EEE VIVA PREAPARATION

COMPILED BY → ASADULLAH SARKAR WhatsApp → 015901502225

PART (1)→POWER PLANT:

1)What is power plant?
Ans: A power plant is an industrial facility that generates electricity from primary energy. Most
power plants use one or more generators that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
2) How many types of power plant are available?
Ans: (1) Steam power plant, (2) Hydro-electric power plant, (3) Diesel Power plant, (4) Nuclear
power plant, (5) Gas turbine power plant.
3) Draw diagram of a Steam power plant?
Ans:

4) There are how many types of nuclear power plant?

Ans: Two types→ (1) Boiling water reactor and (2) Pressurized water reactor
5) Draw two types nuclear reactor?
Ans: (1) Boiling water reactor (BWR)

(2) Pressurized water reactor (PWR)→ this type is used in Rooppur nuclear power plant
6) Draw diagram of Gas turbine power plant?
Ans:

7)What is CCPP?
Ans: The Combined Cycle power plant or combined cycle gas turbine, a gas turbine
generator generates electricity and waste heat is used to make steam to generate
additional electricity via a steam turbine.

8)What are the basic sources of energy?

Ans: Renewable energy→ (Solar, wind, hydro power, biomass) and Non-renewable
energy→Coal, Oil, Natural gas, Uranium.
9) What is the fuel of steam generator in CCPP?
Ans: exhaust gas of gas turbine.
9) What is clean energy?
Ans: The term “clean” or “carbon-free” energy is used to refer to the electricity that is generated
by facilities that do not directly emit greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide during the
generating process.
10) Mention the comparisons of energy source?
Ans:

11) Mention calorific values of fuel?

Ans:

12) Describe the components of steam power plant?

Ans: 1. Coal and ash handling arrangement, 2. Steam generating plant (Boiler, Super-heater,
Economizer, Air preheater), 3. Steam turbine, 4. Alternator, 5. Feed water and 6. Cooling
arrangement. in a thermal station, about 50% to 60% of the total operating cost consists of fuel
purchasing and its handling.
13) What is Super-heater?
Ans: The steam produced in the boiler is wet and is passed through a superheater
where it is dried and superheated (i.e., steam temperature increased above that of boiling point of
water) by the flue gases on their way to chimney. Superheating provides two principal benefits.
Firstly, the overall efficiency is increased. Secondly, too much condensation in the last stages of
turbine (which would cause blade corrosion) is avoided. The superheated steam from the
superheater is fed to steam turbine through the main valve.
14) What is Economizer?
Ans: An economiser is essentially a feed water heater and derives heat from the flue gases for
this purpose. The feed water is fed to the economiser before supplying to the boiler. The
economiser extracts a part of heat of flue gases to increase the feed water temperature.
15) What is Air-preheater?
Ans: An air preheater increases the temperature of the air supplied for coal burning by deriving
heat from flue gases. Air is drawn from the atmosphere by a forced draught fan and is passed
through air preheater before supplying to the boiler furnace. The air preheater extracts heat from
flue gases and increases the temperature of air used for coal combustion. The principal benefits
of preheating the air are: increased thermal efficiency and increased steam capacity per square
metre of boiler surface.

16) What is the efficiency of steam power plant?

Ans: The thermal efficiency of a modern steam power station is about 30%. The overall
efficiency of a steam power station is about 29%.

17) Why efficiency is quite low in steam power plant?

Ans: Firstly, a huge amount of heat is lost in the condenser and secondly heat losses occur at
various stages of the plant.

18)How many types of condensers are used?

Ans: (i) Jet condenser (In a jet condenser, cooling water and exhausted steam are mixed
together). (ii) Surface condenser (In a surface condenser, there is no direct contact between
cooling water and exhausted steam).

19) What is prime mover?

Ans: That converts the steam energy into mechanical energy.

20) How many types of prime mover?

Ans: There are two types of steam prime movers → (1) Steam engines and (2) steam turbines.
A steam turbine has several advantages over a steam engine as a prime mover viz., high
efficiency, simple construction, higher speed, less floor area requirement and low maintenance
cost. Therefore, all modern steam power stations employ steam turbines as prime movers.

21) How many types of steam turbine?

Ans: (i) Impulse turbines (the steam expands completely in the stationary nozzles (or fixed
blades)). (ii) Reaction turbines (the steam is partially expanded in the stationary nozzles).

22) Discuss about Water treatment plant?

Ans: Boilers require clean and soft water for longer life and better efficiency. However, the
source of boiler feed water is generally a river or lake which may contain suspended and
dissolved impurities, dissolved gases etc. Therefore, it is very important that water is first
purified and softened by chemical treatment and then delivered to the boiler.

23) Mention electrical equipments of power station?

Ans:
(i) Alternators. Each alternator is coupled to a steam turbine and converts mechanical energy of
the turbine into electrical energy. The alternator may be hydrogen or air cooled. The necessary
excitation is provided by means of main and pilot exciters directly coupled to the alternator shaft.
(ii) Transformers. A generating station has different types of transformers, viz.,
(a) main step-up transformers→ which step-up the generation voltage for transmission of
power.
(b) station transformers→ which are used for general service (e.g., lighting) in the power
station.
(c) auxiliary transformers→ which supply to individual unit-auxiliaries.
(iii) Switchgear. It houses such equipment which locates the fault on the system and isolate the
faulty part from the healthy section. It contains circuit breakers, relays, switches and other
control devices.

24) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a thermal power plant?
Ans: Advantages→ cheaper fuel cost, less initial cost, less space, can be installed anywhere.
Disadvantages→ pollution of atmosphere by smoke and fumes, high running cost than hydro.

25) What are the main advantages and disadvantages of a Hydro-electric power plant?
Ans: Advantages→ no fuel, clean energy, long life span, less maintenance, small running cost,
small starting time. Disadvantages→ high capital cost, water availability is uncertain, need a
long transmission line as they located at hilly area.

26) How many types of water turbine?

Ans: (i) Impulse turbines. Such turbines are used for high heads. (ii) Reaction turbines. Reaction
turbines are used for low and medium heads. The important types of reaction turbines are : (a)
Francis turbines (b) Kaplan turbines( used in Kaptai hydro power plant).

27) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a Nuclear power plant?
Ans: Advantages→small amount of fuel, very economical, produces bulk amount of power,
small running cost, ensures reliability. Disadvantages→ high running charges, high maintenance
cost, high price of fuel, a potential risk of radiation exposure after any serious accident.

