RAINWATER HARVESTING

Rainwater harvesting is a sustainable process that helps in preserving water for future needs.
Water scarcity is a major concern in today’s scenario. The process of rainwater harvesting is a
good way to conserve water.
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the collection and storage of rain, rather than allowing it to run off.
Rainwater is collected from a roof-like surface and redirected to a tank, cistern, deep pit (well, shaft, or
borehole), aquifer, or a reservoir with percolation, so that it seeps down and restores the ground water.
Rainwater harvesting differs from storm water harvesting as the runoff is collected from roofs, rather
than creeks, drains, roads, or any other land surfaces. Its uses include watering gardens, livestock,
irrigation, domestic use with proper treatment, and domestic heating. The harvested water can also be
committed to longer-term storage or groundwater recharge.

Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of self-supply of water for households,
and residential and household-scale projects, usually financed by the user. However, larger systems for
schools, hospitals, and other facilities can run up costs only able to be financed by owners,
organizations, and governmental units.

Domestic use
Rooftop rainwater harvesting is used to provide drinking water, domestic water, water for livestock,
water for small irrigation, and a way to replenish groundwater levels.

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Rainwater Harvesting and Plastic Pond

Agriculture
In regards to Urban agriculture, rainwater harvesting in urban areas reduces the impact of runoff and
flooding. The combination of urban ‘green’ rooftops with rainwater catchments have been found to
reduce building temperatures by more than 1.3 degrees Celsius. Rainwater harvesting in conjunction
with urban agriculture would be a viable way to help meet the United Nations Sustainable Development
Goals for cleaner and sustainable cities, health and wellbeing, and food and water security. The
technology is available, however, it needs to be remodeled in order to use water more efficiently,
especially in an urban setting.

Kenya has already been successfully harvesting rainwater for toilets, laundry, and irrigation. Since the
establishment of the country's 2016 Water Act, Kenya has prioritized the regulation of their agriculture
industry. [6] Additionally, areas in Australia use harvested rainwater for cooking and drinking. Studies
done by Stout et al researching the feasibility in India found RWH was most beneficial used for small-
scale irrigation, which provides income with the sales of produce, and overflow used for groundwater
recharge.

Missions to five Caribbean countries have shown that the capture and storage of rainwater runoff for
later use is able to significantly reduce the risk of losing some or all of the year's harvest because of soil
or water scarcity. In addition, the risks associated with flooding and soil erosion during high rainfall

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seasons would decrease. Small farmers, especially those farming on hillsides, could benefit the most
from rainwater harvesting because they are able to capture runoff and decrease the effects of soil
erosion.

Many countries, especially those with arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and
reliable source of clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed
to trap and prevent rainwater from running down hills and slopes. Even in periods of low rainfall,
enough water is collected for crops to grow. Water can be collected from roofs, dams and ponds can be
constructed to hold large quantities of rainwater so that even on days when little to no rainfall occurs,
enough is available to irrigate crops.

Frankfurt Airport has the biggest rainwater harvesting system in Germany. The system helps save
approximately 1 million cubic meters of water per year. The cost of the system was 1.5 million dm
(US$63,000) in 1993. This system collects water from the roofs of the new terminal which has an area of
26,800 square meters. The water is collected in the basement of the airport in six tanks with a storage
capacity of 100 cubic meters. The water is mainly used for toilet flushing, watering plants and cleaning
the air conditioning system.

Rainwater harvesting was adopted at The Velodrome – The London Olympic Park – in order to increase
the sustainability of the facility. A 73% decrease in potable water demand by the park was estimated.

Technologies
Traditionally, storm water management using detention basins served a single purpose. However,
optimized real-time control lets this infrastructure double as a source of rainwater harvesting without
compromising the existing detention capacity. This has been used in the EPA headquarters to evacuate
stored water prior to storm events, thus reducing wet weather flow while ensuring water availability for
later reuse. This has the benefit of increasing water quality released and decreasing the volume of water
released during combined sewer overflow events.

Generally, check dams are constructed across the streams to enhance the percolation of surface water
into the subsoil strata. The water percolation in the water-impounded area of the check dams can be
enhanced artificially many fold by loosening the subsoil strata and overburden using ANFO explosives as
used in open cast mining. Thus, local aquifers can be recharged quickly using the available surface water
fully for use in the dry season.

System setup
Rainwater harvesting systems can range in complexity, from systems that can be installed with minimal
skills, to automated systems that require advanced setup and installation. The basic rainwater
harvesting system is more of a plumbing job than a technical job, as all the outlets from the building's
terrace are connected through a pipe to an underground tank that stores water. There are common
components that are installed in such systems, such as pre-filters, drains/gutters, storage containers,

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and depending on whether the system is pressurized, also pumps, and treatment devices such as UV
lights, chlorination devices and post-filtration equipment.

