MDCAT Unit: MOTION and FORCE-B

Linear Momentum It is important to consider time interval for given impulse because
Quantity of linear motion. it influences the force required for given impulse.
A vector directed along linear velocity v On the concept of impulse, air bags and crumple zones are
Measured by P = m v designed in vehicles for safety features.
SI unit is kg m s −1 = Ns In case of constant force F, F-t graph is straight
line parallel to t-axis as shown.
According to Newton’s second law of motion, rate of changing
Area b/w F-t graph and t-axis = area of rectangle
momentum of a body is equal to force applied. Or
∆P =ℓ×b
=F = F ×t = I or ∆P
∆t
∆P
For freely falling body: = mg For a body moving with uniform velocity; F=I= ∆P=0
∆t
2mv When a body moving with high speed is suddenly brought at rest, its
For a ball striking on wall with speed v; ∆P=2mv and =F
∆t v=0, P=0 and F = 0, ∆v = 0, a = 0, ∆P = 0, I = 0

P-t graph is incline line as shown. Q. A car travelling at very high speed is bought at rest by
∆P applying sudden breaks. Which quantity about car given below
Slope of P−t graph = tanθ = = F
∆t is zero?
A body opposes to change its momentum. Impulse momentum force acceleration
Impulse
Product of impulsive force and short interval of time, is called Q. The graph shows the variation of
Impulse. It is a vector directed along force and is denoted as I. force acting on a body of mass 4 kg. if
Or the body was at rest initially, what
I = F× ∆𝑡 would be its velocity at the instant 4 s?
S I unit is Ns. I = ∆P = Area under F-t graph
From Newton’s second law of motion mvf − mvi = b h
1
I = F× ∆t = ∆P 2
1
Impulse Momentum Theorem: Impulse is equal to change in 4× vf − 0 = (4)(4)
2
momentum. vf = 2 ms −1 M. Rashid Khan
 Conservation Of Linear Momentum
Total linear momentum of an isolated system of interaction bodies remain conserve.
𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐 = 𝐦𝟏 𝐯ƴ 𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯ƴ 𝟐 if 𝐅𝐞𝐱 = 𝟎

m1 = M m2 = m Launch

v = 40 MN
v1 v1 =0 v2 =0 V=0 mass
m1 v
m2 2 v3
20%
M a2
F12 F21

m
t
m1 m2 𝐯ƴ 𝟏 𝐯ƴ 𝟐

F=
Fuel-Liquid + Solid O&H 80 %
𝐯ƴ 𝟐 =v m1 m2
𝐯ƴ 𝟏 =V

𝐅𝐠 ≈ 𝟎
vƴ 1 vƴ 2 a1 v2
m1 m2 MV= − m1 vƴ 1 + m2 vƴ 2
𝐏ሖ 𝟐 =mv 0 = −m1 vƴ 1 + m2 vƴ 2
𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐 = 𝐦𝟏 𝐯ƴ 𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯ƴ 𝟐 vƴ 1 m2 v1

F=
𝐏ሖ 𝟏 =-MV =
v1 v2 vƴ 2 m1

m
t
m1 m2 𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐 = − 𝐦𝟏 𝐯ƴ 𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯ƴ 𝟐 P2

v = 40 MN
v=4000 ms −1
M 0 + m 0 = −MV + mv K. E =
2m
F12 F21 0 = −MV + mv 1
m1 m2 V=
𝐦
𝐯 K. E ∝ m
𝐯ƴ 𝟏 𝐯ƴ 𝟐 𝐌 m = 10000 kg s−1
K. E1 m2 t
=
m1 m 2 K. E2 m1 𝐅𝐠 ≈ 𝟎, so rocket moves according
to law of conservation of
𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏 − 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐 = −𝐦𝟏 𝐯ƴ 𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯ƴ 𝟐 Two equal masses moving
momentum.
with same speed can have 𝐦 𝐦/𝐭
M. Rashid Khan different momenta. F = Ma= 𝐯 ⟹𝐚= 𝐯
𝐭 𝐌
 Collision Velocities of 𝐦𝟏 and 𝐦𝟐 after their
elastic collision are respectively.
Interaction of bodies when they strike each other, is called collision.
m1 − m2 2m2
Collisions are of two types. vƴ 1 = v1 + v
m1 + m2 m1 + m2 2
Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision
Collision in which conservation of K.E holds. m1 − m2 2m1
Collision in which conservation of K.E does not vƴ 2 = − v2 + v
hold. m1 + m2 m1 + m2 1
1 1 1 1 Cases Of Elastic Collision In One Dimension
m1 v12 + m2 v22 ≠ m1 vƴ 12 + m2 vƴ 22
2 2 2 2
But Case(i): When 𝐦𝟏 = 𝐦𝟐
1 1 1 1
( m1 v12 + m2 v22 ) > ( m1 vƴ 12 + m2 vƴ 22) 𝐦𝟏 𝐦𝟐
2 2 2 2 vƴ 1 =v2
However, in inelastic collision law of conservation
vƴ 2 =v1
of K.E does not hold but conservation of total 𝐦𝟏 𝐦 𝟐
energy holds good.
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
𝟏
𝐦 𝐯 𝟐
+
𝟏
𝐦 𝐯 𝟐
=
𝟏
𝐦 𝐯ƴ 𝟐𝟏 + 𝟏 𝐦𝟐 𝐯ƴ 𝟐𝟐 + sound +heat +.. Case(ii): When 𝐦𝟏 ≪ 𝐦𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 v2 = 0
m v + m v = m vƴ + m vƴ 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 If two objects of equal masses collide and stick
𝐦𝟐
But this is an ideal case, because no together, the momentum of system conserve but vƴ 1 =−v1 𝐦𝟏
collision could be perfectly elastic K.E does not conserve. Collision is inelastic vƴ 2 = 0
practically. Practically, fraction of K.E 𝐦𝟐
𝐦𝟏
before collision is lost as Sound, Heat, Case(iii): When 𝐦𝟏 ≫ 𝐦𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 v2= 0
Work done in deformation, etc. during In case of elastic collision:
impact. v1 − v2 = −vƴ 1 − vƴ 2 ) 𝐦𝟏
vƴ 1 = v1 𝐦𝟐
Velocity of approach is equal and opposite
vƴ 2 = 2 v1
to velocity of separation.
𝐦𝟏
M. Rashid Khan 𝐦𝟐
Projectile Motion: Two dimensional motion of a body under influence of gravity. e.g. motion of football kicked off, motion of missile
fired, motion of frisbee, pilot discharged from an air gun, a sling launched stone etc.
Linear Projectile Oblique Projectile
Projectile is thrown with velocity v along horizontal (θ=0) from Projectile is thrown with velocity vi at an angle θ with horizontal
certain height h as shown in Fig. as shown in Fig.

