NO RM A L

MENTA L A RITHMETIC
'

THOROUGH AND COMPLETE COURSE ,

A N A L Y S I S A N D I N D U C T IO N .

BY

E D WA R D BR O O K S , A M ,Q
. .

PR I N CIP A L A ND P R O FE S S O R O F M A T H E MA T I C S IN P E N N S Y LV A N I A S T A T E

N OR M A L SC H O O L,
A N D A U T H O R O F N O R M A L PR I M A R Y A R I T H M E T I C
”
,

N OR M AL EL E M E N T A R Y AR I T H M ET I C N O R M A L WR I T TE N
”
,

N OR M A L G E O M ETR Y
“ ”
ET C , .

R am Ceh u m,
WITH A

TREATISE ON MENTAL ALGEBRA

Al u m u nd I
n d u cti o n ar e th e go l d e n k e y s w h i ch u n l o ck th e v ari o u s co m p .“ co m b

nati o n s o f n u m be rs .

P H IL A D E LP H IA

S O W E R , P O T T S c o
53 0 M A RK E T ST .
,
A ND 5 23 MINOR ST .
 OFFICE or T HE CO NTR OLLE RS OF PU BL CI SCH OOLS,
FIR S T D I S TR I CT OF PE NN S YL V A NI A .

PHI D HI M h 29 1 8 69 LA EL P A, ar c , .

A t a m e e tin g o f th e C o n tr o ll e rs o f Publ ic S ch o o l s F irs t D is ,

tr iot o f P e n n sy l v an ia h e l d at th e Co n tr o ll e rs C h am be r T u e s
,
’
,

d ay M arch 9 1 8 6 9 th e fo ll o w in g r e so l u tio n w as ad o p te d
, , ,

R e l d T h t th e N o r m al S e rie s o f A r ith m e tics co m p r s n g

s o ve ,
a
, i i
“
B o o k s s N o m l P im y A ith m e tic
r
’
r a
” “
B ro o k s s N o m al
r ar r ,
’
r
”
E l e m e ta y A ith m e tic
n r B o o k s s N o rm al M e tal A rith m e
r ,
“
r
’
n
tie,
”
an d
“
B ro o k s s N o rm al W itte n A ith m e tic by E dw ard
’ ” r r
,
B r oo k s E sq b e a d th e s am e are h e e by p l ce d o n th e l ist o f
,
.
,
n r a

bo o k s to b e u e d in th e P u b l ic S ch o o l s O f th is D ist ict
s r .

Fr o m th e m in u te s
H . W H A L L IW E LL ,
. Se c y ’
.

E n te r e d , acco r di g t n C g o A ct
i th y of on r e ss , n e e ar 1 8 5 8 , by

E D W A R D BROOK S ,

In th e Cl e rk s
’
O fli ce o f th D i t i t C
e t f th U i t d S t
s r c ou r o e n e ate s , in an d for th e
E t Di t i t f P
as e r n yl i
s r c o e nns v an a.

E n te re d ,
acco r di g t n o A ct of Co n g re s s , in th e y e ar 1 8 63 , b y
ED W A RD BROO K S ,

In th e Cl e rk s
’
Omoe of th e Dis trict Co u rt of th e U n i te d St ate s, in an d fo r th e
E as te r n Dis tr ict of Pe n ns y l v a n ia .

m s D USE NBER Y , S TERE O TY PER S . S HER MA N CO .

, I
PR NTERS.

Th e B o ar d of S ch o o l T ru ste e s fo r th e S T A T E O F M A R Y L A N D ,

re co m m e n d B o o k s s N o rm al A r ith m e tics an d F e w sm ith s Gr am

’ ’
r

m ars fo r u se in al l th e P u b l ic S ch o o l s o f th at s tate
, .

Th e B o ard o f S ch o o l C o m m ssi o n e rs for th e C I T Y O F B A LT I i

M OR E h av e ado pte d B ro o k s s N o rm al S e rie s an d Fe wSm ith l

,
’ ’

G r am m ars fo r e x cl u sive u se in th e Pu b l ic S ch o o l s o f th at city

,
.
gl P . W IO K E R S H AM , A JI
I I
PR NC P AL O F T HE LA NCA S TER C O U NT Y N O R M AL SC H O OL
,

A TO KE N O F H IG H PE R SO N A L R E G A RD .

T R I B U T E O F A D M I RA T I O N FO R H IS N O B LE E FF O R T S

IN T H E

GRE A T C A U SE o r PO P U L A R E D UC A T I O N ,

C his Essa s cu m

L
IE N O S ! S I N C E R E Y I N SC R I B E D B Y
’

165026
 PR E FA C E .

THE s cien ce o f A rith m eti c as ta ught u n til q uite r e

,

ce n tly h a s been m u ch l ess bene fi ci a l a s a n ed u c a tion al

,

agen cy th a n it should h av e b e en .C o n s isting ma inly

O f di ct a ted m ethods of de ri v 1 n results wit h ou t presen t
g ,
.

in g the re as ons for the va rious O per a tions it fa i l ed to ,

afford th a t high degree of m ent l dis cip l ine whi ch , when

a

p ro p er l y taught it is so wel l cal cu l a ted to i m p a rt B ut

,
.

a gr e a t ch a nge h s been wrought in this respe ct — a n ew

a —x

era h a s d a wned upon th e worl d o f s cien ce the roya l ro a d

—

to M a the ma ti cs h a s been so gr a ded a nd strewn with the

flowers of re a son a nd phi l osoph y, th a t it is n o w ful l of

interest a nd pro fi t to the y outhfu l l e a rner —
a nd one o f
th e m ost influenti a l a gents in this work h a s been th e
sy s te m of M enta l A rith m eti c .

The present is a proud period in the history o f popul a r

e du ca tion . A t no pre v ious ti m e h as there been s o deep
an d uni v ers al a n interest ma nifested in t h e a d va n ce m en t

o f the ca use ; a nd this c o m bined with the ele va tion o f

,

th e sta nd a rd o f q u ali fi ca tion am ong o u r te a chers h as ,

created a de ma nd for a m ore h iIO S O ph ic, s y ste ma ti c

p ,

(3 )
iv PR E FA C E .

an d c o m prehensi v e te x t book on the subj e ct of M ental

Arith m eti c th a n h a s hitherto been presented
,
an d at -

th e soli citation o f his friends th e a uthor o f the pres ent

,

work h as a tte m pted to m eet th a t de ma nd ; how su cces s

full y m u st b e deter m ined b y those whose pro v in ce it is to
,

de cide .

I n the prose cution o f this obj e ct he h a s ava iled hi m sel f

of the e x perien ce o f se v er a l y e a rs o f a ctu a l instru ction in

th e s cien ce a nd O f the ca refu l e xam in a tion o f wh a t h as

,

been pre v iousl y written fo r the purpose o f a s cert aining

,

Wherein i m pro v e m ents m ight be ma de H e does n ot .

assum e th a t e v ery prob le m , o r cl ass o f proble m s, o r th e

p rin ciple o f e v ery solution is origin a l with hi m sel f ; as
,

e v ery intelligent te a cher knows th at certain pro b le m s a nd

sol utions h av e stood the test o f y e ars a nd no book wou l d ,

be fa ultless without the m The obj e ct h as been n o t to be

.

m erel y origin al bu t to pre p are a suitab le a nd valu able

,

te x t book ; he feels con fi dent, howe v er th at it wil l be ,

found to cont a in s u fiicie n t distin ct a n d origin a l fe a ture s

to rec o mm end it to the fav our a ble considera tion o f th e
friends o f edu ca tion .

The work like others o f the s am e cl a ss is n ot de SIgn e d

, ,

fo r the child s fi rst book in the s cien ce o f nu m bers , a nd ,

’

therefore the m ore ele m ent a ry O per a tions h av e n o t been

,

u selessl y enl a rged upon ; y et the a rr a nge m ent is so sy ste

mati c a nd the transition fro m the e as y to the co m ple x so

,

r a du a l th a t e v en v ery y oung p upils can p ursue it with

g ,

e ase a nd a d vant a ge .

A sy ste m O f Ment al A rith m eti c S hould be b a sed u p o n

t h e prin ciples o f A n al y sis a nd I ndu ction R esults should .

be deri v ed b y a n a ly tic p r o ce sse s a nd m e th o d s inferred

,

fro m these pro cesses a nd this is the p hilosoph y u p o n

—
 P R E FA C E

wh i ch the pre s e nt tre a tise is founde d A n a l y sis a n d In

.

du ction are the golden key s whi ch un l o ck the va rio u s

co m ple x co m b in a tions of nu m bers the ma gi c w a nds by
—

whi ch the i n tri cate a nd abstruse a re unfolded in l ogi ca l

si m pli city The gre at e l e m ent O f A n al y sis is co mp a r iso n ,
.

an d the e u a tio n is the gre a t A r chi m ede a n le v er of co m

q
p a rison I t enters into e v ery O per ation fro m the si m ple s t
.
,

co m bin a tion of A rith m eti c to the m ost co m pli c a ted prob

,

l e m o f the tr a ns cendent al A n al y sis I n G eo m etry the

.

ax io m s a n d de fi nitions a re the st a nd ar ds of co m p arison ;

in A lge b r a w e co m p a re the un known with the known to
deter m ine its val ue ; a nd in A rith m eti c we co m p a re a ll
nu m bers a nd the e ffe cts p rodu ced b y a n u m ber O f e q u al
,

ca uses with the unit o r e ffe ct of the Single ca use

, ,
A nd .

th us the s cien ce o f M a the ma ti cs is e v ol ve d co m p ri sm g ,

a vast seri es of dependent truths deri v ed fro m su cce ssi v e

,

co m p a r isons of the unknown with the kn own the theo ,

retie with the ax io ma ti c the co m ple x with the Si m ple

,
.

I n the S cien ce o f nu m bers this rel a tion of the col

,

l e ction to the unit is so e v ident th a t it is intuiti v ely

,

app rehended a nd hen ce the Si m pli city o f this ele m enta ry

,

p ro cess of A n al y s is B ut a s the pupi l progresses in the

.

s cien ce it will be percei v ed th a t di fferent colle ctions be ar

,

cert a in rel a tions to e a ch other a nd he Should be t a ugh t

,

to dis co v er a nd a p pl y these n e w rel a tions T o de v elope .

this theory full y a nd c o m p l ete l y h as been the obj e ct o f

the a uthor .

A ttention is al so cal led to the a rr a nge m ent a nd tre a t

m ent of Fr a ctions First is gi v en the fra ction a l wo r d ,
.

tr e a ting the m l ike deno m in a te nu m bers then the n u m e ,

ri ca l fra ction a l e x pression , a nd then , after e x tensi v e

e xe rcise in a n a l y ti c
p ro cesses , m e ch a ni ca l m e th o ds are
71 P R E FA CE .

deri v ed fro m these pro cesses by I nd uction A t th e .

cl ose O f Fr a ction s so m e o f these m ethods a re st a ted in

,

th e for m o f P ropositions a nd their truth subst a nti a te d

,

by de m onstr ation in a ma nner di fferent fro m a n y whi ch

.

the a uthor h as m et with , a nd whi ch he h a s e m ploy ed in

te a ching with entire s a tisfa ction
,
I n ne a rl y e v ery se ction
.

o f the book will be found ma t ter not pre v iousl y introdu ced

into works O f this kind a nd m u ch th a t h as ne v er before

,

been pu b lished Q uestions upon de fi nitions a nd prin cipl es

.

a re gi v en in various p a rts O f the work without a nswers to ,

the m the obj e ct being to aw aken origin a l thought with

,

the pupil whi ch is dee m ed fa r m ore valu able th a n th e

,

m ost accura te de fi nition .

B ut it is i m possible a s well as unne cess a ry to cal l th e

, ,

attention to al l the different pe culi a rities o f the work

.

s in ce intelligent te a chers upon e xam in a tion will s e e a nd

, ,

j udge fo r t h e m sel v es The whole with

. its m erits an d ,

de m erits is respe ctfull y sub m itted to the publ i c with

, ,

the sin cere wish th a t it may pro v e a va lu able a u x ili a ry

in the pro m otion o f th at noble s cien ce whi ch pro m is e s ,

so m u ch for the a d va n ce m ent of th e gre a t ca use O f popu

lar edu ca tion .

E B
. .

LA N CA S T E R COU NT Y N O R MA L S C H O O L,
April 7, 18 5 8 .
 SUGG ESTIO NS TO TEA C HERS .

T atte n tio n o f te ac h e rs is r e sp e ctfu lly l i it d so c e to th e l

fo l o w in g M th od e

of R e ci tati o nS m f th m p f . o b t ll m y
e o e are re e ra b l t th
e o o e r s, u a a occas o n ai lly
b d w ith d
e u se t g a v an a e .

CO MM M H D By th i m th d th p b l m
ON ET O . d by th t h d s e o e ro e s ar e r e a e e ac e r an

s ig
a s d p mi ne ly th p p il t b i g p m itt d t
ro s cu o u s th b kd i g
, e u s no e n er e o u se e oo u r n

re cit ti a t i th d iti s f th p bl m b y m
on , n o r r e a n f p e il d
co n on o e ro e s e an s o e nc an

p p a i
e r , as m tim d s Thso p pil l t d b y th t h
e es i one . e u se e c e e e ac e r ar s e s , te

p t
ea s th p b l m e d g iro th l eti t t h ,
l an f w h i h th m i t k
ve s e so u on , a e c o se o c e s a es

th t m y h
a b m d h ld b
a av e t d b y th
een l t h
a e s ou e co r re c e e c as s o r e ac e r.

SI M H
LEN T By th i m th d th t
ET OD h — d p b l m t th l s e o e e ac e r re a s a ro e o e c ass.

an d th th p p il en il tl ye l it i d i ti g th m pl ti f th l ti
u s s en so v e ,
n ca n e co e on o e so u on

by th p i d h d Aft th w h l l
e u ra se an ly th w h l l h
. er e o e c as s , o r n e ar e o e c ass , av e

fi i h d th
n s el ti th t h e so u ll p m m mb
on , wh i e p t e ac e r ca s u o n so e e e r, o ar s e s , r e ea s

th p b l m
e ro d gi e th ,
l ti an i th f m m h d
ve s e so u o n as n e or e r e t o .

By th i m th d th w h l s el m tb o i d p e y p b l m th o e c as s u s e e x e r c se u on e ve r ro e ,
u s

i g m
se cu r n d i ipl i th b y th p d i g m th d It h w
o re sc ne q i an e r e ce n e o .
,
o e v e r , re u re s

m or eti m th th fi t; h
e t
an m y p bl m e b rs l d t i e n ce ,
no so an ro e s can e so v e a a re c

W p f th fi t m th d f d d p p il d t '

t ti
a on . e re e r d th
e rs e o or a v an ce u s , an e s e co n , a

l t p ti f th tim w i th y g p p il
e as a or on o e e ,
ou n er u s.

Th i m th d d iff fi t l y i th
.

CH C A I M N
AN E SS G N f m th E T .
— ig 8 e o e rs ro e rs on n e as s n

m ent f th p b l m o Th t
e h m k th
ro e mb f th
s . l d th e e ac er ar s e nu er o e e ss o n an e

nu mb f th p bl m
er o p m ll p i e f p p
ro w h i h th
e p p il m y t k
, u on s a e ce s o a e r, c e u s a a e

ou t f b o p d a ox d by th t h as se m m mb ar o u nf th l Th e e ac e r o r so e e e r o e C as s . e

t
e ac h th er ft di g
e n, a p b l m i t d f ll i g p
e r re a p p il m l y
n a ro e , ns ea o ca n u on a u ,
e re

gi ve sth mb f th p b l m th p
e nu er o h i g th m b i i g p t e ro e , e e r so n av n e nu e r ar s n , re ea

i g
n d, l i g it By th i m th d th t h i l i d f l l p ibil ity
an so v n . s e o e e ac er s re e ve o a re s ons

w ith f t h d
re e re n ce d y p b l m o d it i l
ar b l i d th ant b tt e as ro e s , an s a so e e ve a e er

a tt ti en i on d w ith it It i p ti l ly d p t d t
s s e cIIr e i w d p b li . s ar cu ar a a e o re v e s an u c

e xam in atio n s .

DO U BLE A S S IG N M E NT By t is m e t o
.
— th h h d p pil w h
e u o re ce ive s th e p bl ro em

fro m th e te a c h e r, ar i s e s , r e e ats it, an d t p h igen ass ns it to so m e one l e se to

l
so v e It m y b . m b i d w ith i th th
a fi t e d m th d
co Th e ne e er e rs o r se co n e o s .

Obj t f th i m th d
ec s O i ty di ts t e o ar e v ar e an n e re s .

ME H OD P S By th i m th d d ili t p t f th m p b l m e
T BY A RT —
s e o e re n ar s o e sa e ro e ar

so l d b y d iff t p pil Th te h
ve d th p bl m d g it t
e re n u s . e ac e r re a s e ro e an aSS I n s o a

p pil d ft h h gi
u , an p ti f th l ti
a e r th
e i ll d pas ve n a or on o e so u o n , an o e r s ca e u o n,

wh t k o p th l ti t th p i t w h th fi t t p ; th
a es u e so u di on a e o n e re e rs s O s e s e co n s su c

ce e d d i l ik m
e by
n th i d ; d e til th l ti i m pl t d
an n e r a r an SO o n , u n e so u on s co e e .

Th bj t f th i m th d i t
e O ec o th tt ti sf th w h l l w h i h it
e o s o s e cu r e e a en on o e o e c a s s, c

It i p ti l ly it d t l g l
'

d v
oe s y fi t l lyer e ec u a i ti g of
. s ar cu ar su e o a ar e c ass co n s s n

y g p p il
ou n u s .

U NA M D M H O D
N By th i m th d th
E t ET h d d ig .
—
l s e o e e ac e r re a s an as s n s se ve ra

p b l m to d iff
ro e t m mb
s f th l bf q i i g
e re n y l ti ft r e e rs o e c as s, e o r e re u r n an so u o n s, a e

w hi h th cwh h v iv d p b l m
o se ll d p i th d f assign
o a e re ce e ro e s are ca e u on n e or ero

( v ii )
vu i SU GG E S TI O N S To TEA C HER S .

me n t fo . th e ir so u l ti o n s . Th e a d v an ta g e s Of h
t is m e t hd o ar e ,
fi rs t, th e p pil
u ,

h g h k p bl bl d t g i l h
.

a vi n so m e tim e to t in Of th e ro e m , is e na e o ve th e so u tio n w it
m or e p rom pt n e ss an d a ccu r acy , an d s e co n d ly , th e n e ce s sity o f r e ta in i n g th e

nu m b e r s an d t h e ir re l atio ns in th e m in dfr o se v e ral m in u te s, affo r d s a good

d isc ipl i ne to th e m e m ory .

C H OO S I NG S IDE s .
— T hi i s s a mo i dfi catio n O f th e ol d s p ll i g l
e n c as s met h od , an d

is o n e ca cu l l tdt d g f i t t By it tw p p il p
a e o e l i it c a ve r y g r e at e re e o n e re s . o u s, u

p i t d b y th
o n e t h e l t th th th f m i g tw p ti f t i l
e e ac r , se e c e o e r s, u s or n o ar es or a r a

o f k illS i g m f i k t f b b ll Th p bl m m y b i g d
,
as n a a e o cr c e o ase a . e ro e s a e ass ne

a lt t l y t th
e rn a e id b y th t h by ho b y th l d f th id
e s e s, e e ac e r, c an ce , e e a e rs o e S e s,

or i y th
n an w y th t m y b o g d p by th t h
er d l a a a e a re e u on e e ac e r an c as s .

I g d t th m th d th fi t
n re ar d d thi d p b bl y th b t
o e se e o s, e rs , se co n , an r a re ro a e es

for th l it ti
e u su a b t th th m th d re c y p fit bly b m pl y d
a o n s, u e o er e o s ca n v e r ro a e e o e

w ith y g l ou n i f t w ith y l t li m t y d w k
e r c a sse s , o r , n ac , an c as s , o re e ve on o on an a a en

i t n t
e re sW ith d . d p p il w p f th fi t m th d th fi t ma v a n ce u s e re e r e rs e o , or e rs co

b i d w i th th thi d
ne e r .

E R R O R S T O BE A V O IDED .

Th e re is a l g ar e nu m b e r o f e rr o rs to w ic h h p p il u s in e v e r y se ctio n of th e

co u n tr y ar e l i bl
a e , a fe w of w hi h w c e wi ll m e n tio n . We l
c as s ify t h e m as e rro rs

of Po s itio n an d e r r o r s o f E x p r e s s io n .

E RR ORS O F PO S ITIO N .
-
Pll p il s ar e e x ce e d in gl y l i b l a e to as su m e im p p pro er os i

ti o n s an d aw k wa r d atti tu d k d d e s u ri n g r e cita tio n , s u c h as l e an i fig on th e es or

g i t th w l l p tti g th f t
a a ns e a t j m m i g th h
,
u d i th p k t
n e oo u p o n a se a , a n e an s n e oc e s,

p ti l l y wh th p bl m i h d pl y i g w ith b tt w t h h i &
ar cu ar e n e ro e s ar , a n a u on , a c -
c a n, c.

A l l f th o f lt h ld be se f ll y g
au dd gi tf s s ou bi e ca r e u u ar e a a ns , o r re as o n s s o o v ou s

th t th ya d t b m ti d A
e n ee t
no d g f l e i g id f m
en on e . n e re c an r ace u car r a e , as e ro

it l ti t h l th i f d t g t
s re a on o eay l dy d g tl m
, s o a v an a e o e ve r a an en e an .

E E
R R OR S o r U d th i h dw i l d
X P R E S S IO N — f A ti l ti . n er s ea e nc u e e rr o r s o r cu a on ,

P i ti
ro n u n c a G mm & T h i q it l g
on , ra mb f w d w hi h
ar , c . e re s u e a ar e nu er o or s c

p pil i th i h t m i p
u s n e d l
r q it as e l g m b f m bi s ro n o u n ce , an a so u e a ar e nu er o co na

ti w h i h by
o n s, l c i ti m k id i l
a c ar e e s s e n u n c a W on a e r cu o u s s e n se , o r n o n se n s e . e

w i ll l l thca tt ti t f w f th m
e a gg ti g t th t h t
en on o t a e o e , su es n o e e ac er o co rre c

th d th
e se an h m y tio e rs e a no ce .

A d i n ft ll d
”
s of i ll d f
e n ca f i p
” e d “
an
“
or
”
s ca e
“
u r o s r o n o u n ce as
if th w e o m i tt d ; w d m m i g with w h w h w h i h w h &
as o e or s co enc n as
, e n, c , e re , c. ,

ar e p d if p ll d w
r o n o u n ce wi h w
as & s e e
“
en ,
” “
s ,
” “
er e ,
”
c .

G h m
a ve i i ll d g im
”
d id h i
s ca ll d d dd y ; h d h i
e
“
av
“
e
”
s ca e
“
i
” “
a e
”
s
ll d k d ay g i h m i ll d g i im
ca e a
“
gi h i
ve ll d g i i
”
s ca e
“
v
“
ve er
”
s ca e
“
ve r
“
whi h i ci ft h g d i t w it h
s
”
s o d
e n c an e h w m y i f q tl y n o
“
c es an
“
o an
”
s re u en
f m d i t h d d
“ ” “ ”
t ra n s or h m ye H w m n oy d ido in . i ft o an e ac e ar n s O e n re n e re
h m i y d id h
“ o n e c u rn
”
.

d gl y d iffi l t t l di
l ti :If 2 ppl
A y m
ve r m d
co i o n e r r or , an t i i o n e e xce e n cu o co rre c , s nvo ve n

th f ll w i g ppl w ill t th i f 6 “
e o o n t 6
so u t on a e s co s ce n s, o n e a e co s e o

t w hi h H p fl ” “ ” “ ”
ce n s , 3 t c th ar ei d
ce n s . i g m e re e s su er u o u s, an are s u n ra

m atical
ll :
.

T h e fo o w in i s a fr e q u e n t e rr o r
“
If g
o ne a
pp le cos t 3 ce nts, f o r 12 ce n ts y ou
”
ca n bu y as m a n y ap p le s a s 3 is Co n ta i ne d i n 1 2 , w h i ch a r e 4 ti m e s T h e o bj e c
fi d dl l b
.

ti o n s a re , rs t, 3 is n o t co n tain e an y app le s i n 1 2 ; s e co n y , th e r e s u t O tain e d

h h ld h h ppl b h
is ti me s, w e n i t s o u
a pples
b e ap
T h e s o u tio n s o u
.

is contai ne d tim e s in 1 2. w h ich ar e

s, o r a n u m ber w ic
l
Y ou can (m y a h l d pie
a ie s to o t ti m e s an d
s m a ny app l e s f or 1 2 ce nts a 8 :
 ME N T A L A R I T H ME T I C .

SE CT IO N I .

LE S SO N L
'

l . If h av e 2 cents in o n e h a nd a n d 1 cent in th e
I ,

othe r, h o w ma n y cents h av e I in both

S O L U TI O N If I h av e 2 ce n ts in o n e h an d an d 1 ce n t in th e
.
—
,

o th e n b o th h n d s I h a e 2 ce
r, i a ts p l s 1 c e t w h i c h a e 3 c e n ts
v n u n , r .

T h e e fo r e if I h a e 2 ce n ts in o n e h an d an d 1 ce n t in th e o th e r
r ,
v , ,

I h av e 3 ce n ts in b o th .

2J ohn h a s 3 app l es , a n d W i ll i am h as 2 ; h o w m a n y
.

h av e the y both ?
3 F a nn y h a s 4 pe a ches , a nd her Sister h as 3 , h ow
.

ma n y h av e the y bot h ?
,
4 Jam es is 3 y e a rs O l d , a n d S a ra h is 6 ; wh a t is th e
.

su m o f their a ges ?
J oseph bought 6 pe a ches a nd his brother g av e hi m
,

O W ma n y h a d he then ?

6 I p a id 1 0 cents for a S l a te , a nd 2 cents for a pe n cil ;

.

wh a t did the y both cost ?

7 A cap cos t 3 do ll a rs , a nd a co a t , 1 2 d o l l a rs ; wh a t
.

did the y both cost ?

8 P eter h a d 8 cents , a n d found 1 0 m ore , h ow man y
.

h ad he then ?
9 M a rtin h a d 6 bird s, a n d cau ght 9 m ore ; h ow ma n y
.

h ad h e the n ?
( 7)
8 M E N T A L A RIT H M E T I C .

1 0 A pig cost 5 doll a rs , a nd a S heep , 7 dol l a rs ; wh at

.

did they b oth cost ?

1 1 If C y rus h a d 9 cows , n d bought 1 1 m ore , h ow
.

a
m a n y would he then h av e ?
1 2 A s a ddle cost 8 doll a rs , a nd a h a rness , 1 3 dol l a rs ;
h o w m u ch did they both cos t ?
13 S all y h a d 1 0 pins in h e r cushion , a nd p ut in 9
.

m ore ; how ma n y were then in the cushion ?

14 If Jam es rode 8 m iles , a nd w a lked 13 , h ow far did
.

e trav el ?
1 5 Must a rd h a s 1 0 sisters a nd 11 brothers ; h ow ma ny
.

ar e there in the fam il y ?

1 6 T ay lor h a d 5 horses , a nd his brother so l d hi m 1 3
.

h o w ma n y h a d he then ?
1 7 In a g a rden there a re 9 plu m trees and 11 p e a ch
.
,
trees ; h o w ma n y a re there O f both ?
1 8 R e quired the cost O f H unter s co a t , if the cl oth
’
.

cost 1 2 doll a rs a nd the ma king 5 doll a rs

, ,
.

1 9 R ose g av e 13 cents to her brother a n d 1 0 to h e r

.
,

S ister h o w ma n y cents did Sh e gi v e a w ay ?

2 0 M a ry s m other g av e her 1 1 apples a nd her fathe r
’
.
,

g av e her 7 ; h o w ma n y did the y both gi v e her ?

2 1 I f I h av e 1 2 pen cils , a nd fi nd 5 m ore , h ow ma n y
.

p en cils wi ll I then h av e ?
2 2 R ussell g av e 3 cents fo r a to p 4 for a whi p , an d
.
,

5 fo r a book ; wh a t did th e y all cost ?

2 3 L ouis a h a d 5 pe a ches her m other g av e her 6 , an d
,

her Sl ste r gav e her 7 h o w ma n y h a d S he then ?

2 4 R uth bought 5 ya rd s O f S ilk for a h a t 7 fo r a
.
,

cl oak a nd 9 fo r a dress ; h o w ma n y ya rds did She bu y ?

,

2 5 The he a d O f a fi sh is 6 in ches long the ta il 8 , a nd

.
,

th e b o d y 10 what is the l ength O f the fish ?

2 6 P hilo caught 1 2 fi sh , M i l o 9 , a nd N ero 6 ; h o w
ma ny did the y a ll catch ?
2 7 H ow a rd shot 1 1 robins H owe ll
.
,
a nd H oyt 1 3 ;
h o w ma n y did the y a l l S hoot ?
2 8 A ma n bought a robin fo r 1 0 cents, a jay for 2 0
.
 M E N T A L A R IT H M E TI C . 9

cents ,
a n d a b l ue bird for 30 ents ; re q ui re d the cos t
c of

all .

