Advances in Power Boilers 1st Edition -

eBook PDF
Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/download/advances-in-power-boilers-ebook-pdf/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Environmentally Oriented Modernization of Power Boilers

1st Edition Marek Pronobis - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/environmentally-oriented-
modernization-of-power-boilers-ebook-pdf/

Advances in Steam Turbines for Modern Power Plants 2nd

edition - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/advances-in-steam-turbines-for-
modern-power-plants-ebook-pdf/

Advances in Parasitology, Volume 115 1st edition -

eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/advances-in-parasitology-
volume-115-ebook-pdf/

Advances in Parasitology, Volume 117 1st Edition -

eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/advances-in-parasitology-
volume-117-ebook-pdf/
Advances in Nanofluid Heat Transfer 1st Edition- eBook
PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/advances-in-nanofluid-heat-
transfer-ebook-pdf/

Advances in Legumes for Sustainable Intensification 1st

edition - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/advances-in-legumes-for-
sustainable-intensification-ebook-pdf/

Advances in Ophthalmology and Optometry 2021 1st

Edition - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/advances-in-ophthalmology-and-
optometry-2021-volume-6-1-advances-volume-6-1-ebook-pdf/

Advances in Bioenergy and Microfluidic Applications 1st

Edition - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/advances-in-bioenergy-and-
microfluidic-applications-ebook-pdf/

Advances in Ophthalmology and Optometry 2022 1st

Edition - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/advances-in-ophthalmology-and-
optometry-2022-volume-7-1-advances-volume-7-1-ebook-pdf/
Advances in Power Boilers
JSME Series in Thermal and Nuclear
Power Generation

Advances in Power
Boilers
Edited by

Mamoru Ozawa
Faculty of Societal Safety Sciences,
Kansai University, Osaka, Japan

Hitoshi Asano
Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

Series Editor
Yasuo Koizumi
The University of Electro-Communications,
Chofu, Tokyo, Japan
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek
permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our
arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright
Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by
the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices,
or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described
herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety
and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or
editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter
of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods,
products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN: 978-0-12-820360-6

For Information on all Elsevier publications

visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Publisher: Candice Janco

Acquisitions Editor: Maria Convey
Editorial Project Manager: Sara Valentino
Production Project Manager: Prasanna Kalyanaraman
Cover Designer: Alan Studholme
Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India
Contents

List of contributors ix
About the editors xi
Preface of JSME Series in Thermal and Nuclear Power Generation xiii
Preface to Volume 2: Advances in Power Boilers xvii

1 Fossil fuels combustion and environmental issues 1

Jun Inumaru, Takeharu Hasegawa, Hiromi Shirai, Hiroyuki Nishida,
Naoki Noda and Seiichi Ohyama
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Overview and properties of coal, oil, and gas 4
1.3 Combustion of fuels 16
1.4 Emission-induced environmental issues and protection 36
1.5 Remarks 49
Nomenclature 50
References 51

2 Introduction to boilers 57
Mamoru Ozawa
2.1 Start of steam application to pumping water 57
2.2 Dawn of steam power 59
2.3 Classification of boilers 61
2.4 History of boiler development 61
2.5 Historical development of power generation boilers in Japan 99
2.6 Similarity law in boiler furnace and other various important issues 99
References 103

3 General planning of thermal power plant 107

Atsuhiro Hanatani and Mamoru Ozawa
3.1 Overview of steam power plant 107
3.2 Concept of general planning and factors to be considered 109
3.3 Principal concept for high-performance plant 110
3.4 Reheat cycle and regenerative cycle 113
3.5 Enthalpy pressure diagram along steam generating tube 116
3.6 Legal regulations in Japan 117
References 118
vi Contents

4 Power boiler design 119

Masashi Hishida, Kenjiro Yamamoto, Kenichiro Kosaka,
Wakako Shimohira, Kazuaki Miyake, Senichi Tsubakizaki,
Sachiko Shigemasa and Hitoshi Asano
4.1 Heat transfer in boiler 120
4.2 Boiler gas side performance for furnace design 125
4.3 Water circulation design 194
4.4 Deposition, erosion and corrosion, and water treatment 240
References 252

5 Construction, operation, and control of power boiler 257

Michio Sasaki, Shingo Naito and Akira Yamada
5.1 Construction of coal-fired boiler 257
5.2 Operation and control of power boiler 262
Nomenclature 302
References 302

6 Gas turbine combined cycle 305

Shigehiro Shiozaki, Takashi Fujii, Kazuhiro Takenaga,
Mamoru Ozawa and Akira Yamada
6.1 Gas turbine combined cycle power generation 305
6.2 Pressurized fluidized-bed combustion boiler 325
6.3 Integrated coal-gasification combined cycle 326
References 343

7 Ultrasupercritical and advanced ultrasupercritical power plants 345

Kenjiro Yamamoto, Masafumi Fukuda and Atsuhiro Hanatani
7.1 Introduction 345
7.2 Efficiency improvement 346
7.3 History of elevating steam condition in the world 352
7.4 Development programs for ultrasupercritical and advanced
ultrasupercritical power plants in the world 356
7.5 Aspects of metallurgy and stress analysis 370
7.6 Concluding remarks 384
References 386

8 Examples of thermal power station 391

Takatoshi Yamashita, Shigehiro Shiozaki, Shingo Naito, Takashi Fujii,
Mamoru Ozawa and Akira Yamada
8.1 Tachibana-Wan Thermal Power Station Unit No. 2
(ultrasupercritical, sliding pressure, once-through boiler) 391
8.2 Himeji No. 2 Power Plant (gas turbine combined-cycle plant) 400
8.3 Karita PFBC plant 406
8.4 Nakoso and Osaki Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle
(IGCC) Plants 410
Contents vii

8.5 Incineration firing by circulating fluidized bed 422

References 424

9 Boiler explosion and inspection 427

Mamoru Ozawa, Mikiyasu Urata and Masaki Honda
9.1 Historical trend of boiler explosions 427
9.2 Legislative framework 433
9.3 Development in boiler code and inspection organization in the
United States and Germany 439
9.4 Historical development of boiler regulation in Japan 441
9.5 Outline of current inspection of power boiler 443
References 458

10 Future perspective and remarks 461

Jun Inumaru, Saburo Hara and Takeharu Hasegawa
10.1 Introduction 461
10.2 Situation of thermal power generation 462
10.3 Next-generation thermal power generation technology for a
decarbonized society (B2030) 464
10.4 Future outlook for thermal power generation (2030B) 472
10.5 Conclusion 477
References 478

Index 479
List of contributors

Hitoshi Asano Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

Takashi Fujii Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan

Masafumi Fukuda Research Institute for Advanced Thermal Power Systems,

Tokyo, Japan

Atsuhiro Hanatani IHI Corporation, Tokyo, Japan

Saburo Hara Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan

Takeharu Hasegawa Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry,

Tokyo, Japan

Masashi Hishida Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan

Masaki Honda Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan

Jun Inumaru Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan

Kenichiro Kosaka Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan

Kazuaki Miyake Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems Environmental Solutions,

Ltd., Yokohama, Japan

Shingo Naito Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan

Hiroyuki Nishida Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo,

Japan

Naoki Noda Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan

Seiichi Ohyama Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo,

Japan

Mamoru Ozawa Kansai University, Osaka, Japan

x List of contributors

Michio Sasaki Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan

Sachiko Shigemasa Hitachi Zosen Corporation, Osaka, Japan

Wakako Shimohira Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan

Shigehiro Shiozaki Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan

Hiromi Shirai Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan

Kazuhiro Takenaga Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan

Senichi Tsubakizaki Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan

Mikiyasu Urata Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan

Akira Yamada Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki, Japan

Kenjiro Yamamoto Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan

Takatoshi Yamashita Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan

About the editors

Mamoru Ozawa is a professor emeritus and a senior researcher of Research Center

for Societal Safety Sciences, Kansai University, Japan. He received his doctoral
degree from Osaka University in 1977. His research interests include boiling heat
transfer, two-phase flow dynamics, combustion system, boiler, and safety in indus-
trial systems. He has authored and coauthored more than 150 refereed journals,
more than 150 conference papers, several handbooks, and many books related to
thermal hydraulics in steam power. Among his edited books the most recently pub-
lished Science of Societal Safety has been chapter-downloaded more than 70,000
times. He served the Board of Directors and the President of Heat Transfer Society
of Japan and the Chairman of the Power and Energy Systems Division of the Japan
Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME). He was awarded several times from the
Visualization Society of Japan, the Heat Transfer Society of Japan, and the JSME.

