UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

Project done By:

YESUF MUHAMMED ………………. 03646/11
YEABSIRA BEKELE ……………….. 03040/11

Advisor:
Misganaw Abebaw(M.Sc. In mechanical design)
March, 2022

Mechanical Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, University of Gondar, Ethiopia

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DECLARATION
We declare that we have independently authored the present project work with the title “Design
of Screw Jack”. We have not used any other than the declared sources or resources, and we have
explicitly marked all material which has been quoted either literally or by content from the used
sources. This paper has not been submitted either in whole or part, for a degree at this or any
other university or institution.

NAME: [Yesuf Muhammed] Signature: __________

NAME: [Yeabsira Bekele] Signature: __________

TITLE OF THE DESIGN PROJECT: [Design of Screw Jack]

ADVISOR: _ Misganaw Abebaw(M.Sc. In mechanical design)

Signature: __________________________________________

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Before all we would like to thank the almighty god for every opportunity that we got in life
through his endless mercy. We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who
provided us the possibility to complete this project. We want to thank our families, friends and a
special thanks to our instructor Mr. Misganaw Abebaw (M.Sc. In Mechanical Design). And we
won’t forget our classmates who helped us collect samples and other necessary guide materials
for the project.

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ABSTRACT
This technical paper presents design, and analysis of screw car jack. A screw jack serves to give
mechanical advantage by changing rotational force to linear force thus allowing one to lift a load
and support it at a given height. The aim of the project was to come up with a design procedure
for a simple screw jack. This technical paper is divided into various sections that describes
classification and parts of the screw jack and selection of materials used for construction that are
in agreement with current industry practice of screw jack design.

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Contents
DECLARATION........................................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................................................vii
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYM..................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................1
1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Background Of The Study.....................................................................................................1
1.3. Problem Of The Statement....................................................................................................2
1.4. Objectives Of The Study........................................................................................................2
1.5. Scope And Limitations Of The Study...................................................................................2
1.6. Organization Of Project Work.............................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................5
2. Literature Review..............................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................7
3. Detail Design Methodology............................................................................................................7
3.2. Material Selection..................................................................................................................7
3.3. Work Flow Of The Project....................................................................................................8
3.4. Basic Analysis Methodologies................................................................................................8
3.5. AutoCAD 2D & 3D Drawing.................................................................................................9
CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................................................10
4. Analyses And Solutions...................................................................................................................10
4.2. Material Selection................................................................................................................10
4.3. Design of main parts............................................................................................................12
CHAPTER FIVE.....................................................................................................................................27
5. Results And Discussions.................................................................................................................27
5.1. Results...................................................................................................................................27
5.2. Discussions............................................................................................................................28
CHAPTER SIX........................................................................................................................................29
6. Conclusion And Recommendations.........................................................................................29

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6.1. Conclusion............................................................................................................................29
6.2. Recommendations For Future Work..................................................................................29
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................30
APPENDIX..............................................................................................................................................31
Appendix A:.........................................................................................................................................31
Appendix B:..........................................................................................................................................31

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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 SPINDLE 3D..................................................................................................................................................... 15
FIGURE 2 SPINDLE 2D..................................................................................................................................................... 15
FIGURE 3 NUT 2D.......................................................................................................................................................... 17
FIGURE 4 NUT 3D.......................................................................................................................................................... 18
FIGURE 5 CUP 1 2D........................................................................................................................................................19
FIGURE 6 CUP 2 2D........................................................................................................................................................19
FIGURE 7 CUP 1 3D........................................................................................................................................................20
FIGURE 8 CUP 2 3D........................................................................................................................................................20
FIGURE 9 HANDLE 3D..................................................................................................................................................... 21
FIGURE 10 HANDLE 2D...................................................................................................................................................21
FIGURE 11 HEAD 3D.......................................................................................................................................................22
FIGURE 12 HEAD 2D.......................................................................................................................................................23
FIGURE 13 BODY 3D.......................................................................................................................................................24
FIGURE 14 BODY 2D.......................................................................................................................................................25
FIGURE 15 ASSEMBLY 2D................................................................................................................................................25
FIGURE 16 ASSEMBLY 3D................................................................................................................................................26

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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON.................................................................................................................11
TABLE 2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL............................................................................................................11
TABLE 3 SAFE BEARING PRESSURE FOR POWER SCREWS..........................................................................................................12
TABLE 4 DESIGN PARAMETERS...........................................................................................................................................12
TABLE 5 MATERIAL SELECTED............................................................................................................................................21
TABLE 6 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS.......................................................................................................................................21
TABLE 7 SPINDLE PARAMETER...........................................................................................................................................21
TABLE 8 NUT PARAMETER................................................................................................................................................21
TABLE 9 CUP PARAMETERS...............................................................................................................................................21
TABLE 10 HANDLE PARAMETERS........................................................................................................................................22
TABLE 11 HEAD PARAMETERS...........................................................................................................................................22
TABLE 12 BODY PARAMETERS...........................................................................................................................................22