29 S leigh cost 5 0 doll ars a horse 1 5 0 do ll a rs and

A .
, ,

a doll a rs ; wh a t w a s the cost of a ll ?

whip 5
30 Al a d y g av e 6 cen ts for needles 1 2 cents fo r
.
,

thre a d a nd 1 0 cents for m uslin ; wh a t w a s th e cos t o f

,

al l ?
31 A ddie h a s 9 roses L i zz ie h a s 15, a nd A my h ad
‘

.
,

2 0 ; how ma n y h av e they a ll ?
32 A ma n b ought so m e ry e for 2 5 doll a rs a nd so m e
.
,

whe at for 2 6 doll a rs ; wh a t did he p ay for both ?

«

3 3 A m er ch a nt sold so m e ri ce for 1 5 doll a rs so m e

.
,

sug a r for 1 7 doll ars a nd so m e m ol as ses for 2 2 doll a rs ;

,

re q u ired th e am ount re cei v ed .

3 4 H O W ma n y a re 4 a n d 8 ? 5 a nd 7 ? 3 a nd 9 ? 5
.

a nd 1 2 ? 8 a nd 1 7 6 a nd 2 3 ? 7 a nd 1 5 ? 8 a nd 2 6 ?
?

1 0 a nd 2 8 ? 1 0 a nd 3 2 ?
3 5 H ow m a n y a re 5 a n d 2 1 ? 8 a n d 2 3 ? 9 a nd 3 1 ?
.

1 1 a nd 16 ? 3 a n d 19 ? 8 a nd 2 7 ? 1 0 a nd 2 7 ? 1 1 an d
1 1 ? 12 a nd 1 2 ? 1 2 a nd 2 4 ?
3 6 H ow ma n y a re 6 a n d 1 6 ? 7 a n d 1 7 ? 8 an d 1 8 ?
.

9 a nd 19 ? 1 0 an d 2 0 ? 1 1 a nd 2 1 ? 1 2 a nd 2 2 ? 13 an d
2 3 ? 2 0 a nd 3 0 ? 2 1 a n d 2 2 ?

3 7 H o w m an y a re 2 a nd 1 2 ? 3 a nd 1 3 ? 4 a nd 1 4 ?
.

5 a nd 1 5 ? 6 a nd 2 6 ? 7 a nd 2 7 ? 8 a n d 2 8 ? 9 a nd 2 9 ?
10 a nd 3 0 ? 1 1 a nd 3 1 ?
3 8 H ow ma n y a re 2 a nd 1 7 ? 3 a nd 2 7 ? 4 a n d 3 6 ?
.

5 a nd 4 6 ? 1 2 a n d 4 1 ? 1 5 a n d 2 9 ? 2 4 a nd 3 7 ? 4 3 a nd
57 ? 3 8 a nd 6 5 ? 5 6 a nd 4 4 ?

A S in g l e th in g is a u n it . On e or m ore un its is a nu m be r .

S im i l ar nu m be r s ar e th e se in w ic h h
th e u n its ar e th e s am e

A d d itio n is th e p r o ce s s of fi
n d in g th e su m Of tw o or m ore
nu m be rs .

Th y m b ol
e s is th e S ig n o f ad d iti o n
, It 1 8 r e ad p l s an d . u ,

wh p l
e n ce d b e taw e e tw o n u m b e r sn d e n o te s t h a t th e y ar e to b e

ad d e d t o g e th e r T h e sy m b ol
. i s th e S i g n o f s u b t ac tio n
,
r

It i s e a d m i u
r an d w h e n p l ac e d b e tw e e n tw o n u m b e r s d e n o te s
n s,

th at th e s e c o n d i s to b e su b tr acte d fr o m th e fi r s t .
10 M E N T A L A RIT HM E TI C .

LES S O N I I
;

1 I f I h av e 4 cents a nd gi v e 2 O f the m a w ay h o w
.
, ,

ma n y will I h av e re maining ?
S O I U T IO N If I h a e 4 c e ts a d g i e aw ay 2 ce ts I will
.
— v n ,
n v n ,

h a e m ai i g th e d iffe e ce b e tw e e 4 ce ts d 2 c ts w h ich
v re n n r n n n an e n ,

is 2 ce ts nT h e e fo r e & c
. r , .

2 .H unter h a d 6 a pples a nd g av e 2 O f t he m a way ; ,

°

how man y h a d he re maining ?

3 Morg a n h aving 9 pe a ches g av e h is sister 3 O f the m
.
,

h o w ma n y h a d he left ?
4 A d a culled 1 0 roses , a n d gav e Ly di a 5 O f the m ;
.

how m an y did She retain ?

5 A m an bought 1 2 le m ons an d sold 7 O f the m ; h o w
.
,
m a n y re m ained unsold ?
6 R eu b en fi n di n g 1 3 cents spent 8 O f the m ; how
.
,

ma n y h a d he re maini n g ?
7 A w at ch w a s b ought for 2 0 doll a rs a nd sold for 2 7
.
,

doll a rs ; wh a t w as the gain ?

8 M a ry h a s 2 8 pi n s a nd S us a n 1 5 ; how ma n y m ore
.
,

h a s M a ry th a n S us a n ?
9 A co w w as b ought for 2 7 doll ars a nd sold for 19
.
,

doll a rs re q uired the loss

,
.

1 0 In a s chool O f 4 0 pupi l s onl y 2 9 are present ; h o w

.
,

m a n y are a bsent ?
I L A horse cost 1 2 5 doll ars a nd w a s SO l d for 1 4 0 ,

do l l a rs re q uired the g ain .

1 2 W illi am s aid he found 4 3 ma rb les and lost 13 o f

.
,

th e m ; h o w ma n y re ma ined ?
1 3 A fa rm er h av ing 2 7 cows S O l d 18 of th e m ; h o w
.
,

m an y cows h ad he re maining ?
1 4 H ow m i h y ar e 9 less 5
.
?
c 1 1 less 7 1 3 less 9 15
.
? ?

less 1 1 ? 1 8 less 1 2 .

1 5 H o w ma n y a re 1 6 l e ss 8 ? 1 4 less 6 ? 1 2 l e ss 4 ?
.
'

10 l ess 2 ? 1 4 less 8 ?
 M E NT A L A R IT H M E T 1 O . 11

16 . R e q uired the val ue O f 1 2 —

8 ? 13 -
7 ? 14 —
6?
[5 —
5 ? 16 —
4?
17 . R e q uired the va lue O f 10 —
5 ? 12 — 6 ? 14 —
7?
16 —
8 ? 18 9?
1 8 Re q u red the value O
. i f 1 1 —
7? 14 —
8 ? 17 — 9?
20 — 1 0 ? 2 3 —
12 ?
19 R e q uired the va lue of 6
.
— 2 ? 10 — 4 ? 14 — 6?
8 — 8 ? 22 —
10 ? 2 6 — 12 ?
2 0 W h a t is the va lue O f
.
— 4? —
6?
— 12 ?

W h at is the va lue
21 . Of 7+ 6 —
5? 2 8 Of 10.

22 . Of 3 +8 —
9? 2 9 O f 16.

23 . Of 5+6 —
7? so O f 1 8.

24 . () f 7+ 8 3 1 Of 15 .

25 . Of 9 3 2 O f 16.

26 . Of 8 3 3 O f 17.

27 Of
. (5 34 Of 2 2 .

35 S il a s h av ing 3 doll a rs
.
,
found 6 , a nd
then l ost 4 ;
how m an y h a d he re m a ining ?
3 6 A b o y h av ing 12 a pples bought 6 m ore a nd then
.
, ,

sold 8 ; how ma n y h a d he left ?

3 7 A ma n sold a colt for 2 5 doll a rs whi ch is 3
.
,

doll a rs m ore th a n it c ost re q uired the cos t .

3 8 Jam es h a d 3 1 cents a nd Ha rry h a d 2 7 ; h o w

.
,

ma n y h a d the y both , a nd how m any h ad Jam es m ore th a n '

Ha rry
3 9 J oh n h av ing 2 0 pe a ches e a t 4 , a n d g av e h is
.
,

sis ter 6 ; h o w ma n y h a d he re ma ining ?

4 0 P hilo h av ing 12 c en t s , spent 7, a nd then found 9 ;
.

h o w m a n y h a d he then ?
4 1 A m a n h av ing a c ert a in nu m ber o f cows bough t ,

6 a nd s o ld 1 0 a nd then h a d none left ; how ma n y h ad

.
,

he a t fi rst ?
4 2 Morris h av in g a cert a in nu m ber O f books bo u gh t
.

1 0 a nd gi v i n g 3 0 to h is Sister h ad none re ma ining ; h o w

, ,

ma n y books h ad he at fi rst 9
[2 M E N T A L A RIT H M E TI C .

43 . Pax ton h a d 16 pe aches he g av e 6 to Ja m es an d

, ,
7 to H enry ; h o w ma n y h a d he re maining ?
4 4 E dwin lo st 4 cents a nd found 6 a nd then h ad
.
, ,

1 1 how ma n y h a d he a t fi rst ?
4 5 A ma n sold 1 3 c ows then bought 1 0 an d then
.
, ,
ha d 12 ; h o w ma n y h a d he a t fi rst ?
4 6 Two boy s co mm en ced pl ay ing with 2 0 marbles
.

e a ch a t the close o f the g am e one h a d 1 6 ; how ma n

, y
b ad the other ?
4 7 A m er ch a nt bought g o ods to the am ou n t O f 2 7
.

doll a rs ; how m ust he sell the m to g ain 1 1 doll ars ?

4 8 T ho ma s h a d 1 1 cents S us a n g av e hi m 1 2 an d
.
, ,

Wa lton g av e hi m enough to make his nu m ber 3 0 ; h o w 7

ma n y did Walton gi v e hi m ?
4 9 Mr A g av e 3 5 doll a rs for a ca se of goods a nd
. .
,

p a id 4 doll a rs for c a rta ge how m ust he sell the m to g a in

11 doll a rs ?
5 0 H o wma n y a re 4 plus 6 m inus 5 ? 7 plus 8 m inus
.

1 0 ? 8 plus 1 2 m inus 9 ? 1 2 plus 13 m inus 1 4 ? 1 6 plus

2 0 m inus 3 0 ? 7 plus 1 5 m inus 1 2 ?
5 1 H ow ma n y a re 7 a nd 2 0 m inus 13 ? 9 a nd 1 3
.

m inus 1 6 ? 1 3 a nd 1 5 m inus 1 6 ? 1 8 a nd 1 9 m inus 2 0 ?

,

16 a nd 1 7 m inus 1 8 ? 2 0 a nd 3 0 m inus 4 0 ?
5 2 H O W ma n y a re 6 pl u s 8 m inus 10
.
.
7 plus 9 m i n us
11 ? 8 plus 1 0 m inus 1 2 ? 9 plus 11 m inus 1 3 ? 1 0 plus
12 m inus 1 4 ? 1 5 plus 1 7 m inus 1 9 ?
5 3 H o w ma n y a re 4 plus 7 m inus 1 0 ? 5 plus 8 m i n us
.

11 ? 6 plus 9 m inus 1 2 ? 7 plus 1 0 m inus 1 3 ? 8 plus

11 m inus 1 4 ? 9 plus 1 2 m inus 1 5 ?

5 4 H ow ma n y a re 6 plus 1 0 m in us 1 4 ? 7 plus 1 1
.

m i nus 1 5 ? 8 plus 12 m i n us 1 6 ? 9 plus 1 3 m i n u s 1 7 ?

[ 0 plus 1 4 m in us 1 8 ? 1 1 plus 1 5 m inus 1 9 ?
5 5 H O W ma n y a re 4 plus 2 4 m i n us 1 4 ? 6 plus 2 6
.
~

m in us 1 6 ? 7 plus 2 7 m inus 1 7 ? 5 plus 2 5 m i n us 1 5 ?

8 pl u s 2 8 m inus 1 8 ? 9 plus 2 9 m in u s 1 9 ?
5 6 H ow ma n y a re 7 plus 3 7 m i n u s 2 7 ? 1 0 plu s 3 0
.

m i n us 2 0 1 1 plus 3 1 m i n us 2 1 ? 12 plus 3 2 m i n us 2 2 ?
13 plus 3 3 m inu s 2 3 ? 14 plus 3 4 m inus 2 4 ?
14 M ENT A L A R IT HM E TI C .

16 . H ow man y di m es m ust b e p aid for 9 books , a t th e

ra te of 1 4 di m es e a ch ?
1 7 A m os s aw 1 3 flo cks of pigeons with 2 0 pigeons in
.
,

each flo ck ; how ma ny pigeons d id he s e e ?

1 8 A m er ch a nt h av ing 1 0 m elons sold 6 an d th e n
.
, ,

b o u ght 5 ti m es a s ma n y a s he sold ; how ma n y h a d h e

t h en ?
1 9 B h av ing 2 0 sheep sold 1 2 an d then bought 4
.
, ,

ti m es a s ma n y a s re ma ined how ma n y did he th e n

,
h av e ?
2 0 A bo y borrowed 6 cents fro m a friend a nd then
.

e a rned 7 ti m es a s m u ch a s he bo rl o w e d how m an y cen ts

,
h a d he then ?
2 1 M a ry found 1 0 pins a nd then b ought 8 ti m es a s
.
,

ma n y a s she found how ma n y h a d s h e then

, .

2 2 W h a t will 7 ya rds of m uslin cost a t 8 cent s a

.
,
ya rd ?
2 3 H ow m u ch cost 1 1 ya rds of ribbon a t th e r a te of
.
,

11 ce n ts a ya rd ?
2 4 If 3 m en can do a pie ce o f work in 5 d ay s how
.
,

long w i it t ake 1 ma n to do it ?
I‘
,

2 5 If 5 m en can do a pie ce of work in 2 0 d ay s how

.
,

long will it re q uire 1 ma n to do it ?

2 6 H o w fa r will a ma n trav el in 9 hours , a t the ra te
.

of 3 m iles a n hour ?
2 7 In a n or ch a rd there a re 1 1 rows of trees a nd 2 0
.
,

trees in e a ch ro w } how m a ny trees a re there in the

o r c h a rd

2 8 If 9 m en m ow a fi el d of gr a ss in 1 4 day s h o w
.
,

l ong will it ta ke 1 ma n to m ow it ?
2 9 M ason e a rned 10 doll a rs a week a nd p a id 3 d
.
,

lars a w e ak for his bo a rd 5 how m u ch would he s av e in a

weeks
3 0 If 1 m elon l s worth 3 pe a ches , how ma n y p e ac h e s
are 7 m elo n s worth ?
3 1 Pa s s m ore e a rned 3 doll a rs a d ay a nd p aid 1 do ]
.
,

lar for his b o a rd how m u ch could he s av e in a week

,
?

3 2 Mo rt on e a rned 3 0 doll a rs a m onth he p a i d 3 de l

.
,
 M E N T AL A RIT H M E TI C . 15

l a rs a week fo r b o a rd , a n d 1 dol l a r for other e x penses

h o w m u ch could he s av e in a y e a r ?
3 3 Tho ma s tr av els 5 m iles a n hour , a n d J ohn , 3 ;
.

h o w m u ch fa rther will Tho ma s tr a v el in 1 2 hours th an

John ?
3 4 H ow m an y a re 6 ti m es 6 , plus 6 ? 5 ti m es 8 , plu s
.

8 ? 7 ti m es 1 0 , plus 1 0 ? 4 ti m es 1 1 , plus 1 1 ? 8 ti m es
4, plus 4 ? 5 ti m es 9 , plus 9 ?
3 5 H ow ma n y a re 3 ti m es 4 , plus 5 ? 6 ti m es 7, plus
.

8 ? 8 ti m es 9 , plus 1 0 ? 9 ti m es 1 0 , plus 1 1 ? 1 0 ti m es
1 1 , plus 1 2 ? 1 1 ti m es 1 2 , plus 13 ?
3 6 Ho w m a n y a re 4 ti m es 4 , m inus 5 ? 5 ti m es 7,
.

m i n us 6 ? 7 ti m es 9 , m inus 8 ? 8 ti m es 1 0 , m i n us 9 ?
9 ti m es 1 2 , m inus 1 1 ? 11 ti m es 2 , m i us 1
1 n 3 ?

3 7 H ow ma n y a re 7 a nd 7 ti m es 8 ? 5 a nd 5 ti m es 6
.
?

8 a nd 8 ti m es 4 ? 6 a nd 6 ti m es 7 ? 9 a nd 9 ti m es 11 ?
10 a n d 1 0 ti m es 1 2 ?
3 8 H ow m a n y a re 4 a nd 5 a nd 4 ti m es 5 ? 5 a nd 6
.

an d 5 ti m es 6 ? 6 a nd 7 a nd 6 ti m es 7 ? 7 a nd 8 a nd 7
ti m es 8 ? 8 a n d 9 a nd 8 ti m es 9 ?
3 9 H o w ma n y a re 2 3 m inus 2 ti m es 3 ? 3 4 m inus 3
.

ti m es 4 ? 2 5 m inus 2 ti m es 5 ? 3 7 m inus 3 ti m es 7 ?
4 9 m inus 4 ti m es 9 ?
4 0 B a n d 0 st a rt fro m the s am e pl a ce , a nd tr av el in
.

opposite dire ction s , B a t the r a te of 5 , a nd C 4 m iles an

hour ; how far a re the y a p a rt in 6 hours ?
4 1 T w o m en st a rt a t the s am e pl a ce , a n d tr av el in
.

the s am e dire ction , the o n e 7, an d the o ther 5 m iles a n

hour ; how fa r w ill the y be a p a rt in 1 0 hours ?
Mul tipl ic ati on is th e p r o ce s s o f ta in k g on e nu m be r as m an y
tim e s s th e a er are u n it s in he
an o t r . Th e nu m be r re
p ed is
a te

th e m u l tip l ica n d ; th e n u m e r o f tim e s i t is b r e p e a t e d is th e

l
m u l tip l ie r ; th e r e s u t i s t h e p r o du ct .

y b l
T h e s m o , X , i s th e S i n o f m u tip icatio n ; w e n g l l h l
p ace d
be t w e e n tw o n u m b h y
e r s i t d e n o te s t a t t e h
ar e to b e m u l l
t ip i e d

to g t h e
e T h e sy m b o l
r . is th e s i g. of di n v
is i o n wh e n

p l cae d b e tw e e t w o m nb s i t d o t
nus t h a t
e rth e e n e one b e fo re it
is t b e d iv id e d b y th e o e fo ll o w i g i t
o n n .
16 M E N T AL i n i r m i nr i o .

LE SS O N 17
1 .

1 H ow ma n y 2 s a re there in 6 ?
’
.

I 6 th e r e ar e 3 t w o s b e c s e 3 tim e s 2 ar e 6
’
S o h U T IO N .
— n . au .

H o w ma n y 2 s in 8 ? in 10 in 1 2
’
?
in 1 6 ? ?

3 H ow ma n y s in 6 in 9 ? in 1 5 ? in 1 8 ?
’
. 3 ?

4 H ow m an y 4 s in 8 ? in 1 6 ? in 2 4 ? in 2 8 ?
’
.

5 H o w ma n y 5 s in 1 5 ? in 2 0 ? in 3 0 ? in 45 ?
’
.

6 H ow ma n y 6 s in 1 8 ? in 3 0 ? in 4 0 ? in 4 8 ?
’

7 H o w ma n y 7 s in 2 1 ? in 3 5 ? in 2 8 ? in 4 2 ?
’
.

8 H o w ma n y 8 s in 3 2 ? in 4 0 ? in 5 6 ? in 72 ?
’
.

9 H ow ma n y 9 s in 3 6 ? in 4 5 ? in 6 3 ? in 8 1
’
.

10 H o w ma n y 10 s in 4 0 ? in 5 0 ? in 70 ? in 90 ?
’
.

1 1 H o w ma n y 1 1 s in 4 4 ? in 3 3 ? in 6 6 ? i 8 8 ?
’
.

H o w ma n y 1 2 s in 4 8 ? in 72 ? in 9 6 ? in 1 3 2 ?
’

13 2 4 cont a ins 3 how ma n y ti m es ? 4 ? 6 ? 8 ? 1 2 ?

.

S O L U T I O N 2 4 co tai s 3 e ig h t tim e s s in ce 8 tim e s 8 a e 2 4

— n n
, , r

14 . 3 0 co n t a ins 2 how ma n y ti m es ? 3 ? 5 ? 6 ? 1 0 ?
15 . 3 6 co n tains 3 how ma n y ti m es ? 4 ? 6 ? 9 ? 1 2 ?
16 . 4 0 co n tai n s 4 how ma n y ti m es ? 5 ? 8 ? 1 0 ? 2 0 ?
17 . 6 0 co n t a i s 5 how ma n y ti m es
n ? 6 ? 10 ? 12 ? 2 0 ?
8 0 co n ta i n s 4 how ma n y ti m es ? 8 ? 1 0 ? 2 0 ? 4 0 ?
19 . 9 0 cont a i n s 3 how ma n y ti m es ? 6 ? 9 ? 1 0 ? 3 0 ?
20 1 0 0 con ta i n s 4 h o w m an y ti m es ? 5 ? 1 0 ? 2 0 ? 2 5 1
'

21 . H o w ma n y ti m es 3 a re 6 ti m es 2 ?
H o w ma n y ti m es 5 a re 4 ti m es 1 0 ?
H o w ma n y ti m es 7 a re 3 ti m es 14 ?
24 H ow m an y ti m es 8 a re 5 ti m es 6 , 2 ?
4 ti m es 7, —1 2 , a re how ma n y ti m es 6 ?
"
6 6 ti m es 8 , 8 , a re how ma ny ti m es 10 ?
7 ti m es 9 , 3 , a re how ma n y ti m es 1 2 ?
8 ti m es 7, 4 ,
a re h o w m a n y ti m es 4
’
f

10 ti m e s 9 , 6 , ar e how ma n y ti m es 7 ?
30 9 ti m e s 8 , 8 , a re h o w m a n y ti m e s 8 ?
 ME N T AL A R IT H M E TI C . 17

3 1 5 ti m es 1 2 ,
. 4, ar e how ma n y ti m es 1 ? 1

3 2 4 ti m es 1 1 , 6, a re h o w ma n y ti m es 5 ?
3 3 5 ti m es 6 , 10 , 8 a re how ma n y ti m es 8 ?
'

,
.

3 4 7 ti m es 8 ,
. 6, 5 a re how ma n y ti m es 5 ?
,

3 5 8 ti m es 9 ,
. 8, 1 0 a re how ma n y ti m es 1 0 7
,

3 6 9 t i m es 9 ,
. 9, 2 a re how ma n y ti m es 8 ?
,

3 7 8 , an d 4 , a nd
. 2, a nd 3 a n d 5 a nd 6 , less 1 2 are
, , ,

h o w ma n y ?
3 8 Fi v e , .a nd 6 a n d 4 a nd 7, a n d 8 , a nd 1 0 l e s s 2 0
, , , ,

are h o w ma n y ?
3 9 Four a n d 7 a nd 6 , a nd 5 , a nd 3 , a nd 2 , less 1 7
.
, , ,

a re how m an y ?
4 0 Twel v e m ul tiplied b y 2 di v ided b y 3 , m ultiplie d
.
, ,

by 4 di v ided b y 8 plus 6 a re how ma n y ?

, , ,

4 1 Three ti m es 8 in cre a s e d b y 6 di v ided b y 3

.
, , ,

di m inished b y 5 a re how ma n y ? ,

4 2 H ow m a n y ti m es 5 ti m es 6 , in cre as e d b y 10 , is 6
.

ti m e s 1 0 i n cre a sed b y 2 0
,

LE SS O N V .

1 . A t 3 cents e a ch , how ma n y m e l ons can 1 buy for

12 c ents ?
S O LU T ION . l
1f 1 m e o n co s t 3 ce n ts , fo r 12 ce n ts I can b u y as
-

m y m e lo s
an n a s 3 i s co n tain e d tim e s in 12 , w ic ar e 4 T e re h h . h
fo r e , & c

2 A t 2 di m es a pie ce , how ma n y books can I buy fo r

3 d im es ?
3 A t 4 cents a ya rd , how ma n y ya rds o f ribbon can 1
.

bu y for 1 6 cents ?
4 H ow ma n y a pples can 1 bu y for 2 1 cents , a t 3 c en ts
.

sp i e ce
5 H ow ma n y ya rds of ribbon a t
.
,
6 c ents a ya rd ,
be b o ugh t for 4 2 c e n t s ?
 M E N T AL A RIT HM E TIC .

6 A ma n g av e 5 0 doll a rs fo r sh e e p , at th e r a te o f
.

de h ars a he a d ; how ma n y did he b uy

7 I a ma n trav el 4 m il e s a n hour , how lo ng will it
f
.

take h i m to tr av el 4 8 m iles ?
8 A ma n g av e 7 b oy s 5 6 ce n ts ; how m u ch did e a ch
”

lzo y re cei v e ?
9 If 8 a pples cost 2 4 ce n ts , how m u ch w ill o n e a ppl e
60 31

1 0 A fa r m er re ce i v ed 8 8 doll a rs for shee p , a t the r a te

.

i f 8 doll a rs e a ch how ma n y did he s e ll ?

;
1 1 H ow m an y kegs , of 9 g allo n s e ach can be fi lle d
.
,

fro m a hogsh e ad , cont a ining 6 3 g allo n s o f m ol a sses ?

12 H o w ma n y d ay s m ust a ma n wor k to e a rn 44 dol
.
~

l a rs , a t the ra te of 4 doll a rs a d ay ?
1 3 H ow ma n y m elons , a t 7 cents apie ce , may be
.

bough t for 8 4 c e n ts ?
14 Ho w ma n y oranges , a t 3 cents e a ch , may be h a d
.

for 5 le m ons , worth 6 ce n ts e ach ?

1 5 H ow ma n y ya rds of l a ce , a t 6 cents a ya rd , m ay
.

be b ought for 3 ya rds o f m uslin , a t 1 2 c ents per ya rd ?

1 6 If a ma n digs 1 0 y ards of dit ch , for 8 di m es a
.

ya rd , how man y bushels of ry e , a t 4 di m es a b ushel , wil l

p y
a hi m
17 . ma n y pounds of m e a t at 6 cents a pound
How , ,

will cost a s m u ch a s 9 ya rds o f ri bb on a t 8 cen ts a yard ?

,

1 8 H ow ma n y b o x es of w a fers worth 6 c e n ts a b o x
.
, ,

may b e b ought for 1 2 sheets of p aper worth 2 cen ts a ,

sheet ?

19 H o w m u ch whe a t a t 6 di m es a b u shel may h e

.
, ,

ur ch a s e d for 1 2 b ushels of cor n worth 5 di m e s a b u sh e l

p ,

2 0 H ow m an y kni v es a t 3 di m es e a ch ca n I b u y fo r
.
, ,

3 di m es in m one y a nd 7 b o x es of r a isi n s a t 4 di m e s
, ,

3 11 0 11
“
r

21 If flour is worth 8 doll a rs per b a rrel how m a ny

.
,

barr e ls can b e b ought for 3 doll a rs a nd 7 b arrels of fi s h

, ,

at 1 1 doll ars per b a rrel ?

2 2 A m an g av e 9 pen cils w orth 5 c ents e a ch for 3

, ,

p a ck a ges o f en v elopes wor th 11 ce n ts e a ch wh at did h e

,

los e ?
 M E N T AL A RIT H M E TI C . 19

23 . Ho w ma n y l am ps a t 7 di m es e a ch can be bough t ,

fo r 9 di m es in m on e y a nd 6 do z en eggs a t 2 di m es per
, ,

do z en
24 H ow man y ar e 1 2 plus 6 di v ided b y 6 ? 2 5 plus 5
.

di vided b y 5 3 2 plus 8 di v ided b y 8 4 2 plus 7 di v i d e d

by 7 ? 4 5 p l us 9 di v id ed b y 9 ?
2 5 H o w ma n y a re 1 6 a nd 4 di v i ded b y 4 ? 2 1 an d 1
.

di v ided b y 7 ? 4 4 a nd 1 1 di v ided b y 1 1 ? 6 0 a n d
d iv ided b y 1 2 ? 9 6 a n d 8 di v ided b y 8 ?
“
6 H ow ma n y a re 9 0 m i n us 9 di v ided b y 9 ?
. 80
m i n us 8 dim d e d b y 8 ? 10 0 m inus 4 di v ided b y 4 1 10
m i n us 10 d 1V 1 d e d b y 1 0 ? 1 4 4 m inus 1 2 di v ided b y 1 2
?