Systems are ideally sized to meet the water demand throughout the dry season since it must be big
enough to support daily water consumption. Specifically, the rainfall capturing area such as a building
roof must be large enough to maintain an adequate flow of water. The water storage tank size should be
large enough to contain the captured water. For low-tech systems, many low-tech methods are used to
capture rainwater: rooftop systems, surface water capture, and pumping the rainwater that has already
soaked into the ground or captured in reservoirs and storing it in tanks (cisterns).

Rainwater harvesting provides the independent water supply during regional water restrictions, and in
developed countries, it is often used to supplement the main supply. It provides water when a drought
occurs, can help mitigate flooding of low-lying areas, and reduces demand on wells which may enable
groundwater levels to be sustained. It also helps in the availability of potable water, as rainwater is
substantially free of salinity and other salts. Applications of rainwater harvesting in urban water system
provides a substantial benefit for both water supply and wastewater subsystems by reducing the need
for clean water in water distribution systems, less generated storm water in sewer systems and a
reduction in storm water runoff polluting freshwater bodies.

Independent water supply

Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during water restrictions. In areas where
clean water is costly, or difficult to come by, rainwater harvesting is a critical source of clean water. In
developed countries, rainwater is often harvested to be used as a supplemental source of water rather
than the main source, but the harvesting of rainwater can also decrease a household's water costs or
overall usage levels. Rainwater is safe to drink if the consumers do additional treatments before
drinking. Boiling water helps to kill germs. Adding another supplement to the system such as a first flush
diverter is also a common procedure to avoid contaminants of the water.

Supplemental in drought
When drought occurs, rainwater harvested in past months can be used. If rain is scarce but also
unpredictable, the use of a rainwater harvesting system can be critical to capturing the rain when it does
fall. Many countries with arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source of
clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap and
prevent rainwater from running downhills. Even in periods of low rainfall, enough water is collected for
crops to grow. Water can be collected from roofs and tanks can be constructed to hold large quantities
of rainwater.

In addition, rainwater harvesting decreases the demand for water from wells, enabling groundwater
levels to be further sustained rather than depleted.

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Cost-effectiveness
Although standard RWH systems can provide a water source to developing regions facing poverty, the
average cost for an RWH setup can be costly depending on the type of technology used. Governmental
aid and NGOs can assist communities facing poverty by providing the materials and education necessary
to develop and maintain RWH setups.

Some studies show that rainwater harvesting is a widely applicable solution for water scarcity and other
multiple usages, owing to its cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness. Constructing new substantial,
centralized water supply systems, such as dams, is prone to damage local ecosystems, generates
external social costs, and has limited usages, especially in developing countries or impoverished
communities. On the other hand, installing rainwater harvesting systems is verified by a number of
studies to provide local communities a sustainable water source, accompanied by other various benefits,
including protection from flood and control of water runoff, even in poor regions. Rainwater harvesting
systems that do not require major construction or periodic maintenance by a professional from outside
the community are more friendly to the environment and more likely to benefit the local people for a
longer period of time. Thus, rainwater harvesting systems that could be installed and maintained by
local people have bigger chances to be accepted and used by more people.

The usage of in-situ technologies can reduce investment costs in rainwater harvesting. In-situ
technologies for rainwater harvesting could be a feasible option for rural areas since less material is
required to construct them. They can provide a reliable water source that can be utilized to expand
agricultural outputs. Above-ground tanks can collect water for domestic use; however, such units can be
unaffordable to people in poverty

Quality of water harvesting

Rainwater may need to be analyzed properly, and used in a way appropriate to its safety. In the Gansu
province, for example, solar water disinfection is used by boiling harvested rainwater in parabolic solar
cookers before being used for drinking. These so-called "appropriate technology" methods provide low-
cost disinfection options for treatment of stored rainwater for drinking.

While rainwater itself is a clean source of water, often better than groundwater or water from rivers or
lakes, the process of collection and storage often leaves the water polluted and non-potable. Rainwater
harvested from roofs can contain human, animal and bird feces, mosses and lichens, windblown dust,
particulates from urban pollution, pesticides, and inorganic ions from the sea (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4),
and dissolved gases (CO2, NOx, SOx). High levels of pesticide have been found in rainwater in Europe
with the highest concentrations occurring in the first rain immediately after a dry spell; the
concentration of these and other contaminants are reduced significantly by diverting the initial flow of
run-off water to waste. Improved water quality can also be obtained by using a floating draw-off
mechanism (rather than from the base of the tank) and by using a series of tanks, withdraw from the
last in series. Prefiltration is a common practice used in the industry to keep the system healthy and
ensure that the water entering the tank is free of large sediments.

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A very interesting concept of rainwater harvesting and cleaning it with solar energy for rural household
drinking purposes has been developed by Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute.