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYM

𝑝-Pitch of screw thread (𝑚𝑚)
𝑛-Number of threads in contact with screwed spindle
𝑙-Lead of screw thread (𝑚𝑚)
𝑡-Thickness of screw
𝑑𝑜-Nominal diameter of screw (𝑚𝑚)
𝑑𝑐-Core diameter of screw (𝑚𝑚)
𝑑-Mean diameter of screw (𝑚𝑚)
𝜃 - Friction angle (𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒)
𝛼 - Helix angle of screw (𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒)
𝑊-Load (𝑘𝑔)
𝑁-Normal reaction (𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛,)
𝜇-Coefficient of friction
𝑃-Effort (𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛,)
𝑇-Torque (𝑁.𝑚)
𝜂-Efficiency (%)
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑-The force the jack exerts on the load. (𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛,𝑁)
𝐹𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡- The rotational force exerted on the handle of the jack. (𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛,𝑁)
𝑟-the length of the jack handle (𝑚𝑚)
𝑀.𝐴 – Mechanical advantage
𝜋 = 3.141592654
𝜎𝑐-Pure compression stress
𝐴𝑐-Cross sectional area of the screw shaft
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥-Maximum principal stress
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 - Maximum shear stress
𝐽-Polar moments
𝑃𝑏 - Bearing pressure on the nut

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𝑡1-Thickness of nut collar

ℎ-Height of the nut
𝐷1-Outer diameter of nut collar
𝐷2-Outside diameter of nut collar
𝜎𝑡-Tearing strength of the nut
𝜎𝑐- Crushing strength of the nut
𝜏 (𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤)-Shearing stress on the screw
(𝑛𝑢𝑡)-Shearing stress on the nut
𝜏-Shearing stress of nut collar
𝐷3-Diameter of head on top of screw
𝐷4-Diameter of pin
𝑇-Total torque to which the handle is subjected
𝑇1-Torque required to rotate the screw
𝑇2-Torque required to overcome friction
𝑇- Total torque subjected to handle
𝜎𝑦-Yield stress
𝐿- Length of the handle
D- Diameter of handle
𝑀-Bending moment
𝐻-The height of head
𝜎𝑏-Bending stress
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓-Effective length of screw
𝐻1-Lift of screw
𝑊𝑐𝑟-Buckling or Critical load
𝐸-Young’s modulus or modulus of elasticity
𝐼- Moment of inertia of the cross section
𝐷5-Diameter of body at the top

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𝑡2-Thickness of body
𝑡3-Thickness of base
𝐷6-Inner Diameter at the bottom
𝐷7-Outer Diameter at the bottom
𝐻𝑏-Height of the body

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CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction
A jack is a mechanical device used as a lifting device to lift heavy loads or apply great forces.
Jacks employ a screw thread or hydraulic cylinder to apply very high linear forces. The Longman
Dictionary defines a jack as a piece of equipment which is used to lift and support a heavy
weight, such as a car. The most common car jack used is screw car jack. A screw jack uses a
simple theory of gears to get its power. As the screw section is turned, two ends of the jack move
closer together. Because the gears of the screw are pushing up the arms, the amount of force
being applied is multiplied. It takes a very small amount of force to turn the crank handle, yet
that action causes the brace arms to slide across and together. As this happens the arms extend
upward. The cars gravitational weight is not enough to prevent the jack from opening or to stop
the screw from turning, since it is not applying force directly to it Smith, 2010. Screw car jack is
the simplest design among its class.
A screw jack consists of a screw and a nut. The nut is fixed in a cast iron frame and remains
stationary. The rotation of the nut inside the frame is prevented by pressing a set screw against it.
The screw is rotated in the nut by means of a handle, which passes through a hole in the head of
the screw. The head carries a platform, which supports the load and remains stationary while the
screw is being rotated. A washer is fixed to the other end of the screw inside the frame, which
prevents the screw from being completely turned out of the nut.
1.2. Background Of The Study

A jack is a mechanical lifting device used to apply great forces or lift heavy loads. A mechanical
jack employs a screw thread for lifting heavy equipment. A jackscrew, or screw jack, is a type of
jack that is operated by turning a leadscrew. It is commonly used to lift moderately and heavy
weights. The most common form is a car jack, floor jack or garage jack, which lifts vehicles so
that maintenance can be performed. Jacks are usually rated for a maximum lifting capacity (for
example, 1.5 tons or 3 tons). Industrial jacks can be rated for many tons of load. A jackscrew, or
screw jack, is a type of jack that is operated by turning a leadscrew. It is commonly used to lift
moderately and heavy weights, such as vehicles; to raise and lower the horizontal stabilizers of
aircraft; and as adjustable supports for heavy loads, such as the foundations of houses. The
virtues of using a screw as a machine, essentially an inclined plane wound round a cylinder, was
first demonstrated Archimedes in 200BC with his screw used for pumping water. There is
evidence of the use of screws in the Ancient Roman world but it was the great Leonardo da Vinci
in the late 1400’s who first demonstrated the use of a screw jack for lifting loads. Looking at
Leonardo’s design from so long ago, it is incredible to see the use of a threaded worm gear,
supported on bearings, that rotates the turning of a worm shaft to drive a lifting screw to move
the load - instantly recognizable as the principle we use today! We’re not sure what application
Leonardo’s invention was intended for but it seems to have been relegated to the history books
along with the helicopter and tank for almost four centuries. It is not until the late 1800’s that we

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have evidence of the product being developing further. With the industrial revolution of the late
18th and 19th centuries came the first use of screws in machine tools from English inventors
such as John Wilkinson and Henry Maudsley. The most notable inventor in mechanical
engineering from the early 1800’s was undoubtedly the mechanical genius Joseph Whitworth. He
may have had the face of a baboon, but Whitworth recognized the need for precision had become
as important in industry as the provision of power. While he would eventually have over 50
British patents with titles ranging from knitting machines to rifles, it was Whitworth’s work on
screw cutting machines, accurate measuring instruments and standards covering the angle and
pitch of screw threads that would most influence the industries today.

