Geometry Notes Quarter 4

Definitions
Week 28
Week 28: Day 1
Conditional: A statement implying cause and effect.

If-Then Statement: Any conditional can be rephrased in standard format

with the words if and then.

The Hypothesis or premise is the if part of the statement.

The Conclusion is the then part of the statement.

Week 28: Day 2

Symbol What it means:
𝒑 The if part of the original statement.
𝒒 The then part of the original statement.
→ There is an if-then relationship between the parts.
~ Not. In other words, the original is not true.

The conditional is the original statement.

The converse reverses the two halves of the original.

The inverse negates the two halves of the original.

The contrapositive reverses and negates the two halves.

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Week 28: Day 3

Valid arguments follow the rules of logic.

Sound arguments follow the rules and start with a truthful premise.

A conditional poem is a complete list of the conditional, converse, inverse,

and contrapositive, in that order.

A counterexample is any example that disproves a conditional.

Related statements:
The conditional and contrapositive share the same truth value (T/T or
F/F).
The converse and inverse share the same truth value (T/T or F/F).

A biconditional statement is one where all four statements are true. It is

also written, “If and only if.” Abbreviation: iff or 𝒑 ↔ 𝒒.

A Venn diagram uses circles to sort related lists of objects. It can be used to
evaluate conditionals.

Week 28: Day 4

Syllogism is a rule of logic where related conditionals can lead to
conclusions when the directional arrows are the same.
𝐼𝑓 𝑝 → 𝑞, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 → 𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝 → 𝑟.

Detachment means that if 𝑝 → 𝑞, and p is true, then q is also true.

Week 28: Day 5

𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∧: A closed situation where both conditions have to be met.
𝒐𝒓 ∨: An open situation where either condition may be met.
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 Week 29
Week 29: Day 1
Else tells a computer what to do if a statement is false.

Boolean data consists of two possibilities: either true or false, for example.

Week 29: Day 3

Triangular numbers begin with 1 and add one more to each term:
1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21

Week 29: Day 4

For logic problems, a positive statement can be biconditional (↔), while a
negative statement only goes in one direction (→).

Week 30
Week 30: Day 1
Biconditional statements use the symmetric property of equality.
Syllogism uses the transitive property of equality. However, syllogism has
to follow the directional arrows, while the transitive property uses
equal signs.
The transitive property applies to the entire side of an equation.
Substitution applies to individual parts of an equation (x=2, for example).

Week 30: Day 4

A midsegment is the line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a
polygon.

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Week 30: Day 5
A Proof by Contradiction, or indirect proof, assumes the opposite of the
conclusion. It follows the argument to show a contradiction.

The opposite of and uses or, and the opposite of or uses and.

Deductive Explosion states that anything can be proved from a

contradiction.

Week 31
Week 31: Day 1
A polygon is convex if you cannot draw an exterior line connecting two
non-consecutive vertices.

A polygon is concave if it is dented inward, as if by a cave.

Week 31: Day 2

An exterior angle of a polygon is formed by the polygon and the exterior
extension of one side.

Week 31: Day 5

Proof tips:
• Draw, mark, and color the diagram.
• Look for these parts:
o ∥s and ⊥s
o ≅ or proportional ∠s and sides
o ≅ ∆s and CPCTC
o ≅ radii or tangents
o ⊥ tangents or inscribed right ∆s
• Make a plan.

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 • Write the proof, showing each step.
• Start with the Given.
• End with what you were supposed to prove.

Week 32

Week 32: Day 1

Probability uses numbers to describe how likely it is for something to

happen. It will always be a ratio between 0 (impossible) and 1 (certain).

Outcomes are all the ways that something could happen.

Week 32: Day 2

Theoretical probability is found by calculating the numbers.

Experimental probability is found by comparing data from experiments.

A trial is a try or an experiment, while an outcome is the result of the trial.

An event is group of desired outcomes.

Independent outcomes have the same probability for each trial.

Dependent outcomes can change the numbers depending on the results of

the last trial.

Week 32: Day 3

Geometric Probability uses length, area, or volume to determine
probability.

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Week 32: Day 4
Mutually exclusive events can never happen together.
𝑃(𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒) = 0

A sample space is all of the possible outcomes in a given situation.

Week 33

Week 33: Day 1

Symbols: and ∧ ∩ Intersection

or ∨ ∪ Union
not ~𝐴 𝐴′ Complement

A set is everything that fulfills a certain requirement.

A complement is everything not in the set.

A set and its complement are mutually exclusive. The probability of being
in both (and) is zero. However, the probability of being in one or the other
(or) is 100%. Remember, P( ) is read “the probability of.”
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ ~𝐴) = 0
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ ~𝐴) = 1

Week 33: Day 2

A member of a set is something that fits the description of the set. It is

sometimes called an element, and it’s designated with the symbol ∈.

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 Symbols:
set {} {list}
member ∈ Element
| “such that”

Finite sets have a countable number of members.

Infinite sets have an unlimited number of members.

Week 33: Day 3
A subset is entirely contained inside a larger set.

Proper subsets are smaller than the main set.

Supersets are the same size as the main set.

The empty set has no members at all. It’s also called the “null” set.

Symbols: Any ⊆ (≤) Includes

subset supersets
proper ⊂ (<)
subset
empty {} ∅ “null” set
set

Week 33: Day 4

Properties of subsets:
𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝐴
𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐵

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Week 33: Day 5
A factorial multiplies a number times every integer that’s smaller, right
down to the number 1. It is written with an exclamation point, 𝑛!, and it only
applies to positive numbers. (To avoid confusion, 0! = 1 by definition.)