2 7 H ow ma n y a re 6 ti m es 8 di v ided b y 4
.
? 7 t im es
9 di v ided by 3 ? 1 0 ti m es 6 di v ided b y 12 ? 9 ti m es 9
di v ided b y 3 z 1 2 ti m es 1 0 di v i ded b y 5
2 8 H ow m an y a re 2 ti m es 2 2 di v ided b y 1 1
. 4 ti m e s
1 4 di v ided b y 3 ti m es 1 5 di v ided b y 5 ? 6 ti m es 16
di v ided b y 8 ? 8 ti m es 1 8 di v ided b y 1 2 ?
2 9 H ow man y a re 4 8 di v ided b y 6 plus 8 ? 3 0 di v ided
.
,

by 5 plus 6 ? 2 8 di v ided b y 7 plus 1 7 ? 5 0 di v ided b y

, .
,

5 plus 1 5 ? 3 5 di v ided b y 7 plus 1 7 8 4 di v ided b y 1 2

, , ,

plus 2 2
3 0 Twi ce a n u m b er
. 3 ti m es the nu m b er 4 ti m es ,
—

the nu m b er 2 ti m es the nu m b er e q u a ls h o w man y

, ,

ti m es the nu m b er ?

N o r a With y o n g p u p il s th is an d th e fo ll o w in g p r o b l e m s
—
u

sh l d b e e d s l w l y th a t th e p p il s m ay s o l e th e m a s th e
ou r a o , u v

te ch e r r e d s
a M o e ad
a . c e d p p il s s h o l d b e r e q u i e d t
r v an u u r o

enu n ci ate th e m a fte r th te ach e h as r e ad t h e m an d th e n so l v e

e r ,

th e m .

31 Three ti m es a nu m ber
. 2 ti m es the nu m ber 4 , ,

4 ti m es the n u m b er 5 ti m es the nu m b er e q u a ls how

, ,

man y ti m es the n u m b er ?
3 2 Hour ti m es Sus a n s a ge 3 ti m es her a ge 5
’
.
, ,

tim es her a ge 2 ti m es her a ge

,
3 ti m es her a ge ,
—
,

e q u a ls 13 y e a rs ; how old is S us an ?
3 3 T hree ti m es H enr y s n u m b er of m a rbles
.
’
twi ce ,

his nu m b er 3 ti m es hi s nu m b er
,
4 ti m es his n u m ,

be r ,
5 ti m es his n u m ber e q u a ls 1 5 ; how ma n y h a s h e ?
,
20 M E N T AL A R IT HM E TIC .

34 E ight ti m es a n u m b er ,
by by 6 by 3 X ,
-

by 5 , by 1 0 e q u a ls how m a ny ti m es th e nu m b e r ?
—
,

35 Fi v e ti m es a num b e r X b y 4 4 b y 1 0 X by 6
.
, ,
-

, ,

b y 4 X by 2 e q u als h o w ma ny ti m e s the nu m b er ?
, ,

3 6 T hink of an y nu m b er m ul tipl y it b y 6 di v ide by

.
, ,

3 m ultipl y b y 2 di v ide by 4 a dd 10 su b tra c t t h e

, , , ,

n u m b er thought of div 1de b y 5 an d the q u otient is

, ,
w h at ?
3 7 T hi nk of a nu m b er m ultipl y it by 10 di v ide it
.
, ,

by 5 m ulti pl y b y 3 di vid e b y 6 a dd 1 6 su b tract th e

, , , ,

nu m b e r tho u ght of div id e by 8 and the q uotient is

, ,
Wh at ?
3 8 T hree ti m es M ary s age m ultipli e d b y 6 di v id e d
’

.
, ,

by 9 m ul tiplied b y 4 di v ided b y 8 e q u a ls 1 6 y e ars ;

, , ,

how old is M a ry ?
3 9 Thi n k of a nu m b e r m ul tipl y it b y 5 m u l tipl y
.
, ,

th at b y 4 di vide the p rodu ct by 1 0 m ul tipl y by 6 di

, , ,

v ide b y 3 a dd 3 0 su b tract 4 ti m e s the nu m ber di v i de

, ,
“

by 5 a nd n am e th e q uo tien t
,
.

4 0 W h a t is D i v i s i o n ?
. N am e an d de fi n e e a ch t e r m
e m p l oy ed W h a t kind of nu m b ers may e a h ter m be
. o

res p e cti v e l y

SE CTIO N II .

LE SS O N 1 .

1 I f I di v ide a n a pple into two e qu a l p a rts wh at is

.
,

o ne of these p a rts c a lled ? Wh a t a re 2 of the se p art s

c all e d ?

2 H o w ma n y h a l v es of a n a pple in o n e a pple ?
3 W h a t is 1 h a lf of 6
S u mm o n 1 h al f o f 6 is 3 b e cau s e 2 tim e s 3 ar e 6
—
,
22 M E N T AL A R IT H M E T T C .

26 Hav i n g 2 7 pe a ches I sold 2 thirds of the m ; h o w

,

m a n y did I sell ?
2 7 H e n ry g av e his sister 2 thirds of 39 or a nges ; h o w
m a n y did he 1 e ta in
2 8 H ir am lost 2 thirds of 3
. 6 doll a rs how m u e l :
m one y h a d he re maini n g ?
2 9 C h a ndler h av ing 3 0 pe a rs g av e 1 third to M ai ia
.
, , ,

an d 1 third to Ja ne ; how m an y re ma ined ?

I di v ide a n a pple into 4 e qu a l p arts wh a t are ,

a nd 3 of these p ar ts ?
3 1 H o w ma n y fourths of a n appl e in a whole a pple ?
.

3 2 W h a t is 1 fourth of 4
.
? of 8 ? of 2 0 ? of 3 2 ?
3 3 W h a t is 1 fourth o f 1 2 ? of 2 4 ? of 1 6 ? of 4 8 ?
.

3 4 W h a t a re 2 fourths of 2 4 ? of 1 6 ? of 2 8 ? of 3 6 ?
.

35 W
. h a t a re 2 fourt hs o f 1 2 ? of 2 0 ? of 4 0? of 4 8 ?

3 6 W h a t a re 3 fourths of 2 0 ? o f 2 4 ? of 1 2 ? o f 1 6 ?
.

3 7 W h at a re 3 fourths of 1 6 ? of 2 8 ? of 4 0 ? of 5 2 ?
.

3 8 J aco b h av ing 4 4 pe n s sold 2 fourths of the m to

.
,

J oseph ; how m an y pens did J oseph re cei v e ?

3 9 If a yard of cloth co s t 8 doll a rs wh at wil l 3 fou 1 ths
.
,

o f a ya rd cost ?
40 A bo y so l d 2 fourths o f 2 8 pe ars ; how ma n y h ad
.

he re mai n in g ?
41 S am son g av e his brother 1 fourth a nd his siste r 2
.
,

fourth s of 2 8 oranges ; how ma n y did e a ch r e ce 1 v e ?

4 2 M a r i on found 2 fourths of 2 8 ce n ts a nd then l ost
.
,

3 four ths o f 1 6 cents ; how ma n y re ma ined ?

4 3 A h av ing 2 4 plum s g av e 1 h alf of the m to B
.
, ,

an d 1 third to 0 ; how ma n y h a d he left ?

4 4 H ar1e igh is 2 4 y e a rs of age a n d Townsend i s 3

.
,

fourths as o l d ; how o l d 1 S T ow n se n d ?
4 5 A far nie r h ad 3 6 sheep of whi ch A bought 1
.
,

half and a dog ki l l e d 1 third ; how ma n y re ma i n e d ?

,

4 6 A m er ch a nt h av i n g 4 0 b a rrels of flour so ld 3 ,

fourths of the m a nd the n b ou ght 1 third as ma n y as h e

,

s old
; h o w ma n y h a d he then ?
 M E NT A L A R IT H M E T IO . 23

LE SS O N II .

1 I f y ou di v ide a n m a nge into 5 e q u a l p a rts , wh at

.

2 3 a n d 4 of these p a rts ca lled

, ,
.

2 Ho w ma n y fi fths i n one or a nge ?

.

. 1
3 W h a t is 1 fi fth of 1 0 ? of 2 5 ? of 5 ? o 3 0 f ?

4 W h a t a re 2 fi fths o f 1 5 ? of 3 0 ? of 4 5 ? of 6 0 ?
.

5 W h a t a re 2 fi fths of 5 5 ? of 3 5 ? of 4 0 ? of 5 0 ?
.

6 W h a t a re 3 fi fths o f 1 0 ? of 3 0 ? of 2 5 ? of 55 ?
.

7 W h a t a re 4 fi fths of 2 0 ? of 5 0 ? of 6 0 ? of 1 0 0
.

8 M a ry h a s 1 5 or a nges a nd Ra ch a el 2 fi fths as ma n y ;
.
,

h o w ma n y h a s Rach a el ?
9 S us a n s age is 2 5 y e a rs a nd her sister is 4 fi fths a s
’
,
.
tD

ol d ; how old 1 s h e r sister ?

1 0 R owl a nd 1s 3 5 y e a rs of a ge a nd hi s wife 1s 3 fi fths
.
,

as old ; h o w old 1 8 h is wife ?

1 1 A horse cost 1 0 0 doll ars a n d a S l eigh 3 fi fths a s

.
,

m u ch ; re q uired the cost of the sleigh .

1 2 A ma n h av ing 4 0 sheep lost 2 0 a nd found only

‘

,
.
,

3 fi fths of the m ; h o w ma n y re ma ined ?

1 3 A ma n h av ing 5 0 cows sol d 4 fi fths of the m an d
.
, ,

then b ought 4 fi fths a s ma n y a s he sol d ; how ma n y h a d

he then ?
1 4 4 fi fths of 2 00 doll a rs is 2 ti m es wh a t E m il y s
’

,
.

w at ch cost ; wh a t w as the cost of the w at ch ?

1 5 I f y ou di v ide a m elon into 6 e q u a l p a rts wh a t are
.
,

. 3 4 a nd 5 of these p a rts ca lled ?

1
, , ,

1 6 H o w m a n y Si x ths a re there i n a singl e thing ?

17 Wh a t a re 2 Si x ths of 2 4 ? of 1 8 ? of 3 6 ? o f 6 0 ?
1 8 W h a t a re 3 Si x ths of 1 2 ? of 4 2 ? of 3 0 ? of 6 6 ?
.

19 W h a t a re 4 S i x ths of 6 ? of 3 6 ? of 4 8 ? o f 54 ?
.

2 0 W h a t a re 5 Si x ths of 1 8 ? of 54 ? of 2 4 ? o f 72 ?
.

2 1 W h a t will 2 S i x ths o f 1 2 ya rds of t ape cost, a t 3

.

cents a ya rd ?
2 2 R aub h av i n g 4 8 pen s sold 3 Si x ths to Fre s co l n
.
,
.

an d 2 S i x ths to Mor ga n ; how ma n y did he sel l tc both

 M E N T A L ARIT H M E TI C .

23 W h at will 5 S i x ths of 3 6 ya rds o f cl oth cost, at

.

th e r a te of 2 doll a rs a ya rd ?
2 4 W arren h a d 1 2 ma rbles a nd O li v er h a d 5 Si x th s
.
,

as ma n y l acking 4 ; how man y h ad O li v er ?

,
'

2 5 H ow ma n y ya rds of cloth can y ou buy for 2 0 d e l

.

la rs if 1 ya rd cost 2 fi fths of 1 0 doll a rs ?

,

2 6 D a n a h av ing 6 0 pe a ches g av e 2 Si x ths of the m to

.
,

Ba rton a nd 3 Si x ths to B enton how ma n y re m ained ?

,

2 7 If 1 ya rd of linen cost 5 Si x ths of 3 6 cents how

.
,

m a n y ya rds can y ou bu y for 3 fourths o f 8 0 c e n ts ?

2 8 2 thirds o f 3 0 doll a rs i n cre a sed b y 2 thirds of 60
.
,

doll a rs is 1 0 doll ars less th a n A s m one y ; re q uired A s

,
’ ’

m o n ey .

2 9 Fr az ier h av ing 40 pens g av e B rown 1 0 a nd S e a l

.
,
, ,

2 Si x ths of the re ma inder ; how ma n y h a d he left ?

30 If a m elon be di v ided into 7 e q u a l p a rts , W h a t are
.

l 2 3 4 5 a nd 6 of these p a rts ca lled ?

, , , , ,

3 1 H o w ma n y se v enths a re there in one ?

.

3 2 Wh a t is 1 se v enth of 2 1 ? of 2 8 ? of 4 2 ? of 5 6 ?
.

3 3 W h a t a re 2 se v enths of 2 8 ? of 4 9 ? of 6 3 ? of 70 ?
.

34 W h a t a re 3 se v enths of 1 4 ? of 3 5 ? of 49 ? of 2 8 ?
.

3 5 W h a t a re 4 se v enths of 70 ? of 77 ? of 6 3 ? of 8 4 ?
.

3 6 W h a t a re 5 se v enths of 77 ? of 9 1 ? of 4 2 ? of 14 0 ?
.

3 7 W h a t a re 6 se v enths of 3 5 ? o f 4 2 ? of 4 9 ? o f 2 8 ?
.

3 8 4 se v enths of 2 1 a re how ma n y ti m es 3 4 a nd 6 ?
.
, , ,

3 9 6 se v enths of 6 3 a re h o w ma n y ti m es 3 6 a nd 9 ?
.
, , ,

4 0 A w a t ch w a s bought for 70 doll a rs a nd sold for 6

.
,

se v enths o f its cost ; re q uired the loss ?

4 1 If 1 h alf of 4 ya rds of cloth cost 1 0 doll a rs wh a t

.
,

wi l l 1 fi fth o f 10 ya rds cos t ?

4 2 A g av e 70 dol l a rs for a w a t ch 3 se v enths a s m u ch
.
,

fo r a ch a in a nd sold the m both for 9 0 doll a rs ; re q uire d

,

tn e loss .

4 3 3 se v enths of 5 6 doll a rs is 6 doll a rs m ore th an 1

.

third of a l o a d o f h ay cost wh a t will 3 lo a ds cos t a t th e

; ,

sam e r a te

4 4 4 se v e n th s of 4 2 doll a rs is 1 2 doll a rs less th an 1

.

h a lf of a building l o t cost ; re q uired the cost of the le t

 M E N T AL AR IT H M E TI C . 25

45 R i ch a rd h a d 3 6 0 doll a rs 1 third of w h i c h h e s pe n t
.
,

fo r a horse 1 fourth for a w a t ch a nd 1 si x th for a sleigh

, ,

h o w m u ch h ad he re ma ining ?
4 6 M r A h aving 1 4 0 doll a rs g av e 3 se v enths of it to
. .
,

the po o r a nd l ost 3 fourths of the re ma in der h o w m u ch

,

then re m a ined ?

LE S S O N III .

1 If a n y thing be di v ided into 8 e q u a l p a rts , wh a t is

.

one o f these p a rts called ?

2 W h at a re 2 3 4 5 6 a nd 7 of these p arts ca ll ed
.
, , , , , ,

an d how ma n y eighths in a unit ?

3 W h a t is 1 eighth of 2 4 ? 4 8 ? 72 ? 8 8 ?
.

4 W h a t a re 2 eighths of 3 2 ? 4 0 ? 5 6 ? 72 ?
.

5 W h a t a re 3 eighths of 1 6 ? 6 4 ? 8 0 ? 9 6 ?
.

6 1V h at a re 5 eighths of 8 ? 2 4 ? 4 8 ? 6 4 ?
.

7 W h a t is 1 h al f o f 3 ? 5 ? 7 ? 9 ? 1 1 ?
.

8 W h a t is 1 third of 5 ? 7 ? 8 ? 10 ? 1 3 ?
.

9 W h a t a re 2 thirds of 8 ? 1 4 ? 1 6 ? 1 7 ? 1 9 ?
.

1 0 W h a t a re 3 fi fths 0 f 9 ? 2 1 ? 1 7 ? 2 4 ? 3 1 ?
.

1 1 W h a t a re 5 eighths of 7 ? 1 0 ? 14 ? 1 8 ? 2 0 ?
.

1 2 2 eighths of 2 4 a re how m a n y ti m es 3
.

1 3 3 eighths o f 4 0 a re how ma n y ti m es 5 ?
.

1 4 4 eighths of 8 0 a re how ma n y ti m es 8 ?
.

1 5 5 eighths of 56 a re how ma n y ti m es 7 ?
.

1 6 6 eighths of 6 4 a re how ma n y ti m es 1 2 ?
.

7 eighths of 72 a re h o w m a n y ti m es 3
1 8 3 eighths of 3 2 a re how ma n y ti m es 1 third of 1 2 ?
1 9 6 eighths of 4 0 a re how ma n y t im es 1 fourth of 2 4 ?
.

2 0 4 eighths of 4 a re how ma n y ti m es 2 thirds of 1 8 ?

2 1 7 eigh ths of 9 6 a re how ma n y ti m es 4 fi fths of 1 0 ?
3 eighths of 5 6 a re how ma n y ti m es 5 si x ths of 4 2 ?
2 3 5 se v enths of 2 8 a re h o w ma n y ti m es 5 se v enths
.

o $14 ?
2 4 2 th irds of 2 7 a re h o w ma n y ti m es 3 fourths of 1 2 ;
.

3 a
26 M E N T A L A RIT HM E TI C
25 I f a single thing be di v ided into 9 e q u a l p a rts,
.

wh a t are 1 ,
4 & c of these p a rts called ?
,
.
,

W h a t are 2 ninths of 1 8 ? 2 7? 4 5 ? 3 6 ?
2 7 W h a t a re 3 ninths of 6 3 ? 72 ? 8 1 ? 2 7 ?
.

2 8 W h a t a re 4 ninths of 9 ? 3 6 ? 5 4 ? 8 1 ?
.

W h a t are 5 ninths of 5 4 ? 72 ? 6 3 ? 2 7 ?
3 0 W h a t a re 6 ninths o f 8 1 ? 1 8 ? 3 6 ? 90 ?
.

3 1 W h a t a re 7 ninths of 1 8 ? 9 9 ? 2 7? 10 8 ?
3 2 3 ti m es 6 a nd 2 thirds o f 6 a re how ma n y
.
, ,

3 3 4 ti m es 1 2 a nd 3 fourths o f 1 2 a re h o w ma n y ?
.
, ,

3 4 5 ti m es 1 0 a nd 3 fi fths of 1 0 a re how ma n y ?
.
, ,

3 5 6 ti m es 1 2 a nd 3 Si x ths o f 1 2 a re how ma n y ?
.
, ,

3 6 5 ti m es 7 a nd 4 se v enths o f 7 a re how ma n y ?
.
, ,

9 ti m es 8 a nd 5 eighths of 8 a re how ma n y
, ,
? -

3 8 2 ti m es 1 8 a nd 7 ninths of 1 8 a re how m an y ?
.
, ,

39 2 ninths of 1 8 a re h o w ma n y ti m es 2 thirds of 3 ?
.

4 0 5 ninths of 2 7 a re h o w man y ti m es 5 Si x ths of 6 ?

.

4 1 6 ninths of 5 4 a re h o w ma n y ti m es 4 fi fths of 1 5 ?
.

4 2 3 ninths of 72 a re how ma n y ti m es 2 eighths of 1 6

.
?

43 7 eighths of 2 4 a re h o w ma n y ti m es 7 eighths
.

of 8?
4 4 5 si x ths of 4 8 a re how ma n y ti m e s 5 se v enths
.

of 14 ?

4 5 4 se venths o f 5 6 a re how ma n y ti m es 8 ninths

.

of 1 8 ?
4 6 A bought 1 5 horses , an d sold 6 o f the m , an d the n
.

l a cked 4 of h av ing 2 0 ; how ma n y h a d he a t fi rst ?

4 7 H ir am a nd O li v er h a d e a ch 2 6 c ents ; a fter H iram
.

h ad gi v en O li v er 1 0 , a nd O li v er h a d gi v en H ir am 6 , h o w
m a n y h a d e a ch ?
4 8 A fa r m er h av ing 48 bushels of o a ts , sold 4 si x ths
.

of t h e m to o n e ma n , a nd 1 fourt h to a nother ; how ma n y

bushels did he sell to e a ch ?

4 9 A b ou ght 6 0 cows , a nd s old 2 si x ths o f the m to
.

B, a nd 3 ti m es 2 tenths o f the re ma in d er to 0 ; h o w
m a n y then re m a ined ?
 M ENTA L A RIT H M E TIU 27

LE SS O N I V .

1 H a rry g a ve
third of a n a pple to his brother an d
1 ,

2 thi rds to his sister ; h o w m u ch did h e gi v e a w ay ?

2 M a tthew g av e 2 fi fths of a pe a ch to E li a s a n d 3
.
,

fi fths to Morris ; h o w m u ch did he gi v e to b o th ?

3 If I gi v e 3 se v enths of a m elon to Ha rry a n d 4
.
,

se v enths to Ha r v e y how m uc h do I gi v e a w ay ?
,

4 F a nn y e a t 3 eighths of a q u a rt of chestnuts y ester

.

d ay a nd 4 eighths to d ay ; how ma n y did sh e e a t in a ll ?

,
-

5 E ll a g av e 1 fourth of a m elon to P hebe 2 fourths

.
,

to C a rrie , a nd 3 fourths to K ate ; how m u ch did s h e gi v e

6 .P hilip g av e 2 Si x ths of a doll ar to Ja ne 3 Si x ths to ,

S a r a h a nd 5 S i x ths to E l i za ; how m u ch did he gi v e

,

a w ay
7 W illis l ost 7 eighths of a do l l a r a nd h a d 9 eighths
.
,

e m ain in g ; h o w m u ch h a d he a t fi rst ?

8 M a tthew lost 6 eighths of a doll a r fro m on e po cket ,

.

and 7 eighths fro m th e other a nd h a d 5 eighths re ma in

,

ing how m u ch h a d he a t fi rst ?

9 D or a g av e 3 ninths of a pound of r a isins to E l l a ,
.

a nd 7 ninths to D aisy a n d then h a d 3 ninths re ma ining ;

,

how ma n y h a d sh e a t fi rst ?
1 0 W h a t is the su m of 1 fourth , 3 fou rths 5 fourths , ,

7 fourths a nd 9 fourths ?
,

1 1 Ja ne h a d 7 eighths of a pound of ca ndies an d g av e

.
,

Mari a 5 eighths h o w ma n y eighths re ma ined ?

12 Fr a nk h a d 6 se v enths o f a m elon , a nd g av e A bram
.

4 se v enths ; h o w m u ch re mai ne d ?
1 3 L ouis a h av ing 1 0 eighths of a doll a r g av e L i z z ie
.

7 eighths of it ; how m u ch re ma ined ?

1 4 W h a t is the di fferen ce between 5 se v enths , a nd th e
.

su m of 4 se v enths a nd 6 se v enths ?

1 5 S a llie h av ing 2 4 p e a rs g av e B uel a 2 e igh th s

, c
28 M E N T AL A R IT H M E I IO
’
.

A m and a 3 eighths, a nd Jam es ] eighth of the m ; h ow

ma n y re mained ?
1 6 R ufus h av ing 1 third o f a q u a rt o f chestnuts ,
.

b ough t 4 thirds of a qu a rt, an d then sold 1 q u art ; wh a t

pa rt of a q u a rt r e ma ined ?
1 7 P eter h av ing 5 Si x ths o f a bushel of apples sold
.
,

si x ths a nd then bought 2 si x ths of a bushel ; h o w

,

ma n y si x ths h a d he then ?
1 8 W h a t is the di fferen ce between the su m o f 3
.

eighths a nd 7 eighths , a nd the su m o f 4 eighths a nd 5

eig h ths
1 9 A bought 2 0 sheep a nd sold 2 tenths o f the m to
.
,

B 3 tenths to C a nd 4 tenths to D ; h o w ma n y sheep

, ,

re ma in e d
2 0 A l a d y h av ing 3 6 ya rds of ta pe sold 5 ninths of
.
,

it to on e person a nd 3 nin ths to a nother ; how m u c h

,

h a d sh e then ?
2 1 M a ri a n a h a d 3 fourths of a pint of n uts E l va h ad
.
,

twi ce a s ma n y a nd E z r a 3 ti m es a s man y ; how m an y

,

h a d the y al l ?
2 2 A bough t 4 ninths o f a b ushel of whe a t a n d 14
.
,

bough t 3 ti m es a s m u ch ; how m u ch did B b u y ?

2 3 If 1 ya rd of cloth cost 5 si x ths of a doll a r wh a t
.
,

W ill 6 ya rds cost ?

2 4 A t 7 ninths of a doll a r e a ch wh a t will 9 turke y s
,

cost ?

2 5 “ h a t is the su m o f 5 ti m es 3 ninths a nd 3 ti m e s
.
T
,

5 ni n ths
2 6 M a ry h av i n g 11 fi fths of a m elo n g av e 2 fi fth s
.
,

to S a r a h a nd twi c e a s m u ch to S ophi a ; how m u ch re

,

mai n ed ?
2 7 H ow m u ch gre a ter is 7 ti m es 2 se v e n ths th a n 4
.
,

ti m es 3 se v enth s ?
2 8 C ornell g av e 3 ti m es 3 Si x ths of a n apple to G r ay
. .

and h a d 4 tim es a s m u ch re maining ; how m u ch h a d h e

at fi rs t ?

2 9 H o w m u ch is 5 ti m es 3 fourths m inus 2 ti m e s 3
.
,

fo u rth s , p l us 6 ti m es 3 fourths m inus 7 ti m e s 3 fourth s ?

,
30 ME N T A L A R IT fi M EI LC '
.

2 . W h a t wil l 5 le m ons cost a t the ra te

, of 3 fo r 12
c ents ?
3 I f 3 p a irs o f shoes cost 6 doll a rs how m u ch will 5
.
,

p a irs cost ?
4 W h at will 9 c a ndies cost if 4 ca ndies cost 8 cen ts ?
.
,

5 If 4 pe a ches a re worth 8 cents wh a t a re 8 pe a che s

.

Worth .

6 W h a t a re 1 0 or a nges worth if 8 ora nges cost 16

.

,
cents

7 If 7 pounds o f m e a t cost 4 2 cents wh a t will 9

.
,

p o unds cost ?

8 W h a t cost 7 sheep a t the rate o f 5 for 3 0 doll a rs ?

.
,

9 W h a t cost 1 1 b a rrels of flour, a t the r a te o f 5 b a rrels

.

fo r 3 0 doll a rs ?
1 0 I f 1 2 bo x es o f fi gs cost 48 doll a rs , wh a t will 7
.

bo x es cost ?
1 1 H o w m u ch will 7 cows cost if 3 cows ar e bough t
.
,
for 6 0 doll a rs ?
1 2 H ow fa r will a ma n tr av e l in 1 2 d ay s a t the r a t e
.
,

o f 3 6 m iles in 4 d ay s ?

1 3 H o w ma n y tons o f h ay will a dro v er feed in 1 1

.

Weeks a t the r a te of 1 0 tons in 5 weeks ?

,

1 4 H o w m u ch m ust be p a id for the keeping o f 1 3

.

horses a t the r a te of 8 0 cents for 4 horses ?

,

1 5 R e q uired the va lue of 5 du cks a t the r a te o f 1 2 0

.
,

cents fo r 3 du cks .

1 6 M a ry g av e 10 cents for a pples a t th e r a te o f 3

.
,

cents for 9 ; how ma n y did s h e b u y ?

17 F a nn y p a id 8 doll a rs for silk a t the ra te o f 5 do ]

.
,

mm for 1 5 ya rds ; h o w ma n y did sh e bu y ?

1 8 1V il kin s o n w a lked 7 hours a t the r ate of 12 m ile s
.
,

in 4 hours how fa r did he trav el ?

1 9 R ob ert g av e 1 2 or a nges for a pples a t the r a te o f
.
,

3 or a nges for 9 a pples h o w ma n y a pples did h e g e t ? .

2 0 A t the r a te of 3 m elons for 1 2 or a nges h o wma n y

.
,

o ra ng e s can b e bought fo r 1 0 m elons ?

2 1 If 6 m en can m ow 1 2 a cres of gr a ss in a d ay , h o w
.

m u ch can 8 m en m ow in the s am e ti m e ?
 M E N T A L A RIT H M E TI C . 31

22 . I f 1 ( m en can dig 3 0 rods of dit ch in on e d ay,

h o w m u ch can 1 2 m e n do i n the s am e ti m e ?
2 3 H ow long will it t ake 4 l a dies to drink a bo x o f
.

te a if 6 l a dies can d rink it in 1 2 d ay s ?

,

24 If 5 bo ys can do a pie ce of work in 1 6 d ay s , h o w

.

long will it ta ke 2 0 bo y s to do it ?
2 5 In wh a t ti m e will 8 girls pi ck a bushe l of b erries ,
.

if 4 girls can do it in 8 hours ?

2 6 H ow ma n y m en will be re q uired to b ui l d a bo a t in
.

6 d ay s if 3 m en can do it in 1 2 d ay s ?
,

2 7 H ow m a n y m e n can do a s m u ch work in 4 d ay s
.
,

a s 8 m en can in 4 0 d ay s ?
2 8 If it re q uire 1 0 m en 8 d a y s to build a w a ll , h o w
.

ma n y m en will b e re quired to build it in 5 d ay s ?

2 9 If 5 m en bui l d a bo a t in 2 0 d ay s how ma n y m en
.
,

will be re q uired to do it in 1 fourth of the ti m e ?

3 0 W h a t cost 1 h alf of 1 2 ya rds of cloth , a t the ra te
.

of 1 2 doll a rs for 4 ya rds ?

3 1 If 7 ya rds o f ca sh m ere cost 2 1 doll a rs , wh a t wi ll 2

.

thirds of 5 ya rds cost

1 ?