1.3. Problem Of The Statement

Designing a basic of power screw, i.e., manually operated screw jack. It is used to lift heavy
loads/weight with or by applying little effort.
1.4. Objectives Of The Study
1.4.1. General Objective of the Study
Generally we want to design a screw jack that has the ability to lift loads with the given specification
those are:

 Load carrying capacity 200 KN

 Maximum lifting height 1 M
 Hand force 800 N
1.4.2. Specific Objectives of the Study
In order to fulfill the needs of present car jack, some improvement must be made base on the
problems statement: To design a car jack that is safe, reliable and able to raise and lower the
height level and develop a car jack that is powered by hand force. The specific objective of
this project is:

 To select a material with desired properties for the design of a power screw more
specifically a screw jack.
 To study effects of stresses on the power screw parts
 To come up with a design procedure for the design of a screw jack.
 Design different component of screw car jack.

1.5. Scope And Limitations Of The Study

Scope: The scope of the project is starting from acknowledgment, abstract, nomenclature,
introduction, literature review, methodology, design analyses, result and discussion, conclusion,
recommendation.

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Collection of input data from research work.

 Study of weight-dimensional parameters
 Study of stresses, deformations in lift
 Study of Vibration and impact resistance.
 Study of Keeping of service life at different loading
 Study of Reliable operation.
Limitations
 Based on that design we are lifting only 200 KN. More than this mass is impossible
 The development of screw jack is only prototype not ready functioning as commercial.
 The developed screw jack is only for normal person.
 The developed screw jack is only operated on a flat surface.

1.6. Organization Of Project Work

For this particular design project, we will follow the following project design methodology to
solve the design problem.

DEFINITION OF PROBLEM

We are asked to design a screw jack which has capacity to lift 200
CHAPTER TWOKN of load

ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION

Selecting suitable material, geometric, force, cost and stress analysis for each component, concepts
cost, strength, mechanism, mechanical properties, creep, fatigue, physical properties, thermal
properties.

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

Presenting our results using table and
drawing a conclusion from it.
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PRESENTATION
Part drawing and assembly drawing of the screw jack using Auto CAD
software.

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CHAPTER TWO

2. Literature Review
J.J. Fereira, M. B. M. G., (2004). [9] In this paper a lifting device is a system that allows small
force (effort) to overcome a large force or load. There are practically hundreds of uses for lift
tables in manufacturing, warehousing and distribution facilities. The addition of this device (lift
table) makes job faster, safer and easier. Some typical applications include; machine feeding and
off-loading, product assembly, inspection quality control repair, feeding and offloading conveyor
levels. The commonest method for operating a scissors lift is the use of a power screw.
Michael-Adel, 2008 [10] the manually operated screw jack lift is a device that makes use of a
horizontally placed power screw to overcome large load through less effort applied on the power
screw. One of the most important factors of lift platform is its stability. Knowing that stability is
a source of concern for a lift platform, its positioning should be on a flat surface and the load
should be place or concentrated at the center of gravity of the table. Other constraint to be
considered is the deflection of the unit. Deflection in the lift can be defined as the resulting
change in elevation of all parts of a screw jack lift assembly, typically measured from the floor to
ANSI MH29.1 [11] safety requirement for industrial scissor lifts states that “All industrial screw
jack lift will deflect under load”. The Shop standard goes on to outline the maximum allowable
deflection base on platform size and number of scissor mechanism within the lift design. Screw
jack lift deflection becomes more critical in material handling applications where the lift must
interface with adjoining, fixed elevations, especially when transferring rolling load.
Mr.U.N.Kolekar,Prof. Dr.Sarje S.H, done their research on “Failure of Screw Jack on Inclined
Surface” and concluded As the stresses induced on Inclined surface are much more as that of
horizontal surface hence it is very necessary to redesign the screw
Nitinchandra R. Patel1, Dipen B. Rokad, Ankit V. Vekariya, Pratik J. Chauhan, done their
research on “Consideration of Material Alternatives in Enhancement to get Unique Solution in
Design of Screw Jack” and concluded. That In power transmission a square thread profiles are
mainly used. They play significantrole as efficiency of screw is associated with type of thread
profile and coefficient of friction. For power screw especially for screw jack different types of
square thread profiles are available like square, trapezoidal, acme and buttress and modified
square. In the present work, a screw jack is design analytically. In this jack, screw and nut are
most significant components. A screw is designed based on maximum tensile stress and
maximum shear stress. For maximum load it is necessary to keep both values within limit for
safe design. Nut is a stationary part in which a screw rotates. Therefore a bearing pressure is also
considered. For both the components, if we take combination of different materials for each pair
of screw and nut so we can find better possibilities to get suitable solution. The standard material
combinations are (1) Hardened Steel-Bronze, µ= 0.08 (2) Soft Steel-Bronze, µ= 0.10 (3)
Hardened Steel-Cast Iron, µ= 0.15 (4) Soft Steel-Cast Iron, µ= 0.17
Stephen Tambari ,PetabaLemii, KaneeSorbari ,Nzideelelesi, “Experimental Investigation of the
Performance of a Laboratory Screw Jack’ and concluded it has been established that the
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relationship between the load and efficiency, and between the load and effort applied is linear
and was also discovered that decrease in load means decrease in effort and decrease in load
causes increase in efficiency.
Paolo Gallina, done his research on “Vibration in screw jack mechanisms’ and the experimental
results werevibration in screw jack mechanisms under certain conditions, especially during
downward motion is a remarkable problem.
Paolo Gallina& Marco Giovagnoni It is well known that vibrations can occur in screw jack
mechanisms under certain conditions, especially during downward motion. Several models have
been proposed in the literature to explain this vibratory phenomenon due to system instability.
Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, complete and accurate experimental results have
never been carried out before. In this paper, the mechanical system made up of a screw and a nut
is analyzed. Then a 2 dof model is introduced., this model shows that the system is unstable
when the moment of inertia J1of a mass clamped to the free end of the screw is in a range
between two boundary values J1min and J1max. These values depend on the mechanical
characteristics of the system. The existence of this range is experimentally observed.
Olofsson built an instrumented prototype representing a simple screw jack mechanism to gain an
insight into the problem of vibrations. He experimentally found some conditions that could lead
to vibrations. However, he did not provide a theoretical explanation of the phenomenon.
Dupont by means of a simple 1 dof model, gave an elegant explanation of the phenomenon. He
found that, in a non-back drivable screw jack mechanism, the stability condition is given by a
relationship involving the masses of the nut and the screw, the friction coefficient and the screw
helix angle.
Gallinaet al.by introducing a 2 dof model and considering both axial and torsional stiffness’s of
the screw. In such a model, the two generalized coordinates are the vertical displacement of the
screw and the torsional displacement of the screw. The results they found are in good agreement
with the conclusion given by Dupont. Moreover, the new model led to the following important
result from a design point of view: stability condition requires that the ratio between the axial and
torsional natural frequencies of the screw jack do not exceed a given limit. By means of this
model, it has been possible to eliminate vibrations that occurred during the operation of a big
platform (140 ton in weight) of a stage in a theater. Practically, this was obtained by placing a
layer of cellular rubber between the surface of the concrete beam and the plate, where the top of
the screw was suspended to. In this way, the axial natural frequency of the screw as well as the
ratio between the axial and the torsional natural frequencies of the screw jack was reduced.

