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INVERTEBRATES

Chapter 28
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BE ABLE TO:

• Describe the adaptive features of the animal

phyla and explain their functions.

• Compare and contrast the functional anatomy,

habitats, & life-styles of the animal phyla.

• Recognize examples of the animal phyla,

especially those with economic or health
importance.
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INTRODUCTION TO INVERTEBRATES
• lack a cranium
cranium & defined vertebral
vertebral column or spine

• ~ 97% of all animal species

• ~ 35 phyla
fairly small
• as small as 1 mm ; as large as 12 m mostly in unique shapes and
can move in different
• most are aquatic (except arthropods)
movements
• millions of species have not yet been classified
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INVERTEBRATE PHYLA OF INTEREST
• Basal Animals: Porifera
• Basal Eumetazoans: Cnidaria
• Lophotrochozoans: Platyhelminthes, Rotifera,
Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Mollusca, Annelida
• Ecdysozoans: Nematoda, Onychophora, Tardigrada,
Arthropoda
• Deuterostomians: Echinodermata
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PORIFERA
huma
ns

chanoflagellate - the
closest relative to
animals
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PHYLUM PORIFERAdepending on where they live a hypo or hyper tonic setting
• aquatic, mostly marine (5000+ species)
• no true symmetry
symmetry or tissues
tissues (no true
gastrulation)
• sessile as adults (larvae are flagellated)
anchored and won't move

• filter feeders w/ choanocytes to direct water flow hypertonic environment

filters the water that comes through
• phagocytosis of bacteria and protists
• amoebocytes move throughout mesohyl & can act as stem
cells
• deliver nutrients from choanocytes
• give rise to eggs for sexual reproduction
• body supported by collagen & spicules
spicules of silica and calcium
carbonate
 PLEASE LEARN THIS!!

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PHYLUM PORIFERA
 larve can disperse due to free locomotion

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PHYLUM PORIFERA
• reproduction
• fragmentation free-swimming

• sexual as male or female (hermaphroditic)

• gametes form in mesohyl
mesophyl

• flagellated larvae disperse then settle

out-crossing with other members of their species

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CNIDARIA
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PHYLUM CNIDARIA
• ~ 10,000 species (99% are
marine) in 2 clades
• primarily radial
radial symmetry &
diploblastic
cushioning between the structure
• mesoglea between layers
• cnidocytes
cnidocytes – stinging cells
(w/ nematocysts) located
around mouth or on
tentacles
• barbs & neurotoxins
paralyze prey they are under pressure and are facing outward, if
an animal hurts their trigger than it releases a
trigger to paralyze the animal
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PHYLUM CNIDARIA
• 2 morphological diploid forms in adults
• sessile polyp
polyp tentacle-like structure
medusa
• drifting/free-swimming medusa two distinct forms

• some cycle through both forms (dimorphic)

• gastrovascular cavity (incomplete) distributes nutrients
• nerve net controls movements & responses to stimuli
hyphae - sexual
yeasts - asexual
no brain or spinal cord
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PHYLUM CNIDARIA
Anthozoa (6,100 species)
• Clade Anthozoa
• corals, sea fans, sea whips, sea anemones
• sessile polyp forms only
• asexual budding/fragmentation
• sexual gametes fuse to form free-
swimming larva
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PHYLUM CNIDARIA
• Clade Medusozoa
Medusozoa
• sea jellies (jellyfish)
• species w/ both polyp & medusa forms
• 2-phase life-cycle
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PHYLUM CNIDARIA
• Clade Medusozoa
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LOPHOTROCHOZOA:
PLATYHELMINTHES
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PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
• flatworms w/ bilateral symmetry & cephalization
cephalization
• triploblastic
triploblastic acoelomates surface area
volume
• muscle tissue from mesoderm
• gas exchange at cellular level due to high SA/V ratio
don't have a true coelom as an acoelomate
ectoderm
endoderm

mesoderm
(muscles &
connective
tissue) gastrovascular cavity
 relies on simple diffusion for the nutrients

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PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
• branching GV cavity rather than complete system
• extracellular digestion then phagocytosis
• flame
flame cells w/ cilia direct waste fluids to excretory pores
• lateral nerve cords w/ connections run length of body
• no circulatory or respiratory system
• asexual fission or internal sexual reproduction
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PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
used for sensor perception, not real eyes
brings the water and food through
the back
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PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES – TREMATODES
• internal parasites of mollusks & humans alike
• sexual reproduction in 1° host (vertebrate)
vertebrate

• asexual reproduction of larvae in 2° host (mollusk)

mollusk

• oral & medial suckers for host attachment

• schistosomiasis caused by larvae entering skin wound
• infects various organs & destroys RBCs
eggs released in feces in water, then reinfect mollusk
• eggs
• barbs on eggs damage human vascular system
• unexpelled eggs damage organs
can cause irritation on the body cavities
 requires both mollusk and human host for reproduction

