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Contents
Preface XXUl
PART I
THE ELEMENTS, OR THE EVERLASTING FORE-WORLD
Introduction 3
I. From Death: What is Philosophy 4
II. The Philosophy of the All: The Critique of Philosophy 5
A. Hegel 6
B. Kierkegaard 6
C. The New Philosophy 8
1. Schopenhauer 8
2. Nietzsche 8
III. Consequences of the New Philosophy 9
A. For the Human 9
Metaethics 10
B. For the World 13
Metalogic 13
C. For God 16
Metaphysics 17
Iv. Mathematics and Signs 21
The Origin 22
B. Divine Nature 28
Source-Word 28
Sign 29
C. Divine Freedom 30
D. The Vitality of God 33
Source-Word 35
Sign 36
II. The Element God in Religion 36
A. In Greek Religion 37
The Olympus of Mythology 37
B. In Asian Religion 38
Asia: The Non-Mythical God 39
China 39
C. Primative Atheism 40
III. Aesthetical Foundation-Principle: External Form 40
The Twilight ofthe Gods 41
viii
CONTENTS
ix
CONTENTS
PART II
THE COURSE, OR THE ALWAYS-RENEWED WORLD
Introduction 87
I. Concerning Belief 90
II. The Theology of the Miracle 90
A. The Believed Miracle 90
B. The Confirmed Miracle 92
C. The Three Enlightenments 92
D. The Historical World-View 93
Schleiermacher 94
Historical Theology 94
The Thrn-of-the-Century 95
Task 95
E. The New Rationalism 96
1. Philosophy and Theology 96
Old Philosophy 97
The Philosopher's Standpoint 97
The New Philosopher 97
2. Theology and Philosophy 99
Old Theology 99
The Theologian's Experience 99
The New Theologian 100
III. Grammar and Word 101
The Moment 101
x
CONTENTS
Root-Word 117
Predicate 118
Materiality 119
Particularity 119
Substantiality 120
Reality 120
Process 121
Relatedness 121
Matter-of-Factness 122
Perfection 122
III. Logic of Creation 122
A. Being and Being-Created 122
B. The Scientific World-Picture 123
1. The Created World 123
2. Idealistic Logic 123
Generation 123
Emanation 126
The '[' and the 'Thing' 126
C. The Logic of Creation versus the Logic of the Idea 127
1. Idealistic Metaphysics 128
The Thought versus the Speech 129
The Flight of the Thing 129
2. Idealistic Ethics 130
3. Idealistic Religion 130
God as Object 131
4. Collapse 132
Iv. Theory of Art 133
A. The Idealist and the Speech 133
B. Idealistic Aesthetics 134
Art as Speech 134
C. The Genius 134
Poet and Artist 135
v. The Word of God 135
Grammatical Analysis of Genesis 1 136
1. General Comments on the Grammar of 'Good' 136
2. The Work of the First Day 136
Gen 1:1-2 137
Gen 1 :3-4a 139
2. The Work of the Sixth Day 140
Gen 1:26-27 140
3. The Prophecy of the Miracle 141
xi
CONTENTS
xii
CONTENTS
xiii
CONTENTS
Disenchantment 189
Essentialization 190
The Living 190
Growth of the Kingdom 190
Immortality 191
Islam: The Religion of Progress 192
IV. The Grammar of Pathos (The Language of Action) 192
A. Growing and Doing 193
B. Concerning Method 193
C. Psalm 136 195
Opening: Verse 1 195
Root-Sentence 195
Choral Form 195
Exhortation 196
Collection 196
Acknowledgement 196
Anticipation 197
Middle: Verses 2-25 197
The Nearest 197
The Act 198
Conclusion: ~rse 26 198
The Realization 198
The Goal 199
The Limit 199
The ~rdict 199
The End 199
v. Logic of Redemption 200
The One and the All 200
The Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of the World 200
The Nearest and the Self 200
Soul and World 201
Institution and Revolution 201
End and Beginning 202
VI. Theory of Art (conclusion) 202
Redemption as Aesthetic Category 202
The Audience in the Art 203
The Human in the Artist 203
The 'Dramatic' in the Work 203
The Poetry among the Arts 203
The Structure of the Visual Art 204
The Melos in the Music 204
xiv
CONTENTS
Poetry 204
The Tone of the Poem 204
The Diction of the Poet 205
The Idea in the Poetry 205
The Artistic-Content of the Life 205
Summary 205
Prospect 205
VII. The Word of God 206
The Language of the Psalms 206
Grammatical Analysis of Psalm 115 207
Vs.1 207
Vss.2-8 208
Vss.9-13 208
Vss.14-16 209
Vss.17-18 209
The Eternalization of the Miracle 209
THRESHOLD 209
I. Retrospect: The Order of the Course 210
The New Unity 210
The New Totality 210
The New Relationship 211
The New Connection 212
The New Order 214
Relationship to the Pre-World 214
II. Prospect: The Day-of-God of Eternity 215
A. The One Eternity 215
The One God 215
The Eternal in the Human 216
The Eternalization of the World 216
The Times of the Eternity 217
PART III
THE STRUCTURE, OR THE ETERNAL OVER-WORLD - On the
Possibility of Entreating the Kingdom
Introduction 221
I. Concerning Temptation 221
II. The Coercion of the Kingdom 225
A. Love and Prayer 225
xv
CONTENTS
B. Time 243
The Hour 244
The Orbit of the Times 244
The Week 244
C. The Cult 245
The Nearness of the Kingdom 245
The Unified Prayer 245
VII. Liturgy and Gesture 246
The Truth 247
Part III, Chapter One: The FIre, or the Eternal Life - Movement
from DIsclosed Human to Created Image of God 248
1. The Promise of Eternity 248
II. The Eternal People: Jewish Fate 249