3 2 W h a t cost 3 fourths of 8 pounds o f co ffee , a t th e

.

ra te of 1 0 pounds for 6 0 cents ?

3 3 If 3 fi fths of 10 ya rds o f ribbon cost 3 0 ce n ts ,
.

wh a t will 4 si x ths of 1 2 ya rds cost ?

3 4 M a ry g av e 7 a pples for 2 1 ches t nuts ; a t this r ate
.

how ma n y chestnuts could sh e get for 8 a pples ?

3 5 If 8 le m ons a re worth 1 6 or a nges , h o w ma n y
.

o r a nges can y ou bu y for 1 0 le m ons ?

3 6 A t the r a te of 6 citrons for 1 8 m elons , how m a n y

m e lo n s may be pur ch a se d for 1 1 citrons ?
3 7 If 9 apples a re worth 2 7 chestn uts , h o w m any
.

chestnuts may b e h a d for 1 2 a pples ?

3 8 If 3 se v enth s of 14 bun ches o f gr ap es cost 24

.

ce n ts wh a t a re 2 fi fths of 1 5 b un ches worth ?

,

3 9 P eter can w a lk 3 fourths of 8 m iles whi l e J ohn

.

walks 1 2 ; how fa r can J ohn go while P eter w a lks 7 m iles ?

4 0 If 8 q u a rts of m o l a sses c ost 4 0 cen ts , wh a t wi ll 4
.

si x ths of 2 4 q u a
r t s cost ?
 32 ME NTA L AR I THM E T I C .

41 W h a t m ust I p ay to ride 1 h a lf of 14 m i l es if it
.

,
cost m e 2 0 di m es to ride 2 thirds of 1 5 m iles ?
4 2 I g av e 8 ya rds of m uslin for 6 g a llons o f m ol a sses ;
.

wh a t did the m ol a sses cost a g allon if 4 ya rds of m usli n ,

cost 4 8 c ents ?

4 3 A g av e 9 bushels of whe a t for 3 b a rrels of fl our ;

.

wh a t w a s the whe a t worth a bushel if 8 b a rrels of flour ,

c ost 72 doll a rs

4 4 B b ought 7 ya rds of cloth fo r 2 1 doll ars a nd g av e

.
,

4 ya rds for a pples worth 2 doll a rs per b a rrel ; h Ow ma n y

b a rrels o f a pples did he re cei v e ?
4 5 0 g av e 7 gr amma rs for 6 a rith m eti cs h ow m u ch
.

were the gr amma rs worth e a ch if 5 a rith m eti cs cost 3 5

,

di m es
4 6 If 7 a pples cost 2 1 cents how ma n y a pples m ust
.
,

be gi v e n for 9 pe a ches bought a t the r a te of 3 for 1 2

,

cen ts

4 7 R eu b en h a d 9 or a nges worth 4 cents a pie ce a n d

.
,

Ja ckson h a d 8 le m ons worth 3 c ents e a ch whi ch he g av e ,

to R eu b en for a p a rt of h is or a nges ; h o w ma n y or an ges

h a d R eube n re ma ining ?

LE SS O N VI .

1 . W h a t will on e ya rd of tape cost if 2 th irds of a ,

ya rd cost 4 cents
S O LU T I O N If 2 th ir d s o f a y ar d o f t p e co st 4 ce n ts 1 th i d
— a , r

o f a y ar d W 11 c o s t 1 h al f o f 4 ce n ts w h ich is 2 c e ts a d 3
1 ,
n ,
n

t h i d s o r o e y ar d w ill co s t 3 tim e s 2 ce n ts w h i ch a e 6 ce ts
r ,
n , , r n .

T h e r e fo r e & c
, .

2 W h a t will one bo x of so a p c ost if 3 fourths of a

. .

bo x cost 6 doll a rs ?
3 If 4 fi fth s of a bo x of te a cost 8 doll a rs wh a t will
.
,

one bo x cost ?
4 If 3 fi fths of a ya rd of cl oth cost 6 doll a rs wh a t
.
,

Wi l l one ya rd cost ?
 M E N T AL A RIT HM ET I C . 33

5 . W h a t w ill 2 pounds of st a r ch cost if 5 si x ths of a

.

und cost 1 0 cents ?

p o
6 W h a t cost 2 b a rrels of flour, a t the r a te of 4 do l
.

lars fo r 4 si x ths of a b a rrel ?

7 I f 7 eighths of a keg of oy sters cost 14 shillings,
.

wh a t will be the cost o f 3 kegs of o y sters ?

8 W h a t cost 3 ya rds of cloth , if 3 se v enths o f a ya rd
.

cos t 6 doll a rs ?
9 H ow fa r can A w a lk in 4 d ay s if in 5 si x ths o f a
.
,

day he can w a lk 2 0 m iles ?

1 0 W h a t cost 5 bo x es of ra1 s1n s if 3 fi fths of a bo x
.
,

cost 6 doll a rs ?

1 1 W h a t is 5 ti m es the dist a n ce to L a n ca ster , if 3

.

fou rths of the dist a n c e is 3 m iles ?

1 2 H ow m u ch Will 4 b ushels of a pples cost if 5 tenth s

.
,

of a bushel c ost 5 0 c e n ts ?
1 3 W h a t cost 8 b a rrels of flour if 7 eighths of a b a rre l
.
,

cost 7 doll a rs ?
1 4 M a ry bought 9 pe e ks of be a ns a t the ra te of 1 2
.
,

cents for 6 se v e n ths of a p e e k re q uired the cost .

1 5 H ow m u ch will 5 to n s of h ay cost if 1 0 doll a rs

.
,

w i l l b u y 5 si x ths o f a t o n ?
16 W h a t 1 8 the cost of 1 0 b a rrels o f sug a r, a t the r a te
.

o f 2 0 doll a rs for 4 fi fths of a b a rrel ?

1 7 P elton bought 4 do z en eggs a t th e r a te of 8 c e n ts
.

for 2 thirds o f a do z en ; h o w m u ch did the y cost ?

1 8 W h a t 1s the va lue of 1 h a lf of 6 bushels of pe a ches ,
.

at the r a te of 2 doll a rs for 2 thirds of a bushel ?

19 W h a t cost 2 thirds of 9 ya rds of cloth , if 3 fourths

.

of twel v e ya rds cost 2 7 doll a rs ?

2 0 I f 4 fi fth s of 1 0 le m ons cost 2 4 cents , wh a t cost 3
.

fourths o f 1 2 le m ons ?
2 1 If 3 fourths of a b a rre l of flour cost 6 dol l a rs , what
.

will 5 eighths of a b a rrel cost ?

2 2 3 fourths of 4 0 doll a rs is 6 ti m es wh a t a farm e r
.

g av e for a plough ; re q uired its c ost

.

2 3 A w a tch cost 3 0 doll a rs a nd 4 fi fths o f its cost is

.
,
twi ce the cost of the ch a in ; wh at w a s the c ost of th e ch a in ?
4
84 M E N T A L A R I TH M E T I C .

24 B s horse cost 2 0 0 doll a rs a nd 3 fi fths of its cost

’
,

l a cks 8 0 doll a rs o f b eing 4 ti m es the cos t o f th e sleigh ;

re quire d the cost o f the sleigh .

2 5 A m er ch a nt h av ing 2 0 b arrels o f flour sold 3

.
,

fo urths o f it to A a nd 3 fi fths of the re m ainder to B ;

,

h o w m u c h re ma ined ?
2 6 E l m in a is 2 5 ye a rs o l d a nd 4 fi fths of h e r a ge is
.
,

4 y e a rs less th a n twi ce E l m ira s a ge ; re q uired E l m ira s

’ ’

age .

2 7 Think of a nu m b er m ultipl y it b y 8 di v ide b y 4

.
, , ,

m u l tipl y b y 3 div ide by 6 a dd 2 0 sub tra ct the nu mber

, '
, ,

thought o f di vide by 4 a nd n am e the result

, ,
.

2 8 T h ink o f a nu m b er m ultipl y b y 1 2 di v ide by 3

.
, , ,

m ultipl y b y 2 di v ide by 8 a dd 1 2 su b tra ct the nu m ber

, , ,

thought o f di v ide by 4 a nd n am e the result

, ,
.

2 9 Multipl y 1 0 b y 1 2 di v ide b y 6 m ultipl y b y 5

.
, , ,

di v ide by 2 , m ultipl y by 4 , di v ide by 1 0 a nd n am e the ‘

result .

3 0 H o w man y a re 2 4 m ultiplied b y 6 di v ided b y 3

.
, ,

m ultipli e d by 8 di v ided by 4 , m ultiplied b y 2 , divide d

,

by 4 , di v ided b y 8

LE SS O N VII .

1 . man y thirds are th ere in 4 ?

H ow
S O L U T I O N In 1 th e r e ar e 3 th i d s a d in 4 th e r e
— r ,
n e4
ar

3 th ir d s w h ich a e 1 2 th i d s
,
T h e r e fo r e & c
r r .
,
.

2 . How ma n y thirds in 2 ? 3 ? 5 ? 7? 8 ?
3 . H ow man y fourths in 3 ? 5 ? 6 ? 4 ? 7?
4 . H o w ma n y fifths in 5 ? 4 ? 3 ? 2 ? 8 ?
5 . H o w ma n y si x ths in 3 ? 2 ? 5 ? 6 ? 4 ?
6 . H ow ma n y se v enth s in 2 ? 5 ? 4 ? 7? 9 ?
7 H o w ma n y eighths in 3 ? 6 ? 4 ? 5 ? 7?
8 H o w m an y nin ths in 8 4 ? 6 ? 3 ? 1 0 ?
?
 M E NT A L A RIT H M E TI C . 35

i H ow ma n y thirds i n 3 a nd 2 thirds ? I n
9 .

1 third ?
1 0 H o w m any fi fths in 4 a nd 3 fi fths ? I n 6 a n d 3
.

fifths ?
1 1 H o w ma n y fourths in 2 a nd 1 fourth ? I n 7 an d
.

3 fourths ?
1 2 H o w ma n y se v enths in 5 a nd 6 se v enths ? I n 3
.

an d 4 se v en t hs ?

13 H ow ma n y ninths in 3 a nd 4 ninths ? In 6 a nd
.

7 ninths ?
14 H ow . ma n y si x ths in 7 and 5 si x ths ? In 3 a nd 2
S i x ths ?
15 . H ow ma n y eighths in 5 a nd 3 eighths ? I n 5 a nd
7 eighths ?
1 6 I f 5 ya rds of cl oth cost 2 a nd 1 h al f doll a rs wh a t
.
,

Will 6 ya rds cost ?

1 7 If 4 pe a rs a re wort h 2 a nd 2 third cents wh a t a re
.
,

7 p e a rs worth ?
1 8 W h a t cost 1 0 p e a ches , a t the r a te o f 4 a nd 1 h alf
.

cents for 3
1 9 I f 11 du cks co st 4 a nd 2 fi fths doll a rs , wh a t wi ll
.

12 du cks cost ?
2 0 I f 1 h a lf of eight ya rds o f cloth cost 3 a nd 1 fi fth
.

doll a rs , wh at cost 3 fi fths of 1 5 ya rds ?

2 1 I f 2 thirds of 9 a pples cost 4 a nd 4 fi fths cen ts ,
.

Wh a t will 3 fourths of 1 2 a pples co st ?

2 2 If 4 fi fths o f ten pounds of sug a r cost 5 a nd 1 third
.

di m es wh a t cost 5 se v enths of 1 4 pounds ?

,

2 3 W h a t 0 0 st 4 fi fths o f 1 5 ya rds of m uslin a t th e

.
,

rate of 7 a nd 1 h a lf di m es fo r 3 fourths o f 2 0 ya rds ?

2 4 H ow ma n y whole ones in 6 thirds ?
.

SOLUTION I e th e e a e th
.
— n one th i d s ; h e n ce in s ix th i r ds
r r re r ,

th e r e a e as m a y o e s a s 3 i s co t ai e d t im e s in 6 w h i ch ar e
r n n n n ,

2 . T h e e fo e in 6 th ir d s th e r e a e 2 o n e s
r r ,
r .

H ow man y ones in 6 h al v es ? 9 thirds ? 1 2 thirds ?

25 .

H o w ma n y one s in 1 2 fourths ? 2 0 four ths ? 8

26 .

fo urths ?
 1
36 M E NT A L A R II H M ET IO
' ‘
.

27 H ow ma n y ones in 1 0 fifths ? 1 2 si x th s ? 1 4
.

se v e nths ?
2 8 I l ow ma n y on e s in 1 6 eighths ? 2 1 se v enths ? 2 4
.

eighths
2 9 H o w ma n y ones in 1 8 ninths ? 1 5 thirds ? 2 5
.

fifths
3 0 H ow ma n y ones in 2 8 se v enths ? 3 6 ninths ? 24
.

fou rths
3 1 H o w man y ones in 1 5 thirds ? 2 0 tenths ? 3 3 el e v
.

e n th s

32 . How man y ones in 48 twelfths ? 18 h al v es ? 40

tenths
33 . H o w ma n y ones in 9 h a l v es ? 7 thirds ? 11 fourths ?
34 . H o w ma n y ones in 7 fi fths ? 1 6 fi fths ? 1 9 eighths ?
35 . H o w ma n y ones in 2 0 nin ths ? 1 7 si x ths ? 1 5
fourths
3 6 H ow
. ma n y ones in 1 3 fifths ? 1 1 thirds ? 1 7 fi fths ?
3 7 How. ma n y ones in 2 5 eighths ? 2 3 tenths ? 3 1
ninths
38 . If 2 apples cost 6 fifths of a cent wh at cost
,
5
apples
39 . If 3 pens cost 9 eighths of a cent wh at cost
,
8
pens
40 . If 5 pigs c ost 10 se venths of a doll a r wh a t cost
,

7 pigs ?
4 1 W h at cost 6 p a irs o f boots if 4 p a irs cost 1 2 fi fths
.
,

doll a rs
4 2 W h a t a re 8 pics worth if 3 pies are worth 15
.
,

fourths cents ?
4 3 W h a t cost 12 pine apples if 3 cost 3 fourths o f a
.
,
doll a r
4 4 I f 2 books cost 4 fi fths o f a dol l a r wh a t cost 10
.
,

boo ks
4 5 H o w m u ch a re 9 l am ps w orth , if 5 ar e wort h 10
.

thirds doll a rs ?
4 6 R e q uired the cost of 8 h a ts , if 6 cos t 1 2 fou rth s
.

of a doll a r .
38 ME N T A L A R ITh M E T m .

18 . J ohn h a s 2 0 ma rb les whi ch is 1 tl11rd o f H enry 8

,
’

nu m b er ; h o w ma n y h a s H enry ?
’
1 9 M a ry s sh awl cost 7 dolla rs whi ch is 1 fo u rth
.
,

of the c ost o f her dress ; re q uired the cost o f her dre ss .

2 0 H enry found 5 ma rb les

. whi ch is 1 third of
,

wh a t h e h a d ; h o w ma n y h a d he the n ?
2 1 6 is 1 h a lf o f 3 ti m es wh a t nu m b er ?
.

2 2 5 is 1 fourth o f 2 ti m es wh a t nu m b er ?
.

2 3 8 is 1 third of 4 ti m es wh a t nu m b er ?
.

2 4 1 0 is 1 fourth of 8 ti m es wh a t nu m b er ?
.

2 5 9 is 1 h a lf o f 6 ti m es wh a t nu m ber ?
.

2 6 7 is 1 si x th of 3 ti m es wh at nu m b er ?
.

2 7 1 2 is 1 third o f 9 ti m es wh a t nu m ber ?
.

2 8 4 is 1 n i n th of 6 ti m es wh a t nu m b er ?
.

2 9 1 1 is 1 si x th of 3 ti m es wh a t nu m ber ?
.

3 0 Flora s clo a k cost 10 doll a rs whi ch is 1 third o f

’

,
.

6 ti m es the cost of h e r dress ; re q uired th e cost o f h e r

dress .

3 1 A w a t ch w a s bought for 2 0 doll a rs whi ch is 1

.
,

th 1r d o f 4 ti m es wh a t the ch a in cost ; re q uired the cos t

o f the ch a in .

3 2 T h e he a d o f a fish is 6 in ches long whi ch is 1

.
,

fou th o f 3 ti m es the l ength o f the bod y ; wh a t is th e

'

l ength o f the b ody ?

3 3 A sl ate cost 2 0 cents whi ch is 1 fi fth o f 4 tim es
.
,

th e co s t o f a n a rith m eti c ; re q uired the cos t o f th e m b oth .

3 4 A bo y lost 1 5 cents whi ch is 1 fourth o f 5 ti m es

.
,
.

th e m one y he h a d re ma ining ; h o w m u ch m one y h a d h e

at fi rst ?

3 5 M a ry found 1 2 pins whi ch is 1 fi fth of 3 ti m es

,

wh at sh e then h a d ; how m a n y h a d sh e a t fi rst ?

3 6 8 is 1 third of 1 h a lf of wh at nu m ber ?
.

3 7 4 is 1 fi fth o f 1 third o f wh a t nu m b er ?
.

3 8 3 is 1 fourth o f 1 fi fth of wh at nu m ber ?

3 9 2 is 1 eighth o f 1 fourth o f wh a t nu m b er ?
.

40 3 is 1 se v enth of 1 si x th of wh a t nu m b er ?
.

4 1 4 1s 1 te n th o f 1 fi fth of wh a t nu m b er ?
.

4 2 5 is 1 h alf o 1 se v enth o f wh a t nu m ber ?

f
 M E NTA L A E IT E M ET IG . 39

43 . is 1 fi fth o f 1 third o f wh a t h u m b e 1
6
44 P hilip s v est cost 4 doll ars whi ch is 1 h alf of 1
’
,

third o f the cost of h s coat ; w h a t w a s the cost of h is

i

co a t ?
4 5 M a rtin is 4 y e a rs ol d a nd h is a ge is 1 third of 1
.
,

fourth of his fa ther s a ge ; h o w old is h is fa ther ?

’

4 6 E ll a s bonnet cost 3 d oll a rs whi ch is 1 fi fth of 1

’
.
,

h alf of the cost of her sh a wl ; re q uired the cost of t h e

sh awl .

4 7 A p a id 1 0 doll a rs for a s a ddle whi ch is 1 fi fth

.
,

o f 1 third of the cost o f h is horse re q uired the cost of

;
the ho rse .

4 8 M r A w a l ked 8 m iles whi ch is 4 ti m es 1 se v enth

. .
,

of the dist a n ce he rode ; how fa r did he tr av el ?

4 9 B enton s house cost 2 0 00 doll a rs whi ch is 1 h a l f
’
.
,

o f 4 ti m es the cost of his b a rn re q uired t h e cost of b oth .

5 0 The he a d of a fi sh is 3 in ches long a nd the ta il 5

.
,

in ches whi ch is 1 h a lf o f 1 third o f the l ength of th e

,

body ; re q uired the l ength o f the fish .

LE SS O N IX .

1 . is 2 thirds of wh a t nu mber ?
6
S O L U T I O N If 2 th ir d s o f s o m e num b e r is 6
.
—
,

nu m b e r i s 1 h al f o f 6 w h ich is 3 an d 3
, ,

nu m b e r is 3 t im e s 3 o r 9
,
T h e r e fo r e & c
, .
, .

2 9 is 3 fourths o f wh a t nu m b er ?
.

3 6 is 2 thirds o f wh a t nu m ber ?
.

4 10 is 2 fifths o f wh a t nu m ber ?
.

5 1 2 is 4 si x ths of wh a t nu m b er ?
6 1 0 is 5 se v en t hs of wh a t nu m b er ?
.

7 8 is 4 ninths o f wh at nu m b er ?
.

8 9 is 3 fi fths o f wh a t nu m ber ?
.

9 1 5 is 5 si x hs of wh a t nu m b er ?
.
t

1 0 1 0 is 5 eighths of wh a t nu m ber ?
.
 O
40 M E N T A L A RIT HM E TI C .

11 . is 8 ninths o f wh a t nu m b er ?
16
12 . is 7 thirds o f wh a t nu m b er ?
14
13 Fra nk is 1 2 y e a rs o l d a nd his a ge is 3 fi fths of
.
,

Fann y s a ge ; how o l d is F a nn y ?
’

1 4 A ugustus g av e his brother 1 0 pe a ches whi ch 18

.
,
2 thirds of a ll he h a d ; how ma n y h a d he ?
1 5 Ham pton lost 8 cents whi ch is 4 fi fths of h is
.
,

m one y ; how m u ch h a d he re ma ining ?

1 6 A l a dy found 1 2 doll a rs whi ch is 4 si x ths o f
.
,

wh a t m oney she then h a d ; how m u ch h a d sh e a t fi rst ?

1 7 L ester sold a co w for 2 4 doll ars whi ch is 6 fi fth s
.
,

of the cost o f the co w ; re q uired its cost .

1 8 A fa r m er sold a colt fo r 3 0 doll a rs an d thereb y

.
,

ga ined 1 fifth of the cost o f th e colt ; re q uired the cost .

1 9 Mr M is 2 0 y e a rs o f a ge a nd 4 fi fths of his age

. .
,

is 8 ni nths o f his brother s a ge ; wh a t is th e a ge of h is

’

brother ?
2 0 Fra nk lost 1 2 marb les whi ch is 2 fi fths o f wh at
.
,

he h a d a t fi rst ; how ma n y re mained ?

2 1 1 0 is 1 h a lf of 4 fi fths of wh a t nu m b er ?
.

2 2 1 2 is 1 third o f 6 se v e nths of wh a t n u m b er ?
.

2 3 9 is 1 four th of 4 fi fths of wh at nu m b er ?
.

2 4 1 6 is 2 fi fths o f 1 0 fourths o f wh a t nu m b er ?
.

2 5 4 is 2 fi fths o f 5 si x ths o f wh a t nu m ber ?

.

2 6 6 is 3 four ths of 4 fifths o f wh a t nu m ber ?

.

2 7 1 5 is 5 si x ths of 6 se v enths o f wh a t n u m b er ?
.

2 8 1 4 is 7 fourths o f 4 thirds of wh at nu m b er ?
.

2 9 1 8 is 9 eighths of 4 se v e n ths of wh a t n u m b e r
.

3 0 2 0 is 5 fourths o f 8 thirds of wh a t nu m b er ?
.

3 1 Tho m as sold a b ook for 4 0 ce n ts

. wh ich 13 4,

fi fth s o f 5 si x ths of the co st re q uired the cost .

3 2 S m ile y sol d h is horse for 1 4 0 doll ars w h i ch is 7 ,

eighths o f 4 t hirds o f its v alue ; re q uired its value .

3 3 A s h a t cost 6 doll ars whi ch is 3 fo u r ths o f 4

’
.
,

fifths of the cost of his v est ; re q uired th e cost o f his v est .

3 4 2 0 feet of a pole is in the w a ter whi ch is 2 fi ft h s

.
,

of 5 se v e n ths of the length in the air ; wh a t is the le n gt h

Of the p ole ?
 ME NT A L A RIT H M E TI C . 41

35 po l e is 3 0 feet in the a ir whi ch is 3 fi fths of 2

A ,

fourths o f the length of the p o l e ; re q uired the length in

the m ud a nd w a ter .

3 6 A co w cost 2 4 do l l a rs whi ch is 6 tenths of 2 fi fth s

.

l
,

of the cost o f the co w an d a horse wh a t w a s the cost of

the horse ?
3 7 A ma n so l d his w a t ch for 6 0 doll a rs whi ch is 5
.
,

fourths of 4 ti m es wh a t the ch ain cost a nd t h e w a t ch ,

cost 3 ti m es as m u ch as the ch a in ; wh a t was th e co st o f

e ach
3 8 A s horse c ost 2 00 doll a rs a nd 4 fi ft hs o f the cost
’
.
,

f the hors e is 8 ti m es the cost of his h a rness ; re qu ired

th e cost of the h a rne ss .

3 9 A ma n h a s 2 4 geese a nd 3 fourth s o f the nu m be r

.
,

o f geese e q u a ls 2 ti m es the nu m b er o f turke y s ; h o w

man y turke y s h a d h e ?
4 0 A ma n sold h is horse a nd s l eigh for 2 0 0 dol l a rs
.

and 4 fifths of this is 8 ti m es wh a t his sleigh cost a nd ,

the horse cost 1 0 tim es as m u ch as the sleigh ; re q uire d
th e C O S t of e a ch .

LE SS O N X .

1 6 a re h o w ma n y ti m es 1 ? 2 ? 3 ?
.

2 8 a re h o w ma n y ti m es 1 ? 2 ? 4 ?
.

3 1 2 a re h o w ma n y ti m es 2 ? 3 ? 6 ?
.

4 2 0 a re how ma n y ti m es 4 ? 5 ? 1 0 ?
.

5 3 2 a re how ma n y ti m es 4 ? 8 ? 1 6 ?
.

6 3 0 a re h o w ma n y ti m es 5 ? 6 ? 1 0 ?
.

7 72 a re how ma n y ti m es 6 ? 8 ? 9 ?
.

8 8 0 a re how ma n y ti m es 4 ? 8 ? 2 0 ?
9 W h a t is th e rel a tion o f 8 to 2 ?
.

RE M A E K — 8 is 4 tim e s 2 .

10 . W h a t is the rel ation of 1 2 to 4? O f 15

11 W h a t is the rel ation of 1 6 to 8? O f 18
12 W h a t is th e rel a tion of 2 1 to 7? Of 24
42 M E NT A L A R I T H M E I IO .

13 W h at is the rel a tion of 3 2 to 4 ? O f 2 7 to 9 ?

14 . W h a t is the rel ation of 4 0 to 1 0 ? O f 4 5 to 5 ?
15 . W h a t is the rel ation of 2 8 to 7? O f 3 6 to 4 ?
16 .If 4 yar ds of cloth cost 1 0 doll a rs , wh a t wil l 8
ya rd s cost ?

S o L U T IoN — If 4 y ar d s o f cl o th co s t 1 0 d ol l r s 8 y ar ds w h ich
. a , ,

ar e 2 tim s 4 y ar d s w ill co s t 2 tim e s 1 0 d o ll a s o r 2 0 d o ll ar s

e ,
r , .

T h e r e fo e & c
r , .

17 If 3 bun ches of gra pes cost 8 cents , wh at will 6

.

bun ches cost ?

1 8 If 6 co m bs cost 9 cents , wh a t wil l 1 2 co m bs cost
.

at the s am e r a te ?

1 9 I f 7 p e a ches cost 8 cents wh at will 2 1 p e a ches

.
,

co s t
2 0 I f 5 p a irs o f shoes cost 9 do ll a rs wh a t will 2 0 p airs
.
,

cost ?

2 1 I f 4 pens cost 1 1 cents wh a t wil l 1 2 pens cost ?

.
,

2 2 If 8 du cks cost 5 doll a rs wh a t will 2 4 du cks cost ?

.
,

23 W h a t cost 3 0 l am ps if 5 l am ps cost 7 doll a rs ?

.
,

2 4 H o w m u ch will 4 2 pri m ers cost a t the r a te o f 6

.
,

p ri m ers fo r 2 0 cents ?
2 5 W h at cost 5 6 inkst a nds if 7 inkst a nds co s t 5 do l
.
,

lars
2
6 I f 5 pit chers cost 3 dol l ars , wh a t will 4 5 pit ch e rs
.

cost

2 7 H o w fa r will a ma n tr av el in 4 8 d ay s , if he tr av e l
.

30 m iles in 4 d ay s ?
2 8 If 6 m en can build 1 0 rods o f w a ll in a ce r ta in
.

ti m e h o w ma n y rods can 5 4 m en build in the s am e ti m e ?

,

2 9 H ir am b ought 6 pigs fo r 1 1 doll a rs ; h ow ma ny

.

could he h av e bought for 4 4 doll a rs ?

3 0 7 m en e a rn 1 2 doll a rs in 3 d ay s ; h o w m u ch co u l d
.

the y e a r n in 2 7 d ay s ?
3 1 If 5 pe a ches a re worth on e pe a r, h ow ma n y p e a rs
.

are 3 0 pe a ches wor th ?

3 2 If 8 doll ars will buy 5 gold p ens , h ow ma ny wi ll
.

5 6 doll a rs buy ?
 M E NTA L AR T I H ME T IC . 43

3 3 I f 6 st a nds cost 2 thirds of 1 2 doll a rs , wh at wi ll

.

3 0 stands cos t ?
3 4 4 0 dolla rs is 2 thirds o f wh a t A g av e for shee p ,
.

at the r a te of 1 0 doll a rs for 3 sheep ; how ma n y did h e

p urch a se
3 5 If 4 m en can perform a pie ce of work in 1 8 d ay s ,
.

h ow long will it re q uire 1 2 m en to do it ?

3 6 If 6 m en can build a b o a t in 1 0 fourths d ay s h o w
.
,

long will it t a ke 3 m en to b uild it ?