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SCHISTOSOMIASIS CYCLE
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PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES – CESTODES
• tapeworms
tapeworm are internal parasites of vertebrates

• infect intestinal tract of 1° host using sucker or hooks

• no digestive system
• body formed of proglottids
• reproduction by cross-fertilization within host
• eggs are eaten by intermediate vertebrate host
• juvenile worm infects host muscle
muscles tissues
• 1° host consumes infected tissue to complete cycle
needs two hosts to complete life cycle
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TAPEWORM LIFE CYCLE could cook meat to kind of help the
problem, but they are not much help
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LOPHOTROCHOZOA:
ROTIFERA
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PHYLUM ROTIFERA
• rotifers are microscopic (0.1-2.0
mm) aquatic & free-living
• cylindrical body w/ rotating wheel
of cilia
cilia for feeding (corona)
• surface cuticle can be flexible or
rigid
• skeletal
skeletal muscle for locomotion
• eyespots & bilobed “brain” with
nerves
• developed organ systems
digestive canal - one long tube
alimentary
• alimentary canal w/ specialized
digestive regions & muscle
• pseudocoelom acts as circulatory
system
• many species reproduce only by
parthenogenesis
there are no males: eggs produced by female makes females bdelloid rotifer
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LOPHOTROCHOZOA:
MOLLUSCA
 exhibit bilateral symmetry

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PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
• 2nd most diverse phylum behind arthropods (~100,000
extant species; 80,000 extinct)
• mostly marine (~25% of all marine organisms), but also
freshwater & terrestrial
• bilaterally symmetric triploblasts w/ cephalization
foot for locomotion
• muscular foot
digestive system
• visceral
visceral mass of internal organs w/ a mantle
• mantle secretes calcium carbonate shell in most
• respiratory gills folded over mantle
• most have open
open circulatory system

• radula
radula w/ file-like teeth for feeding
• snails, slugs, clams, mussels, oysters, squids,
octopuses, nautiluses used for locomotion
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PHYLUM MOLLUSCA - GASTROPODS

primitive heart organ

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PHYLUM MOLLUSCA - BIVALVES
photosensors, which are primitive
eyes
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PHYLUM MOLLUSCA – CEPHALOPODS
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LOPHOTROCHOZOA:
ANNELIDA
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PHYLUM ANNELIDA the earthworm is apart of them
• true, segmented
segmented worms in aquatic & terrestrial habitats
• some parasitic & commensal species
they themselves may have parasites inside of them
• bilateral symmetry
they can
• teloblastic growth adds segments from tail end regenerate if
• citellum
clitellum makes mucus to help sperm transfer & it is cut in
fertilization half, added to
the tail end
• cuticle of collagen
collagen for external protection
capable of good muscular control
• circular & longitudinal muscles
opening from one end to the other
• complete digestive system
• closed circulatory system
• well-developed nervous system
• hermaphroditic w/ cross-fertilization
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2 openings to the organism

PHYLUM ANNELIDA a digestive tract

associated with filtering nitrogen gas

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ECDYSOZOA:
NEMATODA
• most
widespread of
all animals
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PHYLUM NEMATODA (ROUNDWORMS)
• shedding cuticle (ecdysis)
ecdysis of ECM (collagen & chitin)

• muscle attachment to cuticle and nerve cords

• resists osmotic pressure within coelom
• protostomes w/ no segmentation and no distinct head
• important decomposers in soil
• over 50% are parasites of plants or animals
• complete digestive system w/ mouth, pharynx & anus
not a true coelom, not fully made out
• pseudocoelom
pseudocoelom distributes nutrients
of mesoderm
• nervous system of 4 nerve cords fused at anterior end to form
pharyngeal nerve ring (“brain”)
• reproduction is sexual using sperm & egg
• hermaphroditic or parthenogenetic in some species
• Caenorhabditis elegans model org. for developmental bio.
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PHYLUM NEMATODA (ROUNDWORMS) cuticle

uterus pseudocoelom

gut

chitin cuticle ovary muscles

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PHYLUM NEMATODA (ROUNDWORMS)
• - endoparasitism
endoparasitism
• multiple host life
cycles less in the
• guinea worms from way of
unfiltered water sanitization
• trichinosis from during food
undercooked pork
• heartworm in pets trichinosis
life cycle
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ECDYSOZOA:
TARDIGRADA
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PHYLUM TARDIGRADA (“WATER BEARS”)
• segmented w/ chitinous shedding cuticle
• very small (<0.5 mm) w/ 4 pairs of unjointed legs
• live among mosses & feed on plants, algae or small
animals using piercing mouthparts
more of an open system
• no specialized circulatory structures to move blood
• muscular pharynx leads to complete digestive tract
• dorsal brain w/ simple eyespots
eyespots & sensory cilia on head