Conceptually, a water supply system should match the quality of water with the end-user. However, in
most of the developed world, high-quality potable water is used for all end uses. This approach wastes
money and energy and imposes unnecessary impacts on the environment. Supplying rainwater that has
gone through preliminary filtration measures for non-potable water uses, such as toilet flushing,
irrigation, and laundry, maybe a significant part of a sustainable water management strategy.

Canada
Rainwater harvesting is becoming a procedure that many Canadians are incorporating into their daily
lives, although data does not give exact figures for implementation. Rainwater can be used for a number
of purposes including stormwater reduction, irrigation, laundry and portable toilets. In addition to low
costs, rainwater harvesting is useful for landscape irrigation. Many Canadians have started
implementing rainwater harvesting systems for use in stormwater reduction, irrigation, laundry, and
lavatory plumbing. Provincial and municipal legislation is in place for regulating the rights and uses for
captured rainwater. Substantial reform to Canadian law since the mid-2000s has increased the use of
this technology in agricultural, industrial, and residential use, but ambiguity remains amongst legislation
in many provinces. Bylaws and local municipal codes often regulate rainwater harvesting.

Multiple organizations and companies have developed in Canada to provide education, technology, and
installation for rainwater harvesting. These include the Canadian Association for Rainwater Management
(CANARM), Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), and CleanFlo Water Technologies.
CANARM is an association that prioritizes education, training and spreading awareness for those
entering the rainwater harvesting industry.

India
Tamil Nadu was the first state to make rainwater harvesting compulsory for every building to avoid
groundwater depletion. The project was launched in 2001 and has been implemented in all rural areas
of Tamil Nadu. Posters all over Tamil Nadu including rural areas create awareness about harvesting
rainwater. It gave excellent results within five years, and slowly every state took it as a role model. Since
its implementation, Chennai had a 50% rise in water level in five years and the water quality significantly
improved.

United Kingdom
Rainwater harvesting in the United Kingdom is a practice of growing importance. Rainwater harvesting
in the UK is both a traditional and reviving technique for collecting water for domestic uses and is
generally used for non-hygienic purposes like watering gardens, flushing toilets, and washing clothes. In

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commercial premises like supermarkets it is used for things like toilet flushing where larger tank systems
can be used collecting between 1000 and 7500 litres of water. It is claimed that in the South East of
England there is less water available per person than in many Mediterranean countries.

Rainwater is almost always collected strictly from the roof, then heavily filtered using either a filter
attached to the down pipe, a fine basket filter or for more expensive systems like self-cleaning filters
placed in an underground tank. UK homes using some form of rainwater harvesting system can reduce
their mains water usage by 50% or more, although a 20-30% saving is more common. At the present
time (depending upon where you live in the UK) mains water delivery and equivalent waste water and
sewerage processing costs about £2 per cubic metre. Reducing mains-water metered volumes also
reduces the sewerage and sewage disposal costs in the same proportion, because water company billing
assumes that all water taken into the house is discharged into the sewers.

In the United States, until 2009 in Colorado, water rights laws almost completely restricted rainwater
harvesting; a property owner who captured rainwater was deemed to be stealing it from those who
have the rights to take water from the watershed. Now, residential good owners who meet certain
criteria may obtain a permit to install a rooftop precipitation collection system (SB 09-080). The main
factor in persuading the Colorado Legislature to change the law was a 2007 study that found that in an
average year, 97% of the precipitation that fell in Douglas County, in the southern suburbs of Denver,
never reached a stream—it was used by plants or evaporated on the ground. Rainwater catchment is
mandatory for new dwellings in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Texas offers a sales tax exemption on the
purchase of rainwater harvesting equipment. Both Texas and Ohio allow the practice even for potable
purposes. Oklahoma passed the Water for 2060 Act in 2012, to promote pilot projects for rainwater and
graywater use among other water-saving techniques.

Other countries
Thailand has the largest fraction of the population in the rural area relying on rainwater harvesting
(currently around 40%). Rainwater harvesting was promoted heavily by the government in the 1980s. In
the 1990s, after government funding for the collection tanks ran out, the private sector stepped in and
provided several million tanks to private households, many of which continue to be used. This is one of
the largest examples of self-supply of water worldwide.

Rainwater harvesting tank

In Bermuda, the law requires all new construction to include rainwater harvesting adequate for the
residents.

Although New Zealand has plentiful rainfall in the West and South, for much of the country, rainwater
harvesting is the normal practice for most rural housing, using roof water directed by spouting into
covered, 1000 litre storage tanks, and is encouraged by most councils.

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In Sri Lanka, rainwater harvesting has been a popular method of obtaining water for agriculture and for
drinking purposes in rural homes. The legislation to promote rainwater harvesting was enacted through
the Urban Development Authority (Amendment) Act, No. 36 of 2007. Lanka rainwater harvesting forum
is leading Sri Lanka's initiative.

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