3 7 1 5 doll a rs is 3 eighths of wh a t A e a rns in 5 d ay s ;

.

h o w m u ch will he e a rn in 1 5 d ay s ?
3 8 1 8 m en a re 3 fi fths of the nu m ber re quired to m o w
.

a fi eld in 8 d ay s ; h o w ma n y m en would be re q uired to

m o w it in 2 4 d ay s ?
3 9 2 0 doll a rs is 4 dol l a rs m ore th a n 2 thirds of 4
.

ti m es wh a t B p aid for a ch ain a n d his w a t ch cost 5 ti m es

,

as m u ch a s the ch a in ; re q uired the cost o f e a ch ?

LESS O N XI .

1 . 4 is wh a t p a rt of 8?

SO L U T I O N .
— 4 is 1 h al f o f 8 , sin ce 2 tim e s 4 ar e 8 .

2 . 3 a nd 6 a re wh a t p arts of 1 2 ?
3 . 4 a nd 8 a re wh a t p arts of 1 6 ?
4 . 3 a n d 6 are wh at p arts of 2 4 ?
5 . 7 a n d 3 a re wh a t p a rts of 2 1 ?
6 . 4 a n d 9 a re wh a t p a rts of 3 6 ?
7 . W h a t is the rel a tion of 2 to 6 ? O f 4 to 8 ?
8 . W h a t is the rel a tion of 3 to 9 ? O f 5 to 1 0 ?

9 . W h a t is the rel ation of 3 to 1 2 ? O f 4 to 1 6 ?

10 . W h at is the rel a tion of 5 to 2 0 ? O f 6 to 3 6 ?
11 W h a t is the rel a tion of 7 to 4 2 ? O f 8 to 4 0 ?
12 W h a t is the rel ation of 6 to 54 ? O f 9 to 2 7 ?
44 M E NT A L A R I i H M E TIO
’ ‘
.

13 W h a t is the rel ation o f 1 0 to 4 0 ? O f 7 to 5 6 ?

.

14 W h at is the rel ation of 1 1 to 5 5 ? O f 1 2 to 4 8 ?

.

15 If 6 a pples cost 1 0 cents wh a t wil 3 a pples cost ?

.
,

RE MA R K . 3 ap p l e s th e h al f o f 6 will co s t o n e h al f o f 10
—
, ,
-

ce n ts
.

1 6 H o w m u ch will 5 b ooks cost , if 2 0 books cos t 1 6

.

doll a rs ?
1 7 W h a t cost 3 kni v es if 1 8 kni v es cost 2 4 doll a rs ?
.
,

1 8 If 1 4 pen cils cost 3 5 cents wh a t will 2 pen cil s

.
,

cost ?

1 9 I f 10 pe a ches a re worth 1 2 or a nges h o w ma n

y
.

,
o ra nges a re 5 pe a ches worth ?

2 0 H ow m u ch will 4 a pples cost if 1 6 a pples cost 2 4

.
,

cen ts

2 1 H o w m u ch will 9 pigs cost, if 2 7 pigs cost 3 6

.

doll a rs
2 2 W h a t cost 7 tons o f h ay if 5 6 tons cost 9 6
.
,

e a gles
2 3 I f 42 sheep a re sold for 1 0 8 doll ars wh a t a re 7
.
,

s h eep sold fo r ?
2 4 If 1 0 0 pens cost 5 0 cents wh a t will 2 0 p ens
.
,
.

cost ?

2 5 W h a t cost 5 inksta nds if 1 5 inkst a nds cost 2

.
,

thirds o f 1 8 di m es ?
2 6 If 5 eighths o f 3 2 hens cost 1 0 doll a rs wh at will
.
,

2 thirds o f 6 hens cost ?

2 7 If 3 fourths of 4 8 or a nges cost 4 0 cents wh a t will
.
,

3 fourths o f 1 2 or a nges cost ?

2 8 If A w a lked 1 3 2 m iles in 3 3 d ay s how fa r did h e
.
,

wa lk in 3 d ay s ?
2 9 If 8 ti m es 6 cents is 4 8 c ents how m u ch is 2
.
,

ti m es 6 cents ?
3 0 M ary h av ing 2 7 roses g av e 1 third o f the m to
.

S a llie a nd 1 third to A nnie ; how ma n y re ma ined ?

3 1 A worked 5 weeks for 7 doll ars a week an d r e
.
,

ce iv e d in p aym ent 1 2 b ushels of whe a t worth 1 d oll ar

a nd 1 h alf a b ushel ; h o w m u ch re ma ins due A ?

 ’
M E NT A L AR T I HM E T I C
7 W h a t a re the fa ctors 0 f 9 ? 1 0 ?
. 34 ? 3 6 ? 4 0 ?
48 ? 5 0 ? 5 6 ? 6 0 ? 6 3 ? 72 ?

Wh e n h e se
t fac to rs ar e
p r im e nu m b e r s th e y
,
ll e d
ar e ca p r ime
fac to rs .

8 . W h at a re th e pri m e fa ctors o f 4 ? 6 ? 9 ? 1 2 ? 1 5 18 ? ?

9 W ha t a re the pri m e fa ctors o f 10 ? 2 0 ? 2 1 ? 2 2

'

?
.

24 25
10 . W h a t a re the pri m e fa ctors of 2 7? 2 8 ? 3 0 ? 3 2 ?
33 35
1 1 Wh a t a re the pri m e fa ctors o f 4 1 ? 4 5 ? 4 6 ? 4 8 ?
.

4 9 50
1 2 W h a t are the pri m e fa ctors o f 5 2 ? 5 4 ? 5 5 ? 5 6 ?
.

5 7? 6 0 ?

13 t at a re the pri m e fa ctors of 6 4 6 8 ? 70 ? 72 ?

?
.

75 ? 8 0 ?
1 4 W h a t pri m e factors a re co mm on to 6 a nd 1 2 ?
.

1 5 W h a t pri m e fa ctors a re co mm on to 9 a nd 12 ?
.

16 t .at pri m e fa ctors a re co mm on to 8 an d 2 0 ?

1 7 W h a t pri m e fa ctors a re co mm on to 10 a nd 2 0 ?
.

18 t .at pri m e factors a re co mm on to 1 2 an d 1 8 ?

19 W h a t pri m e fa ctors a re co mm on to 1 6 an d 2 4 ?
.

2 0 W h a t pri m e fa ctors a re co mm on to 1 4 a nd 4 2
.

2 Is a n u m b er e xa ctl y div isi b le by any n u m b ers e x

cept its pri m e fa c tors , o r so m e produ ct o f th e m ?
2 2 N am e the di v isors of 4 , 6 , 8 , 1 0 , 1 2 , 14 , 1 6 , a nd 2 0
. .

2 3 W h a t di v isors a re co mm on to 4 a nd 6 ? To 8
.

an d 10 ?
2 4 W h a t di visors a re co mm on to 6 a nd 9 ?
. To 9
an d 1 8 ?
25 W h.a t di v iso rs a re co mm on to 1 0 a nd 3 0? To 8

an d 2 4 ?

2 6 W h a t di v isors a re co m m on to 9 a nd 2 7 ?
. T o 10
an d 2 0 ?

2 7 W h at di vi sors a re co mm on to 1 6 a nd 2 4 ? T o 1 2
.
.

an d 1 8 ?

A d iv is o r co m m on to two or mo re nu b
m e rs is ca ll e d th e ir
co m mon div isn r .
 M E N T AL AR TI H ME T I C . 47

2 8 W h a t is a co mm on di v isor of 8 a nd 24 ? Of 9
an d 1 5 ?

2 9 W h a t is
. a co mm on di v isor of 15 a nd 20 ? Of 18
an d 8 0 ?

3 0 W h a t is
. a co m m on di visor of 16 a nd 32 ? Of 32
an d 4 0 ?

T h e g r e at e s t d iv is o r c o m m o n to tw o or m ore nu m b e r s is call e d
h
t e ir g r e a te s t co m m o n div is o r .

31 W h a t is the gre atest co mm on di v isor of 4 a nd 8 ?

.

32 W h a t is the gre a test co mm on di v isor of 8 a nd 2 4 ?

.

33 W h a t is the gre atest co mm on di v isor of 9 an d 2 7 ?

.

34 W h a t is the gre atest co mm on di v isor o f 1 6 a n d 24 ?

35 W h a t is the gre a test co mm on di v isor of 2 4 a nd 3 2 ?
.

A m l tipl e o f a n m b e r is a y n m b r th at will co tai it a

u u n u e n n ,

Wh o l e n m b e r o f tim e s w ith o t a r e m ain d e

u ,
u r .

3 6 W h at is a m u l tipie o f 4 ? O f 3 ? O f 5 ? O f 6 ? O f 8 ?
.

37 t . at is a m ul tiple of 7 ? O f 9 ? O f 10 ? O f
12 ? O f 2 0 ?
A m l tipl e co m m on to tw o o r m o r e n u m b e r s is call e d th e ir
u

com m o n m u l tip l e .

38 . W hat is o mm on m ultiple of 2 a n d 3 ? O f 3 a nd
a c
,

4 ? O f 4 an d 5 ? O f 5 an d 6 ?
3 9 W h a t is a co mm on m ultiple of 6 a nd 7 ?
. Of 4
an d 6 ? O f 5 an d 1 0 ? O f 9 a nd 1 2 ?
Th l e s t m l t p l e c o m m o n to tw o o r m o r e n m b e r s is call e d
a u i ,
u ,

th e ir b t u tsmm m l tip l e
co on u .

4 0 W h a t is th e le a st co mm on m ultiple o f 4 a nd 6 ?
.

O f 6 and 3 ? O f 8 a n d 1 0 ? O f 1 0 a nd 1 2 ?
4 1 “ h at is th e le a st co mm on m ultiple o f 8 a nd 1 2 ?
T

O f 9 a nd 6 ? O f 9 a nd 1 2 ? O f 1 2 a nd 2 0 ?
If a m b r b e m u l t ip l ie d b y it s e l f th e r
nu e l t is c ll e d th e
,
e su a

sq u ar eo f th e m b e r ; if th e
nu q e b e m l t i p l i
s d b y th
u ar u m u e e n

be r,th e e s l t i s th e
r u be ; it th e c b e b e m l tip l ie d b y th e
cu u u

n m b e r th e r e s l t i th e f th p w e & 0
u ,
u s ou r o r, .

4 2 W h a t is the s q u a re , cube , a nd fourth

. p ower of 1?
2 ? 3 ? 4 ? 5 ? 6 ? 7 ? 8 ? 9 ? 10 ? 1 1 ? 1 2 ? 3
 t
48 M ENT A L A R I T H M E II O
‘‘
.

T h e s q u ar e r o o t o f a n u m b e r i s o n e o f th e tw o e q u a fact l ors
w ich h p r o d u ce t a t n u m b e r ; th e c u b e r o o t o n e o f th e t
h . h re e
l
e q u a fac to r s ; th e fo u r t h
r o o t, o n e o f th e fo u r e q u a fa cto r s l .

3 W h a t is th e s qu are root of 1 ? 4 ? 9 ? 1 6 ? 2 5 ?
.
'

49 ? 8 1 ? 3 6 ? 6 4 ?
4 4 W h a t is the cube root of 1 ? 8 ? 2 7 ? 6 4 ? 1 2 5 ?
3 43 ? 72 9 ? 5 1 2 ?
4 5 Wh a t is th e fourth root of 1 ? 1 6 ? 8 1 ? 2 56 ? 6 2 5 ?
4 6 D e fi ne a pri m e nu m b er , co m posite nu m b er , fa ctors ,
.

p ri m e fa ctors co mm on di v isor le a st co mm on di v isor, co m

, ,

m on m ultiple le ast co mm on m ultiple s q u a re cub e , and

, , ,

fourth po wer ; s q u a re , cube , a nd fourth roots .

SE CTIO N III .

LE SS ON I .

b
T h e n u m e r o f p ar ts in to w ic an t in g is div id e d , in s te ad h h yh
o f b e in g e xp r e s se d by
a w o r d , m ay b e r e p r e s e n te d by a g u re fi
h
be n e at a in e , t u s l h
5 re p r e s e n ts h al e s
v , 4 r e pr e s e n ts fo u r t hs ,

3 re pr e s e n ts th i d s
r , 5 re
p r e s e n ts fi h
ft s .

Th e nu m be r of fr actio n a p ar ts tak e n m ay b e
l re pr e s e n te d by
a fig u re a b ove th e l in e , t u s h
re p r e s e n ts 2 fo u r th s ,
97 r e p r e s e n ts 5 se v e n t hs ,

re p r e s e n ts 3 fi fth s ,
re p r e s e n ts 7 e ig h th s ,

ii re p r e s e n ts 4 s ix th s , 3 re p r e s e n ts 4 n in t hs .

T h e se e xp r e s s i o n s ar e ca ll e d f r actio n s . A fr actio n i s th at
h h
defi n ite p ar t w ic a p or tio n i s o f th e w h o l e C u s to m , o w e v e r , . h
h a s s an cti o n e d th e u s e o f t h e w o r d fr a cti o n to d e n o te o t th e b h
fi
d e n ite p ar t an d th e e xp r e s sio n o f it T h e e x p r e s s io n co n sis ts .

of tw o g u r e s w it a in e e tw e e n t e m
fi h l b h .

Th e gu r e b e o w th e in e is th e d e n o m in ato r ; it d e n o te s th e
fi ‘

l
b
n u m e r o f e q u al p ar ts i n t o w ic t h e u n it is di v id e d h h .
 M E N T A L A RIT H M E TI C . 49

Th e b o v e th e l in e is th e n m e r a tor ; i t d e n o te s h e
fi gu re a u .

num b e r o f e q u al p ar s tak e t n .

A p r op e r fr actio n is o n e w h o s e v al u e is l e ss th an a u nit ; as
3 3
A n imp p e fr acti o n is o n e w h o s e va l u e is e q u al to o r gr e ate 1
:a
ro r ,

th an a u n it as t
,

A m ixe d nu m be r co n si s ts o f a whole nu m be r an d a tr acti o n ,

9 21 ,
32“

E
.

4
Th e r e c p r o ca l
i of a n u m be r i s a u n it div i d e d by t h at n u m be r
h
t u s th e r e cip r o ca l of 4 is o f 7 is 1
7
.

1 H ow ma n y h a l v es in
. 2 5 ? 4 g? 6 1

2 H ow ma n y thirds in
. 3 3 7 2 g?
1
4 g?
3 H ow many fourths in 3 4
.
1
2§ 7
4 H ow ma n y fifth s in
. 13 1
2 g? g ? 4 g?
5 H ow ma n y si x ths in
. 2 ? 3 g?
1
4 g? 5g
?

6 H ow man y ei ghths in 2 g? 6 8 7 73? 8 7

.
1 -

7 H .ow ma n y thirds in 5 g ? 7 3
g ? 9 g ? 1 0 7
}

8 H ow ma n y se v enths in 3 37 ? 5 7 ? 4 3 ?
.
1
225 7 7
-

9 H ow man y fi fths in
. 7g? 8 g?
1 0 H ow ma n y ninths in
. 2 ? 3 3?
2
7g? 6 g?
1 1 H ow ma n y tenth s l n
.
b
6
? 6 1 l
0
”

1 2 If one ya rd of t a pe cost 2 3 0 ents , h o w ma n y thirds

.
1

cents will 5 ya rds cost ?

13 H ow ma n y fo u rths of a doll a r wil l 7 b askets of
.

p e a ches cost a t 2 } doll a rs a b a sket ?

,

1 4 W h a t cost 3 b a rrels of flour if 2 } b a rr e ls cost 1 8

.
,

doll a rs
1 5 Ho w far can H enr y w a lk in 7 hours if he can
.
,

w a lk 1 2 m iles l n
'
2 2
?
hour s 7 .

16 I f 3 1
ya rds of m uslin cos t 4 4 cents how m u ch ,

W111 1 0 ya r s cost ?
17 " 1
. b ushels of a pples cost 1 4
doll a rs wh a t wil l 2 1
,

b u shel s cos t ?
1 8 H ow ma n y o n es in g? ? 1 2
?
.

g 3 g ?
1 9 H ow ma n y ones in g7 g
.
10 ? 1 2
?
?
-

3 3,
2 0 H o w ma n y ones in 8
.
1 4
? 1 0
? 1 6
? —

3 3 3
2 1 H o w ma n y ones in
.
1 5
6
? 2 1

2 2 H o w ma n y on e s i n 5 1 8
? ? ?
3
1 4
5 6 g 7

2 3 H ow ma n y t n e s in 5 1 5 7 -

5
b it
 50 M E N T A L ARIT H M E TI C .

24 . How
man y ones in ? 1 1
?
1 5
7
- —
, 4
25 How
man y ones m 78 ? 265 ? 3g? 2,7 ?
1
7
-

26 . How
ma n y ones in g ? 232 ? 2 g?
1

27 R edu ce 3 5
. 8 31 a nd 2 3, to im p ro p e i fraction s
1
, .

28 R e du ce
.
1
3
5 1
7
3
a nd , , to m i x ed n u m b ers .

29 R edu ce 5 g 6 2 7g a nd
.
, , , to i m proper fractio n s .

30 R edu ce 7 g 3 5 and 37
.
2 4 2 2
, , ,, t o m i x ed n u m b ers .

31 R ed u ce 2 g 3 3
.
, a nd 5 6 to 1 m pro p e r fra ctions
,
--

1 T
.

32 A t 3 o f a d i m e a pound, wh a t will 9 pou n ds o f

.

ca ndies cos t ?
3 3 If 1 pound o f suga r cost 6 cents wh a t will 8
.

§ ,
pounds cost ?
SO L 8 po— d s w ill co s t 8 tim e s
u n ce ts 8 t im e s 6 i s 48
n .
,

8 ti m e s is o r 5 g ; 48 p l u s 5 § e q
1 6 l s 534 u a
3 .

34 . At
64 di m es a bushel wh a t will,
12 b ushels of
whe a t cost ?

35 . W h at cost 8 barrels o f a pples a t the r a te of 3 § ,

doll a rs a b a rrel ?
3 6 H o w m u ch will a ma n e a rn in a week a t the r a te
.
,

of 2 doll a rs a d ay ?
3
3 7 A t the r a te o f 1 8 % cents a do z en wh a t will 3
.
,

do ze n eggs c ost ?
3 8 W h a t cost 5 4 bo x es o f butter a t the r a te o f 3 5
.
,
doll a rs for 1 0 bo x es ?
3 9 W h a t cost 7 b arrels o f a pples a t the r a te o f 9
.
,

doll a rs for b a rrels ?

4 0 H ow ma n y chestnuts m ust b e gi v en for
. c ents ,

if 1 4 chestnuts cost 3 5 c ents ?

4 1 W h a t cost 5 3 pounds o f beef if 2 poun ds co st
.
,

3 2 cen ts ?
4 2 H ow fa r can a ma n tr av el in 5 g hours if he can
.
,

w a lk 1 9 m iles in 2 hours ?
1, 7

4 3 A v essel s a iled 2 3 m iles in 4 % hours ; how far did

.

s h e s a il in 2 hours ?
g
4 4 A kite a rose 4 8 rods in 3 5} m inutes ; how fa r a t
.

th i s r ate will it as cend in 3 1 m inutes ? 7,

4 5 W h a t cost 50 pounds o f m e a t a t the r a te o f 4 g

.
,

p ounds for 5 g cents ?

 M E N T A L A RIT H M E TIC .
5]

46 . Wh at cost 10 ya rds of ribbon if 4 1 ya rds cos t 6 g ,

c ents ?
47 I f 3 o f a pint of a l m onds cost 1 % of a shil l in g ,
.

Wh a t cost 5 pin ts 7
3
.

4 8 If 45 of a to n of h ay IS worth 4 4 doll a rs wh a t co s t
.

7gtons o f h ay 7
4 9 If a m a n w alk 3 m iles in 2 1 hours h ow far w i ll
.

h e w a lk l n 2 hours ?
2

LE SS ON II
1 . HO W ma n y fourth s in
S OL UTION — In 1 th e re ar e
4 , an d i11 1
£2
the re ar e l
g
of
3
, or

T h e r e fo r e & c ,
.

2 . ma n y si x ths In
HOW 5 ? g ? 3 ?
g ?
H ow ma ny eig b ths m é ?
°

3 .
i

H ow ma ny tenths 111
4 .
1
5
? f ?
H ow m a n y twelfths in
5 .

g ? 4 ? g .

H ow m any fourteenths in ? 37 ? s}? g?

6 .

7 H ow ma n y fi fte e n th s in
i ? ? ? ?
.
5 g g g
8 H ow ma n y si x te enths in i ? a
.
} ? g g? ?
9 H ow ma n y e igh te e n th s l n § 7
.

g g? ?
1 0 H o w ma n y twentie th s l n
.
4 ?
j ? 7
75
? g ?
R edu ce 4
a nd 5
g
to twe l f,t h s

1 2 R edu c e
.
1
5
an d
9
l a,to t i ,
—
.

1 f41 went eths

1 3 R edu cee § 5 5 1 6 a n d 5 to th ir tie th s
1 9g
,
-
1
, ,
.

1 4 R edu ce g g m
.
7
a nd,
1 7
to fortie t h s .
, ,

Wh e f ac tio h a e th e s am e d e o m in ato r th e y ar e sai d

n r ns v n
,
to
h ave a co m m o n d e n o m i n at o r .

15 . R e du ce g and 3 to a co mm on deno m in a tor .

16 . R edu ce 4 a nd to a co mm on
1 1
deno m in a tor .

17 . R e du ce 3 ap d g to a co mm on
l .
1
deno min a tor .

18 . R edu ce an d g to a co mm on
1
deno m in a tor .

19 R ed u ce a nd 6 to a co mm on
5
deno m in a tor
?
. . .

20 . R e du ce 2 a nd a te a co mm on
1
deno m inator .
52 M E NT AL A RIT HM E TIC .

21 R e du
é7 a ndce to a co m m on deno m in ato r .

22 R e du ce g a nd e to a co mm o n d e no m i n ator
. .

23 R e du ce 43 a nd 2, to a co mm on d e n o m in at r
. o .

24 R edu ce 3 6 an d 7g tc a co mm on de n o m i n a tor
.
1 5 2
.

25 R edu ce 33 2a111nd g to a co mm on d e n o m i n ator

. .

R edu ce g a nd n 1 6 10 a co mm o n d e n o m i n ator
3 r .

2 7 R edu ce an d 1 to a co mm o n d e n o m in a tor
,
2 8 R e du c e m 1 an d
1
(
1
to a co mm on d e n o m i n a tor
-

, .

2 m
9 R e du c e “ a an d 3; to a co mm o n d e n o m i n ato r
1 l 1
.
,
.
,

R e du ce a nd 1 6 to a co mm o n deno m in ator
1 “
.

T h e fi e f ll w i g q u e ti
v o o n a e d e s ig e d t ill t te t h e
s on r n o u s ra

ma e
nn i w h i h th
r n p p
c i l m y b
e l d ut o d i b
a y i d ti e e e r ve , n u c on ,

an abb i t d m th d o f b t i i g th e s m
re v a e e o oe s lt s th s e
a n n a e r u s a o

g i e b y th
v n l y is S im il q e s tio s o ccu i s e e l l e s s o s
e an a s . ar u n r n v ra n ,

an d cl ai m p a tic l ar a tte tio

r u n n.

31 S.in c e 3
g
b y wh a t nu m ,
b er m ay y ou m ultiply
both nu m era tor a nd deno m i a tor o 3 to o b ai g
n f t n 7 7
.

3 S i e b y wh a t nu m b er m ay y ou m ultipl y
a
2 . n c 3
z
!

both nu m erator a de n o m in ato r of 4 to o b t ai n 1 2 3 9 7

'

3 3 D oes it ch a nge the va lue of a fr actio n to m ultipl y

.
o
b ot h nu m era tor a nd deno m in ator b y th e sa m e n um b er ?
3 4 B y wh a t m ust you m ultiply th e n u m er a t or a nd
.

deno m in a tor o f Eg to redu ce it to te ths

l - n 7 .

3 5 B y wh a t m u s t you m ultipl y b oth nu m er a tor a nd

.

deno m i n a tor of f, to 1 edu ce

i i t to t e ti ths
w '
n e 7 .

a nd to twe n ti e th s
3 6 R edu ce
3
4
1 0
.
.
2 1

3 7 R e du c e 1
g an d
7
T ?)
to thir ti e ths .

?
.
,

3 8 R edu ce 13 1
7
.
5 3
an d
g
,
to
7 , twelfths
7
.

3 9 R edu ce ? 331 g a nd % to eighte e n ths

.
1
, ,
.

4 0 R edu ce 2 j g a n d g to si x tee n ths

1
1 , ,
.

4 1 If 2 5 ya rds o f silk cost 2 0 di m es wh a t will 4

.
,

ya 1 d s cost ?
4 2 If 2 6 yar ds of t ape cost 13 cents wh a t will 3 5
.
1
,

y a rd s co s t 7
1 pounds of sug a r if 2 1 p ounds cost
43 W h a t cost 3 g
.
,

2 5 cents 7 .

4 4 Twi ce 1 8 18 3 e f a c ert a in nu m ber re q uir e d th e

.
2
,

nu m ber .
 O
64 M E N T AL A R I I H M E T IO

18 . R edu ce 1
8 fi f
tot hs a nd 2 4, to s ix th s 1 .

19 . R edu ce ,7
9
to
--

1
se v enths a nd 1
g
6
to n i n ths
, .

20 R edu ce to eighths a nd o te n ths

'

1
.
9
£3 t , .

21 . R edu ce ?g to te n ths a nd 36 to
, tw e lf ths .

2 7
. R edu ce §g to ninths a nd gg t
, o ele v enths -

3)
l .

Whe n a fr ac ti on c o t be
an n d c d to re eq i
u e l t o ne an u va e n b ar
le s s
l i ng 11. d e n o m in ato r , it is s aid to b e i n i ts l o w e s t te r m s .

2 3 R edu ce g a nd their lowes t te 1 1n s

to

3
. .
1
2 4 1 e du c e
1
.
1
a11 d
9
3
to their lo w est
-
ter m s .

2 5 R e duc e 1 an d 8 to their low e s t ter m s

3,
. .
1
2 6 R e d u cee é g an d fi8 to their low e st term s
0
.

2 7 R edu cc
. e i g an d é é to their lowe s t t e r m s
‘
-
.

2 8 R edu cc
. e fi an and 3 to their lowe s t t e rm s
2
5 —

77 to their lowes t term s

.

2 9 R edu ce gg a
. a nd
n . .

3 0 If 8 IS 3, o f so m e nu m b er wh a t 1s 3 of the s a m e
.
2
,
nu m b er ?

3 1 If 6 IS g o f so m e nu m ber wh a t 1s 1 of 3 ti m es the
.
,
s am e n u m be r 7
.
4 j
3 2 If 8 1s 3 o f so m e nu m ber wh a t 18 3 o f 2 ti m es the
1
,

sam e nu m b er ?

3 3 H enry s horse cost 9 0 doll a rs whi ch is

’
$ 1
of 5
6
.
,

ti m es the cost o f the sleigh , re q uired the cost of th e

sleigh .

3 4 4 ti m es 5 0 y e a rs is 1 0 y e a rs less th a n 1 0 ti m es the
.

a e of Jam es ; how o l d is he ?
g
3 5 If 4 horses e a t 2 tons of h ay in 8 weeks n ow long
.
,

will it re q uire 5 horses to e at the s am e ?

3 6 If 8 m en can build a bo a t in 1 6 d ay s , h o w long
will it re q uire 3 2 m en to b uild it ?
3 7 H o w ma n y le m ons will p ay fo r 7 m elons if 6
.
,

Se m ons a re worth 4 4
m elons 7 .

3 8 If it re q uire 8 1 y ards o f cloth to ma ke 2 co ats ,

.
2

how m u ch will b e re q uired to make 9 co ats 7 .

doll rs 11s o f all the m oney A h as a nd B h as

a 6
,

3 t i m es a s m u ch ; how m u ch m oney h as B 7
4 0 W h a t n u nibe r bein g m ultipli e d b y 6 di v ided b y 3
.
, ,
7
m ultipli e d by 5 di v id e d b y 2 a nd 1 0 a dded e q u a ls 3 0
, , ,
.

4 1 W h a t nu m b er bei n g m ul t i p lied by 8 , di v ided by

.
 M E N T AL A RIT H M E TI C 55

4 , m ul ti plied b y 3 , di v ided b y 2 , a nd 10 s u bt ra c ted ,

e q u ls
a 1 4 7.

4 2 A g av e B 4 8 cents , a nd 6e of this is 4 ti m e r as
.
5
.

m an y a s h e h ad re m ai ning 0 ,
how m u c h h ad h e a t fi rst ?

4 3 A ma nd a h av ing 5 0 pins , lost

.
4
of the m a nd then
foun d 3 a s m an y a s re ma ined , how ma n y h a d s h e then ?
4 4 A w at ch co st 390 , w h i ch is 3 of 1 0 ti m e s wh at
.

th e ch ain cost ; re q uired the cost of b oth .

4 5 M a r y g av e L ill y 2 4 pins , whi ch is {

.

s of wh a t L i l l y
al e a d y h ad a n d of wh a t M ar y h a d re ma inin g h
r
,
g ; o w
m an y h a d e a ch a t fi rst ?

LE SS O N I V .