• single gonad in males & females w/ external fertilization

play dead for some time, shrink into a small size
• -cryptobiosis
cryptobiosis

• survive extreme conditions by dehydrating into tun

tun

rehydrate after conditions are good

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PHYLUM TARDIGRADA (“WATER BEARS”)
 insects and everything in this phylum

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ECDYSOZOA:
ARTHROPODA
• largest & most
diverse of all
phyla
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
• segmented body in 2-3 specialized parts (tagmata)
tagmata w/
chitin exoskeleton & jointed appendages
• head (sensory, eating); thorax (locomotion); abdomen
(digestion & reproduction) arranged segments that serve a purpose
• must molt before growing (ecdysis)
• limits overall size of arthropodsto carry oxygen, like an open cavity
• open circulatory system w/ hemocoel & hemolymph
hemolymph

• pumped through gills in aquatic species

• nervous system connects all segments and joins to
ventral nerve cord
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
• Subphylum Chelicerata
• primarily terrestrial
• horseshoe crabs, spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions
• feed using chelicerae
chelicerae (claws or poisonous fangs)
some
• modified legs
• 2 tagmata: cephalothorax & abdomen without antennae
• ingestion of food in preoral cavity
no true circulatory system
• heart pumps blood into hemocoel in open system
• gaseous exchange in gills (aquatic) or book lungs
• hemocyanin
hemocyanin oxygen transport protein used
• brain w/ 2 ventral nerve cords
• single lens eyes to detect movement
• separate sexes (dioecious)
• some parental care for young in certain species
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SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
"Myria" - many
• Subphylum Myriapoda "poda" - legs

• primarily terrestrial in humid environments (soils)

• multiple segments w/ many legs (10-750)
• millipedes & centipedes now
• ancient myriapods were > 10 ft in length
• all centipedes are predators w/ forcipules
focipules (poison claws)
• 1 leg pair per segment positioned laterally to body
• poison
poison paralyzes insect prey
• millipedes are herbivores or decomposers
• 2 leg pairs per segment positioned under body
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SUBPHYLUM MYRIOPODA

centipedes

millipedes
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
• Subphylum Crustacea
• most numerous aquatic arthropod
• krill, shrimp, lobsters, crabs, crayfish, barnacles
• roly-poly (Armadillidium) is main terrestrial species
• 2 antennae, mandibles, 2-part legs (biramous)biramous

• chitin exoskeleton shed by molting during development

• 2 tagmata body plan
• cephalothorax covered by carapace;
carapace abdomen
• open circulatory system w/ heart & hemocoel
• hemocyanin & hemoglobin in some species
first time to see this
• mostly dioecious; barnacles are hermaphrodites
• 2 compound eyes & brain w/ ventral nerve cord
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SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA

roly-poly
 there will be a hardy-weinberg equation

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PHYLUM ARTHROPODAand a question about convergent
evolution
• Subphylum Hexapoda
• ants, termites, beetles, cockroaches, crickets, fleas,
butterflies, bees, wasps…
• 6 legs (3 pairs) and 3 tagmata: head, thorax, abdomen
• wings on thorax in most (derived from legs)
• mandibles, antennae & compound eyes on head
• sensory hairs present on head
• abdomen is 11 segments w/ external reproductive
apertures
• eggs laid on food resource
• metamorphosis from juvenile to adult
scent glands for recognizing individuals are in the same colony
• eusocial insects use pheromones
pheromones in groups/colonies
• herbivores, parasites, predators, decomposers
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SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA
parts

primitive brain

complete digestive system

closed circulatory system
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DEUTEROSTOMIA:
ECHINODERMATA
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PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
• exclusively marine & bottom-dwelling w/ spines
• sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars
• pentaradial
pentaradial symmetry w/ “arms” in multiples of 5 around
central axis one part of their life they have bilateral symmetry, but mostly have 5 part symmetry
• epidermis over endoskeleton
endoskeleton of small bony plates
• tube feet for locomotion, feeding & chemical sensations
• water vascular system of central ring canal w/ radial canals
allows them to extend and retract

• extends along each arm & connected to tube feet

• extends or retracts feet based on water volume in arm
• hemal system circulates nutrients
instead of circulatory, carries fluid

• visceral body cavity surrounds internal organs

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PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
• simple nervous system
• circumoral nerve
nerve ring w/ 5 radial nerves along arms

• no brain or large ganglia

• mouth opens to esophagus & stomach
• digestive glands in each arm
• podocytes
podocytes for fluid filtration near water and hemal systems
foot like cells

• dioecious sexual rep. & fragmentation asexual rep.

• gametes released into water for external fertilization
• larvae w/ bilateral symmetry → radially symmetric adults
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PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

podcytes
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PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA