book, we address increasingly more advanced CompTIA Linux+
objectives, building on the skills and knowledge covered in preceding chapters.
The Exam Objective Map in Appendix A has been constructed to help you cross-
reference the official exam objectives from CompTIA with the objectives as they are
presented and covered in this book. The exam objectives are listed in the left column
of the table exactly as CompTIA presents them, and the right column identifies the
corresponding chapter(s) in which each exam objective is covered.
Special Features of the

All-in-One Certification Series
To make the All-in-One Certification series exam guides more useful and a pleasure to
read, McGraw Hill has designed the series to include several conventions that you’ll see
throughout this book.
Icons
To alert you to an important bit of advice, a shortcut, or a pitfall, you’ll occasionally see
Notes, Tips, Cautions, and Exam Tips peppered throughout the text.
NOTE Notes offer nuggets of especially helpful stuff, background explanations,

and information. They also define terms occasionally.
TIP Tips provide suggestions and nuances to help you learn to finesse your
job. Take a tip from us and read the Tips carefully.
CAUTION When you see a Caution, pay special attention. Cautions appear
when you have to make a crucial choice or when you are about to undertake
something that may have ramifications you might not immediately anticipate.
Read them now so that you don’t have regrets later.
EXAM TIP Exam Tips give you special advice or may provide information
specifically related to preparing for the exam itself.
00-FM.indd 27 06/04/23 10:52 AM


xxviii
End-of-Chapter Reviews and Questions
An important part of this book comes at the end of each chapter, where you will find a
brief review of the main points, along with a series of questions followed by the answers
to those questions. Each question is in multiple-choice format.
The questions are provided as a study aid to you, the reader and prospective
CompTIA Linux+ exam taker. We cannot guarantee that if you answer all of the ques-
tions correctly you will absolutely pass the certification exam. But we can guarantee
that the questions will provide you with an idea about how ready you are for the exam.
Online Content
This book comes with access to virtual machine files you can download and use to set up
your very own Linux system to practice with. It also includes access to video clips from
the authors demonstrating many of the exercises you’ll find within the book’s chapters,
as well as TotalTester practice exams to prepare you for the real certification exam. Read
more about the online content and how to access it in Appendix B.
The CompTIA Linux+ Certification Exam

Now that you understand how this book is organized, it’s time for you to become familiar
with the CompTIA Linux+ certification program and the associated exam. Let’s review
the following topics:
•• About the CompTIA Linux+ certification

•• Taking the CompTIA Linux+ exam
About the CompTIA Linux+ Certification

The CompTIA Linux+ certification is an excellent program! It is a vendor-neutral certi-
fication designed and administered by the Computing Technology Industry Association,
affectionately known as CompTIA.
The CompTIA Linux+ certification is considered “vendor neutral” because the exam
is not based on one specific vendor’s hardware or software. This is somewhat unique
in the information technology industry. Many IT certification programs are centered
on one particular vendor’s hardware or software, such as those from Microsoft, Cisco,
SUSE, or Red Hat.
The CompTIA Linux+ certification, on the other hand, is designed to verify your
knowledge and skills with the Linux operating system in general, not on any one
particular distribution. The following is according to CompTIA (at the time of writing):
CompTIA Linux+ validates the skills administrators need to secure the enterprise,
power the cloud and keep systems running. The new certification ensures that IT
professionals, software developers, cybersecurity engineers and penetration testers
have these necessary skills to support today’s tech systems.
00-FM.indd 28 06/04/23 10:52 AM

Introduction
xxix
CompTIA Linux+ is the only job-focused Linux certification covering the latest
foundational skills demanded by hiring managers. Unlike other certifications, the
new exam includes performance-based and multiple-choice questions to identify
the employees who can do the job. The exam covers tasks associated with all major
distributions of Linux, setting the foundation for advanced vendor/distro-specific
knowledge.
As previously mentioned, CompTIA has published objectives for the exam that define
the CompTIA Linux+ certification. These exam objectives specify what a Linux system
administrator should know and be able to do. The CompTIA Linux+ exam objectives
(along with practice exams) are available at https://comptia.org/certifications/linux,
upon submitting a brief registration form. To be CompTIA Linux+ certified, you must
be able to perform the tasks contained in these objectives.
Taking the CompTIA Linux+ Exam