28) How many types of cost of a power plant?

Ans: (i) Fixed cost ; (ii) Semi-fixed cost ; (iii) Running or operating cost.
(i) Fixed cost. It is the cost which is independent of maximum demand and units generated.
The fixed cost is due to the annual cost of central organization, interest on capital cost of land
and salaries of high officials. (ii) Semi-fixed cost. It is the cost which depends upon maximum
demand but is independent of units generated. (iii) Running cost. It is the cost which depends
only upon the number of units generated.
29)How many types of powerplant available?
Ans: (1)base load (coal, nuclear) , (2) intermediate load (CCPP, gas, oil) and (3) peak
load(hydro, storage)

30)What is the efficiency of nuclear power plant?

Ans: 33-37%

31)What is average efficiency of coal power plant?

Ans: 34%

32)What is the maximum efficiency of USC coal power plant?

Ans: 47.5% or up to 50%.

33)Differentiate between conventional coal power plant (sub-critical) and ultra-super critical coal
power plant?
Ans: Ultra super critical power plant operates at temperatures and pressures above the critical
point of water or at super-critical position. It needs less fuel to generate power, produces 24%
less flue gas than subcritical power plant.

34) What is the critical point of water?

Ans: There's a special mix of temperature and pressure – we call it the critical point – where the
difference between liquid and gas ceases to exist. For water, this happens at 374 °C (705 °F) and
218 atmospheres (normal air pressure is one atmosphere at sea level!).

35)What is difference between SC and USC coal power plant?

Ans: USC works at higher temperature and pressure than SC.
36)What is thermodynamic cycle?
Ans: Typical thermodynamic cycle consists of a series thermodynamic
processes transferring heat and work while varying pressure, temperature, and other state
variables, eventually returning a system to its initial state.

37)Mention first law of thermodynamics?

Ans: The increase in internal energy of a closed system is equal to the heat supplied to the
system minus the work done by it.
∆Eint = Q – W

38)Mention second law of thermodynamics?

Ans: Heat always moves from hotter objects to colder objects (or "downhill"), unless energy is
supplied to reverse the direction of heat flow.

39)Mention some thermodynamic cycles?

Ans: (1) Carnot cycle:
(2) Otto cycle: It is one of the most common thermodynamic cycles found in automobile
engines and describes the functioning of a typical spark ignition piston engine.

(3) Diesel cycle (constant pressure): The most common thermodynamic cycle found
in automobile engines and describes the functioning of a typical compression ignition
piston engine.

(4)Brayton cycle (constant pressure): Modern gas turbine engines and airbreathing jet
engines are also constant-pressure heat engines. Therefore, we describe their
thermodynamics by the Brayton Cycle.

(5) Rankyn cycle (working fluid phase is changed from liquid to vapor): the Rankine cycle is
the fundamental operating cycle of all thermal power plants where an operating fluid is
continuously evaporated and condensed.

40)Which cycle used in steam turbine power plant?

Ans: Rankyn cycle.

41)Which cycle used in gas turbine power plant?

Ans: Brayton cycle.
42)Which cycle used in diesel engine?
Ans: Diesel engine.

PART(2)→BASIC OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

1)What is inductor?
Ans: The inductor is a passive component which stores the electrical energy in the magnetic field
when the electric current passes through it.

2)What is capacitor?
Ans: Device for storing electrical energy, consisting of two conductors in close proximity and
insulated from each other.

3) Why capacitor is used in ceiling fan?

Ans: A capacitor is employed in a fan to generate a phase difference in the current of the two
windings (rotor and stator winding), which produces a magnetic flux and causes the fan's rotor to
move.

4)What is machine?
Ans: A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical or vice-versa.

5)What is Faraday’s law?

Ans: The electromotive force around a closed path is equal to the negative of the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux enclosed by the path.

6)What is Lenz’s law?

Ans: The induced electromotive force with different polarities induces a current whose magnetic
field opposes the change in magnetic flux through the loop in order to ensure that the original
flux is maintained through the loop when current flows in it.

7) How insulation resistance is measured?

Ans: When we apply direct voltage across the insulation, a current starts passing through the
insulation. Then we can find out the insulation resistance from ohm’s law.
8)What is Megger?
Ans: The Megger is the instrument uses for measuring the resistance of the insulation.
Minimum measuring limit 1 megaohm.

9)How neutral resistance is measured?

Ans: An alternating current (I) is passed through the outer electrode C and the voltage is
measured, by means of an inner electrode P, at some intermediary point between them.

10)What is Ohm’s law?

Ans: Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current
flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperatures remain constant.
11)What is real and reactive power?
Ans: The actual power which is dissipated by load is called real power. On the other hand,
reactive load dissipated zero real power though they drop voltage and current and give deceptive
impression that they actually do dissipate power. This power is called reactive power. The
reactive power is neither consumed in circuit nor it gives any useful work, merely it flows back
and forth in both directions in the circuit.
12)What causes low power factor?
Ans: if power factor is lower than 0.8 than it is called low power factor, causes: arc lamps,
electric discharges lamps, industrial heating furnaces, induction motor etc which all have low
power factor.
13)How to improve power factor?
Ans: (1) Static capacitor load, (2) Synchronous condenser or over excited synchronous motor
without load and (3) phase advancer.
14)Why reactive power is important?
Ans: Reactive power is used to provide the voltage level necessary for active power to do useful
work. Inductive elements are used to absorb reactive power when there is an over-voltage
and capacitive elements are used to increase reactive power when there is an under-voltage.
These mechanisms are controlled by shunt connected switching devices called Static Var

Compensators (SVC’s).
That’s why, for fixed receiving and sending end voltage, Q must be considerd constant and for
this reason reactive power is most important for fixing load level voltage.
Part(3)→Transmission line+Power System + protection:
1)Mention equipment of a sub-station?
Ans:

2)Why substaion is required?

Ans: Substations convert the power system voltage from transmission levels to distribution levels so
that it can be safely and efficiently delivered down our streets.

3)Mention some types of insulator?