What the su m 0 13 1 a n d 7
IS
3

W h at 1s the s u m o f § a nd 3 7
W h at 1s the su m of g a nd 3 7
W h at 18 the su m of
g
l an d
4
7
W h at 1 8 the di ffere n c e b etween an d 73

W h at
7
,
1s the d ifi e re n c e b etween % a nd g?

is the difi e re n ce b etween g a nd 7 7 5

'

1 a nd 1
W h at 1s the di fferen ce b etween 2
W h at 1s th e difl e 1 e n ce between 3 a nd 2
°
1

H ow ma n y fou 1 ths 1n , a n d 4 7
°

3
7

H ow m an y eighths an d
°

l n 3
4
.

H ow ma n y tenths 1n 2 a n d
°
1
.

H ow ma n y twelfths l n 4 a n 3 7
°

1 1

H ow ma n y fi fte e n th s im 3 a nd 3 7 3

H ow m an y si x teenths In 4 an d 7 7 5
°

H ow ma n y eighteenths m g a nd ?
°
5

W h a t 1s the su m
°

O f i ama y 21 Of 2 an d 3
7
3 1
.

0 1 1 3111 4 4 1
? 2 2 0 11 11 11
11 ?
m a
y
a n d g?
2 3
24 Of
o r a n s é? .

an d § 7 g
 56 M E N TA L A B If H M E T IO
’ ’
.

Z5
‘

Of g7a nd 4
3 6 O f 2 4 an d 3 4 .
7

26 3 O f a nd
75 7 37 an d

4
.

4
2 7 o r an d g? 3 8 O f Z éj a n d Lg?
'

. .

2 8 O f g an d g?
. 3 9 O f 3 4 an d 2 7 .

2 9 O f 4, 4, a nd $
. 7 4 0 O f 6 § a nd 5 7 .

O 4, 4, a nd 47
f 4 1 O f 4 4 an d 5 4
.
7

3 1 O f 4, 4 a nd 47
.
. 4 2 O f 6 an d .

O 3
f a nd 4 3 7 4 3 O f 7 a nd 8 3
.
7

3 3 O f f a nd 736 7 44 O f 1 4, an d 3 7
. .

4
3 4 O f g a nd 4?
. 4 5 O f 2 4, an d 4 4
.

3 5 O f 3, a nd g? 4 6 O f 3 4, a nd 4 7
?
. .

4 7 Tho ma s h av ing 4 of a doll a r , fou n d 4 of a do l a r ;

.

h o w m u ch h a d he the n ? 4

4 8 A ma n h av i n g
. o f a b a rrel of flour , bought of
a b a rrel ; h o w m u ch h a d he then 7

4 9 M a ry h av i n g 1 of a do z en of pins , found 2 of a
.

do z en ; how ma n y pins h a d sh e then ?

5 0 P eter h av ing 3 o f a cert a in s u m of m oney , found
.

o f the s am e s u m , a nd then h a d 32 1 how m u h

4 ; c w as

th e su m ?
5 1 g o f a cert a in nu m b er , in cre a sed b y 3 of the s am e
.

n u m b er , e q u a ls 3 4 ; re q uired the nu m b er .

5 2 F ann y s nu m b er o f roses , in cre a sed b y 4 a nd 4 of

’
.

her nu m b er, e q u a ls 5 5 ; how man y roses h as sh e ?

5 3 4 o f A s m one y in cre a sed b y its 2, e q u a ls 6 9 dol l

’
.

l a rs how m u ch m one y h a s A 7
5 4 B g av e 324 for a w a t ch , a nd 4 + 3 o f this is 4
.

ti m es wh a t he p a id for a ch ain ; re q uired the cos t o f t h e

c h a in .

55If { of Jam es s a ge in cre ased b y 4 a nd 4 of

.
1
’
,
h is
a ge e qu als 5 7 y e a rs , wh at is Jam es s age ?
,
’

S ubtr a ct
56 4 fro m 4 . 61 .
4 fro m 4
57 . fro m 4 . 62 . fro m g
58 . fro m 63 .
g fro m

59 . fro m 64 .

g fro m

65 .
a fro m
 M E NT A L A RIT H M E TIC . 57

66 4 fro m 4 . 72 4 .fro m 4 .

67 4 fro m 4 43
4 .fro m 4 1 .

68 4 fro m 4 74 2 4 fro m 3
.

69 fro m 75 3 fro m 4
1 1

4f 4
.

70 r0 m 1
76 2 4 fro m 3 1
4
4
. .

71 fro m Q4 77 3 fro m 5
1 1

7Vh at n u m ber 1s
. .

78 th a t, whi ch being dim im sh e d b y

its 4 e q u a ls
79 J oshu a s a ge di m inished b y its 4 e q u al s 2 0 y e a rs ;
’

, ,
h o w ol d 1 s J oshu a 7 .

8 0 A certa in su m o f m one y , di m inished b y its 5 a nd 4,

.

e q u a ls 1 5 doll ars ; re q uired the su m .

8 1 W h a t nu m ber is t h a t whi ch being in cre a sed b y

.
,

its —1
a nd di minished by its 1
e q u als 1 3 0 7 ,
.

8 2 A bo y h av ing 3 6 ma r les lost o f the m a nd then

.
, ,

found 4 a s ma n y as he h a d a t fi rst ; o w ma n y h a d h e

re ma ini n g 7
8 3 3 4 0 is 4 ti m es wh a t A p a id for a ch a in a nd the
.
,

cost o f th e ch a in in cre ased b y its 1 1 tenths is o f the

, 4 ,

cost of h is w a t ch re q uired the cost o f the w a tch .

8 4 Ja nson s a ge di m inished b y its 4 a n d

’
.
1
,
is 2 2 ,

y e a rs whi ch is 4 of h is un cle s a ge ; re q uired the a ge

,
’

o f e a ch .

o f B s m one y in cre a sed b y the di fferen ce be

’
85 .
4
,

tween 4 a nd 4 o f h is m one y, e q u a ls 1 90 doll a rs , re q u ire d

h is m one y .

Wh a t is the val ue
8 6 O f 4+ 4
.
4 9 3 O f 2—
44 44 4 4 ? .
- —

8 7 O f 4+ 4 ? 9 4 O f 1 4 1 1
2 4 ?
4
—
.
2 .

8 8 o r 4+ g
.
4 ? 9 5 O f 3 4+ 42 5 4 ? .
—

89 o r g H
.

4 ? -
96 O f 2 4 1 4 1 43 ? .
— - -

9 0 O f 4+ 4
.
4 ? 9 7 O—
f 4 4 .

91 o r ‘
98 O f 6 4 .

a or .
s 3
+4 ? 9 9 0,
f 2 4+ 42 .

1 0 0 36 0 1s o f wh a t B av e f o r a horse a nd the cost

.
4 g ,

o f the horse in cre a sed b y its 3 fi fths is 5 ti m es wh a t he

, ,

p aid fo r a sleigh re q uired the cost of the s l eigh .

6
 58 M E NT AL “ 1 1411 11131 1 0 1
.

LE SS O N V .

1 A ma n spent 4 of his m one y fo r a horse , an d the n

h ad 36 0 re ma ining , how m u ch m oney h a d he a t fi rst ?

S o m rr l o n '
.
-
A fte r S p e n din g of h is m o n e y th e e r e m ai
,
r ne d

i
3 2 of h is m o n e y , w ich h e l $6 0
q u a s . If
4 o f h is m o ne y

equ a s l 1 e
qu a s l 1 of
$6 0 , w h ich is $30 , 82 0 .

2 . l ad y after gi vi n g away 4 of her m oney h ad onl y

A ,
—
,

40 cents re mai ing n h o w m u ch m o e y h a d she a t fi rst

n
,
7
.

3 A fa r m er sold 4 o f his cows an d t h en h a d 2 5 re

.
,

maining how man y h a d he a t fi rst 7 .

4 A b o y lost 4 marbles a nd fou n d 1 0 an d then h a d 4

.
,

as ma n y a s a t fi rst how m an y h a d he a t fi 1 st 7
,
.

5 M ary av e 4 o f her m one y for silk a nd 1 for s a tin

.
cr
g , ,

a nd h ad 1 0 doll ars re ma ining how m u ch h ad s h e a t fi rst 7 ,

6 P hilo lost 8 1 6 a nd fou n d 8 6 an d then h ad 4 a s

.
,

m u ch as he h a d a t first , how m u ch h a d he b efore his

loss ?
7 4 o f the len gth o f a pole is in the ai r l
4
in the ,

w a ter an d 1 0 feet l n the ground , re quired the le n gth of

,

the pole .

8 H enry s m one y di m inished b y its 4 an d

’
e u al s
1 1
.
q , ,

5 7 doll a rs h o w m u ch m one y h a s he 7 .

9 Milo lost 2 4 cents a nd the n fou n d 4 a s ma n y a s h e

.
,

lost and then h a d o n l y 4 of wh at h e h a d at fi rs t ; how

,
2

m an y h a d he b efore his loss 7 .

1 0 Mr A s m one y in cre a sed b y its 4 an d 4 e q u als

’

, ,
. .

3 1 doll a rs ; h o w m u ch m one y h a s he 7 .

1 1 S ay s B to O 4 of my age di m inished b y 4 of m y
.
,

a ge e q u a ls 1 2 y e a rs ; how old w as he ?
,

1 2 P eter g av e 1 0 ce n ts for a pie whi ch is 4 of 4 of

.
,

the cost of h is supper ; re q uired the cost o f his supper .

13 A l a d y b eing a sked her age replied th a t her

.

d aughter s a ge is 8 y e a rs w hi ch is 4 of 4 of her age ;

’

re q ui r ed her age .
 ME NT A L A R IT H M E T IU . 59

1 1 Fr a nk , a fter spe n di n g ?5 of h i s m o n e y , fo u n d th a t
$1 6 w as of wh a t he h a d l e m ain in g how m uch m one y
h ad he a t fi rs t 7 .

15 o f an a r my w a s killed ,
.
g
fi
t ake n
p risoners ,
a n d .

8 0 0 es caped ; of how ma n y m e n did the a r y co sist

m n 7 .

16 “ hen E w a s m ar1 ie d he w as 2 7 y e a rs old , an d g

T

1 of his a ge w a s 4 y e a rs m ore th a n 3 of his wife s a ge 5 re

’

quired the a ge of his wife .

1 7 A boy a fter spe n di n g

.
,
of his m o n ey for c a n dies ,
an d
]
?e
for pe aches fou n d th a t 2 0 ce n ts w a s
,
of wh a t re

ma i n ed ; how m uch m o n e y h a d he ?
1 8 W h at n u m ber is th a t which bei n g i n cre a sed by ,

its Z an d th a t su m di m inished b y g of the nu m ber, the

1
-

,
7
re ma i n der IS 50 .

1 9 M r K s h a t cost $ 6 which w a s $ 33 less th a n 3 of

’

,
. .

the cost o f his co a t ; required the cost of the co a t .

2 0 W h a t n u m ber is th a t which bei n g doubled an d

.
,

then di m i n ished b y its 34 equ a ls 6 0 7 ,

.

g 2 1 go f 3 0 cents is 5 cents le s s th a n
.
5
of wh a t a bushel
of pot atoes cost ; wh a t will be the cost of 5 bushels a t the
s a m e r a te 7 .

2 2 W h a t nu m ber is th a t which bei n g tripled a n d

.
,

dim i n i shed b y its 3 the re m a i n der will equ al

,

2 3 A m e r ch ant sold
. of g of his stock in a m onth ; ,

how ma n y thirds of of his stock re ma i n ed 7

3
.

2 4 A l s op h av in g g of an a pple g av e g of wh a t he h a d
.
,

to J a n e wh at p art of g of an apple re ma i n ed 7
,
.

2 5 A far m er h av ing 1 6 of a ton of h ay , sold

.
9 2
of it ;
h o w m uch of it the n re m ai n ed 7 .

2 6 A bo y h av i n g 5
of a bushel of berri e s sold 5 o f
the m ; wh at p a rt of a bu sh e l h a d he re m a i n i n g 7
.
,

2 7 A fi s hi n g rod 1s 1 5 feet l o n g an d g of its le n gth

.
,

lacks 3 feet of bei n g g of the length of ti e line ; requi 1 ed

th e le n gth of the li n e .

2 8 A tr ee is 6 0 feet high which is ; of 5

of th e
.

g ,

length of its sh ado w di m i n ished b y 2 0 feet , required th e

,

le ngth of the sh a dow .

2 9 1 0 do l iars 1 s 3 of wh at M pai d for a cow , an d th e

.
2
60 MENT A L AR T I HM E T I C .

o t of the cow is 752 of the cost of a n o x 3 required th e

c s

va lue of the o x .

3 0 A p e n cost 1 6 cents which is

. of 534 of wh a t th e
,

e n a nd holder both cost required the cost of the h lder

p o

LE SS O N VI .

1 H ow ma n y a re 4 ti m es 3 ?
S O L U T IO N 4 ti m e s ar e 1 2 wh i c h l 11
3 e s 3 or
q u a
-
. .
,
g 17 2
fi re , 810 .

2 . H ow ma n y are 3 ti m es 3 ? 3 ti m es
3 . H ow m an y are 4 ti m es 3 ? 5 ti m e s 746 ?
4 . H ow m y a re 7 ti es [ 3 7
an m 3 3 ti m es % 7
5 . H ow ma ny a re 4 ti m es 1152 ? 6 ti m es 7 1 7
7
,

Ho w ma n y are
6 3 .ti m es 1 4 4 tim es § 7 .

7 8 .ti m es 7 1 5 8 ti m es g? .

8 5 .ti m e s 3? 1 6 5 ti m es .

9 3 ti m es
. 1 7 4 ti m e s 2 5 7 .

1 0 5 ti m es 3 ?
. 1 8 6 ti m es .

1 1 6 ti m es 3 ? 1 9 8 ti m es 5 3 ? .

1 0 ti m es gt e
2 0 9 ti m e s .

1 3 8 ti m e s f g ?
.
i 2 1 10 ti m e s .

2 2 If y ou g1v e to 8 no y s e a ch 2 apples how m a ny

.
3
, ,

apple s will it req u ire 7

2 3 H ow m an y doll a rs does th a t m an gi v e aw ay wh o
‘

.
,

g i v e s to e ac h of 1 0 begg ars of a d o ll a r ?

2 4 M ary g av e t o e a ch of 1 2 poor child r e n 2 of a pie

.
, ,

a nd h ad 3 pie s re m ai n i n g ; how m a n y pie s h ad s h e ?

2 5 H ow m an y qu ar ts of n u ts w il l it r e q uir e to gi v e
.
,

3 of a qu art to e ach of 1 8 bo y s an d h av e 2 qu arts ro

,

ma 1n 1 n
2 6 W h at will be the co st of 2 5 pounds of sug a r , at
.

th e r at e o f of a di m e a pou n d ?
§
62 ME NT A L A R I i H M E T IO
'‘
.

59 . ti m es
3 m iles is twice the distan ce from th e
2 2

Nor m a l S chool to L an c a ster requir e d the dist a nce ,

.

6 0 5 ti m es 4 m iles i s 3 ti m es the d ist a nce fro m P ao li

.
4

to O akl an d required the dist an ce

,
.

6 1 A i s 6 g y e ars old an d 8 ti m es A s age is 5 ti m e s

’
,

B s a ge re quired the age of B

’

,
.

6 2 S ix ti m e s 2 3 m iles 18 0 of th e di s t a n ce fro m O ak
.
7 —

l a nd to C hri st i an a wh at 1s t e dista n ce 7 .

6 3 6 g doll a rs 18 , of 4 tim es 3 g ti m es B s m o ney how

’

i
.

m uch m o n ey h as B .

6 4 7 ti m e s 3 4, m iles is 5 5 ti m es the dl s tan e e fro m

.

C olu m bi a to Ma rietta wh a t 1 s the dist an ce ? ,

65 J .am es lo s t 35 an d the n h a d 5 ti mes 8 6 6 t e

1
,
7
1
mai n i n g ; how m uch m o n e y h ad he a t fi rs t ?
6 6 P eter g av e go f his m a rbles to S am uel an d 2 tim e s
.
,

i of the m to A nson a nd h a d 1 5 r e ma i n i n g ,
how ma ny
'

h a d he a t fi rs t ?
6 7 A h av i n g lost 4, of his he n s sold 3 ti m es 3 of the
.
,

re m ai n der an d the n h a d 2 0
,
how man y h ad he at fi rst ?
6 8 4 } m iles the di s tan ce fro m M to B bei n g m ulti
.
, ,

plied b y 8 l a cks 2 mi les of bei n g 2 ti m es the dist a nce

,

fro m M to W required th e dist a nce .

LES S O N VII .

1 . Wh at iS 1
~ -
of 47

S O L U T IO N o f 1 is
.
l ,
a n d g
,
of 4 is i
t mes w hi c h
Th e re fo r e l, o f 4 i s a
,
of one .

W h at5 of 6 of 7 7
2 3 i1 18 »

3 W h at is g o f 7? 0 f 9 ?
.

4 W h at i
m of 5 7 of 1 0 7
4
.

5 W h at 1s of 1 2 7 3 of 2 0 ?
.
1 l
1

6 .
J
W h at 11 G of 2 4 7 of 3 2 ?
7 Wh ta .is 2 of 6 7
 M E NT A L A RIT H M E T IC . 68

8 W h a t i s o f 3 ? g of 14 7
.

9 W h a t IS To f 4 ? g of 1 5 7
.

10 W h a t IS o f 2 7 of 1 2 7
3 3

11 W h a t IS 0 f 9 ? of 1 6 7
.
5 3

12 W h at 1s 3 of 6 7 g of 2 0 7
.

13 W h at 1s {o of 5 T 2 of 1 8 ?
.
7
I 7 9

14 B h a s 5 doll a rs an d of B s m oney equ a l s 7 ct

,
2 5 ’

A s how m uch m one y h a s A ?

’

15 J am es is 7 y e a rs old an d e o f h is a ge equ als 9 of

4
,
’

Ma ry s a ge , h o w ol d 18 M a ry
’
7 .

1 6 O n e p art of a pole i s 9 feet long which l acks fi

.
,

feet of bei n g T of the length of the other p art , require d

4 —

the length of the pole .

1 7 T h e dist a nce fro m A to B is 1 1 m iles a nd g of

.
,

this is T% of the dista nce fro m A to C required the di s .

tan ce to C .

1 8 A w a tch cost $
. 2 1 a d g of it cost is 1 6 of the
n ,
s 7

cost of the ch ain , required the cost of both .

1 9 A c a sk contai n s 5 g allo n s a n d g of its co n ten ts is

.
,

of the conte n ts of an other c ask , required the contents

o fthe s e c o n d c a sk
2 0 C h a rles h as 9 a pples a n d g of his + 1; of a n a p pl e
.
5
,
3
, 3 ,

equ als 3 of C hester s how m an y h a s C hester ?

’

2 1 W h a t IS
.
2
of ?5
S O L U T IO N — 1 o f i s 2 an d i f 1 o f is of ar e 2 ti m e s
3,
.

g ,
3 é 3
wh i c h ar e T h e r e fo r e 816
3,
g é or , , .

W h at IS
22
1

01 1
7
5 1 3 0 gof 2 72

31 of 3 7
i
1

2 4 g o f gi?
.
32 . of 3
3
7 -

25 {
26 $
0 12
3 18
1 of
. 7
?
33 .

§ o f 11 7

5 T3 ?
.
ti m e s 1 7 2

27 of Ta t
f ti m es 3 7
. 1

2 8 43 of 112 7 3 6 3 ti m es
2 7
T
.
.

2 9 3 0 1 2 17
.
3 7 2 } ti m es 2 2 ? .

3 8 g of $ . 3 3 is .
2
of wh a t A g a ve for a bu 1 e au , wh al
was th e cost o f th e hure au 7 .
64 M E NT A L A R rT H M E T I O .

3 9 5, of l
11
of the cost of a w a
2
tc h h o w m uc h
7
.
,
did t h e wa tch co st
h as 2 7 m arbles , an d 0t of B s n umbe r ' ’
3

e quals 5 of C s , how ma n y h as 7
2 ’
C
4 1 H e n ry s h a t cost of an ea gle , which 1s g o f of
’
.
4 2 3 -

th e co s t of h is co at , required the cost of the co at .

4 2 P eter h a d
.
3
of a barrel of flour , an d after selli ng
3
3, o f it , the re m ai n der 1s
g
o f W h a t P a x ton h a d , how

m u ch h ad P ax to n ?
43 If there are 4 8 chestnuts in a i n t , how ma n y
p
.

does e ach of two boy s recei v e if A rece i v es g of a p i n t

.

,
a nd B a s ma n y as A 7
2

4 4 M ary bo u gh t a of a p aper o f n eedles which is 9

.
4
,

of wh at S ara h bought how m an y did e ach purch a se pro ,

,
v id e d there a re 2 4 needles i n a p aper ?

4 5 Fr an k h a s 1 8 a pples Fr a n cis T, a s ma n y a nd
.
8
, ,

Fa n n y 4 as m a n y as Fr a n cis how ma n y h as e a ch
3 7 .

4 6 A h as 4 0 fruit tre e s T (T o f which be a r apples 1

4 1
, ,

o i the 1 e m ain de r pe ars an d th e rest, pe a ches , how ma n y

.
,

, ,

trees of e a ch ki n d h a s he ?

LE SSO N VIII .

1W h a t i s Hof 7
.

S OL U T I O N of
.
1 S f th e th
4 I eq
o ne l p ts i to w hi c h
o re e u a ai n

i m y ab e di id e d ;v if c h f r th i ( 1
e a l d i t
ou t h e eq l s 11 u c n o re u a

p ar ts, 4 f r th ouo t h s i t
r w i l leb e d i id d i t
u n 4 ti m s 3 o 12 v e n o e ,
r

eq u a r
l p ts a h e c e e c h
n p t
,
i TT
a
,
o f a i t
ai Tsh e e f I
e 1 of u n . i or ;

W h at 1 s ? o f 7 0f
1 1 1

2
-
7
4 0

W h at 1 8 0 1 l ? 1
0f
7
_ o
—

3 3
Wh at 1 s 4 of 1 7
_
6
.
1
0f

W h at 1s é o f ; 7 ? 0f
1
7
T o

W h at 1 s o f % 7 7 0f
1
_
8
.

9
of f
1

W h at i s 7; 1
T, g
l 1

7
o
0
.

c 7
W h a t 18 T, of T T
1 1
m _1
.

I
.
-
0
 M E N T A L A R IT H ME T I C . 65

9 W h at is o f 7 g5 o f T 7 l o f T TT 7
.
1 1 1 1 l
l
1

10 M a ry h av i g e f a pie g a v e g
. n
1 l
3
of it t o Ha n nah ,
,
-

Wh a t p a rt of a p i e did Ha n a h rece i v e 7
o o

n .

1 1 P hilo h av i n g ,1 o f an or a n ge g av e 1 of it to P e te r ; ,
7
.

W h a t p a rt of a n or a n ge did P eter recei v e ;

1 2 A had 1
of a doll a r an d g av e ? of it to B ; wh at
1
,

p a rt of a do l a r did B recei v e 7 .

13 S i n ce
.
1
of 4 e qu al s T T how may the s am e result
1 1
,

be obt a i n ed without the a n a l y sis ?

14 S i n ce 71? of 5 equ a ls 56 how may we obt a i n th e
.
1 1
,

sam e result without the a n a l y sis 7 .

1 5 W h at is
.
1
of
1
7 of
1 1

1 6 W h at is 3 o f 7 3 o f
.
1 1 1 1
i
of
1
g 7 -

g of
5 7 .
-

1 7 Wh at is g o f j 7 T o f
.
1

N O T E P r o b l e m l s t m ay al s o b e s o l v e d th u s :
.
—
{ e q u al s 7
12 ,

an d 1 o f 72 i s im h e c e 3} o f 1 ins l T hi s i s s i m p l e r th n a
1 T ; Tg
.

th e s o l ti o n g i v e
u b u t s i c e i t d o e s n o t S h o w th e r e as o n w h y
n ,
n

e p r e fe r th e o th e r s o l u ti o n
é of w .

18 . W h a t is th e di fference between 1 o f an d s of 1 7 1
,
1
,
1

19 . W h at IS the va lue o f 4 o f subtra cted fro m H of 7

1 1 1 -
1
,

20 H ow m uch gre a ter IS 3 th a n § of

1 1

0 7it to his
.

21 A ma n o w n in g 1
o f a far m sold 1

7
,
.

n eighbour w h at p a
,
rt 0 it did his neighbour recei v e 7 .

2 2 S u s an bought 6 of a c a ke a nd g av e E li z a
.
1 -
1
of it ; ,
-

h ow m uc h did S us a n retai n ?
2 3 A ma n h av in g T of a sh a re of b a nk stock sol d 1
.
1
, ,

o f it ; how m uch of a sh a re did h e ret a in 7 .

2 4 Ca rlo fi n di n g 5 of a pou n d of m e a t let T owser e at

.
1
,

o f it ; wh at p art o f a pound did C arlo e at 7

—1

25 1
4
.

Nh at i s A s a ge supposi n g th a t o f 1 0 v e ars s Q
'
’
1
1 '
.
,

of
1
of h is a ge ?
2 6 H o w m uch m one y h a s J
. a cob if of 1 3 do ll ai s i s
1
,

5 § of
1
of his m o n ey ?
2 7 A cow cost 1 7 doll a rs an d 3 o f the cost of the co w
.
1
,

18
1 01? 1
of the cost of a n ex required the cos t of the o x ,
2 8 A pe n co s 2 0 cent s an d 2 of its cos t is 1 of 2 of
.
,
-

th e cos t of the holder required the cost of the holder

, .
66 ME N T A L A RIT H M ET C - .

29 W h at
. is7 2 of
2 7
S O L UT I O N . of
2 is 1
1 3
’ an d if 1 of
2 is
i
71 4
i “
“
. is 4 ti m e s

1
1
5 52
w hi c h e ar
l a
Th e r e fo r e 1 of 4
3 5
A
l
t
o
.

30 . Wh at is 1 o f 2 7 2 o f 2 7 2 o f 2 7
31 W at is 4 of 7 2 0 1 2 7 2 0 1 2 7
h
’ ’
1 5
.

32 . W h at is 2 o f 8 7 2 o f 2 7 2 0 f T 1j 7 ‘

33 VV h at is 2 of
4
7 2 o f 2 7 g o f g7 -

34 W h at is 3 o f 2 7 g o f 2 7 2 o f 2 7
-

35 W h a t l s 0 f £,
2 1 7 7
11
of 2 7 of 7
To
7 “

8
°

36 W h at IS l aTT o f T T 7e o f l
8 77
of
2 22 7
'

37 S i n ce O f 2 T 3 11] wh at m a n n er m ay
2 obtain
,

8
.
, we
th e s a m e re sult by o m itti n 7g the a n a l y sis 7 .

38 .

2W h at is 2
5
7 01 7
2 5ofi of 3
1 7 3 0

39 .
5V h at is
V
of
2 of 3
7 2 0f
2 7 5 of
T
40 W h at 18 of 7 of
.
8
7 2 of 2
1 4
2 of $ 7
3
7
41 W h at is o f T 7 o f 7 2 0 f T 7
.
1 4 3 8 o
- d

Johnsto n , h av m g 2 of a m elo n , g av e
u

42 .
D
(

Ma rtin ; how m i ch of it re m ai n ed 7 i .

4 3 11 av in g 4 of a bu s hel of apples , I g av e 4 o f the m

.
3 — 3

to VVe stl ake ; wh at p art of a bu shel re m ai n ed ?

4 4 W h at i s the di fference between 2 of of a le m o n
’
3
.
,

a nd 24
of
-
8
of a le m o n ?

4 5 H ow m uch m o n e y h a s S ar a h , if 2g o f 1 1 doll ars i s

.

2 of her o n ey 7 m .

4 6 A can build a bo a t m 2 2 week s which 1 3 2 of g

.
,

of the ti m e in which B c a n build it ; how lo n g will it t ake

B to build it ?
4 7 A h at cost 8 5 an d
.
4
of its co s t is 2 o f 2 of the
2 1
,

cos t of a co at required the cost of the co at

,
.

4 8 A m an lo s t 8 of his m o n e y an d then found as ,

m uch as 11 of the re m a inder , wh a t p a rt of his m o n e y did

.

h e the n h av e 7 .

4 9 A squirrel fell
.
5
of the di st a n ce from the to p of a
tree to the grou n d an d the n as ce n ded of the di s tan ce
1
,

h e w as fro m th e grou n d wh at p a rt of the whole dis ,

ta nce was he fr o m the groun d ?

5 0 A n n ie h av i n g 3 of a pou n d of c a n die s , sh a r e d
2
.
,
 M E NT A L A R I T H M E T IC . 67

th e m equ all y with 5 of her school mates ; wh a t p art of a

pou n d did e a ch recei v e ?
5 1 R ich a rd h av i n g 3 of 2 0 1 a qu a rt of chest n u ts
'

.
, .

sh a red the m equ a ll y with 4 of his pl ay fellows wh a t a r t

; p
of a qu a rt did e ach recei v e ?