The CompTIA Linux+ exam is a timed exam and delivered electronically on a computer.
The exam is composed of 90 questions and must be completed within 90 minutes.
(A countdown timer is provided in the upper-right corner of the screen.)
NOTE You might actually see fewer than 90 questions on the exam because
performance-based questions (PBQs) carry more weight. Expect to see about
5 PBQs. The more PBQs on the exam, the fewer total questions provided.
Partial credit is granted on PBQs.
The exam interface is fairly straightforward. Items are displayed one at a time on the
screen. You are presented with a question along with a series of responses. You mark the
appropriate response and then go to the next question. You are allowed to go back to
questions that you’ve marked for review.
Each exam is composed primarily of multiple-choice items. Most of the multiple-
choice questions require only one answer; however, some will require the selection of
multiple correct responses. If you forget to select one, the exam will warn you that your
answer is incomplete.
After you complete the exam, the computer will immediately evaluate it and your
score will be printed out. To pass, you need a minimum score of 720 points out of a
possible 900. If you do not pass, your score printout will list the objectives where you
missed questions. You can use this information to review and prepare yourself to retake
the exam.
To make the exam globally available, CompTIA administers the CompTIA Linux+
exam through its testing partner, Pearson VUE (https://home.pearsonvue.com). When
registering at Pearson VUE, you have the option to choose a testing center or to take the
exam at home.
00-FM.indd 29 06/04/23 10:52 AM

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Well,—she will not have that bother any longer. A Miss
James is coming in Miss Millington's stead; and we have
been wondering whether the girls will call her "Jamie."
Ramsay declares they will. Miss Conway wanted to
undertake the little ones herself, but Mrs. Romilly would not
consent,—very right too!
Thyrza means to work hard this winter. She intends to

go through a course of Geology, and a course of Political
Economy, with Miss Con; and she seems able to talk of
nothing else.
When I said something about this at tea-time, Ramsay

burst out laughing, and said, "What bosh!" But Ramsay calls
everything bosh, except what he does himself.
I must confess that Mother laughed too, and said, "We

shall see!" I don't see why. Thyrza is so really fond of study,
—not like Maggie.
December 15. Tuesday.—I sent my story "Winnie" to the

Society last week; but I expect it will be a good while before
I have an answer. Two or three Readers have to go through
the MS. first, and then, if they approve, it has to be put in
type for others to read. However, I do not feel much afraid
about it.
In a few days I hope to begin another, with a heroine

named "Selina;" and that will most likely be a five-shilling
tale. Just now I am doing a small story of a few chapters, to
offer to a child's magazine.
Thyrza and I had a curious talk yesterday with Miss

Con; at least they talked, and I listened. Mother had been
telling me, only an hour or two before, that I really must try
to be less blunt, and to bow more pleasantly to people that
I don't like, when I meet them. Of course I promised to try,
for one does not wish to be disagreeable; only it is very
difficult, when one doesn't care particularly for a person,
and, when one is thinking of something else.
I was with Miss Con and Thyrza in Glynde House

garden. Nellie and the twins were out, and Maggie had gone
for a drive with Mr. and Mrs. Romilly. Thyrza was talking
away pleasantly, and looking so bright, when all at once
Miss Pursey appeared. She isn't, to be sure, a great
favourite with any of us; and Thyrza froze up into an icicle,
in one moment. After she had chatted some time, and left a
message for Mrs. Romilly and was gone, Miss Con said to
Thyrza—
"What made you so curt?"
"Was I curt?" Thyrza asked. "Oh, I don't know. I don't

care for Miss Pursey."
"But if you do not, why put the poor lady to pain?" Miss
Con inquired.
"You don't suppose she minds!" Thyrza said.
"Yes, I do. All people mind a splash of cold water," said

Miss Con.
"Did I administer one? I suppose it is my way," said

Thyrza.
"I don't think that excuse will serve," Miss Con said
quietly. "It is one person's 'way' to shirk trouble; and
another person's 'way' to be idle or untruthful; and another
person's 'way' to be a victim to weak fancies. But—"
Miss Con stopped, and Thyrza coloured up, for she was
finding fault only the day before, with those very faults in
Maggie and Nona and Elfie.
"Of course if one's 'way' is a wrong way, one ought to

fight it, Miss Con. Only I can't see that one's manner
signifies," Thyrza said. "People in general might like me
better, if I put on a softer manner. But if I don't care about
being liked except by the few whom I like—?"
"It is no mere question of being liked," Miss Con said.