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CHAPTER THREE

3. Detail Design Methodology

In our design methodology we are going to try and list most of the methods used in this paper.
First our objective is to design a screw jack (power jack) by the given specifications, i.e.
designing a power jack which has the capacity to raise a 200 KN load to a maximum heigh of 1
m by using a hand force of 800 N. Then we are going to select the appropriate material for the
power jack. When selecting the material we have to consider several factors.
 Firstly the mechanical property of the material
 The wear of the material
 The manufacturability of the material
 The cost of the material
After we select the appropriate material we go to the detail design of the parts of the screw jack
(power jack). The first part is the spindle. In this part we are going to calculate the core diameter,
after calculating the core diameter we can find the outer diameter and the pitch from the table.
After knowing these measurements we try to calculate the stress on the spindle and try to see if
our design is safe or not. The second part is the nut. In this part the dimensions are known from
the table since we have already found the dimensions of the spindle, so we will focus on the
bearing pressure between the spindle and the nut and the stress concentration on the nut and see
whether our nut is safe for the required work or not. The third parts are the handle and the cup.
Here we try to calculate the size of the handle and the cup from the size of the spindle and find
the stress concentration on them. Lastly we calculate the size of the body required to envelope
these parts. After we finish designing our parts we calculate the efficiency of our power jack.
3.2. Material Selection
Material selection is an important process in design processes. Selecting materials is a process
that is design-led in that the material selection process uses the design requirements as the input
so as to come up with materials that have the desired properties for the part to be designed to
function well.
Steps For Selection Of Materials For Components
Selection of materials in engineering design involves the following steps Translation of design
requirements into specifications for a material.
 Screening out those materials that do not meet the specifications in order to leave only the
viable candidates.
 Ranking of the surviving materials to identify those that have the greatest potential.
 Using supporting information to finally arrive at the choice of material to be used. The
first three steps involve mathematical analysis, use of various charts and graphs of
specific property such as specific strength, wear resistance, buckling resistance and

