FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

All these forces looking different arise from four fundamental forces
which govern the macroscopic as well as microscopic world .These forces
are
1. Gravitational forces ; 2. Weak nuclear forces ;

3. Electromagnetic forces ; 4. Strong nuclear forces.

FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE
Gravitational forces
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE
Gravitational forces
Every object in the universe attracts every other obj e c t a t a l l
distances(That’s why it is said that all the stars are displaced slightly when
you move your figure!).
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE
Gravitational forces
Moon revolve around the earth due to the force of gravity of earth. The
revolution of earth and other planets around the sun is due to pull of
gravity of sun on the planets.
In fact, all large scale phenomena of the universe such as formation and
evolution of stars, galaxies and galactic clusters are explained in terms of
gravitational forces.
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE
Gravitational forces
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE
Gravitational forces
The magnitude of the force exerted by a particle of mass m1 on another
particle of mass m2 at a distance r from it is given by Newton’s law of
gravitation:
��� ��
F=
��
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE
Gravitational forces
Where G is universal gravitational constant and has the value
G = 667  10-11 Nm2/kg2. The direction of the force on m2 is towards
m1. An equal but opposite force is exerted by mass m2 on mass m1.

In accordance with Newton’s third law of motion(For every action there

is an equal and opposite reaction). Thus the two particles exert equal
forces of attraction on each other.
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE
Gravitational forces
Some of the important properties of gravitational force are:
1. Gravitational forces are universal attractive forces, i.e., they exist
between microscopic(like electron,proton etc.) as well as
macroscopic objects(Sun,moon,earth) irrespective of their size,
shape, separation and intermediate medium between them.
2. These forces are always attractive and never repulsive.
3. These are the weakest forces in nature.
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE
Gravitational forces
4. They operate over long distance especially when the bodies are
massive.
5. It obeys inverse square law i.e., they vary inversely as the square of
the distance between the two bodies(So if distance between two
objects is doubled ,Gravitational force becomes ¼ and so on).
6. Gravitational forces are central forces, i.e., they act along the line
joining the centres of two bodies.
7. Gravitational forces are of conservative nature.
Question -1

If distance between two bodies in made 4 times then gravitation

force between them will become
(a) 4 times (b) 1/4 times
(c) 1/16 times (d) 16 times
Ans. (c)
Question -2

Value of Universal gravitational control ‘G’ is

(a) 9.8 m/s2 (b)
9.8 m/s
(c) 6.67 N kg2/m2 (d) 6.67 N
m2/kg2
Ans. (d)
Question -3

Find the incorrect statement about gravitational force

(a) It’s weakest force (b) It’s non-central
(c) It’s conservative (d) It follow inverse
square law
Ans. (b)
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

Weak nuclear Force

FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

Weak nuclear Force

The energy emitted during β decay is shared by the β-particle and
antineutrino. When antineutrino carries maximum energy, the energy of
β-particle is minimum and vice-versa. Hence, it is concluded that
between an electron and an antineutrino there exist a weak force.
Some of the important properties of weak nuclear force are
1) The weak nuclear forces are 10 2 5 times stronger than the
gravitational forces.
2) These are short range forces(around 10-17-10-16 m)
Question -4

Weak nuclear force is long range. (T/F)

Ans – False
Question -5

Weak nuclear force is stronger than gravitational force. (T/F)

Ans – True
Question -6

Particle emitted along  decay is neutrino. (T/F)

Ans – False
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

Electromagnetic force
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

Electromagnetic force
The electric charges in motion produces magnetic field and a magnetic
field gives rise to a force on another moving charge(called magnetic
force). So electric and magnetic forces, in general, are inseparable, hence
are together called as electromagnetic forces.
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

Electromagnetic force
Electromagnetic force is also useful in explaining some other forces, like
the force of contact between two surfaces, force of friction, tension in a
spring/rope etc.
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

Electromagnetic force
Some of the salient features of electromagnetic forces are:
1. These forces may be attractive or repulsive. Like charges repel each
other and unlike charges attract each other.
2. They obey inverse square law.
3. They are central forces.
4. Electrostatic force between two protons are very strong (≈ 1036
times )than gravitational forces between them, for same fixed
distance.
5. They operate over distances which are usually not very large.
6. They are also conservative forces (except few cases).
Question -7

E.M force is
(a) Always attractive (b) long range
(c) Central (d) Non-
conservative
Ans – C
Question -8

Which of the following is not E-M force

(a) Friction force (b) Tension force
(c) Force between two planets (d) Contact force
Ans – C
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

Strong nuclear forces

FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

Strong nuclear forces

Forces that bind the neutrons and protons together in a nucleus are called
the strong nuclear forces.
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

Strong nuclear forces

Some of the salient features of nuclear forces are:
1. Nuclear forces are the strongest forces in nature.
2. Nuclear forces have the shortest range. They operate within the
nucleus only, i.e., upto distance of the order of 10-14 – 10-15 metre.
3. Nuclear forces do not depend on charge on the nucleon.
4. Nuclear forces do not obey inverse square law. They vary inversely as
some higher power of distance between nucleons.
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

Strong nuclear forces

5. They are basically attractive forces. Only when distance between
nucleons is less than some distance, nuclear forces become repulsive.
6. Nuclear forces are non central forces.
7. They are also non-conservative forces.
Question -9

Electromagnetic force is stronger than strong nuclear force. (T/F)

Ans – False
Question -10

Strong nuclear force binds the nucleons and is always attractive. (T/F)
Ans – False
Question -11

Identify the false statement about strong nuclear force.

(a) It’s non-conservative
(b) It’s non-central
(c) It does not follow inverse square law
(d) It depends on the charge of the nucleon.
Ans – D
Question - 12

Force of friction and tension in a string are

(a) gravitational forces (b) weak forces
(c) electromagnetic forces (d) nuclear forces
Ans – (c)
Question - 13

Inverse square law of distance is followed by

(a) gravitational forces (b) electromagnetic
forces
(c) both (a) and (b) above (d) neither (a) nor (b)
Ans – (c)
Question - 14

Which of the following forces is not fundamental force in nature?

(a) Gravitational force (b)
Electromagnetic force
(c) Strong nuclear force (d) Tension
Ans – (d)
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