"That would be a base motive. It is a question of right and
wrong,—of doing one's duty,—of pleasing God,—of being
Christ-like."
Thyrza exclaimed "Oh!"
But Miss Con went on:
"It is a question of giving pain or pleasure; of losing or

gaining influence; of helping or repelling others. Of course
there are instances in which one has to be cold judicially, to
check undue forwardness; and I am not at all advising
'gush' or even universal cordiality. I only advise the
cultivation of courtesy, kindness, and gentleness,—not to
some only, but to all."
"But one must be natural; one must be true," cried

Thyrza. "I can't put on what I don't feel."
"No. There you strike at the root of the matter," Miss

Con said seriously.
"But I should not like to be commonplace," Thyrza

broke out.
How Miss Con laughed!

"My dear, don't be absurd," she said: and I really
expected to see Thyrza offended, only she never seems
offended with anything Miss Con says.
"But I don't see any right or wrong in it," persisted

Thyrza. "If I can't like people—"
"You are curt to some for whom you do care," Miss Con
answered. "But that is not the point. The real question is,—
How far are you and I free to indulge in repellent ways to
those around us? And this question resolves itself into a
second,—How ought we to feel towards those around us?"
Thyrza just looked down and said nothing.
"'Be pitiful, be courteous,' means more, I think, than

love and politeness to our particular friends," Miss Con said.
"And if we look at Christ, our Example,—that soon settles
the matter. I don't think we can picture to ourselves as the
barest possibility that He eves indulged in curtness of
manner,—that He ever acted bluntly, or put on a repellent
air. Stern and displeased He could be,—but not coldly stiff."
I do not know how Thyrza felt, but I know how I did.
"For of course it is self-indulgence,—the indulgence of a

mood or humour," Miss Con added. "If we had more of our
Master's spirit of love towards all men, I suppose we should
not have even the inclination to treat them curtly. Love does
not wish to repel."
And then she told us how often she was tempted in this
way herself, and how she had to struggle against the
tendency. I never should have supposed anything of the
kind with Miss Con, but she says so, and I am almost glad,
because it makes me hope that perhaps in time I may grow
more like her.
It is wonderful how, if any doubtful point comes up,
Miss Con seems always to look straight at the Life of our
Lord for an answer. And it is still more wonderful how other
people don't do so.
CHAPTER XXXI.
CROOKED AND STRAIGHT.
GLADYS HEPBURN'S DIARY.
February 20. Saturday.
No answer has come yet from the Society about my MS.

"Winnie." I did not think I should have to wait so long: but I
sent it at a busy time, so delay is not surprising.
I am working hard at a tale which I mean to call

"Selina's Wish."
Miss Con has not been away yet. A holiday at Christmas

was talked of for her, but I fancy she has nowhere to go.
She said one day that "her big brother-in-law had not
pressed his hospitality on her." It seems strange, for one
would expect any one to be glad to have Miss Con. He must
be a very queer sort of man.
Everybody at Glynde House is so fond now of Miss Con,

—even Maggie and Nona! Things are quite altered since
Miss Millington left. Mrs. Romilly consults her about
everything, and Nellie says she never saw her equal, and
Maggie always thinks the same as Mrs. Romilly and Nellie,—
at least when she is with them.
Miss James is a harmless little person, with no particular

ideas of her own; but I like her because she is pleasant to
Miss Con. The girls actually have begun to call her "Jamie,"
as Ramsay foretold.
I am rather disappointed with Thyrza, for instead of

working hard this winter, as she meant to do, at Geology
and Political Economy, she seems to be doing hardly
anything. She has grown so oddly absent and dreamy too. I
really thought there was more stuff in Thyrza.
Miss Con doesn't look well. She is very thin; and though
she works hard, and has her cheerful manner again, I often
fancy it is all put on.
April 1. Thursday.—Cold weather still, but signs of a

change. I hardly know how to wish for spring warmth, much
as I love summer. For the Romillys are already talking about
Beckdale, and I am afraid they will go north early this year.
Mrs. Romilly is said to need the change. I am sure Miss Con
does. But I can't bear to think of losing Nellie again for
months.
Yesterday evening I finished my story, "Selina's Wish."