Hitoshi Asano is a professor of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kobe

University, Japan. He received his doctoral degree from the Kobe University
in 2000. His research interests include boiling and condensation heat transfer,
two-phase flow dynamics in energy conversion systems, compact heat exchangers
for HVAC systems, and two-phase flow cooling systems for electric and power
equipment. He has authored and coauthored more than 100 refereed journals and
more than 130 conference papers. He is a member of the Scientific Council of
International Center for Heat and Mass Transfer and is a fellow of the JSME.
He received the Asian Academic Award from the Japan Society of Refrigeration
and Air-Conditioning Engineers, the Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating
Engineers of Korea, and the Chinese Association of Refrigeration in 2018.
Preface of JSME Series in Thermal
and Nuclear Power Generation

Electric power supply is a fundamental and principal infrastructure for modern soci-
ety. Modern society uses power generation through heat. This series of books consists
of eight volumes describing thermal and nuclear power generation, taking Japan as
the example, and referring the other countries. The Volume 1 discusses how power
supply is attained historically, focusing on the thermal and the nuclear power genera-
tion along with minimum-required scientific and technological fundamentals to
understand this series of books. Then, the present status of the thermal and the
nuclear power generation technique is displayed in detail in Volumes 2 through 8.
The rehabilitation and reconstruction of Japan after World War II was initiated
through the utilization of a large amount of coal for boilers of the thermal power
plants. Meanwhile, environmental pollution caused by coal combustion became
serious, and then oil was introduced to the boilers. Due to two worldwide oil crises
and because of carbon dioxide issues, natural gas has also begun to be used for boi-
lers. Current thermal power generation in Japan is based on coal and gas utilization.
As a result of enough power supply, Japan has become one of the leading countries
economically and technologically in the world. The thermal power technology that
started from introducing technology from abroad has been transfigured Japan into
one of the most advanced in the world through the research and development of
Japanese industry, government, and academia during this process.
Global warming related to excess carbon dioxide emissions has become a
worldwide issue in recent years. Reducing carbon dioxide emission in thermal
power generation is important to help cope with this issue. One direction is to
change the fuel of a boiler from coal to gas that exhausts less carbon dioxide.
Another important direction is to endeavor to enhance the thermal efficiency of
coal thermal power plants as well as oil and gas. Many developing countries in
the world need more thermal power plants in future. Although oil and/or gas ther-
mal power plants may be introduced into these countries, it is supposed that coal
thermal power plants will still be used due to economical reasons. Considering
these situations, the publication of this series of books that displays and explains
the developing history and the present status of the most advanced thermal power
plants in Japan and other advanced countries is a timely planning for engineers
and researchers in the advanced countries to pursue the further advancement and
for engineers and researchers in developing countries to learn and acquire this
knowledge.
xiv Preface of JSME Series in Thermal and Nuclear Power Generation

Nuclear power generation technology in Japan started after being introduced

from abroad approximately 60 years ago. Then, it reached the matured nuclear
power technology through untiring endeavors for research and development.
However, nuclear power plants at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station
were heavily damaged by huge tsunamis caused by the Great East Japan
Earthquake in 2011 to result in contamination in the large area around the power
station. Taking measures to improve nuclear power reactors to be more robustly is
currently underway by analyzing the factors that caused this serious situation.
Technical vulnerability can be solved by technology. Nuclear power generation
technology is one of the definite promising technologies that should be used in the
future. The nuclear power generation is still expected as one of the main ways to
supply electricity in the framework of the basic energy plan of Japan as well as
thermal power generation. It implies that the construction of new power reactors
will be required to replace the nuclear reactors that will reach their useful lifetime.
Looking overseas, many developing countries are introducing nuclear power gen-
eration technology as a safe and economically excellent way to obtain electricity.
Transfer of the nuclear power generation technology developed and matured in
Japan to those countries is naturally the obligation of Japan. In these situations,
the necessity of human resource development in the field of nuclear power genera-
tion technology in the developing countries, as well as in Japan, is beyond dispute.
Thus, it is an urgent task to summarize the nuclear power generation technology
acquired by Japan to provide it.
The Power and Energy Systems Division (PESD) of the Japan Society of
Mechanical Engineers is celebrating its 30th anniversary from establishment in
1990. This department is entrusted with handling power supply technology in
mechanical engineering. Responding to the earlier-mentioned is truly requested.
This task cannot be done by others but the PESD that is composed of leading engi-
neers and researchers in this field in Japan. In view of these circumstances, summa-
rizing Japan’s and other countries’ power generation technology and disseminating
it not only in Japan but also overseas seems significantly important. So, it has been
decided to execute this book series, publishing as one of the 30th anniversary events
of the PESD.
Authors of this book series are those who have engaged in the most advanced
research and development for the thermal power and nuclear power generation in
Japan and Canada. Their experience and knowledge is reflected in their writing.
It is not an introduction of what others did, but living knowledge based on their
own experiences and thoughts are described. We hope that this series of books
becomes learning material that is not yet in existence in this field. We hope that
readers acquire a way of thinking as well as whole and detailed knowledge by hav-
ing this book series in hand.
This series is the joint effort of many individuals, generously sharing and writing
from their expertise. Their efforts are deeply appreciated. We are very thankful for
Preface of JSME Series in Thermal and Nuclear Power Generation xv

the unbiased and heartful comments given from many reviewers to make this series
superb. Special thanks should be given to Maria Convey and Sara Valentino of the
editorial staff at Elsevier.

Editors in Chief

Yasuo Koizumi
The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan

Mamoru Ozawa
Kansai University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
March 16, 2020
Preface to Volume 2: Advances in
Power Boilers

Steam power has been constantly at the leading position of industrial technologies
since the beginning of the 18th century. At the first stage, steam power appeared as
the prime mover for the pumping system of coal mines. The advancement in steam
power engineering made it possible to lead the factory systems for the mass produc-
tion of textile products. The availability of steam engines extended their application
to steamboats and locomotives for the mass transportation of people and industrial
products. Such advancement is supported by the development of iron and steel tech-
nology, machine tool, control engineering, and, of course, by society and its econ-
omy. Following the development in electrical technology, steam power stations
were constructed, and since then the electrical network thus has been the fundamen-
tal and principal infrastructure of the society.
The development in steam power since the 18th century has been, in fact, depen-
dent on the development in boiler technology during this 300-year period. A drastic
increase in efficiency and unit output has been supported by the development in
thermo-hydraulic engineering, materials engineering, control engineering, and of
course chemical engineering while the development process was not straightfor-
ward. An increase in the unit power brought about many explosions together with a
tremendous number of fatalities. To reduce and mitigate losses from explosions, a
social system, that is, third-party inspection and regulations, has been introduced. In
reality, the boiler development was a battle with explosions.
A boiler is a system to generate steam by firing coal, oil, gas, and recently inciner-
ation. At the beginning, coal was a prime fuel, which continued to the 1950s for
about 250 years. During this period, various coal-treatment technologies have been
developed to raise efficiency and reduce the emission of smoke. Ash treatment was
also a very important task. Oil was introduced to boilers, so efficiency issue and ash
problems were in part resolved, while the mass consumption of oil for power genera-
tion brought about unstable oil prices due to economic and political situations.
Especially Japan got involved in the oil-crisis in 1973 and 1979. This oil-crisis intro-
duced natural gas firing and enhanced the construction of nuclear power plants.
Nuclear power stations constructed in Japan counted 54 units, while they drastically
reduced in number after the core meltdown in the Fukushima Daiichi power station.
Since then, the economy and social welfare in Japan have been supported by the
fossil-fuel firing power stations, that is, steam boilers. Such a situation is not just a
xviii Preface to Volume 2: Advances in Power Boilers

problem in Japan but rather universal in many developing countries. The importance
of steam boiler technologies is still a prime issue.
This volume is intended to present a state-of-the-art review of power boiler tech-
nology to help practical engineers and graduate student to build basic frameworks
of ideas with which they can understand and treat practical problems of power boi-
lers. Basic principles together with the practical state-of-the-art are described by the
specialists of boiler companies in Japan. As the way of approach to boiler technol-
ogy is not the same among university researchers, research institute members, and
engineers in industries, the editorial board members and authors held many discus-
sions in the course of writing manuscripts, so that the philosophy or common prin-
cipal view on the power boilers and related technologies would remain consistent
throughout this book while respecting the autonomy of each author. We would be
grateful if the essence of our experience in boiler technologies is shared by the care-
ful readers.
The editors are deeply indebted to editorial board members, Akira Yamada,
Atsuhiro Hanatani, Jun Inumaru and Toshihiko Yasuda for their valuable sugges-
tions in planning and editing processes of this book, and thanks are extended to all
the authors of the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries, Ltd., Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., IHI Corporation,
Research Institute for Advanced Thermal Power Systems, and Hitachi Zosen
Corporation. The editors are also grateful to Elsevier Inc. for allowing publication
and to Editorial Project Manager, Sara Valentino and Project Manager, Prasanna
Kalyanaraman for their editorial works of this volume. Without their contribution,
this volume could not have survived from the bustle of the ongoing pandemic of
coronavirus disease 2019.