Ans: (1) pin type (2) suspension type, (3)strain type, (4)shackle type, (5)disc type
4)What is the Insulation voltage rating of a disc insulator?
Ans: 11kv.
5) Why isolator is used and when?
Ans: Isolator is used for opening an electrical circuit in the no load condition for safety measure
of human.
6)Why directional relay is used?
Ans: Because Overcurrent relay only detects the overcurrent not the direction, So directional
relay is used to detect the reverse directional current.
7)Why distance relay is used?
Ans: To find the distance where the fault occurs. A distance relay looks at current and voltage and
compares these two quantities based on Ohm’s law.
8)Why differential relay is used?
Ans: Entering current must be equal or relative to output current. If these two currents are not
same, then a spill current is produced and it activates the overcurrent relay.
9)Why conductor is stranded?
Ans: Stranded wire gives much larger surface area so overall resistance is lesser that the same
size solid conductor, so wire size is reduced, much more flexible than normal wire, eddy current
loss is smaller.
10)Why switchgear is used?
Ans: Switchgear is composed of electrical disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to
control protect and isolate electrical equipment.
11)Difference between earthing and grounding?
Ans: Earthing implies the connection of non-current carrying parts (metal enclosure) to ground
connection, and it is for human safety. On the other hand, grounding implies the connection of
current carrying parts (generator, motor) to ground and it is for equipment safety for example it
is the path neutral current going to ground.
12)Mention some common bus-bar protection?
Ans: (1) single bus, (2)Sectionalized bus, (3)Main and Transfer Bus, (4)Ring bus, (5) Breaker-
and-a-Half, (6)Double breaker-Double bus.
13)What is difference between fuse and breaker?
Ans: Fuse is blown out when it operates, that’s why new fuse is needed to replace the blown out
fuse. But circuit braker just disconnect the line rather than blown out, no need to replace a new
circuit breaker after a breaking.
14)What is primary and back-up protection?
Ans: Primary protection is the first line protection which provides quick-acting and selective
clearing of fault within the boundary. Back-up protection provides the back-up to the main
protection.
15)What is lightining arrestor?
Ans: Lightning arrestor is a protective device which protects the power system by forwarding
surge voltage (thunder) to ground. It works as a conditional insulation device between line to
ground, when a surge voltage reaches at arrestor then it’s resistance is broken down hence
current is forwarded to ground. And when line voltage is restored, then it’s insulation is again
restored and prevent normal current moving toward ground.
16)Mention all faults of transmission line?
Ans: (1) Symmetrical fault (L-L-L-G)→5% (2) Unsymmetrical fault (a) L-G →70% (b)L-L
→15% (c) L-L-G →10%
17)What is zone protection?
Ans: Security properties is defined in terms of regions in a power system, which is called zone of
protection.
18)What is corona effect and it’s impact? (current discharge in air)
Ans: The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone gas in an overhead
transmission line is known as corona. When an ac voltage more than critical disruptive voltage is
applied across two conductors, whose spacing is large as compared to their diameters, then the
conductors are surrounded by a faint violet glow which is called corona effect. Factors:
(1)Atmosphere, (2)Conductor size, (3) spacing between line, (4)line voltage.
19)What is critical disruptive voltage?
Ans: The minimum phase to neutral voltage that is required for corona discharge to start is called
the critical disruptive voltage.
20)What is skin effect and it’s impact?
Ans: The tendency of ac current to concentrate near the surface of a conductor is known as skin
effect. Skin effect reduces the cross section area of conductor, that’s why resistance is slightly
increases. There is no skin effect in DC. Skin effect depends upon following factors: (1)Nature
of materials, (2)Diameter of wire, (3)Frequency and (4)shape of wire.
21)What is Ferranti effect and it’s impact?
Ans: When the voltage of receiving end of the transmission line is more that the sending end
voltage, it is called Ferranti effect. At no load of long transmission line, there is capacitance
which is consumed current and results greater receiving end voltage.
22)Why transmission line is transposed?
Ans: When 3 phase line conductors are not equidistant from each other, the conductor spacing is
said to be unsymmetrical. Under such conditions, the flux linkages and inductances of each other
are not same, that’s why line are transposed after certain distances.
23)What is relay?
Ans: The relay is automatic device that senses the abnormal condition of the electrical circuit and
closes its contact.
24)How to select pick-up value of a relay?
Ans: The pickup value of the relay should be more than the maximum load and pick up value
should be smaller than the minimum fault current.
25)What is the difference between relay and circuit breaker?
Ans: Relay is a switching device that gives the signal to the circuit breaker whereas circuit
breaker trips the circuit.
26)How many types protection relays are used in power system?
Ans: Definite time relays, IDMT relays, Instantaneous relays etc.
27)When will one use DTOC relay and IDMT?
Ans: Over all IDMT has more advantages than DTOC but when line are short in length then
DTOC is used as throughout the line current is almost same.
28)When are the directional relays used?
Ans: Directional relays are used mainly in single end fed system of parallel feeders, ring main
feeder system etc.

29) Mention few types of Circuit Breaker with rating?

Ans:(1) Oil CB --- for below 11KV, (2)Vacuum Circuit Breaker--- for 22KV to 66KV, (60-100MVA)
(3)Air Blast CB ----for beyond 110KV, (4)SF6 CB--- for 110 KV to 230KV (10-20 MVA)

30)Why stones or rock is used in floor of a substation?

Ans: To prevent rat or snake movement or preventing small plants which may create short-circuit
problem to voltage line.

31)What are internal and external faults?

Ans: Internal faults are the faults that occur inside the zone and external faults are the faults that
occur outside the zone of protection.
32)What is sag?
Ans: Sag is the difference in level between the points of support and the lowest point on the
conductor.

32)Why 3 phase is used ?

Ans: For same power transmission, single phase results more line losses than 3phase and most
interesting thing, 3phase cancels out third harmonic and its multiple.

34)Why not 6,9phase?

Ans: for 6, 9 or any other phase currents need same number conductors. Whether other harmonic
restraint advantage is same though new configuration needs new conductors, bus bars which is
not convenient now.

35)Why per unit value?

Ans: In per unit values, apparatus parameters usually fall in narrow range regardless of apparatus
size.
36)What is synchronous condenser?
Ans: An over excited synchronous motor at no load is called synchronous condenser, it is used to
improve the power factor of the power system.
37)What is power system stability?
Ans: Ability of a power system to come back at a stable condition after a disturbance.
38) Write the power system stability equation?
Ans:
39) How many types of stability?
Ans: (1) Steady state stability (2) Transient stability (3) Dynamic stability

40)Draw single line diagram of a substation?