It is 690 pages of MS., each page having, I believe, about
130 or more words. I hope to get it off in three or four
days.
April 14. Wednesday.—My little book "Winnie" has come
back from the Society, declined.
Of course I do not let anybody see how disappointed I

am. I always like to seem quite philosophical; as if it were
only what one might expect. But somehow I didn't expect
failure this time. I thought it was almost sure to be taken.
It is politely refused; still it is refused. The Editor says

that the Readers objected to such a very faulty mother in a
book written for children. I dare say I was wrong to make
her so: and it is good of him to explain. Uncle Tom says that
one learns as much from failure as from success, and that
of course it is all for the best. I suppose that is true; but
still, I do feel flat.
Mother and all of them are so kind. They don't go on

bothering about it, as some people would.
Well, I just have to try afresh. And after all there is

"Selina's Wish." That is the really important one. This is
quite a small affair.
April 22. Thursday.—I am waiting anxiously for an

answer about my "Selina." And I am trying hard to believe
that all will be for the best, either way.
However, I don't think the real difficulty lies there. For

of course God knows what is best. He knows everything,
and He must know that. And I never feel the least doubt
that He loves us, and that He will do what is most for our
happiness. The real difficulty with me is to be willing that He
should choose for me, not I for myself. I do long so terribly
to have my own way; and when I want a thing, I want it so
desperately,—I don't seem to care to wait for what is best in
the end, but only to have my wish now! That must be
impatience; and it is wrong to wish for one's own will at any
cost; but I am afraid I often do. And then I ought to be
thankful if God does not take me at my word, and give me
what I wish; because that would be very dreadful.
April 23. Friday.—Mrs. Romilly was talking to-day in a

worried manner about Miss Con looking so thin, and taking
no rest. And Mother asked if she would not come to us for a
week. It was a sudden thought of Mother's; and Mrs.
Romilly was quite pleased. She said any break would be a
good thing. So Miss Con has been spoken to, and she will
come next Thursday,—for she will not consent to stop
lessons sooner. We hope to make the week grow into a
fortnight.
Same day. Evening.—The last post has brought back my

MS. "Selina's Wish" from Mr. Willis,—declined.
April 27. Tuesday.—I could not write more on Friday

about my story: and I have had no heart to do so since,—
until now.
I won't say that I was not disappointed, for I was,—
intensely disappointed. Of course nobody knew how much. I
woke up next morning feeling perfectly wretched, not the
least able to rise above it, and really believing I had come
to the end of any hopes of future authorship. And the only
comfort was in saying over and over again,—"Trust in the
Lord with all thine heart; and lean not unto thine own
understanding." For of course I can't possibly know what is
really best for myself or for any of us. And somehow, even
before I left my room, things did look a little brighter, and I
felt sure I should be helped.
At breakfast-time Mother asked what I meant to do, and

after some little talk we settled that I had better write and
ask frankly for the reason why the tale is refused,—which I
did.
The answer came this morning,—a kind and pleasant

answer. We are sure from it that the publisher doesn't at all
mean that he will never take a book of mine again; and that
is a great comfort. Mr. Willis says that "the character of
Selina is too naughty and disagreeable. People would say in
reference to several chapters at the beginning—What is the
use of it all? Too much of her naughtiness and impertinence
are given in detail. The books that are most popular are
those with pleasant characters in them. He could
understand the interest of the MS. carrying a reader to the
end, but the impression left would be unpleasant, and it
would not be taken up a second time. Also he thinks the
main incident of the book too melancholy. People like
cheerful books."
I don't think I like cheerful books so much as sad ones:

but no doubt Mr. Willis is the best judge about people in
general: and even before I heard from him, I was making
up my mind to try after pleasanter characters in my next.
I do not think I will try to get either "Selina" or "Winnie"
taken by any one else, at present. The faults in both seem
to be much the same. Better to start something fresh, in a
different style.
There has been a strange mixture of humiliation and

encouragement in all this,—of disappointment now, and
hope for by-and-by. I begin already to think that some day I
may be thankful not to have had "Selina's Wish" published.
April 30. Friday.—Yesterday morning Miss Con came to

us. She was so grateful to Mother for asking her: and she
seemed to find it a rest to be able to be quiet, and not to
feel it her duty to work.
This afternoon, when we had had tea, she was sitting in

one of the windows, reading. Mother was gone out, and I
had begun to mend some holes in my gloves. For I do not
mean to grow into an untidy authoress, if I can help it.
Untidiness is so unwomanly.
I thought Miss Con must be glad of a little real stillness,