April 2020
Mamoru Ozawa
Hitoshi Asano
Fossil fuels combustion and
environmental issues 1
Jun Inumaru, Takeharu Hasegawa, Hiromi Shirai, Hiroyuki Nishida,
Naoki Noda and Seiichi Ohyama
Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan

Chapter outline

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Overview and properties of coal, oil, and gas 4
1.2.1 Coal 4
1.2.2 Oil 5
1.2.3 Gas 12
1.3 Combustion of fuels 16
1.3.1 Coal 16
1.3.2 Oil 23
1.3.3 Gas 27
1.4 Emission-induced environmental issues and protection 36
1.4.1 Flue gas treatment technology 36
1.4.2 Wastewater treatment 45
1.5 Remarks 49
Nomenclature 50
Notations 50
Greek letters 51
Subscripts 51
References 51

1.1 Introduction
Coal, oil, and gas are mainly used as fossil fuels for power generation. Fig. 1.1 [1]
shows shifts in global primary energy consumption by energy source. The global
primary energy consumption has been increasing in line with economic growth, and
oil is the highest in terms of consumption, followed by coal and then gas. The
increase in oil is mainly due to its use as transport fuel. For the purpose of power
generation, attempts are being made to substitute other energy sources for oil. Coal
is widely distributed around the world, and about 60% of coal consumption goes
toward power generation as a relatively cheap fuel. The consumption of coal had
been increasing year on year, but after peaking in 2013, it is more or less on the
decrease these days. This is due to the recent consumption decrease in China, which
had long been driving the increase in consumption. Gas fuel trends are detailed in
Section 1.2.3.
Advances in Power Boilers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820360-6.00001-1
© 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2 Advances in Power Boilers

Figure 1.1 Transition of primary energy consumption in the world (by energy source) [1].
Note: Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding. Mtoe: Million tons of oil
equivalent

Figure 1.2 Power generation cost of each power source in Japan (in 2014) [2].

The matters to be considered in using these resources for power generation are
the stable procurement of fuel, power generation costs, including fuel cost, and
environmental characteristics such as emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
sulfur oxides, and particulate matter. As a reference, Fig. 1.2 [2] shows the power
generation cost by fuel in Japan. The cheapest fuel is coal, followed by natural gas
and oil. Fig. 1.3 [3] shows the life cycle CO2 emissions in Japan by power source.
This takes into account not only the carbon dioxide from fuel combustion but also
that produced in the operation of fuel development drilling, transportation, and
power generation facilities. As for life cycle CO2 emissions, coal is the highest, fol-
lowed by oil and natural gas.
When using fossils fuel in power generation boilers, it is important to select
appropriate methods for fuel supply, operation, and maintenance with an under-
standing of the specific characteristics of these fuels. In this section, we describe
Fossil fuels combustion and environmental issues 3

Figure 1.3 CO2 emissions intensity over the entire life cycle by source [3].

the environmental characteristics of coal, oil, and gas from the viewpoint of
power generation fuel, including the characteristics of fuels, combustion charac-
teristics, and emission gas and wastewater, as well as technological development
issues.
4 Advances in Power Boilers

1.2 Overview and properties of coal, oil, and gas

1.2.1 Coal
The estimated amount of coal deposits is much higher than those of other fossil
fuels. Furthermore, coal is produced worldwide, and its price per calorific value is
the cheapest among the fossil fuels. Therefore coal is the most commonly used fuel
for thermal power generation in the world. However, its CO2 emission per calorific
value is the largest among the fossil fuels. In recent years, there has been sustained
worldwide effort to reduce CO2 emission from coal. In this chapter, we deal with
the characteristics of coal.

1.2.1.1 Formation
Coal is a combustible rock that is formed from decayed plants in the earth. The
underground heat and pressure cause the coalification of decayed plants, which
involves the loss of water, methane, and carbon dioxide from plants and an increase
in the proportion of carbon. As the coalification progresses, lignite (brown coal),
followed by subbituminous coal, bituminous coal, and finally anthracite, is formed.
Lignite and subbituminous coal, which have high water contents, are used to gener-
ate steam and electric power. Bituminous coal is used to not only generate steam
and electric power but also produce coke. Anthracite has a high carbon content and
burns with a smokeless flame, but it ignites with difficulty. Therefore it is used as
an ingredient of charcoal briquettes and filter media.

1.2.1.2 Classification
Coal consists of organic matter, minerals, and moisture. Organic matter contains
mostly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and a small amount of sulfur and nitrogen. Coal has
a wide range of properties, because the types of plant, the degree of coalification, and
the conditions of coalification vary in different locations around the world. Therefore
it is important to logically classify into different types for its optimal utilization.
In Japan, coal is classified on the basis of the calorific value, fuel ratio (the weight
ratio of fixed carbon to volatile matter), and agglomerating character, as shown in
Table 1.1 [4,5]. In the United States, it is classified on the basis of the content of
fixed carbon, that of volatile matter, and the agglomerating character, as shown in
Table 1.2 [5,6]. The calorific value and fuel ratio are important values in selecting
the type of coal appropriate for use in a boiler, and the agglomerating character is an
important value in selecting the type of coal for producing a coke, which is used for
iron manufacture. The coal used in a boiler is called thermal coal or steam coal, and
that for iron manufacture is called coking coal or metallurgical coal.

1.2.1.3 Properties
In the field of coal combustion the important combustion properties of coal are
determined by proximate and ultimate analyses [7,8], namely, calorific value [9],
Fossil fuels combustion and environmental issues 5

Table 1.1 Classification of coal in Japan [4,5].

Classification Calorific value (dry Fuel Agglomerating

ash-free basis) ratio character
Class Group (MJ/kg)
Anthracite (A) A1
4.0 , Nonagglomerating
A2
Bituminous (B, C) B1 35.16 # 1.5 # Highly
B2 ,1.5 agglomerating
C 33.910 # ,35.160
Agglomerating
Subbituminous (D, E) D 32.650 # ,33.910
Weakly
agglomerating
E 30.560 # ,32.650
Nonagglomerating
Lignite (F) F1 29.470 # ,30.560
Nonagglomerating
F2 24.280 # ,29.470

coal ash composition [10], ash fusibility [11], and grindability [11]. The composi-
tion of maceral (Fig. 1.4 [12]), which is a component from coalified plants that
remains preserved in coal, is also fundamental to the combustion properties, since
different maceral types (inertinite, vitrinite, and liptinite) combust at different tem-
peratures and rates.
In the proximate analysis the contents of moisture, ash, and volatile matter of
coal dried in air are measured, and the content of the remaining part is calculated as
the content of fixed carbon. In the ultimate analysis the contents of carbon, hydro-
gen, oxygen, total sulfur, combustible sulfur, and nitrogen are measured. The results
of proximate and ultimate analyses in various coals are shown in Table 1.3 [5]. As
coalification progresses, moisture and volatile matter decrease, and the calorific
value and carbon content increase. The contents of sulfur and nitrogen are indepen-
dent of coalification because they depend on the type of decayed plants present and
the sediment that covered and buried the plants.

1.2.2 Oil
In power plants in Japan, light oils, such as kerosene and diesel, are used for gas
turbines. Heavy oils, the prices of which are relatively cheap compared to kerosene
and diesel, are used for boilers. The quality requirements by the Japanese Industrial
Standards (JIS) for kerosene, diesel, and fuel oil (heavier oils such as banker oil,
marine fuel oil, and marine residual oil) are shown in Table 1.4 [13], Table 1.5
[14], and Table 1.6 [15], respectively. These standards are established mostly based
on flash point, viscosity, and sulfur content.
In addition to the physical properties for proper combustion, important aspects
of fuel use in power plants include the presence of corrosive materials that can
damage the local structure and contaminated matter that yields pollutants in the
fumes. Regarding corrosive materials, trace amounts of alkali metals, such as
sodium and potassium, produce detrimental impacts on the gas turbine. And
Table 1.2 Classification of coal in the United States [5,6].