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affordability. The materials are compared, ranked as per the indices of merit and available
supporting information is used to reach the final decision
In this project, information from case studies on previous designs of similar products is used in
material selection for the screw jack components/parts. However, other factors such as
availability of the candidate materials, purchase price of the candidate materials, manufacturing
processes and properties, forms and sizes in which the materials are available are also
considered.
3.3. Work Flow Of The Project
This section of the project includes guideline system for solving the problem which stated in the
statement of problem with specific component such as phases, tasks, methods, technique and
tools. For this particular design we follow the following guidelines and methods to design the
screw (power) car jack.
 Selection of Material :- the selection of material is the first requirement based on the
design specification. To select the proper material the following criteria should be
considered, availability of the material, stability of the material and cost of the material.
 Analyzing the Size of the car jack :- after material selection we analyze the size of the
car jack based on the given parameters.
 Design at Available Condition :- here we use the given parameters (i.e. Load carrying
capacity, Maximum lifting height and Head force).
 Design of Each Components :- here we try to design each component of the power car
jack (i.e. Spindle, Nut, Body, Handle and Cup) including their stress analysis.
 Finally preparing the assembly drawing of each components of the pressure vessel and
giving conclusion based on the result we got.
3.4. Basic Analysis Methodologies
This section of the project includes the basic or detail analysis i.e. the required procedures for
each component of the screw (power) jack which is to be designed. These procedures are
discussed below.
 Design Procedure of Spindle :- select material for Spindle, find the diameter of Spindle,
calculate the pitch of spindle and find stress analysis of spindle
 Design Procedure of Nut :- calculate the bearing pressure and find the diameter of Nut
 Design of Handle and cup :- design the diameter of the head, calculate the height and
thickness of cup, and calculating maximum bending stress of the handle

 Design Procedure of Body :- calculate the inside and outside diameter of the body and
calculate the body and base thickness

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3.5. AutoCAD 2D & 3D Drawing

AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application. In
our project we are going to use AutoCAD software for the purpose of drawing the prototype of
our design. For the convenience we are going to insert screenshots of our drawings and the
original drawing will be available on a separate folder and can be viewed at any time.

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CHAPTER FOUR
4. Analyses And Solutions
4.2. Material Selection
Material selection is an important process in design processes. Selecting materials is a process
that is design-led in that the material selection process uses the design requirements as the input
so as to come up with materials that have the desired properties for the part to be designed to
function well.
Steps For Selection Of Materials For Components
Selection of materials in engineering design involves the following steps Translation of design
requirements into specifications for a material.
 Screening out those materials that do not meet the specifications in order to leave only the
viable candidates.
 Ranking of the surviving materials to identify those that have the greatest potential.
 Using supporting information to finally arrive at the choice of material to be used. The
first three steps involve mathematical analysis, use of various charts and graphs of
specific property such as specific strength, wear resistance, buckling resistance and
affordability. The materials are compared, ranked as per the indices of merit and available
supporting information is used to reach the final decision
In this project, information from case studies on previous designs of similar products is used in
material selection for the screw jack components/parts. However, other factors such as
availability of the candidate materials, purchase price of the candidate materials, manufacturing
processes and properties, forms and sizes in which the materials are available are also
considered.
The frame (body)
Most frames are in conical and hollow internally to accommodate both the nut and spindle
assembly. The frame works to ensure that the screw jack is safe and has a complete rest on the
ground. The purpose of the frame is to support the screw jack and enable it to withstand
compressive load exerted on it.
The frame is a bit complex and thus requires casting as a manufacturing process. For this reason,
grey cast iron is selected for the frame. This is also evident from the case study on previous
design of the same product (Nyangasi, 18 December, 2006). Cast iron is cheap and it can give
any complex shape without involving costly machining operations. Cast iron has higher
compressive strength compared to steel. Therefore, it is technically and economically
advantageous to use cast iron for the frame. Graphite flakes cast iron with an ultimate tensile
strength of 220MPa is considered suitable for the design of the frame. The graphite flakes
improve the ability to resist compressive load.

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Table 1 Mechanical properties of cast iron

Mechanical properties British Standard Specification

Tensile strength (MPa) 220
Compressive strength (MPa) 766
Shear strength (MPa) 284
Endurance limit (MPa) 96
Young’s modulus (GPa) 89 – 114
Modulus of rigidity (GPa) 36 – 45
Hardness number (HB) 196

The spindle (screw)

The screw is subjected to tensional moment, compressive force and bending moment. The screw
profile is square type because of its higher efficiency and self-locking but not compared to
trapezoidal threads. Square threads are usually turned on lathes using a single point cutting tool
also square threads are weak at the root and this leads to use of free cutting steel. Screws are
usually made of steel where great resistance to weather or corrosion is required. Most fasteners
close to 90% use carbon steel because steel has excellent workability, offers abroad range of
attainable combinations of strength properties and it is less expensive. Medium plain carbon steel
can be heat treated for the purpose of improving properties such as hardness, strength (tensile and
yield), the desired results are therefore obtained (Fasteners, 2005). This leads to the use of plain
carbon steels.

Table 2 Mechanical properties of carbon steel

Material British Production Maximum Yield Tensile Elongation Hardness

standard in process section strength strength, % number,
size, mm Mpa MPa HB
0.30 C 080M30 Hardened 63 385 550 - 13 152 - 207
& 700
Tempered
The Nut
There exists a relative motion between the screw and the nut which causes friction, friction in
turn causes wear of the material used for screw and nut. Therefore, it requires one of the two
members to be softer. A suitable material for the nut is therefore phosphor bronze which is a
copper alloy with small percentage of lead and has the following advantages;
 Good corrosion resistance.
 Low coefficient of friction.
 High tensile strength.