and I left her alone, and did not talk. And for a moment I
felt almost vexed, when Maggie and the twins came rushing
in. They were full of fun, and Elfie was in wild spirits, as she
generally is now Mrs. Romilly has come back.
Nona declared they wanted a sight of Miss Con,—she

had been away "such ages." Maggie hugged her, and
plumped down into an arm-chair; and the twins rattled
about all sorts of things.
"Oh, I say,—only think," Nona cried all at once. "Maggie

has a letter from Millie,—the first she has ever
condescended to write. We met the postman outside just
now, and he gave it to us."
"Oh, I'm forgetting!" Maggie exclaimed, and she pulled

out the envelope, looking round in a half-saucy way at Miss
Con, and asking—"Wouldn't you like to hear Millie's news?"
"I should like to know if she is well and happy," Miss

Con said.
"I'll read it out. That will be fun," Maggie said.
Then she began, and we all listened,—not that there

was anything worth hearing. Miss Millington's letters are as
inane as she is herself. The sentences jog on, one after
another, in a sort of aimless fashion, all about nothing.
"She doesn't tell us much," Nona said when Maggie

reached the end. "Not even why she is at her home now. I
thought she had gone to live with an old lady."
"Here is a crossed corner. I didn't see it before," Maggie

said, turning the sheet round. "'Have you—' what is the
word?—Oh, 'have you seen much of the Denhams lately?
They will have told you of Captain Lenox' engagement. A
very good thing for him. Quite recent.'"
Elfie was fondling the kitten on the rug, and Nona stood
over her. I believe the twins were only half listening to what
Maggie read. Maggie herself could not see Miss Con's face
without turning round; but I think she was going to turn.
She made a movement like it, as she said, "No, I don't think
they have told us. I don't remember."
I would not look at Miss Con, and it just flashed across

me to call off the girls, and leave her quiet. I am so glad,—
oh, so glad I did.
There was no time to think. I said, "You haven't looked
at Mother's new plants in the dining-room,—come, Maggie,
—before Uncle Tom goes there." And I caught her wrist, and
we all four went off, Elfie prancing about like a kitten, with
my kitten on her shoulder. Maggie said at first, "What for?"
But she did not hang back, and I let her have no time to ask
it again.
As soon as they had seen the plants, I took all three

into the garden, and kept them there. Elfie once spoke of
seeing Miss Con again, but I would not hear; and soon
Maggie said they had to be at home before six.
When I went back into the drawing-room, Miss Con was

in the same place as before. She had not stirred a finger.
She was sitting on a rather low chair, leaning back, with a
book open on her knee, and her hands lying carelessly on
the book. And her face was calm; only deathly pale. If her
eyes had not been open, I should have thought she had
fainted. She looked up at me, as I came near, and said
gently, "Have they gone home?"
"Yes, Miss Con," I said.
I don't know what made me go close, and kneel down

by her side, and take hold of her hands. They were
frightfully cold, and they felt quite limp, as if all strength
had gone out of them. I did not want to show that I
understood anything; but I could not leave her alone like
that.
"Dear Gladys!" she said, in a worn-out voice. "You are

all so good to me."
I was trembling by this time, wishing Mother would

come in, and yet knowing that Miss Con would not want
anybody else to see her just then. And oh, I did long to
comfort her.
"Miss Con, are you faint?" I asked, and my voice was

half choked.
"No, my dear," she said, in a quiet considering tone.

"No,—not faint. I only feel a little—tired, I think, and weak.
I wanted to go upstairs and rest,—but somehow—I had to
wait."
Her eyes looked straight into mine, and I don't think I

ever saw such pain and sorrow in any eyes before. I didn't
know how to bear it.
She must have seen, perhaps, more than I meant her

to see. She must have felt that I did a little understand,—
and that she could trust me. For suddenly there was a kind
of break-up in the quiet of her face. She did not go into a fit
of violent crying, like so many people, and she sat upright,
with her hands together in mine. But her lips grow whiter,
and every muscle in her face and throat worked and
quivered, as if a wave of agony were passing over her, and
then her eyes reddened and filled slowly, and great burning
drops came splash, splash, on my wrist. It was impossible
for me to help crying too.
Nobody came near us: and I do not think she went on