Class Group Fixed Volatile Calorific value limits Agglomerating character

carbon matter limits MJ/kg (moist free
limits % % (dry ash- basis)
(dry ash-free free basis)
basis)
I. Anthracitic 1. Metaanthracite 98 # ,2

Nonagglomerating
2. Anthracite 92 # ,98 2# ,8


3. Semianthracite 86 # ,92 8# ,14


II. Bituminous 1. Low-volatile bituminous coal 78 # ,86 14 # ,22

Commonly agglomerating
2. Medium-volatile bituminous coal 69 # ,78 22 # ,31


3. High-volatile A bituminous coal , 69 31 , 32.557 #
4. High-volatile B bituminous coal



30.232 # ,32.557
5. High-volatile C bituminous coal



26.743 # ,30.232
6. High-volatile C bituminous coal



24.418 # ,26.743 Agglomerating
III. Subbituminous 1. Subbituminous A coal



24.418 # ,26.743 Nonagglomerating
2. Subbituminous B coal



22.090 # ,24.418
3. Subbituminous C coal



19.300 # ,22.09
IV. Lignite 1. Lignite A



14.650 # ,19.3 Nonagglomerating
2. Lignite B



, 14.65
Fossil fuels combustion and environmental issues 7

Figure 1.4 Maceral types consisting of liptinite and vitrinite Reproduced by permission from
R. M. Flores, Coal and Coalbed Gas, Elsevier (2014),[12].

vanadium can also cause “vanadium attack” [16]. The sulfur content, which causes
sulfidation corrosion, also negatively impacts the boiler (fuels with sulfur are never
applicable to gas turbines).
The causative agents of pollutants in the fumes are nitrogen, which produces
nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur, which produces PM2.5 (fine particulate matter)
and sulfur dioxide (SOx).
Due to the exceptional circumstances brought by SOx on the Yokkaichi asthma
[17] during one of the “Four Big Pollution Diseases of Japan” in 1960s
1970s, the
desulfurizer or use of low-sulfur crude oil, which is expensive but avoids petroleum
refinery costs, became indispensable in Japan. Although the nitrogen content in the
fuel causes NOx emissions, which is as harmful as SOx because NOx causes photo-
chemical smog, there are no regulations of quality requirements for nitrogen emis-
sions. This is partly because not all nitrogen content is converted into NOx, which
is different for SOx, since all sulfur contents are converted into SOx.
The constructions of new oil-fired thermal power plants are prohibited in Japan,
based on the communique adopted by the International Energy Agency (IEA) gov-
erning board meeting at ministerial level in May 1979, the “Principles for IEA
Action on Coal” [18]. Therefore both installed capacity of electric power and
amount of electricity power generation for oil-fired power plants started decreasing
with each passing year after the 1980s, as seen in Fig. 1.5 [19] and Fig. 1.6 [20].
However, some new oil-fired gas turbines were exceptionally introduced after the
Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. This is also one of the causes of oil being
expensive compared with other fuels, such as coal and natural gas, as shown in
Fig. 1.7 [21].
Refineries in Japan also pursued scrap-and-build designs of refinery capacity and
“a shift toward white oil” (cleaner oils such as gasoline and naphtha) by improving
the performance of reformers of heavy distillates and residues and following the
Table 1.3 Coal properties[5
Country Coal Item

Calorific Total Proximate analysis (%) Fuel Ultimate analysis (%)

value moisture ratio
(MJ/kg) (%)
Moisture Ash Volatile Fixed Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Sulfur Total
carbon sulfur

Australia Drayton 28.4 9.9 3.4 13.3 34.5 48.8 1.4 71.1 4.9 1.4 8.1 0.8 0.9
Newlands 28.0 8.4 3.0 15.0 26.6 55.4 2.1 69.1 4.1 1.4 7.0 0.4 0.4
Hunter Valley 29.6 8.0 3.5 11.2 34.0 51.3 1.5 72.7 4.5 1.6 9.3 0.3 0.6
Lemington 28.4 9.9 3.7 13.0 32.3 51.0 1.6 71.9 4.5 1.5 8.2 0.4 0.4
Warkworth 28.9 9.6 3.6 11.8 32.8 51.8 1.6 69.1 4.6 1.5 8.9 0.4 0.4
China Datong 29.6 10.1 5.1 7.0 28.1 59.8 2.1 78.2 4.5 0.8 8.8 0.6 0.7
Nantong 28.4 8.0 4.0 16.0 36.2 43.8 1.2 83.0 5.2 1.6 9.8 0.5 0.8
Canada Obedarsh 25.3 8.0 5.0 14.0 37.0 44.0 1.2 64.3 4.6 1.5 14.3 0.3 0.6
Coal Valley 26.1 11.3 6.4 10.7 33.5 49.3 1.5 69.7 4.7 0.9 13.1 0.1 0.3
Indonesia Satui 28.8 9.5 5.1 7.9 41.9 45.1 1.1 72.4 5.5 1.2 11.9 0.7 0.8
South Africa Ermelo 27.8 7.6 3.5 12.9 31.4 52.2 1.7 72.0 4.4 1.7 7.9 0.6 0.8
Optimum 28.5 8.2 3.8 10.7 32.4 53.1 1.6 72.9 4.9 1.6 9.1 0.5 0.6
The United Pinacle 27.2 8.3 4.6 13.4 40.9 41.1 1.0 68.2 5.6 1.4 0.3 0.6 0.7
States
Plato 25.1 9.8 6.0 9.3 41.8 42.9 1.0 72.8 5.5 1.5 11.2 0.7 0.9
Fossil fuels combustion and environmental issues 9

Table 1.4 Quality requirements of kerosene [13].

Test item Classification Test

method
No. 1 No. 2
Distillation characteristics 95% distillation 270 max. 300 max. 6.1
temperature ( C)
Flash point ( C) 40 min. 6.2

Corrosiveness to copper (50 C, 3 h) 1 max.
6.3
Smoke point (mm) 23 min.a
6.4
Sulfur content mass fraction (%) 0.0080 max.b
6.5

0.50 max.
Color (saybolt color) 125 min.
6.6
a
For kerosene for cold climate, the smoke point shall be 21 mm or more.
b
For kerosene for fuel cells, the sulfur content shall be 0.0010 mass fraction % or less.

Table 1.5 Quality requirements for diesel fuel [14].

Test item Class

Special No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Special

No. 1 No. 3

Flash point ( C) 50 min. 45 min.

Distillation characteristics 360 max. 350 max. 330 330 max.

90% distillation max.a
temperature ( C)
Pour point ( C) 15 max. 22.5 27.5 220 230 max.
max. max. max.

Cold filter plugging point
21 max. 25 max. 212 219 max.

( C) max.

Carbon residue in 10% 0.1 max.

residual oil mass (%)
Cetane indexb 50 min. 45 min.

Sulfur content mass (%) 0.0010 max.

 3
Density (15 C) (g/cm ) 0.86 max.
a
In the case of kinematic viscosity (30 C) of 4.7 mm2/s or less, it shall be 350 C or lower.
b
Instead of cetane index, cetane number may be used.

notices 1
3 based on the “Act on Sophisticated Methods of Energy Supply

Structures” [22]. The supply for oils heavier than diesel used for power plants is
decreasing, and the supply for light oil products such as gasoline and naphtha frac-
tions is increasing, as shown in Fig. 1.8 [20].
Table 1.6 Quality of fuel oils [15].

Kinds Reaction Flash Kinematic Pour Residual Water Ash Sulfur

point viscosity (50 C) point carbon content content content content
(mm2/s) (cSt)b ( C) mass (%) volume (%) mass (%) mass (%)
Class 1 No. 1 Neutral 60 min. 20 max. 5 max.a 4 max. 0.3 max. 0.05 max. 0.5 max.
No. 2 2.0 max.
Class 2 50 max. 10 max.a 8 max. 0.4 max. 3.0 max.
Class 3 No. 1 70 min. 250 max.

0.5 max. 0.1 max. 3.5 max.
No. 2 400 max.

0.6 max.

No. 3 Over 400
1000

2.0 max.


incl.
a
Pour points of Class 1 and Class 2 for cold climate shall be 0 C and under, and pour points of Class 1 for warm climate shall be 10 C and under.
b
1 mm2/s 5 1 cSt.
Fossil fuels combustion and environmental issues 11

Figure 1.5 Electricity generation capacity in Japan [19].

Figure 1.6 Electricity generation composition by resource in Japan [20].

12 Advances in Power Boilers

Figure 1.7 Changes in energy resource prices [21].

Figure 1.8 Sales of petroleum products in Japan [20].

1.2.3 Gas
Examples of gaseous fuels for use in boilers that are being studied include natural
gas, blast furnace gas (BFG), biogas, and, with an eye toward a future hydrogen-
Fossil fuels combustion and environmental issues 13

using society, alternative fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia. However, BFG and
biogas tend to be for personal or local consumption in the areas where they are pro-
duced and are almost never sold internationally. In addition, unlike fossil fuels such
as natural gas, there is anticipation around the use of the secondary fuels, such as
hydrogen and ammonia, in the transportation sector and distributed power produc-
tion with environmental conservation in mind, and in the power generation sector
in more efficient power generation facilities. We discuss natural gas, which is
strongly influenced by external factors, as a fuel for gas-fired boilers, giving an
overview of supply and demand trends.

1.2.3.1 World natural gas supply and demand outlook

Based on the IEA World Energy Outlook 2017, Fig. 1.9 [23] shows the outlook
regarding global supply and demand for natural gas. By 2040 the demand for natu-
ral gas is expected to increase by about 1.5 times compared to the 3635 Bcm (bil-
lion cubic meters)/year demand in 2016, and increased demand from the Middle
East and China in particular is anticipated to make up about 40% of total increased
demand. Meanwhile, although the amount of natural gas produced in Europe is

Figure 1.9 Trends and prospects of world natural gas: (A) demand outlook and (B) supply
outlook [23].
14 Advances in Power Boilers

Figure 1.10 Supply of natural gas to China (2017) [23].