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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Bronze has 0.2% phosphor to increase tensile strength and the yield stresses may be taken as;
tension = 125MPa, compression = 150MPa, yield stress in shear = 105MPa with safe bearing
pressure of 15MPa, ultimate tensile strength is 190MPa and a coefficient of friction of 0.14.
Table 3 Safe bearing pressure for power screws

Type of power Screw material Nut material Bearing pressure Rubbing speed
screw
Screw jack Steel Bronze 11 -17 Mpa 3 m/s
The handle
The handle is subjected to bending moments so plain carbon steel of BS 080M30 with yield
strength of 385MPa can also be used. It has the same mechanical properties and process as in
Table 4.2.
The cup
Shape of cup is complex and thus requires casting process. It also has the same properties as in
Table 4.1. Taking graphite flakes cast iron with an ultimate tensile strength of 200MPa. The
graphite flakes improve the ability to resist compressive load.

Table 4 Design parameters

Design of screw car jack

Parameter Value Unit
Load carrying capacity 200 KN
Maximum lifting height 1 m
Head force 800 N
4.3. Design of main parts
The spindle
The spindle is slender rounded rod with tapered ends used in hand spinning to twist and wind
thread from a mass of wool or flax held on a distaff. Or in this case it is the part that rotates in the
nut. The material selected for this part is a medium carbon steel (steel alloy 1020) whose
properties are available from Appendix A1 and A2.
Shear strength of spindle material 120 MPa
Elastic strength in tension of spindle material 200 MPa
Elastic strength in compression of spindle material 200 MPa
Let dc = the core diameter of the screw
W = is the load (in this case is equal to 200 KN )
σec = is the elastic strength of the material under compression (in this case take it to be 200MPa)
F.S = is the factor of safety (in this case take it to be 1.7)
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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Since the screw is under compression

π 2 σ ec
W= ( d c) ×
4 F .S
π 2 200 MPa
200 x 103 N= ( d c) ×
4 1.7
200 KN = 78.5 MPa dc2
dc = 46.524 mm ≈ 46.5 mm
The selected thread type is trapezoidal so, from Appendix A4 the following dimensions of the
screw are selected.
Core diameter, dc = 46.5 mm
Nominal or Outside diameter of spindle
do = 56 mm
Pitch of threads (p)
P=9
Area of core (Ac)
Ac = 1698 mm2
The mean diameter of screw (D)
do+ dc
D=
2
56+ 46.5
D=
2
D=51.25
For principal stress induced
P
tan α =
πD
−1 9
α =tan
π ×51.25
α =3.2
Assuming the coefficient of friction between Screw and Nut be 0.14
µ=tan φ=0.14
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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

φ=7.96
The Torque required to rotate the screw in the nut
D D
T 1=P× =W tan ( α + φ ) ×
2 2
51.25
¿ 200 KN tan ( 3.2+7.96 ) ×
2
3
T 1=1011.06×10 N −mm

The compressive stress induced due to the axial load will be

W W 200 KN
σ c= = =
Ac π dc π
2
(46.5 mm)2
4
N
σ c =117.77 2
mm
The Shear stress induced due to the Torque will be
16 T 1 16 × 1011.06×10
3
τ= 3
= 3
π (d c ) π (46.5)
N
τ =51.214 2
mm
The maximum principal stress (tensile or compressive)
1
√ 2 2
σ c(max) = [σ c + ( σ c ) + 4 τ ]
2
1
¿ [117.77 + √ (117.77 ) + 4(51.214) ]
2 2
2
1 N
σ c(max) = [ 117.77 +156.081 ]
2 mm
2

N
σ c(max) =115.288 2
mm
σ ec 200 N
The given value of σ cis equal to , i.e. =117.65
F .S 1.7 mm
2

The maximum Shear stress,

1
τ max=
2 √ 2
(σ c) + 4 τ
2

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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

1
¿
2
√ ( 117.77 )2 + 4(51.214 )2

¿ 58.657
σ ec 120 N
The given value of τ is equal to , i.e. =70.588
F .S 1.7 mm
2

Since the above stresses are well below the maximum values it safe to say that the spindle operates
without failure at the given conditions.

Figure 1 Spindle 3D

Figure 2 Spindle 2D

The Nut
It Is a circular threaded component in which the spindle passes through.

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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

W
P b=
π
[d 2−d c 2]n
4 o
Where Pb = is the bearing pressure between the nut and screw (in this case since the screw
material is medium carbon steel and the nut material is cast iron (Grade 120-90-02 oil quenched
and tempered), it is taken as 16 from Appendix A3
Shear strength of nut material = 90 MPa
Elastic strength in tension of nut material = 120 MPa
Elastic strength in compression of nut material = 100 MPa
h = height of the nut
P 9
t = thickness of the screw = = = 4.5 mm
2 2
n = Number of threads in contact with the screwed spindle
If the load is distributed uniformly over the cross- sectional area of nut, the number of threads in
contact with the screw and nut can be calculated as
200 KN
16=
π
[56 2−46.52 ]n
4
261.512
n=
16
n=15.345 threads ≈ 16 threads
h=n × p=16× 9=144 mm
for the stresses induced in the screw,
W
τ (screw )=
π × n ×d c × t

200 KN
τ (screw )=
π × 16 ×46.5 × 4.5
N
τ (screw )=19.015 2
mm
And the shear stress in the nut
W
τ (screw )=
π × n ×d o ×t

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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

