MODULE NAME: GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

MODULE CODE: CIU 07423

DEPARTMENT: CIVIL ENGINEERING
PROGRAME: BACHELOR DEGREE IN CIVIL AND
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

INSTRUCTOR: ENG. SAID JUMA

ASSIGNMENT 1
S/NO STUDENTS NAME ADMISSION NUMBER
1 EMMANUEL C NAMKUMBE 21020413009

Date of submission 8/5/202

To use topographical sheets that have given to extract the position of features for designing
purpose then to prepare thematic map and report

1. Open Arc GIS software

 Through the user interface in ArcGIS comprises the different toolbars and dialog
boxes that are used to access functionality throughout the different publications.

 If there is a function toolbar that does not appear in the interface, the following
steps will be followed
 Click customize on the main menu and point to Toolbars.
 Check a toolbar to show it.
2. Add data Toposheet to Arc GIS software Interface
 Use the Add Data button on the ArcMap toolbar to add data to your map
 Click Add Data (+)
 Browse to the data you want to add (Tanganyika Map)
 Click Add.

 The data is added to the software.

3. Create shapefiles
 Use catalog to create shapefiles by doing the following steps;
 Click catalog to open
 Right click to open New folder

 Right click your folder

 Click New
 Select shapefile

 The diagonal box will appear, then write the name of capturing feature and select
the feature type
 polygon for forest, Hills, Towns and villages
 polyline for roads
 Procedures on capturing data
4. To capture data (Data acquisition) use editor tool(digitization)
 Click editor toolbar
 Select start editing

 Select the feature – Forest

 Click continue
 Click forest on the create feature dialogue
 Select polygon

 Draw features on your window interface

 After finishing right click, then select finish sketch
 The go to editor, click save edits and then stop editing.
 Repeat step number 4 for all feature.
5. To open the attribute table
 Go to the layers
 Right click the feature (any feature)
 Select open attribute table
 Click on the optional table
 Select add fields, edit the fields; Name-Area, Type-Double, precision-
10, and scale-5, then click ok.
6. To calculate the area of the feature selected
 Highlight the column of the area
 Right click on the area
 Select calculate Geometry
 The area of the feature will display.
7. Create layout view and import layout features
 After importing layout feature then add Legend, scale, North direction and
Title using insert on the main tool bar
.
 Then import grid by right clicking and selecting properties
8. Export map.
 Go to file, then export map, Save as PDF file
9. Then open your PDF file to open and see your map
Task 02
 What is some best practice for selecting control points when georeferencing a data set in
ArcGIS, and how can you ensure that the georeferencing is accurate?
 How do you adjust the transformation setting in ArcGIS to optimize the georeferencing
process for different types of source data, such as maps with distortion or images with
varying resolution?
 How can you use georeferencing data in ArcGIS to support decision making and policy
development related to land use, natural resource management, urban planning and other
key issues?

ANSWER.
By Definition georeferencing is the process of assigning real world coordinates to each
pixel of the raster many times these coordinates are obtained by doing field surveys-
collecting coordinates with a GPS device for few easily identifiable features in the image
or map.
Generally, there are four steps in georeferencing the data;
 To add the raster dataset that you want to align with the projected data.
 To use georeferencing table to create control points then connect raster in order to
know the positions in the map.
 To review the control points and errors.
 To save the georeferencing results when the alignment is well set.

The following are the procedures of georeferencing data from the given Topography;
1. Open ArcGIS ArcMap window

2. dd data Toposheet to Arc GIS software Interface

 Use the Add Data button on the ArcMap toolbar to add data to your map
 Click Add Data (+)
 Browse to the data you want to add (Tanganyika Map)
 Click Add

 The data is added to the software.

3. Click on the customize on the main menu and point to Toolbars
 Then select georeferencing tool,

 The tool open with image that need to be georeferenced appearing in the tool bar
window as and looks as shown below

4. To start Georeferencing you need to select the Ground Control Points (GCP). You
will select the location of known coordinate

 Click on the add control tool , then move the cursor onto the map and click on
the known coordinate location.
 Right click, then click input
 Enter the coordinates: X for Easing
Y for Northing
 Repeat this step for at least 3 control points
 Then click Ok, then image will disappear
 Right click, then click zoom to the extent
 Image will appear and coordinates have successful changed
 5. After entering about 4 to 5 control points, click on on the geo-referencing tool
bar, to view your control points. Your Control points will look as follows

Note: X-Source and Y-Source are the arbitrary coordinates on the selected point created by
the computer when the raster map was created. X-map and Y-map are new real
geographical coordinates at the point that will be assigned on the map after Georeferencing,
Residuals are error in determining the coordinates on the selected control point location. If
the residuals are high you need to delete a point with high residual and select the new point.
To delete a point with high residual value, highlight it and press delete button the keyboard

6. On the Georeferencing tool bar select the down pointing arrow and select Rectify.
Save as Window appears

7. Change the folder to your working folder and the name of the file to create to
Tanganyika ref.tif and Click Save, to save the georeferenced raster image file
TASK 3

 How do you use digitized data in ArcGIS to create maps and visualizations that effectively
communicate spatial information to different audiences?

 What are some best practices for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of digitized data in
ArcGIS, such as using multiple sources of data and cross-checking with ground truth
measurements?

Digitizing is the process of ‘tracing”, in a geographically correct ways, information from

images/ maps, it involves the process of making features editable and making them
features to which additional spatial and non-spatial attributes can be assigned.

This means we are going to follow a process of making digital versions of objects that
will have an attribute table associated with them. Our primary goal will be digitizing the
Wards, which are objects that occupy an area on the map, once they are digitized and
have an associated attribute table these objects will also be known as polygon features.

The digitizing process involves the following steps

1. Creating an empty shapefile

 Open ArcCatalog
 browse to the location of your current file, this is the folder in which you will
create your new shapefile, so select that folder and right-click on it.
 Go to New Shapefile… to open the Create New Shapefile window
 The diagonal box will appear, then write the name of capturing feature and select
the feature type
 polygon for forest, Hills, Towns and villages
 polyline for roads
 Give the polygon shapefile an appropriate name
 Click on Edit… to see the Coordinate System of the file. In the Spatial Reference
Properties window click Import… to use the projection of your feature layer.
 Click OK and OK again to create the shapefile.
2. Add a new filed in the Attribute Table.
 Return to ArcMap, and add your new shapefile to the Data Frame (TOC). If you open
the Attribute Tables of this shapefile you will find it empty. We are going to use this
empty shapefile to create features from our image.
 Now you will start working with the new shapefile. Before you start editing, first open
its Attribute Table
 Click on the Options button and Add Field…
3. Digitizing your feature and entering tabular data.
 You will need the Editor toolbar. View -Toolbars- Editor. On the toolbar, click
on the Editor menu and Start Editing. You will be prompted to choose the
folder that your shapefiles are in, and then click OK. Before you get started
creating polygons, turn off all but the registered image layer.
 then save edits, stop editing
4. Labelling of the feature
 Highlight layer of the feature then right click, then elect properties
 Click on the label, then tick label feature in the layer
 Select your feature then OK.
5. Create layout view and import layout features
 After importing layout feature then add Legend, scale, North direction and
Title using insert on the main tool bar
 Then import grid by right clicking and selecting properties