Figure 1.11 Trends and prospects of primary energy demand by fuel in China [23].

expected to decrease, the entire global supply of natural gas is anticipated to rise
due to the production of shale gas in North America and China. Therefore the pro-
portion of unconventional natural gas (shale gas, coalbed methane, and so on) will
account for about 30% of the total in 2040. Although there are concerns about
delays in establishing more new facilities for LNG, increased production of shale
gas is expected to relax global supply and demand for natural gas.
Fig. 1.10 [23] and Fig. 1.11 [23] show the supply for natural gas to China (2017)
and China’s energy demand according to the IEA, respectively. In China, about
60% of natural gas demand is fulfilled by domestic production, and 22% is com-
posed of imported LNG. As China suffers from serious air pollution, the State
Council announced, “10 Measures to Prevent Air Pollution” in 2013 and is planning
a rapid transition from coal to natural gas. According to the IEA forecast, the
demand of natural gas in 2040 will be about three times higher than in 2016, and
the proportion of natural gas demand to primary energy demand will rise to about
14%. On the other hand, the proportion of coal demand to primary energy demand
Fossil fuels combustion and environmental issues 15

Figure 1.12 Changes in the number of global LNG transactions [23].

Figure 1.13 Countries importing LNG worldwide (2017) [23].

is expected to fall from 60% to 40%. Demand for energy and natural gas in China
is expected to continue being affected by policy, domestic gas production volume,
and import volume in the future, and there are concerns that these fluctuations
could affect the global supply of and demand for LNG.

1.2.3.2 Changes in global LNG transactions

Fig. 1.12 [23] shows changes in the number of global LNG transactions. The num-
ber of global LNG transactions (2017) increased around 10% from the previous
year due to increased demand from countries such as China. In particular, the pro-
portion of spot or short-term transactions has risen (27% in 2017), and the liquidity
of the LNG market is improving. However, as demonstrated by the primary nations
importing LNG and the amounts imported (2017) shown in Fig. 1.13 [23], the
16 Advances in Power Boilers

Figure 1.14 World crude oil, natural gas, and LNG price trends [24].

amount of LNG imported to Asia makes up 73% of all LNG imports, and, more-
over, 55% is imported by three countries: Japan, China, and Korea.

1.2.3.3 Changes in global natural gas sale prices

Fig. 1.14 [24] shows changes in global natural gas sale prices in comparison to
crude oil prices. Spot prices have been increasing since September of 2017 due to
factors such as rising oil prices, China’s rapid shift to natural gas to improve its
atmospheric environment, falling temperatures in northeastern Asia, and issues with
European pipelines. The global supply and demand for LNG are tight particularly
because China transitioned to natural gas without first securing a sufficient supply,
and, even with the end of winter demand, prices still have not fallen due to issues
such as delays in new LNG projects. There are concerns that the sale price of natu-
ral gas will continue to be affected by a variety of factors such as the state of supply
and demand, geopolitical risks, and risk of developing fossil resources, all of which
will require close attention.

1.3 Combustion of fuels

1.3.1 Coal
1.3.1.1 Fundamentals of combustion
The combustion process for coal and the calculation methods for the amounts of
combustion air and flue gas are explained next.
1.3.1.1.1 Combustion process
The process of coal combustion is shown in Fig. 1.15 [25]. First, pulverized coal
particles that are ejected from a burner are preheated and dried by convection and
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Vermont; Sam had gone with his family to Newport, where his boyish soul
was greatly tried by their attempts to live in a truly fashionable manner;
Bert had been in Western New York, visiting some farmer friends, who
feasted him on milk and honey, and let him go fishing and ride the horses
bareback, to his heart's content; while poor Ted was left to pine at home.
But every joy has its accompanying sorrow, and glad as they were to be
together once more, the immediate prospect of school was a cause for
mourning. To Fred, it seemed strange to hear the other five boys bemoaning
their fate, when he so wished he could go back into school again, and he
could scarcely realize that only lately he had shared their feelings. He
needed no urging to return to his pleasant lessons with Bess; but the others,
who had so many more resources, were by no means reconciled, and the
first Monday in September saw them walking slowly, very slowly, towards
the schoolhouse, with their books in their hands and rage in their hearts.

All of us who have been boys know how hard it is to leave all the frolics
and idle enjoyment of the long vacation, to sit for five hours a day in a close
room, amid the buzz of voices, and, with warm, sticky hands, turn over the
leaves of the books that never before seemed half so prosy and dull—since
last September. How all the out-door sounds that come in at the open
windows, the notes of the birds, the hum of the passing voices, the distant
bark of our own Nep or Rover, even the whir of a mowing machine in the
next yard, tempt us to throw aside the lessons, and, braving the whipping
that we know must certainly follow, to run out at the door, down the stairs,
and into the clear yellow sunshine that was surely created for boys to enjoy
themselves in! And how all the memories of the summer fun will come into
our minds, replacing the War of 1812 with a boat-race, and making the
puzzling mysteries of the binomial theorem give place to an imaginary
brook and a fish-line! Well, well! It is only what comes to us grown-up
children, when we have taken a day, or a week, or a month from our
business, and then have to settle down to work again.

One afternoon about two weeks after the opening of school, as Bess was
coming in from some errands, she found five excited boys sitting on her
front steps, eagerly waiting to see her. As she approached, she heard Rob
saying,—
 "I didn't think Phil had so much grit. If it had been you, Bert, or Sam"—

"Well, my boys," said Bess, as she sat down in the midst of them, and
took off her hat, "what is the occasion of this call? You look as if something
were the matter."

"Matter enough!" said Sam. "That Miss Witherspoon hadn't ought to

teach school anyway!" And he scowled darkly on the unconscious Fred,
who chanced to be in range of his glance.

"Sam! Sam!" remonstrated Bess.

"It's a fact, Miss Bessie," said Bert. "She's too old and cross for
anything! Just think, she's going to keep Phil after school and whip him!"

"Yes," put in Ted, "and it isn't fair."

"Phil!" said Bess incredulously. "You don't mean that Phil Cameron has
to be whipped in school! What has he done?"

"He hasn't," said Rob. "I don't think he did it at all, only she doesn't
know who did, and so she is going to whip Phil."

"Jiminy!" said Ted, rolling off the steps to the ground, in his excitement.
"I'd like to go for her! It's a burning shame to whip Phil. There isn't a better
lad in all the school, and she likes him herself, when she isn't mad."

From these remarks, however emphatic and lucid they might seem to
the boys who were in the secret, Bess had gathered but the one fact, that
Phil was in disgrace at school and was to be whipped. To her mind, corporal
punishment in schools was degrading and brutalizing, and the idea of its
being employed on a refined, gentle boy, like Phil, shocked her and roused
her indignation, for she knew the lad well enough to be sure that he had
done nothing to justify such extreme measures.

"I'll tell you about it, Miss Bess," said Bert. "You see, Phil has been
feeling funny all day, and when we marched round to get the dumb-bells, he
just turned his toes square in, and waddled along, so," and Bert illustrated
the proceeding for Bessie's benefit. "We fellows all laughed, and that rattled
Miss Witherspoon awfully, and started her down on him. I guess she didn't
feel just right to-day, perhaps. Well, by and by, when we were studying, all
of a sudden somebody snapped a great agate up the aisle, right bang against
Miss Witherspoon's desk. It astonished her and made her jump, but she
picked it up and only said, 'If this happens again, I shall whip the boy that
does it,' and then went on with her class. Pretty soon another one went
rolling along, but she wasn't quick enough to catch the boy, so she began
asking us all if we knew who did it. We were all the other side of the room
but Phil, and he was the only one in the room that said he did know. Miss
Witherspoon asked him who it was, but he just shut his mouth. Then she
asked if he did it, and he just said 'No.' And then she told him she'd whip
him unless he told, but he just wouldn't, and I say, Good for him!"

"Hurrah for Phil!" said Ted, turning a somersault on the turf.

Bess looked perplexed. She knew Miss Witherspoon too well, a veteran
teacher who had grown hard in the service, a nervous old maid who ruled
her children with an iron rod, and then went home and wept bitter tears
because they did not love her, conscientious to a fault, and at heart anxious
for the good of her pupils, although no consideration would make her take
back a hasty word, or lighten a punishment ordered in a moment of anger.
This was the first time that one of the I.I.'s had been publicly punished in
this way, and each one of them felt the disgrace as keenly as if it had been
his own, while with one consent they had come to Bess for advice and
consolation.

"There comes Phil, now!" exclaimed Rob.

Bess gave one look at the small figure coming along the street, with his
hat pulled down over his face, and his hands plunged deep into his pockets.

"I don't believe he will feel like seeing you boys now," said she. "I want
to have a little talk with him, and you had better keep away."

The boys obediently retired through the back gate before Phil had a
chance to see them. He was going directly past the house, when Bess called
him,—
 "Come in a minute, Phil."

The boy stopped doubtfully for a moment. Then he turned and came up
to where she stood waiting. Taking his hand, all red and puffed up with the
blows, she led him into the house.

"Now, Phil, my boy," she said gently, "tell me all about it."