5 2 M atthew lo st 3 of his propert y then s elli n g 1 of

.
, ,

th e re m a i n der bought a s m uch as 1 third of wh a t then

,

re ma i n ed ; wh a t p a rt of h is property did he th e n h av e ?

5 3 A h av i n g 2 of a doll a r g av e 5 of it to B an d B
.
, , ,

av e of his to C wh a t p a rt of a doll r did a ch then

g 5 a e

h ave 7
5 4 A kite in the a ir fell 71of the dist a n ce to the grou n d
.
, ,

t h e n a ro s e of th e di s tance it w as fr o m the groun d an d ,

then fell }
of the di s t a n ce it a ro s e ; wh a t p a rt of th e
2

Whole dist a n ce w a s it fro m the ground ?

LES S O N IX .

1 H ow man y ti m es is 2 cont ained in 4 7

.

SOL U T I O N 1 is c o tai e d in 4 4 ti m e s ; a d i f 1 is c o n tai ne d

— n n , n

111 4 4 ti m e s i is c o tai e d in 4 3 ti m e s 4 t i m e s w hi c h ar e 12
, , n n , ,

t i m e s an d 2 t hi r d s i s c o t a e d
. 4 5 o f 1 2 ti m e s o 6 ti m e s
n in 1n ,
r ,

21 T h e r e fo r e & c , .

2 H ow m a n y ti m es is 5
.

3 cont a i n e d in 2 7 In 3 7
3 H ow ma n y ti m es is lg con tai n ed in 3 7 In 5 7
.

'1 4 H ow m a n y ti m es is 2, co n ta i n ed in 2 7 In 4 7
.

5 H ow m an y ti m e s is 2 co n t ai n e d in 5 7 In 7 7
.

6 H ow m an y ti m e s is
. co n tained in 4 7
In 5 7
4 .H o w m a n y ti m e s is 3 co n t a i n ed in 2 7 In 4 ?

8 H ow ma n y ti m es is if
.

,
co n t a ined in 5 7 In 8 7

9 H ow m a n y ti m es is T 75 co n t ai n ed in 7 7 In 9 7
.
41

10 H ow m a n y ti m es is T T co n t ai n ed in 2 7 In 4
.
S 7

1 1 H ow m an y ti m es is 3 co n ta i n ed in 4 7 In 1 2 7
.

1 2 B y wh a t m ethod may we deri v e the resul t obt a i ne d

. s

1 abo v e without the a n a l y sis ?

,
68 ME N T A L '‘
A RI I H M E T IO .

13 If a ya rd of cloth cost of a doll ar, h o w m an y

y a rds c a n y o u buy for 1 2 doll ars
14 If 2 q u arts of nuts cost 3 of a di m e how m a n y
.
4

arts can be bought for 1 do l l ar l2

l ,

q u
1 5 H ow m an y y ards of t ape can b e bo u gh t for 11
.

cents if 3 y ards c ost 2 c e nts ?

, } 7

1 6 W h at cost 7 pe ac hes , at th e r a te o f 5 pe aches fo r

.

6 5 c ents ?
1 7 If 5 pints of m ilk cost 1 2 cents how m an y pint s
.
,
can y ou pur c h a se for 2 5 c ents ?

1 8 If 2 b arrels of appl e s cost 1 5 doll ars , how m a n y

1

ba rrels can be bought for Big d o ll ars ?

.

19 If. of an apple cost of a cent W h at W ill 1, of g , 7

of a n a ppl e cost ?
2 0 W h at cost 2 % oran ges a t the r a te of 4 ora nges for
.
,
5 § c e nts ?
2 1 If 3 § bo x es of butter cost
. W h at will 1 0
bo x es co s t at the s am e rate ?
,

2 2 75 doll ars is 5 of 5 t1m e s W h at a w at c h k e y cos t,

.
-

a nd the ch ain cost 8 ti m es as m u c h required the cost of

th e ch ain .

2 3 W h a t cost 1 6 le m ons if 5 ; le m ons cost 1 2 3 ce nts ?

.
2
,

2 4 W h at cost 1 7 y ards of l a ce if 4 % yards cost 75

.
,

di m es ? “

2 5 If 3 m e n c a n do a piece of work in 6 g d ay s , h o w
‘

l o ng will it take 1 2 m e n to do the s am e ?

2 6 If it require 9 m e n to do a pi e c e of work in 4 3
.
1

days how m a n y m e n W ill be re quired to do it in 1 3

,

da 78 ?
2 2 7 W h at cost 2 6 g allons of m ol asses , if 4 3
.
3
gallo ns
c o s t 2 16 doll ars ?
2 8 H ow m a n y ti m es is
. cont ained in g?
R EM AR K .
— So l u ti o n si m il ar to t h at at th e b e gi nn i n g of th e
le sso n .

29 . HO W ma n y tim e s is 3 cont a ined in g? In 3 ?

 70 M E N T A L AR I T H ME T IC .

55 H ow m an y b u sh e ls of gr ain at 8 a bu shel can be

.
,
4
,

bought for 1 2 b u shels of a pples worth 3 a b u shel ? ,

5 6 If 1 po u n d of b u tter c ost $ how m an y poun ds

.
3
,

can be h ad for 2 of a b arr e l of flo u r worth $6 pe r b a1 re l 7 ,

5 7 B bo u ght 6 yards of ribbon worth 5 2 c e nts a

.
,
.

ard ; how m an y apples worth 1 cents e ac h will b

y 5 ,
e ,

re q u ir e d to p a for it ?
y
5 8 H ar v e y bought 8 bushels of pot a toes worth $
.
2 a .

bushel an d p aid for the m w ith eggs , wor th $2 a do z e n ;

,

h o w m a n y eggs did it take ?

LE SS ON X .

1 Wh a t p a rt O f 2 is 27
.

SO LUT IO N 1 is Q o f 2
.
-
n d 1 s 1 O f §1 o f 2
,
a 1 w hich s 5 o f 2 , 1
,
s 3 ti m e s o r T h r o r e i is of 2
2
an d 4 1
a 3, o f 2 1
e . e f t 3
.

2 W h at p art o f 3 1 s 2 ? O f 2 is 2 ?
.

w W h at p art O f 4 is 5 ? O f 5 is 7 ?
2 2

p W h at p art O f 4 is 3 ? O f 7 is ? 5

p W h at par t o f 9 is ? O f 5 1s 3
of 3

? O 7 1 s 2of 7
r

a W h t pa t O 6 s
a 1 f 1
2
o f 2 f 3

q W h at p art o 2
is g o f ? O f 5 is of 2 7
g 1 --

w W h at p art O f 6 1s of ? O f 8 IS of z ?
2 2 1

w If a pole 1 0 fe et long ca st a sh adow 3 fe e t wh a t 1 -

is the length of the sh adow of a pole 8 feet long a t the

,

s am e ti m e of day ?
10 If 7 apples ar e worth 5 g p e a ches , how m a n y ap ple s
.

ar e 1 2 pe c h s worth
a e 7 .

1 1 If at a cert ain ti m e of day a pole 9 feet long cast

.
,

a sh adow 4
1
feet wh at m ust be the l e n gth of a pole to
,

c a t a sh dow 5 e
s a
1
f e t long a t the ,
s a m e t i m e of d y
a 7 .

1 2 If 8 pip e s fi ll a v es s el 1n 2 3 ho u rs how m an y pipe s

.
1
,

w ill be r e q u ired to fi ll it 1 11
16
1
o f a n — ho u r 7 .

13 R equired the length of the sh a dow of a pole , 16

.
 MENTA L A R IT H M E T I O . 71

fe et l ong , a t the s am e ti m e th a t a pole 3 5 fee t l o n g c asts

a s h a dow 7 feet in e n gth ?
%
14 M r B h av ing lost $
. .
,
1 0 fo u n d th at o n l y 3 of h is
,

m o n e y re m ained ; how m uch m o n e y h ad he ?

1 5 A m erch ant sold goo ds for h of W h at the y cost
.
o
.

an d thereb y lost 8 2 4 ; w h a t w a s the cost of his goods ?

1 6 W h a t p a rt o f g is 4 ?
.

S O L U T IO N is of g an d g o r n e i s 3 ti m e s i o r g of 5
.
,
o ,
.

Si n c e e is
on
3 of 4 1is of g w hich is {a of
,
a d
g is 4 t i m e s n

Pa , W hich ar e
46 go r of T h e r e fo r e 4
5 is 2 of i ,
t
.

W h at p ar t

Of 2
? 24 Of is 5
?
§ 5 is
° 1s

§? ;2
.

Of 1 s 7 5 . 0f
O f § 1s g . Of 5
is 1
g
?
Of is g ? 27 Of .
g is g of
g?
O f g is g
-
? 28 .
g is
g of
g?
Of gls g
-
? 29 O f .
9
-

6
is of
g g ? -

oi n
°
3

1 6 1s how ma n y ti m es 5 ?
°

of
4

1 8 1s
2 5 IS
°
5
5
of how m an y ti m es 8 ?

of how m an y ti m e s 1 0 ?
14 1s 17 of how m a n y ti m es 4 ?
°

36
of how m a n y ti m es 9 ?
°

2 7 IS
1 5 is 3
5
of how m a n y ti m es 3 ?
2 8 1s of how an y ti m es 7 ?
°

3
m
1 0 1s
°

5
of how ma n y ti m es 1 2 ?
2 0 18
°

1
4
2
o f how m an y ti m es
p
1
of 1 0 ?
3
2 4 1s of how an y ti m es
5
°

2 m of 1 2 ?
2 8 1s o f how m an y ti m es
°
4
7
, 3
1
of 2 1 ?
3 0 18 of how m an y ti m es of
°

g 1 2 ?
1 8 1s of how an y ti m es
°

8 m 6 of 1 4 ?
4 0 13
°

o f how m an y ti m es of 3 0 ?
4 5

3 6 is
°

E
4
of how m an y ti m es of 1 5 ?
3
6 0 15 of how an y ti m e s
°

g m 5
i
of 14 ? a

4 8 1s 0 1 how m an y tim e s
° °

of 1 6 ?
8
3 g
3 5 18 of how an y ti m e s
°

g m 4
of 1 8 ?
6 0 is 6
°°
3 f how m an y ti m es 3
of 2 0 ?
8 0 18
°

5
4
o f how ma n y ti m es of 3 0 ?
72 ME NT A L AR TI H ME T I C .

51
5 of 1 6
. is how m a n y ti m es 1 of 1 2 ?

g of 3 0 is how m a n y ti m es i of
5 3 34 of 40 is how m an y ti m es 9, of 2 1 ?
.
1 0 ?

g of 4 5 is how m an y ti m es of 1 5 ?
5 5 g of 4 2 is how m a n y t i m e s 4 of 1 4 ?
.

5 6 g of 4 8 is how m an y ti m es 3 of 1 6 ?
of 5 6 is how m an y ti m es 7 ? of 2 2 ?
6

5 8 g of 8 0 is how m an y ti m e s
. of 2 5 ?
5 9 g of 72 is how m an y ti m es 3 of 1 6 ?
.

00 $ 4 of 2 7 is how m an y ti m es of 1 2 ?
3
.
g
6 1 A s horse cost 8 2 0 0 a nd g of this is twice the cost
’
.
,

o f his sleigh a nd the sleigh cost 4 ti m es as m u c h as his

,

h arness ; required the cost of e a c h .

6 2 B s wedding co at cost $ 4 0 an d } of this is twi ce

’
- A
.
,

the cost of his v est an d three ti m e s the cost of his h at ;

,

wh a t w as the cos t of e a ch an d of all ?

6 3 H ann ah s wedding dress cost $ 5 0 an d g of this is
’
-
.
,

4 ti m es the cost of her bonnet a nd g of the cost of her ,

clo ak ; re quired the cost of the bonnet a nd clo ak, re

s e ctiv e l .
p y

LE SS O N XI .

M yron h aving of a cert ain su m of m one y fou nd

1 .

, ,

5 of th e s am e su m an d then h ad 8 2 8 req u ir e d the s u m

,
.

2 If g of J ohn s age in c re as e d by % a nd 4 of his a ge ,

’
. ,

eq u als 3 4 y e ars wh at is his age ? ,

3 W h at n u m ber is th at whi c h being 1 n cre as e d by its

.
,

a nd di m inish e d b y its 4 eq u als 3 5 ?

5 , ,

4 H e nry s age di m in ished b y its % a nd

.
’
,
e qu als 15 .

ye ar s a nd his a ge is
, g of his brother s a ge ; requ i red the
age of e ac h .

5 Fr a
. n c is after losing
, 7g
5
of his m o n e y fo u n d th a t $1 2 ,

was g of wh at re m ain e d ; how m u c h m on e y h ad he ?

6 W h
. a t is the s u m of the fr actions 5 5, 4 a nd { f , ,
 M E NT A L I H ME T I C
AR T . 73

7 H ow
,
ma n y a pples does th a t m an gi v e a w ay, wh o
g i v es to 5 girls e a ch 2 of an apple ?

8 W h a t is the cost of 7 pens a t the ra te of g of a

.
,

ce nt apiece ?
9 B is
. y e ars ol d an d 4 ti m es B s a ge is g of 0 s
,
’ ’

ag ; wh at is the a ge of C ?
a

1 0 P ete r g av e 15 of his m one y to J am es a n d 3 ti m e s

.
,

of it to J ohn an d then h ad 8 2 0 re m aining ; how m uch

3 ,

m on e y h ad P eter a t fi rst ?
1 1 A ch ain cost $
. 1 5 a n d { of its cost is
, 7 of the cos t
of a w at ch require d the cost of the w atch .

1 2 R e q u ired the va lue of g o f

.
7 of 4 4 of
}
a nd,

5 ? of 4
?
1 3 A cow cost $ 1 4 a n d g of the cos t of the cow is
,

of the cost of a horse ; required the cost of the horse .

1 4 A h av ing $
.
, 5 , g av e
5 of it to B an d B g av e
, 4 of
his p art to 0 ; wh at p art did e ach then h av e ?
15 . If a y ard of cloth cost 3
3 of a doll a r how ma n y
,

y ards can be bought for 9 doll ars ?

1 6 H ow m an y ya rds of m uslin c a n be bought for 8 6
.
,

if 2 ya rds cost g of a doll ar ?

1 7 H ow m any ti m es g is 45 ? H ow m an y ti m es 4 is 5 ?
.

1 8 If.
1
of a n apple cost 4 of a cent, wh at will 7{ of a n
ap ple cost .

1 9 W h a t cost 3 0 ya rds of l a ce if 3 4 y a rds cost

.
,
of a
doll a r ?
2 0 If 3 m en c a n do a piece of work in 3 4 d ay s how
.
,

l ong will it t ake 5 m e n to do it ?

2 1 If 7 m e n c a n do a piece of work in 2 4 d ay s how
.
,

l ong will it req u ire 6 m e n to do it ?

2 2 If a y ard of m uslin cost § of a di m e , how m u ch
.

can y ou b u y for g of a di m e ?
2 3 W h at p art of g is g?
. W h at p art of 1 5 is
2 4 A sh are d 8 a pples with his co m p anions gi v ing to
.
,

e a ch
4 of an apple ; req u ired the nu m ber of co m p a nions .

2 5 H ow m an y b u sh e ls of c orn worth 5 % shilling s a

.
,

bushel can be bought for 34 sh illings ?

,

7 are
74 M ENT A L AR T I HM E T I C .

26 H ow m an y apples will pay for 1 0 p e a ches , if 5

appl e s ar e worth 8 3; pe ach e s 7
1
.

2 7 M ary sh ared 2 1 di m e s with h e r s c hool m a te s,

.

gi v ing to e a ch 2 1
3
di m es ; how m an y s c hool m ates h a d

sh e ?
bought 4 yards o f silk worth $12 a yard and , ,

p aid for it with cl o th wor th $1 1 a y ard , how m an y yards

,

of cloth did it ta ke ?
2 9 The distance fro m Paoli to C hristi an a is 2 4 m il e s
. .
,

an d
2 of this dist ance is
g o f the dist ance fro m C hristi an a

to L an c ast e r ; wh at is th e dist an c e to L anc as t e r ?

3 0 The dist ance fro m C ol u m bi a to R o c k v ille is 3 0
.

m iles an d 3 of this dist an c e is of the di s t an c e from

,
2 2

C olum bi a to N ewport r e q u ir e d the distan c e to N e w port

,
.

3 1 The dist an c e fro m C onew ago to D u n c annon 1s 3

°

m iles a n d g of this dist ance is

,
2 1
of the dist ance fro m
3
C onew ago to M e xi co ; W h at 13 the dist a nce to M e x ico ?
°

LE SS O N X II .

1 Cyrus , after S pendi n g g o f his fortune , foun d th at

.

$ 4 0 w as 2 of wh at r e m ain e d ; wh at w as his fort u ne 7 .

2 W h at IS the l e ngth of a pole , the sh adow of which

°

is 1 0 fe e t , at the s am e ti m e th a t a pole 1 0 fe e t long c as ts

fe et l n l e ngth 7
°

a sh adow 2
1

a
.

3 M arth is 3 5 y e ars old , a nd }, of her a ge is

.
1 3 of

tw rc e h e r son s age ; how old

’
1 8 her son 7 .

4 .R a c h a el h ad 2 of a p e e k of w alnuts , whi c h she

sh ared with 5 of her school m ates ; wh at p art of a p e e k

did e ach recei v e ?

5 H enry , h av ing 2 of a b a rrel of cider , sold his neigh
.
3 .

of it h at p art of a b arrel re ined 7

hour 3
1
; w ma .

6 A far m er h av ing sold

.
,
1
of his she e p an d 1 0 cow s
b , ,

found 1 5 sh e ep an d 3 of his cows re ma ined ; how m an y

1

of e a ch di l he o w n ?
 ME NT A L AR T I HME T IC . 75

7 . T ake a n y nu m be r m ultipl y it b y 4 di v ide by 2 , , ,

m ultipl y b y 6 di v ide b y 3 the n di v ide b y twi ce th e

, ,

nu m ber an d n am e the res u lt

,
.

8
. A s m one’
y bein g incre a se,
d b y its 1
3
a n d the n

di m inished b y its 2 is $4 0 ; required his m one y

1
,
.

9 2 of B s m on e y incr e ase d b y the di ffe r e n ce between

’
.
,

} of his m one y is $ 5 W h at 1s his m one y ?

°

an d 5 ; ,

1 0 W hen B w as m a rrie d he w as 2 5 y e ars old an d 2

.
,

of his a ge w as 3 y e a rs m ore th an 3 o f his w ife s age ;

b
2 ’

re u ir e d the a ge of his wi fe
q .

1 1 W h at nu m ber is th at whi ch being di m inished by

.
,

its g a nd the re m ain d e r in c re as e d b y its 7 e q u als 4 0 ?

.

, °

1 2 S tephen lost 1 2 cents then fo u nd

. as m u c h as he ,
1

lost an d then h ad a s m uch as he h ad a t fi rst ; how m uch

,
3

h ad he at fi rst ?
1 3 A fi s h in g rod is 1 6 feet long an d g of its length
.
,

l a cks 2 fe et of being ; of the length of th e line ; r equired

th e length of the line .

1 4 A w atch cost $
. 4 0 which is 2 of { of the cost of ,
a

th e w atch an d ch ain ; required the cost of the ch ain .

1 5 S us a n h as 7 pe aches an d g of S us an s nu m ber
’

, ,
. .

m inus g of a pe ac h is 3 of E li z abeth s nu m ber ; how

,
’

ma n y h as E li z ab e th ?
1 6 If th e re ar e 50 chestnuts in a pint how m a n y do
.
,

A a nd B rec e i v e respect i v el y if A h a s go f a pint an d B , ,

as m a n y as A 7
g .

1 7 A h as 0 0 fruit trees 2 of which be ar pe a ches 2

.
, ,

of the re m ainder pe ar s a n d the re m ainder a pples ; h o w

, , ,
ma n y a re th e re of e ach ?
18 A far m er h a d 4 0 sheep in on e fi eld whi c h was g
.
,

o f the nu m ber in another fi e ld ; then of the sheep in

5
e a ch fi eld u ped int the other how a n y the n in e a c h
j m o ; m .

fi eld ?
1 9 M a ri a av e away so m e m one y an d then found 1 0
.

g ,

ce n ts which i s 5 of wh at sh e then h ad an d of what

,
1
,

sh e a fi r t h ad ; how m u c h did s h e gi v e aw ay ?
s

2 0 A m an lost 4 of a ll his m one y a n d then won 3 as ,

76 ME NTA L A R ITH M E TIO .

m uch a s h e lost an d the n h ad $2 0 how m uch h a d h e

,

at fi rst ?

2 1 If to 5 of the cost of B s horse y ou a dd $

’
. 8 0 th e ,

su m will equ al of the cost required the cost of h i

5 ; s
horse .

2 2 A p aid $
. 8 0 fo r flour a n d 3
of the num ber of do L
,
l ars is 3 ti m es the n um ber of b arrels pur c h ased , wh at
,

w as the price of the flour a b arrel 7 .

2 3 P hilo found 1 0 cents an d then lost

.
2
,
of wh at h e
found an d the n h a d 3°
, 5 a s m uch a s he h a d a t fi rst ; how
m uch h a d he a t fi rs t ?
2 4 The dist an ce fro m M edw ay to C olu m bi a is 4 2
.

m iles a n d 4, of this distance is 5 of the dist a nce fro m

,

M edw ay to R ock v ille requir e d the distan ce .

2 5 A h as 8 m arbl e s a nd B h a s 7 a nd 6 ti m es wh a t
.
, ,

the y both h av e is eq u al to th e n u m ber th a t C h as in

, ,

cre ased b y 1 0 ; how m an y h as C ?

2 6 M ary h a s 5 roses Ja ne 3 ti m e s a s m an y l a ck
.
, , ,

ing 5 a nd S u s an h a s twice as m a n y as both in cre ased

, ,

b y 5 ; how ma n y h as e a ch , a nd how m an y h av e the y

al l ?
. h a d 2 0 apples a n d L uc y g av e hi m 1 0
2 7 Fr e s co l n ,
.

m ore he then g av e his father 7 and his m other a cert ain

, ,

n u m ber an d h ad 1 3 re m aining ; how ma n y did he gi v e

,

his m other ?
2 8 A an d B h ad e ach 3 0 a pples ; A g av e B 1 0 of
.

his an d B g av e A 6 of his an d then lost a c e rtain

, ,

nu m ber so th at A h a d 1 2 m ore th a n B ; how ma n y did

,

B lose
2 9 A an d B h a d e ach 4 0 cents A g av e B 1 0 o f
.
,

h is an d B g av e A twi c e a s m an y of his an d th e n losing

, ,

a cert ain n u m ber h ad twice a s ma n y as A g av e hi m ;

,

h o w m an y did he los e ?
3 0 The dist an c e fro m O akl and to P arkesb u rg is 1 6
.

m iles an d 2 of this dist an c e is 5 of the dist ance fro m

4 ,

P arkesburg to M a r l e tt a l a cking 1 m i e ; wh a t is th e
,
.

d is ta n ce ?
78 ME N T AL A RIT H M E T O T .

S ECTION IV

LE SS O N I .

FE D E R A L MO N EY .

1 0 m ills ( m ) . equ al
cent 1 ct , .

1 0 cents di m e 1 d , .

1 0 di m es doll ar, 1
1 0 doll ars e agle, 1 E .

Fe d e r al m o n e y is th e cu rr e n c y of th e U n i te d S tate s Th e .

c oi n s a e of th r e ki n d s gold sil e r a d co pp r
r e , ,
v Th e
, e w ce t
n e . n n

coi n co n sis ts of 8 8 p rts co pp e r a d 1 2 p ar ts n ickl e T h e gol d

a n .

a d sil e r coi n s co n tai

n v allo yn e x c e p ti n g t h e 3 c e n t p i e c e
, ,

w hich is allo y T h e allo y of th e sil e r coi co n sis ts of co pp e r

. v n
,

a d of th e gold coi n of e q u l p ar ts of co pp e r a d sil e r

n , a n v .

D oll r s a d c e n ts w r i tte n tog th e r ar s e p ar a te d by a p oi n t

a n ,
e ,
e

th us is r e ad 5 doll ar s an d 6 0 c e ts '

n .

1 . H ow ma n y m ills in 4 cents ? In 7 cents ? In 8

di m es 1

2 H ow ma n y cen ts in 5 di m es ? In 6 doll ars ? In 3

.

e agles

3 H ow m a n y doll ars in 9 e a gles ? In 4 0 di m es ? In

.

5 00 cen ts ?
4 H ow m an y e agles in 5 0 doll ars ? I n 3 0 0 di m es ?
.

In 70 0 0 cents ?
5 If 5 apples cost 2 0 cents how ma n y apples c a n yo u
.
,

buy for $2
6 H ow m an y she e p can y ou bu y for 1 8 e a gles at th e
.
,

rat e of 3 sh e e p for 1 5 doll ars ?

7 W h at p art of 2 doll a rs is 5 cents , a nd wh a t p a rt of
.

3 di m es is 6 cents ?
8 W h at p art of 4 e agles is 8 di m es , a nd wh a t p a rt of
.

5 cen ts is g of a di m e ?
 MEN T AL A R IT H ME T IC . 79

EN G LI S H OR S T E R LI N G M O NE Y .

4 fa rthings ( gr ) equ a l 1 pe nn y ,

12 p ence 1 S hilling ,

20 s hillings 1 po u n d ,

21 shillings 1 guine a .

1 1 3 . 1 d .
$0 02 .

Th e s y m b ols a d a d q a e th e i n i ti als of th e L t u w o r ds
, .
,
n r . r a 1

ra, s o l id u s de n iu s an d qu ad ans sig nify i n g r e s p e c ti v e ly

,
ar ,
r ,

u n d shilli n g
,
p e nny a d q u ar te r
, ,
n .

1 H ow ma n y fa rthings i n 2 pe n ce ?
. In 3 ? In 5 ?
In 6 ? In 8 ? In 1 0 ?
2 H ow m an y p ence in 8 fa rthings ?
. I n 2 ? In 2 0 ?
I n 2 8 ? In 3 0 ?
3 H ow m an y p ence in 2 shillings ? I n 4 ?
. In 5 ?
n 6 ? In 1 0 ?
4 H ow m an y shil l in gs in 2 4 p en ce ? I n 4 8 ? In 72 ?
.

n 9 6 ? In 1 50 ?

H ow m a n y shillings in 3 p ounds ? I n 5 ? In 6 ?
n 8 ? In 1 2 ?
6 H ow m a n y pence in 3 3 a nd 6 d ? In 1 £ 2 s a n d 4 d ?
. . .
,
. .

7 W h at p art of 2 pence is 3 fa rthings a nd wh a t pa1 t

.
,

of 3 shillings is 5 pen ce ?
8 W h a t p a rt of 8 pence is
. of a p enn y, a nd wh at
p a rt of a guine a is g O f a p oun d ?

LE S SO N II

T R O Y W E IG H T .

2 4 gr a ins ( y ou ) equa l 1 p enn y weight , p w t .

2 0 penn y wei ghts 1 ounce

‘

oz ,

1 2 ounces 1 pound , lb
T h e te r m T y i s s aid t o b e d e r i e d fr o m T r oy e s th e n am e o f
‘

ro v ,

a to w ni Fr an c e w h e r e th e w e igh t w as fi r s t us e d in E u r o p e
n , .

Th e s y m b ol ( o z ) is fr o m th e S p an ish w o r d o n z a fo r ou n c e an d
.
, ,

( )
l b
. fr o m l ib a a p
r ou n
,
d .
80 MEN T AL A R I T H M E T IO .

-
1H ow ma n y gra ins in 2 pw ts ? In 3
. In 4 ? I . .

5 ? In 6 ? In 7 ?
2 H ow m an y pwts in 48 grs ? In 72 ? In 9 6 ? I
. . .

12 0 ? In 2 4 0 ?
3 H ow m an y pwts in 3 o z ? In 4 ? In 5 ? In 6 ?
. .

In 7 ? In 10 ?
4 110 w m a n y ounces in 5 poun ds ? In 7?
. In 10 ?
In 8 ? In 4 ? In 1 2 ?
5 If 1 0 pw ts of sil v er a re worth 3 shillings , w h a t is
. .

the v alue of 5 lbs of sil v e r ?

.

6 W h at is the va lue of 3 ounces of gold if 3 gr ain s

.
,
ar e worth 3 doll ars ?

A P O T H E O A R IE s
’
W EI G H T .

20 gr ains ( g in) equ al 1 scruple ,

3 scruples 1 dram ,
8 dram s 1 oun c e ,

12 ounces 1 pound ,
.

T his w e igh t is us e d fo r m i xi n g an d r e taili n g me dici n e s . Th e

u n d is th e s m e a s th e p ou n d T r o y
po a .

1 H ow m a n y grs in 3 9 8 ? In 5 g s ? In 2 3 s ? In
. .

1 lb ?
2 H ow ma n y scruples in 4 g s ?
. In 4 0 grs ? In 2 .