A. Land 250
Blood and Spirit 250
The Peoples and Their Homeland 250
The Holy Land 251
B. Language 252
The Peoples and the Language of their Spirit 252
The Holy Language 252
C. Law 253
The Peoples and the Law of their Life 253
The Holy Law 253
Fate and Eternity 254
III. The One People: Jewish Essence 254
A. Individuality and Universality 254
B. Polarity 255
The Jewish God 255
The Jewish Human 255
The Jewish World 256
C. The Question about the Essence 256
N. The Holy People: The Jewish Year 257
A. Sociology of the Multitude: The Hearing 257
The Sabbath 258
The Feast of Creation 258
Friday Evening 259
Sabbath Morning 259
Sabbath Afternoon 260
Sabbath End 260
xvii
CONTENTS
Rest 261
Consummation 261
B. Sociology of the Community: The Meal 261
The Festivals of Revelation - The Pilgrim Festivals 262
The Feast of Deliverance - Pesach 262
The Feast of Revelation - Shavuot 263
The Feast of Booths - Sukkot 263
C. Sociology of the Whole: The Greeting 264
The Feast of Redemption - The Days of Awe 265
The Judgment 266
The Sin 267
Death and Life 267
The Atonement 268
The Way-Back into the Year 268
v. The Peoples of the World: Messianic Politics 269
The People at the Goal 269
A. The Peoples and the World 269
B. The Peoples and the War 269
Chosen Peoples 270
Holy War 270
World Peace 270
C. People and State 271
The Law in the State 271
The Coercion in the State 271
War and Revolution 271
VI. The Eternity of the Promise 272
xviii
CONTENTS
xx
CONTENTS
Indices
Names 332
Books 333
Subject 335
Arabic Terms 368
German Terms 368
Greek Terms 383
Hebrew Terms 383
Latin Terms 386
xxi
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Preface
DOD
xxiii
PREFACE
xxiv
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The peculiar habits of the Hepialidae are not likely to bring the
Insects to the net of the ordinary collector, and we believe they never
fly to light, hence it is probable that we are acquainted with only a
small portion of the existing species; their distribution is very wide,
but Australia seems to be their metropolis, and in New Zealand
twelve species are known. The genera as at present accepted are
remarkable for their wide distribution. Leto is said to occur in South
Africa and in the Fiji Islands; but we must repeat that the study of
these interesting Insects is in a very primitive state, and our present
knowledge of their distribution may be somewhat misleading.
The early stages of these Insects are of great interest. The eggs, so
far as known, are peculiar flat oval scales, of irregular outline and
transparent; we have figured an example in Vol. V. Fig. 83. The eggs
of the same moth are said to vary much in size, though the larvae
that emerge from them differ little from one another in this respect.
The latter are peculiar, inasmuch as they have no abdominal feet,
and the thoracic legs are but small; hence the caterpillars move in an
imperceptible gliding manner that has suggested for some of them
the name of slug-worms. The metamorphoses of a few are known.
They may be arranged in two groups; one in which the larva is
spinose or armed with a series of projections and appendages
persisting throughout life; while in the members of the second group
the spines have only a temporary existence. At the moment the
young larva of Apoda testudo emerges from the egg it has no
conspicuous spines or processes, and is an extremely soft,
colourless creature,[290] but it almost immediately displays a
remarkable system of complex spines. These really exist in the larva
when it is hatched, and are thrust out from pits, as explained by Dr.
Chapman. In the succeeding stages, the spines become modified in
form, and the colour of the body and the nature of the integument
are much changed, so that in the adult larva (Fig. 199) the spines
have subsided into the condition of mere prominences, different in
colour from the rest of the surface. These larvae appear to be
destitute of a head, but there really exists a large one which is
retracted, except during feeding, into the body; the five pairs of
abdominal feet of the larvae of allied families are replaced by sucker-
like structures on the first eight abdominal segments. The spinneret
of the mouth is not a pointed tubular organ, but is fish-tailed in
shape, and hence disposes the silky matter, that aids the larva in
moving on the leaves, in the form of a ribbon instead of that of a
thread. It has been stated that these peculiar larvae "imitate" the
coloured galls frequently found on the leaves of trees. The North
American forms of this family have very varied and most
extraordinary larvae.[291] In the pretty and conspicuous larva of
Empretia stimulea, the tubercles or processes of the body are, in the
later stages, armed with hairs, that contain a poisonous or irritating
fluid, said to be secreted by glands at the bases of the processes.