Ans:
41) Draw a single line diagram of ac power transmission?
Ans:

42)What is SCADA?
Ans: Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a control system architecture
comprising computers, networked data communications and graphical user interfaces for high
level supervision of machines and processes. It also covers sensors and other devices, such
as programmable logic controllers, which interface with process plant or machinery.

43)What is difference between of wire and cable?

Ans: A wire is a single conductor whereas a cable is a group of conductors.

44)Mention some conductors type?

Ans: low tension, high tension, super tension, extra high tension, extra super tension
45)Commercial symbol of electrical components?
Ans:
46) When 3 phase distribution line required to connect the load?
Ans: When load is above 7.5KW.
47) What is Power factor expectation from dirstribution and customer side?
Ans: distribution supplies 0.8 pf and it is expected from customer side 0.95 pf.
48) What is Power triangle?
Ans: Power Triangle is the representation of active power, reactive power and apparent in
a right angle triangle showing the relation between all three powers.

50) Mention some distribution connection scheme?

Ans: (1) Radial distribution system, (2) Ring or loop distribution system, (3) Interconnected
distribution system.
51) Losses ratio of transmission and distribution level?
Ans: 70% → primary and secondary distribution, 30% →transmission and sub-transmission line
52)UPS full meaning?
Ans Uninterrupted power supply
53)IPS full meaning?
Ans: Instant power supply
54)what is difference between UPS and IPS?
Ans: IPS takes some times to start on the other hand UPS starts instantly without interruption
after load shedding.
55)What is battery rating unit?
Ans: Battery rating is in (Amp-hour) unit. For example, a 12 volt battery with a capacity of 500
Ah battery allows energy storage of approximately 100 Ah x 12V = 1,200 Wh or 1.2 KWh.
56)What is frequency stability or response?
Ans: Frequency response, which is a vital factor for power system security, is defined as an
ability of a power system to arrest and then stabilize rapid change in frequency after a major
disturbance.
57)What is inertial response?
Ans: When there is a mismatch between generation and load due to a generator trip, a portion of
the stored kinetic energy from committed synchronous generators’ rotors are immediately
released.
58)What is governor response?
Ans: A committed synchronous generator can provide primary frequency response
if its governor is enabled and it has sufficient headroom (the difference between rated capacity
and output power of a synchronous generator) to increase power production. Governor response
is generally provided for one second to tens of seconds after a disturbance. The combination of
inertia and governor response is the first line of defence, which controls the minimum frequency
after a disturbance (also known as frequency nadir).
59)What is Automatic Generation Control?
Ans: After inertia and governor response are deployed, any further mismatch in system
frequency is corrected by Automatic Generation Control (AGC) action. This is called secondary
response and starts within tens of seconds and exists for the first several minutes following a
disturbance.
60) what does it mean 4% drop?
Ans: that means if no-load frequency is 104 then full load frequency is 100.
61) What is load frequency relief?
Ans: It is well documented that frequency dependent loads such as induction motors may
considerably influence frequency response. Usually, these motors decelerate when there is a fall
in system frequency. Since power consumption of these machines relies on their rotational speed,
less power is drawn during a frequency drop. This effect is called load relief.
62) What actions should be taken after sudden frequency fall?
Ans: first line of control→ inertial response + governor response, second line of control→
Automatic Generation Control, third line of control→ load shedding.
63) What is voltage stability?
Ans: . Voltage stability is concerned with the ability of a power system to maintain acceptable
voltages in the system under normal conditions and after a disturbance.
64)What indices are used for voltage stability?
Ans: A. Reactive Power Margin
B. Fast Voltage Stability Index ( FVSI)
C. Voltage Sensitivity Factor (VSF)
D. Line index Lmn
65)what are the disturbances in power system?
Ans: Outages (for short time power outage), Surges (sudden much large voltage for small time),
Swell (sudden large voltage 30% extra of normal voltage) , Sag (voltage deep), harmonics,
flicker (change of voltages).
66) What is Automatic Generation Control?
Ans:

58)What is smart grid?

Ans: A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all
users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to efficiently
deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies.
59)What relay is used to load shedding ?
Ans: under frequency relay.
60) Two method of arching removal of circuit breaker?
Ans: (1)high resistance method, (2)low resistance current zero method
PART(4)→MACHINE (previous year viva related)
1)Difference between salient pole and non-salient pole?
Ans: (1) Salient pole→low speed, more number of poles, Kaplan tubines. (2) Non-salient pole→
high speed, 2 or 4 poles, pelton wheel.
2)What type alternator is used in Kaptai hydro power plant?
Ans: Salient pole and Kaplan turbines.
3)What type of alternator is used in hydro-power plant?
Ans: Salient pole type alternator because of low speed of hydro-power plant, that’s why it needs
large number of field pole to produce the rated frequency.
4)What type of alternator is used in Thermal power plant?
Ans: Synchronous alternator is used.
5)What type of alternator is used in Nuclear power plant?
Ans: Turbo alternator is used.
6)What is winding factor?
Ans: winding factor is the product of pitch factor and distribution factor.
7)When alternator terminal voltage become greater than no load terminal voltage?
Ans: for capacitive load or leading current.
8)What is output of DC generator?
Ans: basically AC output.
10)How this DC generator AC output is made DC ?
Ans: by brush and commutator.
11)What is Armature reaction?
Ans: Armature reaction is the effect on the main field flux of that flux set up by the currents in
the armature winding.
12)How DC generator output is controlled?
Ans: (1) Controlling field current, (2) Controlling speed of rotation
13)How DC motor speed is controlled?
Ans: (1) Adjusting field resistance (above base speed), (2) Adjusting terminal voltage (below
base speed) , (3) Inserting resistor in series with armature.

14)Why synchronous machine speed constant?

Ans: The constant speed characteristic is achieved by interaction between a constant and rotating
magnetic field. Rotor of synchronous motor produces a constant magnetic field and Stator
produces a Rotating magnetic field.
15)If field winding is open then what will happen in the shunt dc motor?
Ans: For constant armature voltage, speed is inversely proportional to flux. If flux becomes zero,
then speed will dangerously high.

16)What is back emf and how is it formed?

Ans: When the armature of a d.c. motor rotates under the influence of the driving torque, the
armature conductors move through the magnetic field and hence e.m.f. is induced in them as in a
generator. The induced e.m.f. acts in opposite direction to the applied voltage V (Lenz's law) and
in known as back or counter e.m.f.