long, though it felt long to me. Before I could speak, I heard
her saying softly—
"Poor Gladys! I am sorry to have troubled you, my

dear."
"O Miss Con, don't!" I whispered; and she stroked my

hair, and petted me, as if it had been she who had to do the
comforting, and not I. When I was able to see her face, it
had grown calm again. But somehow that was worse than
the other; and I threw my arms round her, and held her
fast, with such a longing to be any help. And then I could
feel her struggles not to give way, and the tears came
splashing again, though there was not the slightest sound.
"Gladys, my dear, no one must know of this," she said

at last, when she had conquered. She put me from her
gently, and looked me in the face with such sweet sad eyes.
"Not even your dear Mother."
"Oh no,—no,—" I said.
"You will not tell—I can trust you," she said. "You and I
are friends, after to-day. I shall not behave so a second
time. Now I am going to my room for an hour: and you will
see me myself again at dinner."
She smiled as she spoke, and stood up, slipping her

arm into mine, so I went with her to the spare-room.
"I can't do anything more for you?" I asked when we

reached the door.
"Nothing, dear, thank you," she said, in her natural

tone. "I should like a little while alone. But you have been a
comfort, Gladys,—" and she kissed me. "And now I know
you will ask no questions, and will try to forget this little
scene."
I said I would "try," though of course forgetting is out of

the question, and I was turning away, when she put her
hand on mine.
"One word," she said very low. "My dear,—you have not
to blame him. Remember that. He did once ask me, and I
refused him. He was perfectly free. I did not know till later
how much I cared,—and he has never known."
Then she moved away, and I shut the door. But oh,—
what a pity! If he had but known in time! I wonder if it
could not have been helped somehow,—if only anybody
could have put things straight!
And yet perhaps they are really straight, and just what
they ought to be. I wonder if we shall look back by-and-by,
and see that all our worries and disappointments were the
best and happiest things for us, and the very things we
would have chosen, if we could have seen farther ahead!
Only last Sunday Miss Con and I had a little talk about
this. I was thinking about my disappointment, which she
does not know of. When I said something like what I have
just written, she said—
"Yes,—except in those cases where we have brought our

troubles on ourselves."
"And never then?" I asked. "Ought we not to say then

that they are God's will?"
"In a sense—yes," she answered. "All things that

happen are permitted by God. It certainly is His will that we
should suffer in this life the natural results of our own
wrong-doing or folly. But that is not the whole of the matter.
On the one hand, we must never say that He wills any one
to act wrongly.
"On the other hand, we must never forget that He

makes 'all things' to work together for our good, if we love
Him. Those very 'results' which we find most trying may in
His Hand work great good to us in the end. Whether we are
conscious of the good at the time is another question."
I must not write more now. Except that Miss Con
seemed quite composed and natural at dinner. She looked
very ill, I thought, and I know my eyes were red. Mother
asked no questions; and this makes me pretty sure that she
suspects something. For I believe she saw the girls, and it is
likely enough that Maggie may have shown her Millie's
letter.
Happily Ramsay was too much absorbed in Miss Con to

look at me.
May 1. Saturday.—At breakfast to-day there was a

letter for Miss Con, from her sister, Mrs. Smyth. The
husband,—that very fat brother-in-law who will not invite
Miss Con to the house,—is dangerously ill; and his wife begs
and implores Miss Con to go and help in the nursing.
Mother and I think Miss Con looks more like being

nursed herself, than like nursing somebody else. But of
course she has gone. Mrs. Romilly consented directly, and in
two hours, Miss Con was off.
I should be dreadfully sorry; only, we think the change

of scene may do her good just now. She promises to come
to us some other time instead.
One does wonder why it is that sometimes the very best

people have the very most sorrow. But perhaps if they had
not the most, they would not be the best. And, after all, I
don't see why we should expect to understand everything.
Of course I have not said a word to Miss Con about her

distress yesterday; nor has she to me. Only her manner is
so affectionate, that I feel sure she did not mind my having
seen what I did.
Next week I hope to start another tale; and to work

very hard and very carefully. I think I have some good ideas
for it.
I do believe I have been growing over-confident,—

fancying I was sure to succeed, and counting almost
anything good enough, written in ever so much of a hurry.
So I dare say these two checks have been exactly what I
needed. At all events, there shall be no hurried or careless
work in my next.
And then at least, if I fail, it will not be my fault. If it is