Phil's face grew red, and his lips twitched. Then he answered abruptly,
—

"There's not much to tell, only Miss Witherspoon whipped me because I

wouldn't tell on one of the boys, and she isn't going to let me go back to
school until I tell who did it. She'll just have to wait, then, that's all."

Bess looked anxious. This was worse than she expected.

"But, Phil," she said, "isn't the boy manly enough to confess, rather than
see you suffer for him?"

Phil shook his head.

"No, he'll never tell."

"And you really had nothing to do with it?"

The boy had been sitting with his elbows on his knees and his chin in
his hands, gazing at the floor; but at this question he threw up his head
proudly, and looked straight into Bessie's eyes.

"Miss Bess," he said simply, "I told Miss Witherspoon I didn't, upon my
honor, and did you ever know me to lie?"

"No, Phil, I never did."

"I think she might believe me, too, then," muttered Phil, as he settled
back after his momentary flash. "She thinks I did it, and won't believe me
when I say I didn't. Oh, how I hate to tell my father!" And he started up to
go.
 "Will you tell me, Phil, who it was?" asked Bess, as she followed him to
the door.

Phil shook his head again.

"But I might be able to straighten the matter out. You mustn't lose your
school."

"I'll lose it always, rather than be a tell-tale."

The boys were loud in their exclamations when they heard, the next
morning, that Phil was suspended from school. One after another, they
coaxed, wheedled, begged, and stormed by turns, but Phil could not be
induced to tell them his secret, although one word would have put him back
in his classes again. At Bessie's suggestion, Fred urged Phil to tell him, as
long as he was outside the school set, but it did no more good than Bessie's
call did on Miss Witherspoon.

"Yes, I am sorry," that worthy woman confessed; "I was tired that day,
and I think I was hasty, for I don't think Philip is a bad boy at heart. It was a
little thing to punish so severely, but, if I give in now, I shall lose all my
control for the future. Let the boys once feel that they can make me yield,
and I might as well give up teaching."

Poor Miss Witherspoon! After all her years of teaching, she had yet to
learn how quickly all pupils respect a teacher who can make herself as a
little child in acknowledging a mistake, and making what reparation for it
she can.

But a week had passed, and Phil was as obstinate on one side as his
teacher was determined on the other. In vain his father and mother urged
and commanded. Angry and smarting from the injustice done him, this
seemed a different Phil from the pleasant, happy-go-lucky lad they used to
know. At length, Mr. and Mrs. Cameron, at their wits' end, begged Bessie to
take Phil in hand.

"Oh, dear!" Bess said to her mother, on the evening after this
remarkable request. "I do wish people would discipline their own children.
The idea of expecting me to succeed where they fail! It is too absurd."

However, Phil was invited to dine at the Carters', whither he went

somewhat suspiciously, for he regarded this as only a new plot to entrap
him into telling what he had made up his mind to keep to himself. But Bess
was wily. Dinner-time came and went, and no word of the dreaded subject,
until Phil began to think that his had been a false alarm. But by and by Mrs.
Carter had gone out of the room, and Fred went away in search of Fuzz.
Then Bess moved a chair up before the open fire, and pulled a low stool to
its side.

"Come, Phil, I want to talk."

Phil obediently settled himself at Bessie's feet, and prepared for the
worst; but Bess only began to talk about the boys and the club. The child
was just congratulating himself on his continued escape, when she suddenly
asked,—

"What do you think I have started the club for?"

"I don't know. Fun, I suppose."

"Partly for that, but, still more, to improve us in all sorts of ways. And
yet I find I have failed to teach you the very first lesson of all."

"What's that?" asked Phil curiously.

"Obedience, Phil. Your father and mother wish you to tell Miss
Witherspoon who threw that marble, and you refuse to obey them."

"I'm not going to tell tales," said Phil sullenly.

Bess rested her hand lightly on the smooth brown head.

"Phil, the first duty you have now is to be guided by your father and
mother. They know so much better than you what is right for you. I can see
how hard it is for you to give in, in this case. But while a sneak and a tell-
tale is the meanest of boys, you would not be either, under these
circumstances."
 "Yes, I should," answered Phil. "It's a mean thing to do, and the fellows
would all be down on me."

"Suppose they were?" replied Bess. "Is it your parents or 'the fellows'
that you want to please? I will tell you what one trouble is, Phil; you have
read too many stories where the hero nobly bears the punishment for
another boy, and is only cleared on the last half-page. Isn't it true?"

Phil laughed, in spite of himself.

"That would be all very well if you had no duty to any one but yourself;
but, back of that, you owe obedience to your father and mother, and if they
think that you ought to go back into school, that is what you should do. You
are too young, my boy, to decide these things for yourself. And it is because
we have so many hopes and plans for your future that we want you to do
right now, every day. It will be hard for you to go back, but, even if it is, we
all want you to go. Will you promise?"

Phil's face had softened at her last words.

"I won't promise, Miss Bess, for then I should have to, anyway, and I'm
not sure yet, till I think it all over. I'll tell you to-morrow."

Bess patted his shoulder approvingly, for this was a concession at least.
Then she went on, after a little pause,—

"Phil, dear, ever so long ago, Fred and I took for our motto a verse from
your All Saints' Hymn,—'Oh, may thy soldiers,' and we are trying to win
our 'victor's crown.' Why not take it for your motto, too? You boys all have
a good deal of the stuff that makes heroes and fighters. Just now you are
forgetting that a soldier's first duty is to obey his superior officer, and that
any disobedience, even a slight one, may ruin the whole campaign. Will this
small soldier join our company, and fight with us, 'faithful, true, and bold'?"

"Ye-es, I s'pose so."

"Even when you remember that your first step must be to yield your
idea of right to your father's?"
 "Ye-e-es."

It was a long-drawn yes, and it told of a whole battle, and a victory. As

Bessie bent over the boy for a moment, she saw that the lashes over the
gray eyes were a little damp, and the lips were quivering. But there was no
time for Phil to have so much as a tear, for just then the door opened and
Ted rushed in, capering like a mad creature, while Fred stood beaming in
the doorway.

"Why, Ted, what is the matter?" exclaimed Bess in wonder, as Ted

rushed up to Phil, shook both hands furiously, and then backed out into the
middle of the room, where he executed a sort of clog-dance, to the rage of
Fuzz, who barked himself hoarse, from the shelter of his basket, whither he
had retired for safety.

"Jack Bradley fired that marble!" said Ted, interrupting his antics for a
moment, and then resuming them again more vehemently than ever, while
Fuzz leaped from his basket and rushed distractedly this way and that,
adding his voice to the general confusion.

"How do you know?" asked Bess, although a glance at Phil's face was
enough to assure her that Ted's statement was true.

"I'll tell you," said Ted, composing himself as well as he could on such
short notice, while Fred deliberately seated himself in the place lately
vacated by Phil.

"You see," he began, "we boys have all been mad about Phil's scrape,
and we have just formed a regular league of detectives. This is the way I
went to work. That marble came out of Phil's aisle. Well, it came up out of
it sort of cornerwise, and bounced off the other way. That showed the
direction, so I was pretty sure which side of the aisle it started from. Then,
half-way down the aisle is where that little milksop of a Jimmy Harris sits.
He never could tell a lie, just like Washington—don't believe he knows
enough! But he's always looking round, and would have seen who fired it, if
it had been anybody in front of him, so I made up my mind 'twasn't. Then I
knew it must have been one of three boys, so I went to work. I kind of
suspected 'twas Jack; he's a mean lad, anyhow. So yesterday I began to talk
about Phil to him, and he was very talky, said 'twas a mean shame and all
that, but he never once looked me in the eye. Thinks I, 'I don't believe you.'
Then I asked Miss Witherspoon to let me see the agate. It was a queer one,
and after school I went the rounds of the stores, looking for some like it. I
found a whole lot at Smith's, and they told me they had just come in new
last week. I said I thought I would take one or two, and get the start of all
the boys; but the clerk said I was too late, for Jack had bought some the
other day. That clinched the matter, for they were different from any I ever
saw. I don't believe Jack knew he had that one in his hand, or he wouldn't
have fired it. He's too stingy. Well, to-night after school, I asked him if he
wanted to swap marbles. He looked rather uncomfortable, and said he
hadn't had any since last spring. I asked him how about the ones he had just
bought of Smith. He just turned all colors, and begged me not to tell, for
he'd get a whipping, and another at home. Great baby! But I didn't tell. I just
gripped my arms round him, and hauled him up to Miss Witherspoon, and
told her to ask him about Phil and the marbles; that's all. I had to carry the
milk, so I couldn't go to Phil's till just now, and, when I found he was here, I
came right after him. And he can go into school in the morning and— Oh,
jiminy—scratch!"

There was a crash. Ted, always in perpetual motion, in his present

excitement had seated himself sideways in a low rocking-chair, and with
one hand on the back, the other clutching the edge of the seat, he had been
rocking furiously to and fro, till at this point he went a little too far, and,
losing his balance, he landed in an ignominious pile on the floor, amid the
shouts of the other two boys.

CHAPTER XV.