General Principle of Factorials:

If you only need the first few numbers of a factorial, divide by a smaller
factorial to cancel out the rest. Think: the number, factorial, divided by the
number minus the rest, factorial.
𝑛!
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!

Week 34

Week 34: Day 1

Permutations count changes in order as new members of a set.

A partial permutation considers a set of n objects and arranges some of

them (r) in order.

Week 34: Day 2

Combinations are a selection of items from a set where order doesn’t
matter. Think of it as “n things taken r at a time.”

Week 35
Week 35: Day 2
The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

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Formulas

Week 31: Day 2

𝑆𝑢𝑚(𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠) = (𝑛 − 2)(180°)
(This works for all polygons.)

𝑆𝑢𝑚(𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠) = 360°

(This works for convex polygons only.)

Week 31: Day 3

𝑏
Pick’s Theorem: 𝐴(𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛) = 𝑖 + − 1, where i=interior points and
2
b=points on the boundary.

Week 32: Day 1

𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲: 𝑃 = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 ≤ 𝑃 ≤ 1
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠

Week 34: Day 1

The number of permutations of n objects is 𝑛! (without repeating).

𝑛!
𝑃(𝑛𝑟 ) =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!

Week 34: Day 2

𝑛!
𝐶(𝑛𝑟 ) =
𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!

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Week 34: Day 3
𝐶(1𝑛 ) = 𝑛
𝐶(𝑛0 ) = 1
𝐶(𝑛𝑛 ) = 1
𝐶(𝑛𝑟 ) = 𝐶(𝑛−𝑟
𝑛
)

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 Semester 2 MIPs (Most Important Points)

Unit 8
List of Congruencies:
• Chords equal distance from the center are ≅.
• Chords ≅ make ≅ arcs and ≅ central angles.
• Two tangents from the same point make ≅ segments.
• Inscribed angles of the same arc ≅.
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• 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑑 ∠ = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑐 (even if tangent).
2
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 ∠
• 𝐶(𝑎𝑟𝑐) = (2𝜋𝑟)
360°
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 ∠
• 𝐴(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟) = (𝜋𝑟 2 )
360°

• 𝐴(𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) = 𝐴(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟) − 𝐴(𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒)

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• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(∆ 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝐴𝑆) = (𝑆 ∙ 𝑆) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
2

List of Perpendiculars:
• The radius that bisects a chord is ⊥.
• The shortest distance is ⊥.
• The tangent ⊥ the radius.
• Any triangle inscribed in a semi-circle is a right triangle.
List of Relationships:
1
• If lines cross inside the circle: (𝑎𝑟𝑐 + 𝑎𝑟𝑐)
2
1
• If lines cross outside the circle: (𝐹𝐴𝑅𝐶 − 𝑁𝐴𝑅𝐶).
2

• When lines cross inside the circle, multiply the two parts of the chord
to form equal products.
• When lines cross outside the circle, multiply the part outside times the
whole segment to form equal products.

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 • Bisect the sides of a triangle to find the center of the outside circle
through its vertices.
• Bisect the angles of a triangle to find the center of the inside circle
tangent to each side.

Unit 9
Percents
The Golden Ratio, including:
• The Golden Rectangle
• The Golden Angle
• The Fibonacci Sequence
• Fractals
The Geometric Mean, including:
• The difference between geometric and arithmetic means
• A Geometric Mean when there are only two terms: 𝑥 2 = 𝑎𝑏
• The Altitude Rule
• Intersecting Chord with its ⊥ Bisector
• The General Principle of Geometric Means
• The Geometric Average Return formula
Trigonometry Ratios, including:
• Soh Cah Toa and using inverses to find missing sides and angles.
• The Law of Sines (and its exception)
• Special Trig Ratios that allow us to go beyond right triangles with the unit
circle; sine and cosine of complementary angles are equal.

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Unit 10
Radians:
• Converting Pirates (pi-rads, or 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 180°)
• My Friend Theta (the central angle 𝜃 measured in radians or degrees)
• Area in Radians (of a circle’s segment)
Graphing on the Cartesian plane:
• Line Equations (using slope and intercept)
• Circle Equations (using the center and the Pythagorean Theorem)
Graphing on the Polar grid:
• Polar Coordinates
• Polar Conversions (to Cartesian points)

Unit 11
Conditionals: A statement implying cause and effect.
• Conditional is the original statement.
• Converse reverses the two halves of the original.
• Inverse negates the two halves of the original.
• Contrapositive reverses and negates the two halves.
o If all four statements are true, we call that a Biconditional.
The rules of logic:
• Syllogism: 𝐼𝑓 𝑝 → 𝑞, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 → 𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝 → 𝑟.
• Detachment: if 𝑝 → 𝑞, and p is true, then q is also true.
• Else tells a computer what to do if a statement is false.
• Boolean data consists of two possibilities.

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Proof tips:
• Draw, mark, and color the diagram.
• Look for these parts:
o ∥s and ⊥s
o ≅ or proportional ∠s and sides
o ≅ ∆s and CPCTC
o ≅ radii or tangents
o ⊥ tangents or inscribed right ∆s
• Make a plan.
• Write the proof, showing each step.
• Start with the Given.
• End with what you were supposed to prove.

Unit 12

Probability formulas for P(x):

𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑃(𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑡) =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠

Formulas for Permutations and Combinations:

𝑛!
𝑃(𝑛𝑟 ) =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!
𝑛!
𝐶(𝑛𝑟 ) =
𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!

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