17)Induction motor speed control stages?

Ans: Q(15) of induction motor.

18)Synchronous motor speed control?

Ans: (1) Open loop control and (2) Closed loop control (self-synchronized)

19)Define the Synchronous speed?

Ans: The synchronous speed is the speed of the revolution of the magnetic field in the stator
winding of the motor.

20)What is sleep?
Ans: Slip in Induction Motor is the relative speed between the rotating magnetic flux and rotor
expressed in terms of per unit synchronous speed.

21)What is starter?
Ans: A electrical device that used to start and stop electrical machine safely.
22) What are the functions of CT?
Ans: Protecting and Measuring.
23) What does it mean by 11/20 MVA?
Ans: In normal condition Xmer rating 11MVA, if cooler is used then rating is 20MVA.
24) What is step potential?
Ans: Step potential is the voltage difference between the feet of a person near an
energized, grounded Object.

25) Compare between AC and DC motor?

Ans: AC motor→ strong, easy, and convenient, and they don't require much in the way of
maintenance, higher torque DC motor→The faster response times and more stable torque
and speed levels offered by DC motors, high starting torque

26) How to control speed of Induction motor?

Ans: In an AC motor, the speed of the motor is controlled by the input frequency of the
alternating current supplied to the stator coils and is directly proportional. As the frequency
increases, the speed of the motor increases. Variable frequency drive (VFD) controllers are used
to adjust the input frequency as desired to produce the desired motor rpm.
27) How to control speed of DC motor?
Ans: For DC motors, the speed of the device is controlled by varying the voltage and
current that is applied to the armature coils or windings, or by adjusting the current that
flows to the field coils (hence impacting the strength of the magnetic field for the field
coil). The speed-current relationship is again a proportional one.
28) What is VFD?
Ans: A motor controller that drives an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage
supplied to the electric motor.

29)What type of motor is used in water pump ?

Ans: Single phase induction motor.
30) What is transformer vector group?
Ans: The vector group designation indicates the windings configurations and the difference in
phase angle between them. Dyn11 means the primary is connected in Delta form the
secondary in Y or star form the neutral is grounded and the 11 means that the phase angle
between the primary and the secondary winding is 30×11=330=-30 degrees. which means
that the secondary voltage leads the primary voltage to 30 degrees.

31) Vector group of distribution transformer?

Ans: Dyn11

32)What is touch potential?

Ans: Touch potential is the touch voltage between the energized object and the feet of a person
in contact with the object.
33) Why a wall between two transformers in a substation?
Ans: If one transformer affected or burnt out, then for protection of another transformer from this
burning.
34) which one is most important for a motor, torque or speed?
Ans: For an application that requires exceptionally high speeds, we will want to focus on finding
a motor with a lot of horse powers. If rotational force is a more important factor in terms of your
application, you’ll want a motor with plenty of torque.

35)What are 3 stages of induction motor speed control?

Ans: in induction motor part
36) How to change synchronous motor speed?
Ans: (1) Either number of pole change (2) line frequency change
37)What is regenerative braking?
Ans: Regenerative braking is an energy recovery mechanism that slows down a moving vehicle or
object by converting its kinetic energy into a form that can be either used immediately or stored until
needed.
38)What is plugging?
Ans: Supply voltage is reversed that’s why torque produced in reverse direction, which instantly stop
the motor.

39)What type of motor is used in water pump?

Ans: Induction motor.
40) Why we can’t produce 132 or 230 KV voltage at generator?
Ans: Because in this case, size would be huge.
41) What is dielectric loss?
Ans: dielectric loss, loss of energy that goes into heating a dielectric material in a
varying electric field.
42)Nameplate reading of CT?
Ans:
43) Function of CT?
Ans: Protection→( overcurrent (5p, 10P) , differential protection(Px,Ps)) and Metering.
44)What is making current?
Ans:2.5*breaking current.
45) What are the current transformer common faults?
Ans:
(1) two side open circuit.
(2) overheated at work.
(3) internal smoke or odor.
(4) the coil screws are loose, turn or interlayer short circuit.
(5) internal discharge, abnormal sound, or discharge spark between the lead wire and the shell.
(6) oil filled current transformer has serious oil leakage or oil surface is too low.

Transformer:
1)How many types of power Xmer?
Ans:(1).Unit Xmer, (2)Substation Xmer, ( 3)Distribution Xmer

2) What is Unit transformer?

Ans: Transformer connected to the output of a generator and used to step its voltage up to
transmission levels.

3) What is Substation Xmer?

Ans: Step down the transmission level voltage to distribution level voltage.

4) What is Distribution Xmer?

Ans: step down the distribution level voltage to apparatus rated voltage to consume electricity.

5)Difference between power and distribution Xmer?

Ans: Transformer connected to the output of a generator and used to step its voltage up to
transmission levels is power Xmer and Distribution Xmer is the transformer step down the
distribution level voltage to apparatus rated voltage to consume electricity and it can works in
variable load unlike power transformer.
6) What the functions of Breather, oil, cooling fan?
Ans: Breather(silica gel)→to filter out moisture from the air, Oil→insulate and cool the
transformer, Cooling fan→increase the capacity of transformer to carry load without reaching
hot critical temperature.

7) What is Potential Xmer?

Ans: like almost step down power Xmer but designed to handle small amount of current.

8) What is Current Xmer?

Ans: Like almost step up Xmer but it is short circuited in secondary otherwise a tremendous
voltage will be produced which will harmful for apparatus.

9) What are the two factors in CT?

Ans: ALF (accuracy limit factor) for protection, ISF (instrument safety factor) for metering.

10) For CT, what does 5P20 mean?

Ans: If the fault current is 20 times of primary current then the error is 5%.

11) What is Open circuit Test?

Ans: it is done on high voltage side and low voltage is open. Because of high voltage excitation
current is quite low, which is endurable for instruments.

12) What is Short circuit Test?

Ans: Short circuit done on high voltage side and voltage source is connected low voltage side.
Because most of input currents pass through secondary circuit, thus we can avoid the excitation
current.

13)What is Tap Changing under Load Xmer(TCUP)?

Ans: When voltage varies in power line, then a voltage regulator that automatically changes taps
to keep the system voltage constant such special transformers are very common in modern power
system.