These hairs are readily detached and enter the skin of persons
handling the caterpillars. The larva of the North American Hag-moth,
Phobetron pithecium, is a curious object, bearing long, fleshy
appendages covered with down. Hubbard makes the following
statement as to the instincts of this larva:[292]—"The hag-moth larvae
do not seek to hide away their cocoons, but attach them to leaves
and twigs fully exposed to view, with, however, such artful
management as to surroundings and harmonising colours that they
are of all the group the most difficult to discover. A device to which
this Insect frequently resorts exhibits the extreme of instinctive
sagacity. If the caterpillar cannot find at hand a suitable place in
which to weave its cocoon, it frequently makes for itself more
satisfactory surroundings by killing the leaves, upon which, after they
have become dry and brown in colour, it places its cocoon. Several
of these caterpillars unite together, and selecting a long and vigorous
immature shoot or leader of the orange tree, they kill it by cutting into
its base until it wilts and bends over. The leaves of a young shoot in
drying turn a light tan-color, which harmonises most perfectly with
the hairy locks of the caterpillar covering the cocoon. The latter is,
consequently, not easily detected, even when placed upon the
exposed and upturned surface of the leaf."
The position of the abdominal feet and claspers throws the holding
power of the larva to the posterior part of the body, instead of to the
middle, as in other caterpillars. This, combined with the elongate
form, causes these larvae when reposing to assume attitudes more
or less different from those of other larvae; holding on by the
claspers, some of these Insects allow all the anterior parts of the
body to project in a twig-like manner. The front parts are not,
however, really free in such cases, but are supported by a thread of
silk extending from the mouth to some point near-by. Another plan
adopted is to prop the front part of the body against a twig placed at
right angles to the supporting leaf, so that the caterpillar is in a
diagonal line between the two (Fig. 202). Other Geometers assume
peculiar coiled or spiral attitudes during a whole or a portion of their
lives; some doing this on a supporting object—leaf or twig—while
others hang down (Ephyra pendularia). Certain of the larvae of
Geometridae vary in colour, from shades of brown to green; there is
much diversity in this variation. In some species it is simple variation;
in others it is dimorphism, i.e. the larvae are either brown or green. In
other cases the larvae are at first variable, subsequently dimorphic.
In Amphidasis betularia it would appear that when the larva is
hatched the dimorphism is potential, and that the future colour,
whether green or brown, is settled by some determining condition
during the first period of larval life and cannot be subsequently
modified.[306] According to Poulton, the dark tint is due in A.
betularia to colouring matter in the skin or immediately below it, and
the green tint to a layer of fat between the hypodermis and the
superficial muscles; this layer being always green, but more brightly
green in the larvae that are of this colour externally. Much discussion
has occurred about these larval attitudes and colours, and it seems
probable that Professor Poulton has overrated the value of
protection from birds, mammals and entomologists; the chief
destroying agents being other than these, and not liable to be thus
deceived, even if the vertebrates are. In some cases such
resemblance as undoubtedly exists is not made the best use of. The
larva shown in figure 202 bore a wonderful resemblance, when
examined, to the rose-twigs it lived on, but the effect of this as a
concealing agent was entirely destroyed by the attitude; for this,
being on different lines to those of the plant, attracted the eye at
once. This larva, and we may add numerous other larvae, could
have been perfectly concealed by adopting a different attitude, but
never did so; the position represented being constantly maintained
except while feeding.
In some species of this family the adult females are without wings, or
have them so small that they can be of no use for flight. This curious
condition occurs in various and widely-separated groups of the
Geometridae; and it would be naturally supposed to have a great
effect on the economy of the species exhibiting it, but this is not the
case. Some of the flightless females affect the highest trees and, it is
believed, ascend to their very summits to oviposit. It has been
suggested that they are carried up by the winged males, but this is
probably only an exceptional occurrence; while, as they are known to
be capable of ascending with rapidity by means of crawling and
running, it may be taken for granted that this is the usual method
with them. Some of these wingless females have been found in
numbers on gas-lamps, and are believed to have been attracted by
the light, as is the case with very many of the winged forms.[307]
Neither is the geographical distribution limited by this inferior
condition of the most important of the organs of locomotion, for
Cheimatobia brumata (the Winter-moth) one of the species with
flightless female, is a common and widely distributed Insect in
Europe and North America.
Although the classification of this family is based almost entirely on
wing-nervuration, yet there are some divisions of the Geometridae in
which this character is remarkably variable, certain individuals
frequently exhibiting considerable abnormality.[308] Amphidasis
betularia is believed to have changed its variation considerably in the
course of the last fifty years. Previous to that time a black variety of
the species was unknown, but it has now become common; and it is
believed that other species of Geometridae are in process of
exhibiting a similar phenomenon.[309]