200 KN
τ (screw )=
π × 16 ×56 × 4.5
N
τ (screw )=15.789 2
mm
The stresses above are well below the permissible limit so the nut is safe to operate.
To calculate the tearing strength,
π 2 2
W = [ D1 −d o ]σ t
4
Where W = is the load
D1 = is the outside diameter of nut
D2 = is the outside diameter for nut collar
t1 = is the thickness of nut collar

π 2 2 σt
200 KN = [ D1 −56 ]
4 F.S
2 2 2
D1 −3600 mm =4244.13 mm
D1=88.56 mm ≈ 89 mm

Also considering the crushing of the collar of the nut,

π 2 2
W = [ D2 −d 1 ]σ t
4

π 2 2 σt
200 KN = [ D2 −89 ]
4 F.S
2 2 2
D2 −7921 mm =10185.9 mm
D2=134.56 mm ≈ 136 mm

Also considering the shearing of the collar nut,

τ
W =π × D1 × t 1 ×
F .S
200 KN =π ×89 ×t 1 × 45 MPa

t 1=15.8 mm ≈ 16 mm

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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Figure 3 Nut 2D

Figure 4 Nut 3D

The Handle and the Cup

The handle and cup are the components that enable the jack top to operate, the handle is where
the input force is applied and the cup is where the load will rest.
D3 = 1.75 do
D3 = 1.75 60 mm
D3 = 105 mm

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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

The head is provided with two holes at the right angles to receive the handle for rotating the
screw. The seat for the cup is made equal to the diameter of head, i.e. 105 mm and it is given
chamfer at the top. The cup prevents the load from rotating. The cup is fitted to the head with a
d
pin of diameter D4 = 3 mm = 26.25mm≈ 27 mm. The pin remains loose fit in the cup.
4
Where D3 is the diameter of head
D4 is the diameter of pin
Take cup inclination to be 60° and the top diameter of the cup is equal with 2 times the diameter
of the bottom diameter
Y= r sin 60°
Y = 76.534 mm
Where y is the height of the cup
X= r cos 60°
r = 88.375 mm
Where x is the horizontal length of the cup
d 5−d 3
X= =44.188
2
Where d cup inside=1.75 ×d o=88.375 mm

d cup outside =2× d cup inside =176.75 mm

Other dimensions for the cup may be taken as follows

Height of cup = 76.534 mm
Thickness of cup = d cup outside - d cup inside = 88.375 mm
Diameter at the top of cup = 176.75 mm

Figure 5 Cup 1 2D

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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Figure 6 Cup 2 2D

Figure 7 Cup 1 3D

Figure 8 Cup 2 3D

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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

The torque T 2 required to overcome friction at the top of the screw assuming uniform pressure
conditions, is calculated as
3 3
2 R3 −R 4
T 2= × μ1 ×W [ 2 2
]
3 R3 −R 4
3 3
2 52.5 −7.5
T 2= ×0.14 ×W [ 2 2
]
3 52.5 −7.5
T2 = 53.4375 mm
T2 = 18.66 103 N-mm
The total torque to which the handle is subjected
T= T1 + T2
T = 1082.259 103 N-mm + 18.66 103 N-mm = 1100.919 103 N-mm
Given that the hand force is equal to 800 N, the length of handle required is calculated as follows
3
1100.919×10 N −mm
L=
800 N
L = 1376.148 mm or 1.3476 m
To calculate the maximum bending moment on the handle
M = Force applied X Length of lever
M = 800 N X 1.3476 m
M = 1078.08 X 103 N-mm
Taking the material of the handle same as the material of the screw, the bending stress
σ et N
σ b=σ t= =117.647 2
1.7 mm
The bending moment (M)…
π 3
1078.08 103 N-mm ¿ ×σ b × D
32
3
3 1078.08 ×10 N−mm× 32
D=
N
117.647 2
×π
mm
47.886 ≈ 48 mm

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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Figure 9 Handle 3D

Figure 10 Handle 2D

The height of head (hH) is taken as 2X D

hH = 96 mm
To check the screw for buckling load, we need to calculate the effective length for the buckling
of the screw,
1
Leffective =lift of screw+ height of nut
2
1
¿ 1000 mm+ ×144 mm
2
Leffective =1072mm

When the screw reaches the maximum lift, it can be regarded as a strut whose lower end is fixed
and the load end is free. To calculate the critical load,
σy L
2
W cr= A c × σ y [1− 2
( )]
4cπ E k
C= 0.25 for one end fixed and another end free
K = 0.25 dc = 0.25 X 46.5mm = 11.625 mm
2
π 2 200 MPa 1072 mm
W cr= (46.5) × 200 MPa[1− 2 3
( )]
4 4 × 0.25 × π × 295 ×10 11.625 mm
W cr=202194.162 N

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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Since the critical load is more than the load at which the screw is designed (i.e.200 KN), there is
no chance that the screw will buckle.