14)Why Autotransformer is used?

Ans: For changing of small amount of voltage it is used. Moreover for same winding, KVA
rating of Autotransformer is higher than two winding Xmer.

15) What are the disadvantages of AutoXmer?

Ans: Direct physical connection of primary and secondary, so the electrical insulation of the two
sides is lost also in autotransformer internal impedance is smaller.

16)3phase Xmer, why Y-del or del-Y is used, rather than Y-Y?

Ans: In Y-Y connection, there is third harmonic voltages and if loads are unbalanced, then
voltages at phases are severely unbalanced. that’s why neutral connected Y-dell is more
advantageous to use.
17)What will happen, if 60 hz Xmer is used in 50 Hz?
Ans: Operating voltage will be lower that previous one to avoid saturation, that is called
derating.

18)Why Xmer is rated at KVA?

Ans: Because cu loss depends on current and core loss current depends on operating voltage
rather than load and power factor. That’s why it is rated at volt ampere(VA).

19)How to recognize primary and secondary side of a transformer?

Ans: For step down Xmer: bigger bushing is primary and another one is secondary. And step up
Xmer: bigger bushing is for secondary and another one is for primary.

20)How to recognize low voltage or high voltage from checking wire?

Ans: Thinner wire which conducts small current is for high voltage and thicker wire is for lower
voltage.

21)Why generator Xmer is dell-wye?

Ans: If a severe unbalanced load is faced in secondary then fault current passes through the
neutral to ground line, whether primary current in dell provides better current balance which is
mandatory for generator healthy operation.

22)Why Substation Xmer is wye-dell?

Ans: Because, for high voltage side phase voltage is 0.577*Vline, that means instrumental
insulation is used in Xmer is reduced in size. In dell connected side, phase current si 0.577*line
current, which also reduces the instrument size.

23)Why Distribution Xmer is dell-wye?

Ans: at consumer’s end, there is need of phase voltage that means line to neutral voltage, which
is available in wye connection.

24)Why CT is dell connected in wye connected Xmer?

Ans: To match up line current in ct’s, otherwise a spill current will be produced.

25)Where Core-type and shell-type Xmer are used?

Ans: Core type Xmer is used in high voltage configuration whether shell type Xmer is used in
very low voltage configuration.

26)Why lamination is used?

Ans: to reduce eddy current loss.

27)Why core loss is constant?

Ans: It depends on supply voltage rather than load. So whether the transformer is open or short
or load connected, core loss is constant.
28) Mention all types of faults of Transformer?
Ans: 1. Overcurrent fault: phase to ground, earth leakage fault
2. Winding to core fault (most common): because of weakening of insulation
3. Phase faults: outside the transformer and at the terminals
4. Phase faults: inside the transformer (rare)
5. High resistance ground faults
6. Inter-turn faults: Bucholz relay is used ( for rating more that 750KVA)
7. Incipient faults

29)Mention type of testes, which are done for transformer?

Ans: (1) Pre-commissioning test→ Most of the routine tests are repeated at the site as pre-
commissioning tests such as insulation test, dielectric test, ratio test and sometimes even vector
group test and short and open circuit can be performed at the site.

The insulation test and dielectric test is very common tests and can be carried out at site let us
discuss them in details. The insulation test is carried through an instrument known as Megger.
This instrument is mostly available up to 5KV. The insulation test is carried out between primary
winding and earth, secondary winding and earth and finally between primary and
secondary winding. The results should fall in a satisfactory range depending upon the operating
voltage of the transformer. This test is also carried out as a condition monitoring test.

The dielectric test is carried out on transformer oil on a machine which is known as dielectric
strength testing machine. In this machine high voltage is applied to the spherical electrodes
separated by a gap of 2 mm immersed in a small oil bath. The oil bath contains a sample of oil to
be tested. The breakdown voltage is noted and that is the dielectric strength of the oil. Different
standards are available for sampling and testing. In addition to this transformer oil is also
subjected to chemical testing to ascertain water content, acid content, etc. as they are detrimental
to transformer performance. This test also is an important condition monitoring test.

One more test that is the ratio test is very important as it establishes the transformation ratio. This
test can be performed at the site by feeding reduced voltage on the primary or secondary side of
the transformer and then comparing it with the output voltage. It has to conform to the rated
transformer ratio.

(2) Periodic test→ These tests include dielectric strength, Insulation test, inspection to see
leakages from bushings valves, etc. and tripping from various safety relays and devices.

(3) Emergency Test→During emergency our intention is to put the transformer back into
service as soon as possible therefore only the relevant tests are conducted following a step by
step approach. These tests may include inspection then insulation test and dielectric test etc.

30)Mention testes of transformer?

Ans: Winding resistance tests, Ratio test, Vector group test, Short circuit test, Open circuit test,
Dielectric test, On load/offload tap changer test, Oil leakage test
31) What is the purpose of Buchholz relay in a transformer?
Ans: Buchholz relay has two purposes one for tripping the transformer in the event of high-
pressure build up in the tank and tripping the transformer in the event of low oil level.

32) Why large transformers are filled with oil?

Ans: Large transformers are filled with oil which serves two purposes one for cooling the core
and winding and others to build up dielectric strength inside the tank.

33) Why Heat Run test is performed on the transformer?

Ans: When the transformer is in service it has to encounter copper losses and iron losses which
in turn get converted into heat. A heat run test is conducted to ascertain the temperature rise is
within permissible limits.

34) What should be the insulation level of the transformer?

Ans: Although it is desirable that the insulation level should be as high as possible, as a thumb
rule it should not be less than (Mega ohms=kilo volts plus one) say we have a 132kV
transformer it’s minimum insulation level should be 132+1=133 Mega ohms.

35) Why periodic testing of transformer oil is necessary?

Ans: The Periodic testing of transformer oil is necessary as the transformer oil composition and
dielectric strength change gradually.

36) While testing the transformer at the site if we find that the dielectric strength of transformer
oil is low. What should be done?
Ans: We must centrifuge the transformer oil so that the required di-electric strength is achieved.

37)How to avoid heat of winding of transformer without decreasing load?

Ans: (1) By using cooling fan, (2) By using wire of larger width.