"GREATER LOVE HATH NO MAN."

 It was one of Fred's blue days; for, though they came more rarely, there
were often times when his trouble seemed more than he could endure, and
he was either irritable and moody, or so sad and despondent that even Bess
was in despair over him. For a long time he had been brave and bright, but
now the reaction seemed to have set in, and on this particular day he was
harder to manage than usual. The other boys had all gone away to a ball
game, to which they had tried in vain to induce Fred to accompany them.
Of late he had gone about with them to many of their frolics, but to-day he
had refused to join them. He was lying in a hammock out in the warm
midday sun of late September, and feeling at war with all the world but
Fuzz, who lay curled up across his breast with his head laid on the boy's
shoulder, occasionally nestling about a little, or giving a lazy growl
whenever Fred ventured to move.

Out on the lawn, Bess and Mr. Muir were playing tennis,—for it was
strange how often the young man had occasion to spend two or three days
with Mr. Washburn. Fred could hear the thud of their balls against the
rackets, and listened idly to their voices; but although his admiration for Mr.
Muir amounted to a sort of hero-worship, he was too cross and dismal to-
day to follow him about, as he usually did, or to respond to his pleasant,
merry greeting. Everybody was having a good time but just himself, and he
couldn't do anything at all. Everything was going wrong to-day. Miss Bess
was too busy to read to him, just because that bothering old Mr. Muir was
always round,—and, for a moment, Fred almost hated his idol. If he had
only known that he was going to be here, he would have gone with the
boys. He wished he had.

Fred's meditations had just reached this point, when he heard Rob's
voice calling from the street,—

"Cousin Bess, where's Fred?"

"In the hammock, Rob. What sends you home so early?"

"Early!" thought Rob mischievously, "I've been gone nearly three hours
and a half. Mr. Muir must be exciting, if time goes so fast with him round."
But all he said was,—
 "I want him to come down to Bert's. We beat those fellows all to pieces,
and we're going to have a grand bonfire to celebrate. Can he go?"

"Yes," said Bess rather doubtfully, "but you must take care of him,
Robin. Remember, he can't go into it just as you do; and be careful your
own self. We don't want any burned boys on our hands." And she returned
to her game, amidst Rob's fervent assurances that all would be well.

This time Fred was induced to go. He rolled out of the hammock, and
the two boys, arm in arm, tramped off down the street towards the house of
Dr. Walsh. At the extreme rear of the large grounds, they found Phil, Ted,
Sam, and Bert, with the rest of the victorious nine, busily piling up a huge
mound of brush. To any one glancing about the well-kept lawn, it was a
question where the lads had collected their materials; but a careful gleaning
had gathered in a rich harvest of light rubbish that would do a smoky honor
to their victory of the morning.

Rob and Fred were greeted with enthusiastic shouts as they appeared,
for Fred was rapidly regaining his old place among his boy friends. Several
grimy hands were extended to help him to a post of honor, where he could
be in the very midst of the fun, and, with a boyish chivalry, the lads often
paused from their work to talk a moment with him, that he might not feel
left out of their frolic. But, even by this time, Fred had not quite returned to
his usual good humor, and as he loitered about, listening to the gay shouts
of his friends, he was inwardly chafing at the infirmity that kept him apart
from them, and, filled with an impulse to get away from them, he turned
slowly, and walked towards the house.

"Where going, Fred?" he heard Rob call after him.

"Only just to the hammock," he answered, for he had become quite

familiar with the Walsh grounds, as it was a favorite meeting-place with the
boys.

"Fred's blue to-day," remarked Rob to Bert, who stood near him for a
moment.
 "Poor old lad! I don't wonder," answered Bert, as he watched the
retreating figure. "I wonder if somebody'd better go with him."

"I don't believe so," said Rob. "When he's like this, he'd rather be let
alone than anything else; and he won't try to go beyond the hammock. I
don't think I'll go."

Poor Rob! How often and how long he regretted this decision!

The bonfire was ready and Ted applied the match. Instantly the flame
began to crackle through the dry twigs, and soon it mounted in a roaring
cone high above the pile of brush, dry as tinder, for no rain had fallen for
more than a week. The boys joined hands and frisked about the fire; then,
arming themselves with long poles, they thrust them into the midst of the
blaze, stirring up a cloud of tiny sparks and larger flakes of fire that floated
up and away in the gentle September breeze. Of course it was warm
exercise, but what boy minds that, when it is a question of some frolic? Let
him have to work, and then the temperature at once becomes an important
question, and there is danger of getting overheated; but with play, no such
slight matters are taken into consideration. Although the bonfire was dying
down, the fun was still at its height. The boys were poking the embers up
into a pile, preparatory to the prudent sport of jumping over them, when Ted
suddenly exclaimed,—

"Bert! Boys! The little barn!"

Near the bonfire, much, very much nearer than they realized, stood a
small building, half barn, half shed, that for years had been used for storing
hay. It was a favorite place with the boys on rainy days, and they never
wearied of playing hide and seek through a maze of elaborately constructed
tunnels, or of lying on their backs in the sweet-smelling mows, discussing
school, club, baseball, and other vital interests. Here Fred had held a sort of
court the first time he had joined the boys in the old way; and here he used
often to be with them, during the long weeks of the summer. But this was
all over now, as far as the little barn was concerned, for some treacherous
spark, flying farther than its companions, had blown in at the wide-open
door and lighted on the hay, where it had lain smouldering until it had
gained strength and was ready to burst forth in the long tongue of flame that
had met Ted's eye. Already the hay was blazing merrily and sending up a
thin banner of smoke, which soon became a dense yellowish cloud that hid
the sun and the sky. It was too far from any other building to cause any
danger of its spreading, so the boys felt that the worst had come. But this
was bad enough, for it had gone too far, when Ted discovered it, to make it
possible to put the fire out. While two or three of them raced up to the
house to give the alarm, the others stood by, with their boyish hearts sinking
as they thought of the damage done by their careless fun, and waited
anxiously for Dr. Walsh to come, hoping, yet fearing, to have him know of
the accident. The barn was well hidden from the house by the trees, and at
some little distance. Would he ever come?

"What do you s'pose he'll do to us?" asked Phil remorsefully.

"I don't know," said Rob anxiously. "Something bad, I'm afraid. I do
hope he won't have us arrested or anything."

"How could we be such dummies as not to look out for all this hay!"
said Ted. "Hark! What's that?"

"What's what?" asked Phil.

"That noise. It sounded as if some one was calling. Listen!" said Ted
excitedly.

The boys did listen. In a moment the cry was repeated,—

"Help! Boys! Rob!"

The boys looked at each other in consternation, while the color faded
from their cheeks and lips, leaving them ashy white.

"Boys," said Sam, "that's Fred! He's in there!"

"What shall we do?"

This exclamation burst from Ted and Phil, as another shriek came
ringing from the barn, above the rush and roar of the flames. Rob had
dropped on the ground with his face in his hands, unable to look, or even to
think of anything but Bessie's charge, "Take care of him."

"Do!" answered Sam calmly. "There ain't but one thing to do,—get him
out. You call back to him that I'm coming; I want to save my breath. I'll
need it all," he added, as he gazed at the seething flame.

Rob sprang up and caught him.

"Sam, you can't! You mustn't! You'll be burned. I was the one to blame,
for I told cousin Bess I'd see to him. Let me go!"

Sam shook him off.

"No, Bob. You're not strong enough to bring him out; and besides—
you're the only one at home, and if— But I'll be all right. I can't let him be
burned."

"Wait, Sam! Somebody else will come in a minute," said Phil.

"There ain't any minutes to waste," said Sam bravely. "Don't you worry.
I'll be all right."

Followed by the awe-stricken boys, who, seeing that nothing could

change his purpose, silently submitted to his will, he went quickly to the
farther end of the barn, where the fire was only just appearing. Hastily
pulling off his light summer coat, he threw it over his head, and, guided by
Fred's cries, plunged into the midst of the smoke and flame, just as Dr.
Walsh came running down from the house, followed by Bert and the other
boys.

"I wonder what all that smoke can be," Bess had said to Mr. Muir. "I do
hope the boys are not in any trouble with their bonfire. I wish I hadn't let
Fred go."

"He will be safe with Rob," answered Mr. Muir lightly, as he gathered
up the balls on his racket. "What's that! Somebody crying fire?"

They listened a moment. Then Bess threw down her racket excitedly.
 "Mr. Muir, come quick, please. I think it is at the doctor's, and I feel so
worried about Fred!"

Frank Muir could scarcely keep up with her as she hurried along the
street, into the doctor's grounds, and to the burning barn. They reached it at
the very moment when Sam, half carrying, half dragging Fred, who had lost
consciousness, and hung a limp, dead weight, staggered out into the open
air, and fell motionless at his side, amid the cheer and tears of the large
crowd that had gathered.

