What is the last mile in networking / telecommunication parlance?

The term last mile is used to identify the physical media by which the customer is connected to the
Network.

It is the connectivity between customer premises and Network Service Provider’s first Point of Presence,
please note that the cabling inside the customer premises is not part of the last mile.

For example if a user has a DSL connection then the copper or fiber between the DSL Router and the
Service Provider Distribution Point (DP) is the last mile connectivity.

below are some of the last mile connectivity solutions:

1: Wireless (Microwave Radio)

2: Copper Wire

3: Fiber Optic

Ceragon Microwave IP10 & IP 20..??

System Overview
General
DC input voltage nominal rating: -48V

IP-20C Hardware Overview

What is Reverse Ping..? or How to Use Reverse DNS Lookup..?
1. Using Windows command line
You have to run a simple line in the Windows command prompt to perform the rDNS request. Follow these
steps to do it right:
// Open the command prompt.
// Type nslookup followed by the IP address and press 'Enter.' For example, it can be nslookup 8.8.8.8.
// Now, the command prompt will return the DNS name and the IP you entered.
// The command prompt will return an error, if it is unable to find the records.
What is MTU Mismatch...??
An MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) mismatch occurs when two network devices are configured with
different MTU sizes, leading to communication issues.
The MTU size determines the largest packet that can be transmitted over a network.
When devices with different MTU sizes attempt to communicate, it can result in fragmentation, where
packets are divided into smaller units to fit the smaller MTU size, leading to inefficiency and potential
communication problems.
Resolving an MTU mismatch typically involves adjusting the MTU settings on the devices to ensure
compatibility and efficient communication.
For instance, if a connection only allows 1500 bytes per packets and there are 200 bytes of overhead, the
mtu is 1300 - if you try to send more than 1300 bytes in a single packet, the packet will have to be broken up
into several packet fragments and reassembled.
the default MTU for IPv4 is 1500 bytes, while the default MTU for IPv6 is 1280 bytes.

What is ARP & its Clear Command...?

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol that maps dynamic IP addresses to permanent physical
machine addresses in a local area network (LAN).
The physical machine address is also known as a media access control (MAC) address.
ARP translates 32-bit addresses to 48-bit addresses and vice versa, which is necessary because IP addresses
in IP version 4 (IPv4) are 32 bits but MAC addresses are 48 bits.
ARP works between Layer 2 and Layer 3 of the Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model). The MAC
address exists on Layer 2 of the OSI model, the data link layer. The IP address exists on Layer 3, the network
layer.
Command
#show arp ( It will show arp Table )
#clear arp ( command to delete a specific entry or all entries from the ARP table )

What does clearing ARP cache do? Since the IP address is linked to a physical address, the IP address can
change but still be associated with the physical address in the ARP Cache.
Flushing the ARP Cache allows new information to be gathered and stored in the ARP Cache.

What is Mac address & its Useful Commands...?

A MAC address, which is also known as a hardware or physical address, is an unique alphanumeric identifier
consisting of 12 characters.
MAC address is allocated to a network interface controller (NIC) and functions as a network address when
communications occur within a network segment.
MAC addresses are highly helpful when identifying network difficulties like IP address issues.

The following Cisco example shows how to remove a MAC address from the MAC address table on a bridge
domain:
Router# clear mac-address-table address

ZTE Switch Commands :

ZXR10>
ZXR10>enable
ZXR10#

mac add

Purpose Use this command to add a MAC address entry.

Syntax mac add {static | permanent}<mac-address> interface <por
t-name>[vlan <vlan-id>| all-owner-vlans]
Example : ZXR10(config)#mac add static 000a.010c.e2c6 interface fei_1/1
Related Commands
mac delete
show mac

to add Vlan
ZXR10>
ZXR10>enable
ZXR10#configure t
ZXR10(config)#int fei_1/1
ZXR10(config-if)#switchport access vlan 540 ( Data Vlan )

Hub to Spoke Topology or reachability...?

Hub and spoke topology is a network configuration where all nodes are connected to a central server, known
as the hub, for data exchange and communication.
It's a straightforward and cost-effective way of routing and managing data on a network, with the central
hub serving as a mediator for all communication, making it easier to configure security settings and monitor
traffic.
Hub and spoke topology is highly regarded for its simplicity, scalability, and enhanced security capabilities,
making it a valuable choice for organizations.

The key thing to remember about hub and spoke communication flow is that the central hub receives and
forwards all communication.

What is NMS...?

To work around these obstacles, businesses need a robust network management system (NMS) that is
capable of managing physical (wired and wireless), virtual, and hybrid networks.
Such comprehensive network monitoring tools, network management solutions /network management
systems empower network administrators and help them gain complete visibility and control over their
network infrastructure.

How to telnet...Cambium Device on Putty...??

Solution:
Step 1:

Enable SSH, Telnet, Mac-Telnet Access and Mac Telnet Protocol as Mac-Telnet/Mac-SSH under Configuration
>> System as shown below:

Note:
i. In order to use MAC-Telnet, the default Administrator account password must be changed.
This can be done under Configuration -> System -> Account Management
ii. Please ensure that Mac Telnet Access is enabled on both AP and SM.

Step 2:
Take the SSH access to the AP and use the following command:
mac-talent <Wireless MAC address of SM>

What is Reverse Route...? & Why we Need it..?

From the definition of Reverse Route Injection, I have understood that it creates static route entries for
remote vpn destinations in VPN gateway, so that it can redistribute the routes into into it's local network.

SFP Required…?

ETGBE SFP Required For : Fiber BTS

SFP Required For : MW BTS

How Media is Transfer from BTS to Customer...?