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR AND MOTOR:

1)How DC field current is supplied in rotor winding of synchronous generator?
Ans: by a separate power source.
2) This DC power can by supplied by two ways?
Ans: (1) by external dc source by slip rings and brushes and (2) from a special dc power source
mounted directly on the shaft(small ac generator (in stator) named brushless exciter) and in this
type, pilot exciter is used to supply field current in rotor and make independence from external
power source.
3)What factors varying the internal voltage and output voltage?
Ans: (1) armature reaction→the distortion of the air gap magnetic field by the current flowing in
the stator , (2) self inductance, (3) self resistance and (4)effect of salient pole shape.
4)What is static stability limit?
Ans: The maximum power, taking torque angle (0 degree) is called the static stabiltiy limit.
5)Typical torque angle of a generator?
Ans: 15-20 degree.
6)What is short circuit ratio?
Ans: Ratio of field current for rated voltage and field current for rated current.
7)Why generators are paralleled?
Ans: (1)several generators can supply bigger load, (2)having many generators increases
reliability, (3) it is easy for maintenance and (4)it is inefficient to operate a large generator for
small load but a combination of many small generators are more efficient for small load.
8) Conditions for paralleling?
Ans: (1) rms line voltage must be equal, (2) same phase sequence, (3) phase angle must be equal,
(4) frequency of oncoming generator must be slightly higher than the running system frequency.
9)Why should be same phase sequence?
Ans: If not the then there would be huge currents in phases b and c. because these phase voltages
will not be same, that’s why spill current will be produced and will damage the machine.
10)How to check phase sequence?
Ans: (1) Connecting a induction motor with the running system and the oncoming generator. If
motor rotates in same direction in both cases, then they have same phase sequence. (2)three light
bulb method: if all three bulbs get bright and dark together, then the systems have the same phase
sequence. If bulbs get bright in succession then the system has opposite phase sequence.

11)How to correct phase sequence?

Ans: one of the sequence need to be reversed.
12)What device is used for phase angle?
Ans: Synchroscope, which measures the difference in phase angle
13)Why frequencies are almost equal?
Ans: Because otherwise a large power transients will occur until the generators stabilize at a
common frequency.
14)Why should frequency of oncoming generator be slightly higher than the running system
frequency?
Ans: Thus, phase angle of oncoming machine will change slowly with respect to the phase angle
of running system.
15)Steps for paralleling a generator?
Ans: (1) voltage synchronizing, (2) phase sequence synchronizing, (3) frequency synchronizing
(4) phase angles synchronizing → then the switches are shut.
16)What is drooping characteristics?
Ans: with increasing load prime mover speed is down, with increasing lagging reactive power
terminal voltage is down, with increasing leading reactive power terminal voltage is increased.
Governor set points → control operating frequency ( for given real power)
Field current→ control the generator’s terminal voltage ( for given reactive power) these
conditions for two generator connection
17)Who can control the P and Q?
Ans: Active and reactive power fully dependent on connected load not generator.
18)What is infinite bus?
Ans: Infinite bus is a power system so large that its voltage and frequency do not vary regardless
of how much real and active power is drawn from or supplied to it.
20)What will happen if oncoming generator frequency is less than infinite bus frequency?
Ans: Generator will start to consume power that means will work as a motor.
21)What step should be taken to prevent such condition?
Ans: A reverse-power trip connected to them, it will automatically disconnect generator from the
line.
22)How to control oncoming generator power sharing in infinite bus?
Ans: by controlling no load frequency.
Frequency and terminal voltage → controlled by the system to which it is connected
real power supplied by generator → controlled by governor set points
reactive power supplied by generator→ controlled by field current
these conditions applicable when generator is connected with infinite bus
23)Suppose two same generators are connected, how to control power sharing without changing
system frequency?
Ans: increasing governor set points of one generator and decreasing governor set points of
another generator.
24)What are the ratings of a generator?
Ans: Voltage, frequency, speed, apparent power, power factor, field current and service factor.
25)Is it possible to run 60Hz generator at 50Hz?
Ans: yes, but voltage will be reduced by 50/60 times previous rated voltage, this is called voltage
derating.
26)Is it possible to run 50Hz generator at 60Hz?
Ans: yes, terminal voltage will be increased theoretically 60/50 times of previous rated voltage
but excess winding heating will occur.
27)What is service factor?
Ans: Ratio of the actual maximum power of the machine to its nameplate rating.
28)What is rule of thumb about lifetime of a machine (in case of excess temp of winding)?
Ans: For each 10degree temperature rise above the rated windings temperature, the average
lifetime of machine is cut in half.
Maximum allowable heating in the armature winding→sets the maximum VA of the machine
Maximum allowable heating in the field winding→ sets maximum size of Ea.
Maximum size of Ea and maximum size of Ia→ sets the rated power factor
29)Typical speed drop?
Ans: 2-4%

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR:
1)Basic principle of synchronous motor?
Ans: Rotor magnetic field will tend to line up with the stator field constantly.
2)What will happen of a generator if prime mover suddenly loses power and starts dragging on
machine’s shaft?
Ans: it will work as a motor.
3)What is pull out torque?
Ans: Maximum torque which a motor can supply at 90 degree torque angle.
4)What is the direction of induced torque in motor and generator?
Ans: In motor, induced torque direction is in the direction of motor, and in generator, induced
torque direction is opposing of motor direction.
5)What is slipping poles condition?
Ans: When the torque of the shaft of synchronous motor exceeds the pullout torque, the rotor can
no longer remain locked to the stator and net magnetic field. Instead, the rotor starts to slip
behind them as the rotor slows down the stator magnetic field laps I repeatedly, at the direction
of the induced torque in the rotor reverse with each pass. The resulting huge torque surges, first
one way and then another way, cause the whole motor to vibrate severely. The loss of
synchronization after the pullout torque is exceeded is known as slipping poles.
6)What are the factors making pullout torque bigger?
Ans: the larger field current will result larger Ea, hence pullout torque will be larger.
7)What will happen if load is increased in a motor?
Ans: The rotor will initially slow down. As it does, the torque angle (del) becomes larger, and the
induced torque increases. The increase in induced torque eventually speeds up the rotor back up,
and the motor again turns at synchronous speed but with a larger torque angle (del).
8)What are under excited and over excited conditions?
Ans: When field current is small, then motor consumes reactive power this situation is called
under excited. When field current is bigger enough and produces reactive power, this situation is
called over excited.
9)How a motor works as capacitive load?
Ans: if a motor runs at over excited condition, then it supplies reactive power and Ea is also
increased (resulting increased pullout torque). Thus, it works as a capacitive load. If no load is
connected, then it is called condenser.