Ignoring air drag, no force acts on the

projectile along horizontal. But a
constant gravity acts on the projectile
vertically downward all along its
trajectory. Horizontal component of
velocity remain uniform but vertical
component increases at uniform rate.
Ignoring air drag:
2h
Fx = 0, ax = 0, △ 𝐯𝐱 = 0, vfx =vix =v=constant, x=R=vt=v Ignoring air drag:
g
Horizontal part of projectile motion is uniform motion(inertial) Fx = 0, ax = 0, △ 𝐯𝐱 = 0, vfx =vix =vi cosθ
1 2h Fy = mg, ay = g, △ 𝐯𝐲 =constant, vfy = vi sinθ − gt
Fy = mg, ay = g, △ 𝐯𝐲 =constant, vfy =gt, viy=0, y= h = gt 2, t =
2 g 2 2
vf = vfx + viy = (vi cosθ)2 + (vi sinθ − gt)2
Vertical part of projectile motion is uniformly accelerated motion.

M. Rashid Khan
Final velocity at time t is: vfy vi sinθ − gt
Φ = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( )
𝐯f = vfx iƸ + vfy jƸ = viƸ + gtjƸ vfx vi cosθ
Magnitude of final velocity at time t is
θ decreases from point of projection to highest point.
vf = v 2 + (gt)2 = v 2 + 2gh
α increases from point of projection to highest point.
Angle of 𝐯f with horizontal at time t
vfy gt Angle between v and g decreases all along projectile motion.
Φ = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( ) At highest point: v⊥𝐠 P⊥𝐠
vfx v
 Dividing Eq.(1) by Eq.(3)
At projection point and at landing point of projectile: Time from point of projection to highest
h vi2 sin2θ g
v=max, P=max, K.E= max and P.E=0 = × 2 8h
R 2g vi sin (2θ) t g 8h 2h
At highest point: point = tƴ = = = =
h 1 2 2 4g g
vh =vi cosθ = min, Ph = Pi cosθ=min, KEh = KEi cos2 θ = min = tanθ
and PEh = KEi sin2 θ = max R 4
𝐑 𝟒𝐡
𝐯𝐢𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 𝐡 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 ⟹ 𝛉 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝐌𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 = 𝐡 = ……… (1) 𝟒 𝐑 For given projection angle θ, horizontal
𝟐𝐠 o R
For θ=30 ; h= velocity, max height, time of flight, range of
For vi =same 4 3
projectile remains same.
Rmax
2 h sin2 θ For θ=45o ; h=
h ∝ sin θ⟹ 1 = 2 1 4 Acceleration and force remain constant.
h2 sin θ2 3R
𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 = 𝐭 =
𝟐𝐯𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
……… (2) For θ=60o ; h = Trajectory of projectile is parabolic for short
4
𝐠
For θ=76o ; h =R range and elliptic for long range.
For vi =same
t1 sinθ1
If h =R; θ = tan−1( 4) When a bomber drops a bomb as it is
t ∝ sinθ ⟹ = 4
If R = h; θ = tan−1 ( 3) = 60o vertically above the target, it misses the
t2 sinθ2
vi sinθ 3
Time from point of projection to highest point = t = target due to horizontal component of
g
From Eq. (1)
velocity.
𝐯𝐢𝟐 vi2 sin2 θ = 2gh …………. (4)
𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 = 𝐑 = 𝐯𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 × 𝐭 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐𝛉) ……… (3) From Eq. (2)
𝐠
R1 𝐯𝟏𝟐 gt Q. A ball is thrown at projection angle
For θ=same; R ∝ 𝐯𝐢𝟐 ⟹ = vi sinθ = 60o with velocity 10 m𝒔−𝟏. What is its
R2 𝐯𝟐𝟐 2
v2i v2i v2i gt velocity at highest point?
For θ=45o ; R = sin 2 × 45o = sin 90o = = R max vi2 sin2 θ = ( )2 … … … . . (5) Q. A ball is thrown at projection angle
g g g 2
For θ=15o ; R =
v2i
sin 2 × 15o =
v2i
sin 30o =
v2i
=
Rmax Comparing Eq.(4) & Eq.(5) of 60o with momentum 50 Ns. What
g g 2g 2 g2t2 is its momentum at highest point?
With projection angles 25o , 35o , 38 , 55o range is maximum
o
2gh = Q. A ball is thrown at projection angle
4
for 38o and minimum for 25o . 8h = g t 2 of 60o with KE 100 J. What is its KE
Range increases for 𝛉= 0o to 𝛉= 45o and decreases for 𝛉= 45o to 𝛉= 90o and P.E at highest point?
For pair of angles of projection whose sum is 90𝑜 , the ranges 8h
t=
are equal. g M. Rashid Khan