Figure 11 Head 3D

Figure 12 Head 2D

The Body
The body is one of the main components, it houses the overall assembly and distributes the
loading equally to the ground.
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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

The diameter of the body at the top

D5 = 1.5 X D2 = 1.5 X 136 mm
D5 = 204 mm
The inside diameter at the bottom
D6 = 2.25 D2 = 2.25 X 136 mm
D6 = 306 mm
The outer diameter at the bottom
D7 = 1.75 X D6 = 1.75 X 306 mm
D7 = 535.5 mm
Thickness of the body
t3 = 0.25 d0 = 0.25 x 60 mm
t3 = 15 mm
The thickness of base
t 2 = 2 X t1 = 2
t2 = 32 mm
Height of the body = Max lift + Height of nut + 100 mm extra
= 1000 mm + 144 mm + 100 mm
Height of the body = 1244 mm
To assure the stability of the jack, the body is made tapered.
To calculate the efficiency of the screw, first, The torque required to rotate the screw with no
friction must be calculated.
d
T 0=W tan α ×
2
T 0=200 KN × 0.05467 ×24

T 0=262416 N−mm

The efficiency η
T0 262416 N −mm
η= =
T 1100.919 ×103 N−mm

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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

η=0.238∨23.8 %

Figure 13 Body 3D

Figure 14 Body 2D

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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Figure 15 Assembly 2D

Figure 16 Assembly 3D

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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

CHAPTER FIVE

5. Results And Discussions

5.1. Results
Following the above procedures, the following results were found
Table 5 Material selected

No: Component Material selected

1 Spindle (screw) Carbon steel
2 Nut Bronze
3 Handle & Cup Cast iron
4 Body (frame) Cast iron

Table 6 Design specifications

Design of screw car jack

Parameter Value Unit
Load carrying capacity 200 KN
Maximum lifting height 1 m
Head force 800 N

Table 7 Spindle parameter

No: Name of parameters

component dc do T τ pb Thread type
1 spindle 46.5 mm 56 mm 1082.259 N- 19 N/mm2 16 mm Trapezoidal
mm

Table 8 Nut parameter

No: Name of parameters

component H thickness N t1 τ
1 Nut 144 mm 4.5 mm 15.89 thread 16 14.73 N/mm2

Table 9 Cup parameters

No: Name of parameters

component d3 d4 t2 H t d
1 Cup 105 mm 27 mm 18.66 X 103 N- 76.534 88.375 176.73 mm
mm mm mm

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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Table 10 Handle parameters

No: Name of parameters

component T L M
1 Handle 1100.919 X 103 N-mm 1100.919 N-mm 1078.03 x 103 N-mm

Table 11 Head parameters

No: Name of parameters

component H d
1 Head 96 mm 48 mm

Table 12 Body parameters

No: Name of Parameters

component d5 d6 d7 t2 H to η
1 Body 204 306 535.25 32 mm 1244 262416 0.238
mm mm mm mm N-mm or
23.8%
5.2. Discussions
By analyzing the above results, it is safe to say the screw jack is designed to work at the given
conditions with safety assurance to both the personnel and the tools.

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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

CHAPTER SIX

6. Conclusion And Recommendations

6.1. Conclusion
As stated above the screw jack performs well in the design analysis, but as stated in the problem
statement due to the high heat developed in the contact interface between the components, a
proper lubrication is mandatory to ensure the safety of the equipment and the personnel. The
safety factor used in this work was 1.7.
Use this screw jack only for the specified load, using it for loads above the specified value will
result in a failure in the device and damage to the surrounding and maybe an injury to the
personnel.
6.2. Recommendations For Future Work
From the project, we concentrated on design of a simple mechanical screw jack where the nut is
fixed in a cast iron frame and remains stationary while the spindle is being rotated by the lever.
This design can only work for light loads hence when a screw jack is needed for heavy load
application a different design is required where the nut is rotated as the spindles moves. Long
lifts should be avoided since they can cause serious overheating and generate a large amount of
heat. It should therefore be used under ambient temperatures with the use of the required
lubricants. Design and manufacturer’s instructions such as speed, load capacity and
recommended temperatures must be followed to avoid accidents. Always keep the mating
surfaces clean after use and check for wear and damage on the surfaces. We therefore
recommend design of a screw jack for the heavy loads. Since we didn’t consider the dynamic
loads such as whirl wind, earth tremors and external forces and impact loads we recommend the
future researchers to consider them. Finally when taking factor of safety it is advisable if it is
above 5 to reduce high chances of failure.

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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

REFERENCES
[1] Richard G. Budynas and J. Keith Nisbett Shigley's Mechanical Engineering design. Ninth
edition
[2] Collection, J., 2015. hubpages.com › Autos › Automobile History, [Online] retrieved 10 June
2017 from https://www.history of screw jacks.com.
[3] J.J. Fereira, M. B. M. G., 2004. Review of the risks associated with pushing and pulling
heavy loads .first ed. Shefield: Health and safety Laboratory
[4] Michael-Adel, 2008 Material Selection for a Manual Winch Rope Drum. Volume 1
[5] Stephen Tambari , Petaba Lemii, Kanee Sorbari ,Nzidee lelesi, “Experimental Investigation
of the Performance of a Laboratory Screw Jack”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), Volume 12, Issue 4.
[6] Gupta, R. K. &. J. 2005. Theory of Machines, First Edition
[7] ANSI MH29.1 screw jack Design for Use in the Automotive Industry New Jersey, 2004
[8] Marshek, R. C. J. &. K. M. Fundamental of Machine Design Components, Fifth Edition
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack (device)
[10] www.wikipidea encyclopedia/screw jacks

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 DESIGN OF UNFIRED HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

APPENDIX

Appendix A:
Appendix B:

31