10)What is the advantages and dis-advantages of over excited condition?

Ans: Advantages: (1) works as capacitive load, (2) pull out torque is increased as Ea is increased.
Disadvantages: (1) overheating of field winding, (2) cost more than induction motor.
11)How can a synchronous motor be started?
Ans: (1) Reduce the speed of the stator magnetic field to a low enough value that the rotor can
accelerate and lock in with it during one half cycle of the magnetic field’s rotation. (2) use an
external prime mover to accelerate the synchronous motor up to synchronous speed, (3) use
damper or amortisseur windings ( the torque produced by amortisseur windings speeds up slow
machines and slows down fast machines)
12)Where a synchronous motor is used?
Ans: it is more adaptable to low speed, high power applications.
13)What are the synchronous motor ratings?
Ans: hp, voltage, current, power factor, frequency

INDUCTION MOTOR:
1)Why it is called induction motor?
Ans: because the rotor voltage that produces the rotor current and rotor magnetic field, is induced
in rotor windings rather than being physically connected by wires.
2)How many types of rotor in induction machine?
Ans: (1)cage rotor (consists of a series of conducting bars laid into slots carved in the face of the
rotor and shorted at either end by large shorting rings) and (2)wound rotor (consists of a
complete set of three-phase windings that are mirror images of the windings on the stator, the
rotor winding are usually Y connected and the ends of the three rotor wires are tied to slip rings
on the rotor’s shaft.)
3)Why rotor doesn’t rotate at synchronous speed?
Ans: Because if rotor rotates at synchronous speed, then there would be no induced voltage in
rotor bars. So, there would be no rotor current, no magnetic field hence induced torque would be
zero. Thus, the rotor will eventually slow down. That’s why induction motor can speed up to
near-synchronous speed, but in can never exactly reach synchronous speed.
4)What is the normal operation condition?
Ans: The stator and rotor magnetic fields rotate together at synchronous speed while the rotor
bars itself turns at a slower speed.
5)Why induction motor is called rotating Transformer?
Ans: Because, an induction motor works by inducing voltages and currents in the rotor of the
machine. Stator→primary winding, rotor→ secondary winding
6)What is the difference between Xmer and Induction motor?
Ans: Induction motor works like a transformer but the primary frequency is not equal to
secondary frequency unlike transformer.
Draw per phase equivalent circuit of an induction motor? Ans:

7)What is rotational loss?

Ans: summation of mechanical and core losses.
8)What is the relation of core loss with rotor shaft speed?
Ans: higher the speed of the motor, lower it’s core losses.
9)Induction motor typical torque-speed characteristic curve? Ans:

10)How to convert an induction motor to induction generator?

Ans: If the rotor rotate is driven faster than synchronous speed, then the direction of the induced
torque in the machine is reverses and machine becomes a generator.
11)What is plugging?
Ans: If any two phases connection of motor is exchanged, then the torque will stop the machine
vary rapidly and try ot rotate reverse direction. In case of stopping a motor very rapidly, this act
of swithching two phases is used, this process is called plugging.
12)Why starter is needed for induction motor?
Ans: High rotor resistance→ Starting torque is high, slip is high, Pconv=(1-s)Pag is small and
Low rotor resistance→ Starting torque is low, slip is less, Pconv=(1-s)Pag is high. Thus, while
starting extra resistance is required for increasing starting torque but in operating condition this
extra resistance is removed to get much power output. That’s why, starter is used. Moreover,
starting resistor reduces starting current.
13)Why high starting torque is preferred?
Ans: Thus, motor can start to operate with load more than full load.
14)What are the protection schemes in magnetic motor starter?
Ans: (1) Short circuit protection(F1,F2,F3), (2)Overload protection (overload heaters, overload
contacts) (3)Undervoltage Protection (relay coil)

15)How can control induction motor speed?

Ans: (1)by pole changing, (2) by changing line frequency, (3) by changing line voltage, (4) by
changing rotor resistance
16)What are the tests for measuring circuit parameters?
Ans: (1) No-load test (X1), (2)DC test (R1)and (3)locked rotor test(X2, R2)
17)What are the induction motor ratings?
Ans: Output power, voltage, current, power factor, speed, normal efficiency, NEMA design
class, starting code
18)Is it possible to run 60Hz motor at 50Hz?
Ans: yes, but voltage will be reduced by 50/60 times previous rated voltage, this is called voltage
derating.
19)Motor standards are defined by → NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association)
and IEC (International electrical Commission)

20)Draw shankey’s diagram? Ans:

DC MACHINE:
1)What are the losses in DC machine?
Ans: (1) Electrical or copper loss, (2) Core loss, (3) Brush loss, (4) Mechanical loss, (5) Stray
loss.
2)What is commutator?
Ans: In DC machine, the mechanism that converts the internal ac voltage to DC at their terminal,
is called commutator. And that’s why, DC machine is called as commutating machinery.
3)Explain the commutation?
Ans: Two semicircular conducting segments(commutator segments) are added to the end of the
loop and two fixed contacts(brushes) are set up short circuited with those segments.
4)How many types of DC motors available?
Ans: (1) separately excited (2) shunt (3)series (4)long shunt (5) short shunt
5)What is armature effect in DC motor?
Ans: the speed of the motor with armature reaction is higher than the speed of the motor with no
armature reaction.
6)How to control speed of a shunt DC motor?
Ans: (1) Adjusting Rf (for above base speed), (2) Adjusting terminal voltage (for below base
speed), (3) Inserting resistor in series with armature.
7)Why DC motor starter is used?
Ans: At starting, induced back emf is zero, that’s why a large armature current is produced.
Which can severely damage the winding. So, a starter is used to limit the starting current.

PART(5)→ELECTRONICS
BJT→ current driven, slow, can’t be paralleled, low base resistance.
MOSFET→voltage driven, fast, can be paralleled, high base resistance.
IGBT→ having advantages of both BJT and MOSFET.
SCR/thyristor→ current driven (gate pulse driven), 2 bjt (pnpn)
TRIAC→ gate pulse driven bi-directional SCR
How many types of rectifier?
Ans: (1) uncontrolled (diode) and (2) controlled (SCR)
Rectifier→ AC to DC
Inverter→ DC to AC
Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost, Cuk Converter→ DC to DC