not God's will that I should succeed any more, I must not
be too much bent upon it.
I think I do begin to understand that the only safe and

happy state of mind is one of entire dependence upon God,
—entire acquiescence in His will,—just "making known"
one's requests to Him, and leaving utterly in His Hands the
time and kind of answer. And then, whatever else He gives
or doesn't give, the peace of Christ is promised.
A sentence in a book I was reading to-day struck me

very much,—"the dread responsibility of choosing our own
way!" I am sure I need to pray to be kept from that.
CHAPTER XXXII.
VERY UNEXPECTED.
CONSTANCE CONWAY'S JOURNAL.
June 15. Tuesday.
STILL in Town. I little expected six weeks of absence,

when I left Glynde.
Craven's attack, though sharp, was short. In less than a

week he was out of danger, and on a fair road to recovery.
And then I, in my turn, broke down.
Hardly surprising, I suppose. I have gone through

much, mentally, the last few months, one way and another.
Long continued strain will tell in time.
The letter from Miss Millington was perhaps the finishing

stroke. I think the sudden call here, with full occupation for
mind and body at first, was sent mercifully,—and then the
wonderful holy calm of those three weeks in my own room,
alone, and yet not alone!
Albinia could scarcely ever leave her husband: and the

maids only came and went. I was not so severely ill as to
need constant attendance. The doctor ordered little beyond
rest and stillness. Now I have been about again for nearly a
fortnight, regaining strength: but the sweetness of that
"quiet time" overshadows me yet.
For I think our Lord Himself led me aside into one of His
own green pastures, that He might comfort me. And He did
it there, as none but He can do,—with Voice and Touch and
Smile, with Divine healing and most Human sympathy.
How can any question the good of pain and sorrow in
this life?
For no joy could ever have shown me what He is, like

these past weeks. And only the extremest stress of need
and weariness will ever drive us so to abandon our whole
weight upon Him, as to learn fully the rest of His upholding
Arms.
June 16. Wednesday.—Plans seem now arranged. I do

not return to Glynde, but remain here till early next week.
The Romillys propose travelling up to Town on Monday: and
on Tuesday we all proceed to Beckdale.
Mrs. Romilly writes that Lady Denham and Sir Keith will
be at the Farm. I cannot help expecting something to come
about soon.
June 19. Saturday.—This afternoon I went for a stroll in

The Park, avoiding as far as possible the crowded parts, and
getting into a comparatively neglected side-path. It was
pleasantly sunny, with a fresh breeze. One might escape in
some measure from the stream of human beings, but there
was no escaping from the stream of human sound. I caught
myself smiling at the thought of those lovely Yorkshire
dales, so soon to surround me! No roar of voices and
vehicles there, but only the rustle of leaves, and the rush of
torrents. And then I think I wandered off to Thyrza, walking
slowly with downward-bent eyes, perhaps speculating on
her future.
Something made me glance up. I found myself in a
sheltered spot, divided by shrubs from the nearest groups
of people. One seat was quite near, and on this seat was
one young girl.
My first impression was of the utter misery in her look

and attitude. She sat leaning forward, with bent head,
rounded shoulders, tightly-clasped hands, and wide-open
fixed eyes. There were no tears, only a hard gaze of
extreme wretchedness, which was even more strongly
expressed in the droop of her lower lip.
Involuntarily I came to a standstill, and stood for one

moment, watching. Not more than a moment. My gaze
seemed to wake her up from a kind of stupefaction. She
lifted her head, and looked at me, in a listless indifferent
fashion.
But listlessness and indifference vanished. I knew her

then, and she knew me. Strange that I had not recognised
her before. In a moment the face changed, the cheeks
reddened, the eyes were averted, and she sprang half up.
"Miss Millington!" I said. She would not offer her hand,

and I took it, only to have it snatched away.
"What makes you come? As if I wanted to see you! Why

can't you leave me alone?" she asked, with bitter scorn, her
lips shaking in agitation.
"The Park is free to all," I said gravely. "I did not expect
to find you here."
"No, I dare say not! You thought you had got me out of
your way, at any rate!" she retorted.

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CompTIA Linux+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide

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CompTIA Linux+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide

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CompTIA Linux+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide

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CompTIA Linux+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide

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Congratulations on your decision to become CompTIA Linux+ certified! By purchasing

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