They said that he must have breathed the smoke, for there was no mark
of the fire upon him. His lips were set firmly together, as with the nerving
himself for some mighty, heroic task; and the coat he had worn to protect
himself was closely folded about Fred's head. Lovingly and reverently they
raised him, and bore him into the house, where they laid him on Bert's bed,
wrapped in the dreamless sleep that could have but one awakening.

Frank Muir had lifted Fred in his strong arms, and turned to Bess
inquiringly.

"Home, please; that is, if you can carry him there. It is so near, and Mrs.
Walsh has so much now. Oh, Frank, am I to blame?" And she shuddered at
the thought.

"To blame; no! Of course not. But I can carry him easily, and we shall
need you, so you mustn't fail us." And he looked at her anxiously, for she
seemed about to faint.

It was some time before Fred was fully restored to consciousness, and
then, while Bess and her mother dressed his slightly burned face and hands,
Frank Muir sat by his side, trying to cheer and calm him. It was a long
afternoon, for Fred was feverish and nervous, and needed all their care.
They let him talk but little, but he told them how he had left the boys,
intending to go to the hammock, but, thinking of the hay, he had gone into
the barn instead, where he had fallen asleep, and waked to find the air
around him filled with smoke. After that, he remembered nothing more until
he waked in his own bed, with them all around him. Then he was ordered
not to talk, so he lay, sleeping but little, till far into the night, while Bess
anxiously hovered over him, suffering even more than he did from the
burns which she fancied had been caused by some neglect on her part.

Late the next day, he was so much better that they thought it safe to tell
him about Sam. The boy's grief was beyond any words, but, clinging to
Bess, he sobbed bitterly, as he learned the sacrifice so nobly made for him.
As he gradually became calmer, Bess said to him gently, as she stroked his
hair,—

"Fred, my dear boy, Sam has willingly given his life for yours, and
nothing can change that now. He is at rest and happy. There is only one
thing you can do,—live each day so that, as he looks down on you and
watches you, he can be happier still in feeling that the life he saved was the
life of a true, noble boy, who deserves the sacrifice."

The story of the fire had been told on all sides, and early the next
afternoon the great house on the hill was full, and many were gathered
outside on the lawn, for honest, manly Sam had, unknown to himself, many
a friend; and now young and old, boys and girls, men and women, had
gathered to do honor to the young soldier who had gained "the victor's
crown of gold."

The deep hush of sadness as Mr. Washburn slowly began, "I am the
resurrection and the life," was only broken, now and then, by a sob from
some one who suddenly realized what a large place the quiet boy had filled
in all their hearts. Fred had insisted on being present, and with Bess sat near
the family, looking sadly worn from his burns, and his sorrow for the friend
who had saved him.

But the prayer was ended, and on the quiet that followed rose the sweet
boy voices, for Sam's mother had asked the four friends to sing for her son,
as they had so often sung with him. Clearly and firmly they began,—

"Lead, kindly Light, amid th' encircling gloom,

Lead thou me on."
 But one after another the young voices broke and were hushed, until
Rob was singing alone, unconscious of the people about him, only seeing
the dark outline in the darkened room; forgetful of his hearers, only
remembering the good friend and companion in the happy days they had
passed together. Never had his voice been sweeter or clearer, until the close
of the second verse. Then it was impossible for him to go on. It all seemed
like some horrible nightmare, from which he must wake, to find Sam alive
and well. He tried to go on with the hymn, but his voice failed utterly. For a
moment there was a hush of expectation, a hush that seemed endless to the
boy; and then, from behind him, in a clear, mellow tenor, low and gentle,
yet so distinct that not a syllable was lost, came the words of the last verse,
—

"So long Thy power has led me, surely still

'Twill lead me on,
O'er moor and fen, o'er crag and torrent, till
The night is gone,
And with the morn, those angel faces smile,
Which I have loved long since—and lost awhile."

It was all over, "earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust," but as the
five lads, the half-dozen now no longer, sat on the Carters' piazza in the
gathering twilight, sorrowfully talking over the events of the last three days,
they felt that no one of them had made a braver fight to win the victor's
crown. And as the stars came out one by one, and smiled down on the boys
as they sat there, smiled as they had so often done before, only more sadly
to-night, they felt that Sam, too, was looking down upon them from above,
and each one resolved, in his boyish heart, to live from day to day, so that at
last he should be worthy to meet Sam once more in the happy future world.
 CHAPTER XVI.

A LITERARY EVENING.

THE I.I. CLUB

Requests you to be present on Saturday evening, October 29th, at its semi-

annual meeting. Essays will be read, to show the work of the club.

These invitations were scattered broadcast among fathers and mothers,

uncles and aunts, and Saturday evening was eagerly awaited by the young
clubbists.

It was now more than four weeks since Sam had left the boys, and
although they missed him sadly and mourned for him most sincerely, there
seemed to Bess no reason that the five lads should give up their long-talked-
of festival. She was sure that Sam, unselfish as he had always shown
himself, would not wish it otherwise. His memory had become a tender
centre for all their highest, noblest thoughts and talks, and the five rarely
came together without speaking of him, sometimes laughing quietly at the
funny adventures they had had with him, but more often dwelling with a
boyish pride on the courage and manliness that showed in his every act. It
was always, "Sam is," "Sam does;" never the dreadful "was" and "did," that
past tense which seems to separate our friends from us by an impassable
barrier. Bess encouraged this feeling of nearness, for she loved to have the
boys feel that their friend had only left them as if for a little journey, and
they would soon meet him again. It was the first time they had learned the
real meaning of death, and it had been a terrible blow to them all, but the
tender, loving memory, and the thought that their friend was always
watching over them, had a sweet, helpful influence on their young lives. No
one had been asked to fill his place in the club, but instead, when the lads
were discussing the details of their open meeting, Sam's tastes and wishes
were followed as closely as if he had been still among them.
 Saturday evening found the Carters' large rooms well filled, and at
exactly half-past seven Bess, followed by the five boys, took her place on a
small raised platform at the end of the room. Each one wore a white
carnation in his buttonhole, from which hung the badge of membership, a
silver interrogation point, Fred's gift. Four of them were armed with
impressive rolls of manuscript, while Fred carried a large, loose bunch of
roses that, with Bessie's help, he placed before a picture of Sam that stood
on a small table in their midst.

Then, in a few words, Bess reminded the audience of the object and
work of the club. Of what it had done in the past six months, they could
judge by the evening's entertainment; the secret of what its members would
do in the future lay hidden in the boys themselves. She added a few tender
words, referring to the member who had left them, and then, after saying
that the essays were the work of the boys, and that she had not even seen
them, she introduced as the first reader, Master Philip Cameron.

Phil rose with a rather sheepish giggle, hastily smoothed down his
scalp-lock that would stand aggressively erect, bowed to the audience, and
announced his subject.

"GOLD.

"Gold is a yellow metal that we are all familiar with, though not as
much so as we should like to be. It is used for money and for ornaments,
and is very precious. It is found in a great many places in the world, and a
great deal in a place, but people always wish there was some more of it. The
most interesting place to us is in California. It was discovered there in 1848
by three men, partly Mormons. It was their daughter that found it and
picked it up and said what a pretty stone. They tried to keep it a secret, but
of course they couldn't, and pretty soon everybody was going to California.

"At least, not everybody," explained Phil conscientiously, as he looked

up from his paper, "but ever and ever so many people." Then he resumed,—

"The State was soon full of people, and it was admitted to the Union.
 "There are a good many ways of gold-mining. Sometimes the mines are
in veins in the hard rock. Then the miners bore down to them and dig out
the rock, and break it up fine to get out the gold, just as they do silver.
Another way is to find it in the loose sand in the bottoms of rocks and in
gravel. When the miners first went out, they used to take a little gravel in a
dish with some water, and shake it hard, so a little would slop over each
time. The gold was heavy, and would sink and stay after all the rest had
gone. They called it 'panning out well' when there was a lot left in the dish.
Now they turn brooks to run over a row of troughs with holes scooped out
in the bottoms, and the gold drops into the holes, and the other stone goes
on. Then there is hydraulic mining. They turn a stream of water against the
side of a hill and wash it all down to start with, and then they put it through
the troughs just the same way.

"Gold is soft when it is pure, so they have to mix it with other metals to
keep it from wearing out. They call that alloying it. We tell how pure gold is
by the number of carats. Twenty-four is pure, but eighteen is very fine.

"I have only one thing more to say. When you say a person has 'sand,' or
courage, that comes from gold-mining. When a miner saw a certain kind of
sand, he always knew that gold was mixed with it underneath."

And Phil sat down, amidst a hum of applause.

"Next comes Master Herbert Walsh," announced Bess, from her chair of
office.

"We had an evening of the old Greek myths," began Bert, by way of
introduction, "and I thought I'd take for my subject

"THESEUS AND THE MINOTAUR.

"Ever and ever so long ago there was a king of Athens that had a son
named Theseus. This son didn't live with him, but with his mother,
somewhere else; but when he was strong enough he lifted up a great rock,
and found under it a sword with a gilt handle, and a pair of shoes. They had