3 s a nd 3 g ?
s

3 H ow m a n y ounces in 3 lbs ? In 1 6 g s ? In 4 lb s
.

a nd 5 38 ?
4 H o w ma n y dram s in 1 2 0 grs ?
. In 3 6 9 5 ? In 3 .

pounds ?
5 W hich is the he avier , a n ounce of O p iu m or a n ounc e
of sil v er ?
6 If 5 grs of m e dicine cost 1 0 cen ts , wh a t wil l 3 oz
. .

an d 4 g s cost ?
7 Two t hirds of 9 scruples of a certa in drug cos t 18
.
-

cents , wh at will 3 fourths of 8 p oun ds cos t ?

 MEN T AL A R IT H ME T IC . 81

A V O IR D U I O I S ’
W E IG H T .

16 dr am s ( dr ) e q ual 1 ounce oz ,
.

16 ounces 1 poun d lb ,
.

“
25 p o unds . 1 qu arter gr ,
.

4 qu arters 1 hundred W( l gbt cw t ,

.

20 hun dred we i ght 1 ton T ,

.

T h e te r m A ir du p o is i s d e r i v e d fr o m th e Fr e n ch v i
vo da a o r

p i
o as ,
’
sig n if y i n g t o h a ve w e ig h t T h e p ou n d co n sis
. t s of 70 0 0
T r o y g r ai s T his w e igh t is us e d fo r w e ighi n g al m os t al l
n .

ar t icl e s e xc e p t gold sil e r p l ati n a an d p re cious s to n e s w hich

,
v , , ,

a e w e igh e d by T r o y W e igh t
r .

1 H ow . ma n y dram s in 2 ounces ? In 3 ? In 5?
In 1 0 ?
2 H ow . m a n y ounces in 3 p oun ds ? In 5? In 48
dram s
3 H ow ma n y qu a rters in 75 p ounds ?
. In 3 2 00 o z ? .

I n 5 cwt ? .

4 H ow ma n y hundredweight i n 3 6 qu arters ? In 3 0 0
.

lbs . In 6 tons ?
5 H ow m an y tons in 5 hun dredweight ? In 2 4 0 q rs ?
. .

I n 6 0 0 lbs ?
6 W h a t w ill 1 2 p oun ds of st a rch cost if 5 oun ces cost
.
,

2 0 cents ?
7 W h at will 2 cwt of coffee cost, a t the r a te of 4
. .

p ounds for 6 0 cen ts ?

8 I g av e 3 cwt 2 qrs of h ay , worth 32 0 a ton for
. . .
,

butter worth 2 5 cents a p oun d ; how ma n y p ounds of

butter did I recei v e ?
9 W hich is the h e av ier , a p oun d of gold or a p ou n d
.

of le a d ? A n ounce of sil v er or a n oun ce of fe a thers ?

M ETRI C S Y S T EM In th e M e tr ic S y s te m o f w e igh ts an d
.
—

m e asu r e s th e it f w igh t is th e G m
un o Th e g m _ 15 44
e ra . ra .

T r o y g rs it is us e d fo r ligh t w e igh ts T h e K il g m ( 1 0 0 0 . o ra

g r m s ) bbre i te d i n to k il o w ill be th e o rdi n ary w e igh t o f

a ,
a v a
,

co m m e rc e T h e kil g am 2 } l bs A v oi r du p ois v e ry n e ar l y
. o r 2
1 .
, .

8
82 M EN T AL A R IT H M E T IO

LE SS O N III .

L O N G ME A S U R E .

12 i nches ( in ) equ al 1 foot ,

3 fe et 1 yard
5 } y ards
7 1 rod ,

4 0 rods 1 fu rlong ,
8 furlongs 1 m ile ,

T h e y ar d is th e s tan d ar d u n i t of l n g th It is fo r m e d by e .

di idi n g a p e dulu m w hich i br t s s e co n ds i

v n , v cuu m at
a e n a va ,

th e l e e l of th e s e
v i th e l ti tud e of L o do n i t o 3 9 1 3 9 3
a, n a n ,
n

e q u al p r t s a d taki n g 3 6 0 00 0 of th s e p r t s
a n Fr o m this u n i t e a .

al l o th e r m e asu r e s a d w e igh ts a e d r i e d
n r e v .

1 .H ow ma n y inches in 3 feet ? In 5 ? In 7 ? In
2 y ds ? In 2 rods an d 2 feet ?
.

2 H ow m an y feet in 6 0 Inches ?
. In 9 6 ? In 1 08 ?
In 6 rds ? In 4 rds 7 y ds ?
. . .

3 H ow m an y y ards in 4 5 feet ? In 6 6 ? In 72 in ?
. .

In 4 rds ? In 1 fur 4 rods ?

. .

4 H o w m an y fu rlongs in 3 2 0 rods ? In 4 4 0 ? In
.

6 6 0 fe et ? In 9 m iles ?
5 H ow m an y m il e s in 1 0 4 furlongs ? In 6 4 0 ? In
.
~

8 0 0 ? In 1 76 0 y ards ?
6 M a ry ra n 6 0 rods a nd 4 fi fths of this dist an c e
.
,

equ ls 7 6 of the dist ance H enry ran how m an y furlongs

a 3

did H enry run ?

7 Three fourths of the le n gth of a pole is 6 feet which
.
,

is 2 si x ths of the length of a nother pole ; how m an y y ard s

long is e ach pole ?
8 W h at p art of 1 y ard is 2 feet , an d wh a t p a rt of 2
.

fu rlongs is 4 y ards ?

M E T RI C S Y S T E M In th e M e tr ic S y s te m th e
.
— it f l gth is u n o en

th e M t e er. It e q u ls a i n ch e s o v e ry n e rl y 3 ft 3 i ,
dr a . n . an

of i n ch L o n g dis t n c e s w ill be m e sur e d by th e K il m t

an . a a o e er

( 1 0 0 0 m e te r s ) w hich e q u als 3 o f a m il e v e ry n e ar l y
.
,
.
 MEN T AL A R IT H ME T IC .

'

C L O T H MEA S U R E .

2 } Inches equ al 1 n ail na ,

.

4 n ails 1 qu arter, g r .

4 qu arters 1 y ard y d ,
.

3 qu arters 1 E 11 Fle m ish E ,

. Fl .

5 qu arters 1 E ll E nglish E ,
. E .

6 qu arters I E ll Fre nch E ,

. Fr

C lo th M e asu r e is us e d in m e a su r i n g cl o th l ac e m usli n , , , 81 0 .

1 H ow m a n y inches in 4 n ails ? In 5 qu arters ? In

.

ells Fle m ish ? In 2 ells E nglish ?

2 H ow m an y n ails in 1 8 in c hes ? In 5 4 inches ? In
.

E E an d 3 qrs ? In 5 E Fr an d 2 qrs ?
. . . . . .

3 H ow m an y q u a rters in 2 4 n a ils ? In 6 3 inches ?

.

In 3 E E 4 E Fl an d 2 qrs ? In 5 2 y ards ?
. .
,
. .
,
.

4 H o w m an y y ards in 14 4 inches , 4 8 n ails a nd 3 2

.
,

qrs ? In 7 E Fr an d 2 qrs ?
. . . .

5 W h a t is the di fference between 8 E Fr a nd 4 E

. . . .

E ? Between 5 E F1 an d 3 2 n ails ? . .

6 H ow m an y co ats c a n be m ade fro m 9 E E a nd 3

. . .

q rs. if
,
one co at require 3 y ards ?

7 Fo u r fi fths of the nu m ber of y ards in M a ry s dres s

’
.

equ als 8 which is 4 ti m es 5; a s m an y yards as her cl oak

,

conta ins ; how m an y ya rds m ore in the dress th a n clo ak

;

LE SS O N IV .

A LE OR B EE R MEA S U R E .

2 pints ( p t ) equ al 1 qu art ,

4 q u arts 1 g allon ,

36 g allons 1 b arrel ,

54 g allons 1 hogshe a d ,

A l e o r B r M e asu r e i s us e d i m e as u r i n g al e
e e n ,

g al l o n co n sis ts of 2 8 2 cu b ic i n ch e s .
84 MEN T AL ’
A R IT H M E T IO .

1 H o w m a n y pints in 5 qu arts ? In 1 0 g a llons ? In

.

5 b arr e ls ? In g of a hogshe ad ?
2 H o w m an y q u arts in 4 6 p ints ?
. In 7 g a llons ? In
3 bar 1 0 g al s ? In 2 hhd 2 g als 3 qts
. . . .

3 H o w m an y gallons In 64 p i nts a n d 2 0 qu ar ts ? In
.

b
3 of a hhd and o f a b arr e l ?
; g
4
.

4 W h at pa1 t o f hhd is 4 o f a b arr e l ? W h at is the

.
1
a .

di fferenc e b e tween hhd an d 3 b arr e ls ?

2 .

5 W h at p art o f 2 b arrels 1s 9 g allons ? W h a t cost a

.

al of a le a t 5 cents a pint ?
g .
,

L IQ U ID OR W I NE MEA S U R E .

gills ( gi )
4 .equ a l 1 pint p t , .

pints
2 1 qu art g t , .

q u arts
4 1 g allon g al , .

g allon s 1 b arrel ba r , .

4 2 g allons 1 tier c e tie r , .

6 3 gallons 1 hogshe a d , hhd .

2 hogshe a ds I pipe p i ,
.

2 pipes 1 tun tu n ,
.

Wi n e M as u r e is us e d in m e asu r i n g w i n e a d l i q uids g e ne
e , n

rall y T h e g llo n co n sis ts of 2 3 1 cu b ic i n ch e s

'

. a .

1 H ow m an y gills in 6 pints ? In 5 qu ar ts ? In 3
.

g a llons ? In 2 b arrels ?

2 H ow m an y pints in 2 4 gills ? In 8 qu arts ? I n 2

.

tierces ? In 1 hhd a nd 7 gal s ? .

3 H ow m an y qu arts in 4 0 gills ? In 2 6 pints ? In

.
‘

2 tuns an d 3 hog s h e ads ?

4 W h at p art of of a hogshe ad is , of a tierce ? W h a t
.
1
7

p a rt of 1
3,
of a hhd is 7 qu arts ? .

5 W h at p art o f 7, o f a g a l
.
4
wine m e a sure is l of a2 .
,

g a l beer m e as u r e 7
.
,
.

6 W hi c h IS th e gre ater a g allon of wine or a g allon of ,

beer ? A hogsh e ad of al e or m ol a ss e s ?
M E T RI C S I s T E M T h e u n it of cap a city is th e L ite
.
— e q u al to r,

I t s li q uid q u ar ts v e 1 y n e ar l y
,
T h e H cto l ite r ( 1 0 0 li te rs ). e ,

e q u al 0 ab ou t 2 b ill b e us e d fo r m e asur i n g g r ai n e tc
g u s w .
,
.
86 M E N T A L A R ITH ME T I C .

1 H ow m an y seconds in 2 m inutes ? I n 3 ? In 6 ?
.

In 8 ? In 1 0 ?
2 H ow m an y m inutes in 3 hours ?
. In 4 ? In 5 ?
In 1 2 0 seconds ?
3 H ow m an y hours in 4 d ay s ?
. In 5 ? In 10 ? In
2 10 m inutes ?
4 H ow m a n y d ay s l n 3 weeks ? In 9 ? In 1 2 ? In
.

9 6 hours ?
5 H ow ma n y weeks in 7 m onths ? In 1 1 ? In 28
.

d ay s ? In 1 6 8 ho u rs ?
6 H ow m an y m onths m 10 y e a rs ? In 2 4 weeks ? In
. ,

5 6 d ay s ? In 1 1 2 d ay s ?
7 H ow m an y y e a rs in 2 4 m onths ? I n 1 0 4 weeks ?
.

In 3 6 4 d ay s ?
8 M a ry is 4 y e ars an d 6 m onths old , a n d her brother
.

is 6 y e ars an d 4 m onths old how m uch y ounger is M ary

th an her broth e r ?
9 H ow m an y d ay s , of 1 0 h o u rs e ach , will be required
.

to make 4 0 h a ts , if 4 h ats c a n be m ade in 7 hours ?

C H A N G E O F C U RR EN C IE S .

In Ne w E gl an d V i r gi i a Ke n tuck y an d T e n
n ,
n , ,

n e ss e e 63 .
$1 .

In Ne w Y o k , O hio , r N o r th
an d r n
C a oli a , 83 .

In Ne w J e se y, e r P nn sy l an i a
v ,
D e l aw a re , an d

M ary l an d , 73 6 d
. .
= $1 .

In Sou th C a olir n a d G e o rgi a an ,

= $L 43 8 d .

n
In C a a d a a n d N o S co ti a va ,
= $L 5s .

1 Ten doll ars in N e wY ork equ a l how m an y pounds ?

.
, ,

S O L U T I O N I $1 th e r e ar e 8 shilli gs a d i £ 1 th e r e re
— D n ,
n n a

20 shilli n g O n e shilli n g is of a p ou n d d 8 shilli n gs , an ,

2 ;
or 35 1 a e , 8 ti
r m e s 1 w hich a e ,
5 o r £ 3 a d $1 0 a e 1 0 ti m e s
r , n r
2 0

é
f
, w h ch ar e £ 4 T h e r e fo r e
.
$ 1 0 in Ne w Y o r k e q u als £ 4
, , ,
.

2 H ow m an y p ounds in $
. 2 0 in O hio ? In 8 6 0 in
North C arolin a ?
3 H o w m an y pounds in $
. 3 0 of N ew E ng la nd ? In
69 0 Ke n tuck y ? In 8 1 0 0, V irgini a ?
,
 MEN T AL A R IT H M E TIO . 87

4 . H ow m an y pounds in 84 8 N ew J ers e y ? I n 864 ,

,
?
Penns y l v ani a ? In 8 72 M ar y l an d ,

5 H ow m an y po u nds in 8 12 0 S outh Ca rolin a ? In

.
,
3
8 2 4 0 G eorgi a ? In 8 5 6 Ca n ad a ?
, ,

6 H ow m an y doll ars i n £ 24 N ew Y ork ? In £ 2 6 ,

.
,

O hio ? In £ 3 0 N orth C arolin a ?

,

7 H ow m an y doll ars in £ 2 7 M aine ? In £ 5 4 V e r

.
, ,

m ont ? In £ 6 0 M ass achusetts ?

,

8 H ow m an y doll ars in £ 2 1 , S o u th Ca rolin a ? In

.

£ 6 3 G eo rg i a currenc y ?
,

9 W h a t is the v alue of a shilling in ce nts in e a ch

.
, ,

of the s t ates m entione d in the ta ble ?

R EM AR K l Th e cl ass sh oul d n o w r e v i e w u n l e ss th e y ar e
—
,

e n ti r e l y fam ili ar w i th th e p r e c e di n g s e c tio n s .

SE CTION V .

LE S S O N I .

S p e ci al atte nt io n 1 8 c all e d to th e ad ap tatio n of th e r e m ai n d e r

o f th e b ook to l m e n tary an d ad n c e d cl ss e s E a ch l e sso n
e e va a .

c o m m e n c e s si m p l y e n ough fo r th e m os t e l e m e t ry p u p ils a d n a ,
n

n e ar th e clos e b e co m e s su ffi ci e n tl y di ffi cul t fo r th e m os t d a

v a ce d
n T h e m o r di fficul t p r o b l e m s a e s p r t d fr o m th e
. e r e a a e

e a si e r b y a li n e ; th s e a e to b e o m i t te d b y y ou g p u p ils u n t i l
e r n

r e v i e w w h il e th e old e r o r m o r e a d v an c e d p u p ils t k e th e w h o l e
, a

l e sso n .

1 If g of a y ard of cloth cost 5; o f a doll ar wh at; will

.
‘ ,

2 of a ya rd c ost ?
2 If 8 horses e at a qu antit y of h ay i n 1 6 w e eks how
.
,

l ong woul d it l a st 3 2 horses ?

3 If 5 m e n e arn 3 0 doll ars in a cer tai n ti m e how
.
,

m uch will 8 m e n e arn i n g ,

the ti me ?
4 If 6 p e rso n s spen d $
. 3 6 in 3 d ay s , how m uch will
10 p ersons spend in 5 d ay s ?
88
'
M E NT A L A R IT H M 11131 0 .

5 H ow l on g will 5 tons of h ay l ast 8 horses , if 6 ho rs e s

.

e at it in 1 2 we e k s ?
6 H ow long will a b arrels of flour l ast 1 0 pe 1 sons, if
2
.

4 p ersons e at 4 b arrels i n 4 0 weeks ?

7 If 1 m e n can e arn 6 2 8 m 4 d ay s , how ma n y doll a rs
.

can 9 m e n e arn i n 6 d ay s ?
8 H ow long will 6 m e n require to buil d 6 bo a ts , if 7
.

m en b u ild 3 bo ats in 1 2 weeks ?

9 If 1 0 o x en e at 4 a c r e s of gr ass in 6 d ay s in how
.
,

m an y d ay s will 3 0 o x en e at 8 acres ? .

1 0 If it req u ir e 4 m e n 7 d ay s to perfor m a cert ain

.

p iece of work how m an y m e n c a n pe 1 fo r m a piece , 3

,

ti m es a s l a rge in 6 d ay s ?
,

1 1 If it require 5 m e n 8 d ay s to b u ild 2 0 rods of

.

Wall how m an y m en c a n , in 2 d ay s , build

,
1
a s m uch
w all ?
1 2 H ow m an y m en in 1 0 d ay s of 6 hours e ac h can
.
, ,

e a rn as m u c h as 6 m e n in 2 0 d ay s of 8 ho u rs e ac h ?
1 3 H ow m an y o x en will e at 5 tons of h ay in 5 weeks ,
.

if 1 2 o x e n e at 4 tons in 4 weeks ?
1 4 If 3 hors e s in
.
l
,
of a m onth e at of a ton of h ay,
3
,

how long will 3 of a ton l ast 5 ho 1 s e s ?

1 5 If 4 m e n can do a piece of work i n 6 d ay s in wh at
.
,

ti m e will it be co m pleted if th e y recei v e the ass i sta nce of

5 m e n when the work is h a lf done ?
,

1 6 H o w m an y cents ar e 1 0 m elons worth if 4 m elon s

.
,

are worth 8 or anges an d 3 oranges are worth 9 cents ?

,

1 7 H ow m an y cents will 5 oranges co s t if 3 or ange s

.
,

are worth 9 appl e s an d 4 apples ar e worth 8 cents ?

,

1 8 H ow m an y doll ars will 1 0 sheep c ost if 5 sheep

.
,

are worth 2 co w s an d 4 cows are worth $8 0

,
.

19 H ow m an y pigs can a m an get for 2 cows if 1 2

.
,

p igs are w e 1 th 3 sh e ep a nd 1 2 sheep ar e w o i th 3 c ows ?

,

2 0 H ow m an y oranges can y ou b u y fo 1 2 0 c e nts of 4

.
,

oranges are worth 8 apples , a nd 4 apples are worth 8

cents ?
2 1 H ow m an y he n s c a n y ou pur c h ase fo r $ 1 2 if 4 ,

he ns a re worth 8 turkey s , a nd 3 turkey s a re worth $6 ?

 MEN T AL AR IT H ME T IC . 89

22 . If 6 sheep a re worth 2 cows a n d 10 cow s are

,

worth 5 horses how ma n y shee p c a n y ou bu y for 3

,

horses
23 . If a m e a sure of flour m ake 5 four cent lo av es how ,

ma n y 2 ce nt lo a v es will it ma ke ? H ow m a n y 5 cent
lo av es will it m ake ?
2 4 If a cer ta in s u m of m one y bu y 9 four cent or a nges ,
.

h o w ma n y 6 cent or a nges c a n y ou buy with the s am e

su m ?
25 . If a 5 cent lo af weigh 7 oun c e s when flour is ,

w orth 6 doll ars a b arr e l how m uch should it weigh whe n

,

flo u r is worth 7 doll a rs pe r b arrel ?

2 6 If a 3 c e nt lo a f weigh 9 oun ces wh e n flour is 6
.
,

doll a rs a b arrel h o w m uch ought a 4 cen t lo af to weigh

,

when flour is $ 8 a b arrel ?

27 A . c a n do as m uch work in 2 d ay s as B can i n 4 ,

orO in 6 d ay s in how m an y d ay s c a n B do a s m uch as

C c a n in 1 8 d ay s ?
2 8 A can do as m uch 1 n 6 d ay s a s B c a n ih 2 d ay s
.
,

a n d B c a n do as m uch i n 5 d ay s as C can in 1 5 d ay s ;
in how m an y d ays can A do a s m uch as C can in 4 d ay s ?
2 9 A can do 3 ti m es as m uch in a d ay as B an d B
.
,

c a n do twice as m uch as C 5 in how m a n y d ay s can A do

a s m uch a s C c a n in 4 d ay s ?
3 0 If 5 hors e s c a n e at a lot of gr ain in 1 2 d ay s in
.
,

wh a t ti m e will it be consum ed if 7 horses a re a dded

,

whe n the gr ain is 11; e ate n ?

3 l 1f 8 b o y s can weed a g a rden 1n 5 h ours in wh a t
.
,

ti m e will the j o b h e co m plete d pro v ide d 3 bo y s le ave

,

when the work i s h alf done ?

3 2 1 f 9 m e n build 10 rods of w al l 1n 8 d ay s 1h wh a t
.
,

ti m e c a n 2 0 rods be built if 2
,
of their nu m ber le av e
whe n the work 1s I p a r t co m p le te d ?
90 MEN T AL A R IT H M E T l o .

LE SSO N II .

1 .A gentle m a n g av e 4 cents e ac h to so m e p oor c h il d

re n
; h ad he gi v e n the m 7 cents e ach it wo u ld h av e take n
3 6 cents m ore ; how m an y childr e n wer e th e re ?
S OL U T I O N By th e s e co n d co n di ti o n of th q u tio h g e
.
— ~
e e s n e av
e ch child 7
a 4 w hich is 3 c e ts m o e th
—
, b y th fi s t
n d r an e r , an

to th m el l 3 6 c n t s m o r e ; h e n c e th r e w r e s m
a , e
y hild r
e n e a an c e

as 3 is co n t i d ti m e s i 3 6 which e 1 2 T h e r fo r e & c
a ne n , ar . e , .

2 A t e ac her g av e his pupils 2 q u estions e ac h an d h ad

.
,

2 6 question s re m aining if he h ad iy e n th e m 4 api e ce

g
,

there wo u l d h av e been none re m a i n i ng , req u ir e d the

nu m b e r of pupils an d questions .

3 A fath e r g av e his sons 5 doll ars e ac h an d h ad 3 0

.
,

doll ars re m aining h ad he gi v e n th e m 8 doll ar s e a c h it

,

would h av e t ak e n all his m one y , required the nu m ber of

sons an d am o u nt of m one y .

4 M ary g av e so m e beggars 6 cents e ach an d h ad 2 5

.
o ,

cents re m aining h ad she gi v e n the m 8 cents e ac h she

,

would h av e h ad 3 cents re m aining how m a n y begg ars ,

were th e re ?
5 E dward bought a cert ain n u m ber of m elons at th e
.
,

ra te of 5 c e nts e ach 5 if he h ad p aid 3 c ents e ach the y

wo u ld h av e cost 14 c e nts less ; how m a n y m elons did h e
bu
6 A l ad y wishing to buy so m e ribbon found if she
.
, ,

bought th at at 1 0 cents a y ard she would w ant 9 cents to

p y
a for it b u,
t if she bo u ght th at at 7 cents a y ard sh e

woul d h av e 9 c e nts re m aining how m u c h m oney h ad

sh e
7 M orris an d R obert h av e e ach a cert ain nu m ber of
.

pe ac h e s if M orris h ad 1 0 m or e he wo u ld h av e twi c e as
m an y as R obert b u t if he h ad 3 0 m ore h e wo u ld h a e 4
,
v

ti m es as m an y as R obert how m an y h as e ach ? ,

8 A dro v e r bo u ght a nu m ber of sheep at 8 3 a he a d

.
1
, ,

an d found he l acked $ 6 of h av ing m one y enough to pay

 M EN T AL AR IT H ME T I C . 91

fo r the m ; if he h a d p a id 8 2 a h e ad he would h av e h ad 89
re m aining ; h o w m u ch m one y h ad he ?

9 S allie wishes to bu y a silk dress ; if she p ay s 8 5 a

.

ard she will l ack 6 10 of h av ing m one y eno u gh to pay

y
for it but if she p ay s
,
a y ard sh e will h av e 8 5 re

m aining required her m oney, a nd the nu m ber of yards

in the dre ss ?
1 0 A cert a in nu m ber of or a nges at the r ate of 3 for
.
,

12 cents will c ost 1 8 cents m ore th an t h e s am e nu m ber

'

of a ppl e s a t the r a te of 4 for 8 cents ; r e h u ir e d th e

,

nu m ber .

1 1 A cert a i n nu m ber of pe a ches a t 3 for 10 ce n ts ,

.
,

will cost 2 0 c e nts m ore th an the s am e nu m b e r of pe a rs ,

a t the r ate of 3 for 5 cents ; requir e d the nu m ber .

1 2 J am es a n d H e nry h av e a cert ain nu m ber of

.

marbles ; if J am es h ad 8 m ore he wo u l d h av e 6 ti m e s
as m an y a s H enr y but if 1 2 less h e would h av e onl y
,

twice a s m an y ; how m an y h as e ac h ?
13 A gentl e m an di v id e d 2 8 a pples between a n equ al
.

num ber of boys an d girls gi v ing to e ach girl 3 an d to

, ,

e a ch bo y 4 apples required th e nu m ber of boy s a nd girls .

1 4 A m an bo u ght an equ al n u m ber of pigs an d sheep

.

for 68 1 gi v ing 8 4 e ach for th e pigs an d $5 e ach for the

, ,

sheep ; how m an y of e ac h did he buy ?

1 5 A bo y e x pended 3 6 cents for an e q u al nu m ber of
.

m e lons an d le m ons gi v ing 4 cents e ach for the m elons

, ,

an d 2 cen ts e ac h for the le m ons how m a n y of e a ch did

;
he purch ase ?

16 l ad y g av e 6 0 cents to som e poor children ; to

. A
e a ch bo y she g av e 2 cents a nd to e ach girl 4 cents ; how
,

man y were there of e a ch pro v ided there were 3 ti m es as

,

m an y b oy s as girls ?
1 7 Two bo y s h a d an equ al su m of m one y ; on e bought
.

a cert ain nu m ber of or a nges a t 4 cents e a ch a n d h ad 1 2

, ,
ce nts re m aining the other bought twice a s ma n y a p ples ,
92 MEN T AL i
A rt r n mnr l c .

fo r 3 c nte s
ch a nd h ad 2 cents re m aining ; how m uch
e a
,

m one y h ad e ach ? .

1 8 A B an d C dig a ditch for $

.
, 6 0 ; A r e cei v es
, ,

B 8 2 an d C ,
a da
y; how m an y d ay s were the y e m
ploy e d an d wh at did e ach rece i v e ?
,

1 9 A an d B ag 1 ee to perfor m a pi e ce of wo rk A re
.

,
ce iv i n g $2 an d B 8 3 a day A wo 1 ks t w ice a s m an y days
, ,
as B an d the y together recei v e $
, 70 ; how m an y d ay s did
e ach l a bour ?
0

Lm S O N III .

1 .If to Ha rry s age its 5 be a dded the su m will be ’

,
24 y e ars ; wh at is his age ?

SOL U T IO N By th e co n di tio n of th e p r o bl e m of H rry s age

.
—
, a
’
,

p lus of his ag e w hich 8 3 of his age e q u al s2 4 y e ar s If 3

,
1 , .

o f H arry s ag e e q u ls 2 4 y e ar s l o f his ag e e q u als 1 of 2 4 y e ar s

’
a , ,

w hich 3 8 y e r s a d g
1 é o r his a g a
e e q u als 2
,
t i m e sn8 o r 1 6 y.e ar s
, , ,
.

T h e re fo r e 81 0 , .

2 W h at nu m ber is th at to which , if its % be dded ,

. a

the su m will be 3 6 ?
3 R eq u ired the nu m ber , which being incre as ed by
.

ts 3 equ als 4 0
3
.

4 W h at num ber is th a t which being incre a sed b y its

.
,

g the s u m wi ll be 8 0 ?

5 W h at n u m ber is th a t which being dim m ish e d by

.
,

its g the r e m ainder will be 3 0 ?

6 Three ti m es a certain nu m ber incre a sed by g of
.
,
-

itself e q u al s 2 2 ; required the nu m ber

,
.

7 R e u b e n s a ge being do u bled a n d di m inished b y 5

’
.
,

of his age equ als 5 0 y e ars how old is he ?

, ,

8 Three an d 1 ti m es a num ber m inus of the num

be r equ als 3 4 ; w
,
.

,
h at 18 the num ber ?
9 Two fi fths of a nu m ber being sub t ract e d fro m 3, of
.
1

the num ber equa ls 7 requir ed th e n u m be r .

94 M E N T AL A R TT H M E TIC .

24 thief s tole of Ha rry s m one y a n d before h e

A 3 ’

was c au ght spent ? of it ; the re m aind e r whic h w as $

.
,
2
20
?
,

e s s th an h e stole w a s gi v en b ack how m uch m one y h a d

H arry ?
2 5 Two ti m es a e e 1 tain nu m ber
. 1 0 equ als 3 ti m es , ,
th e s u m obt ained b y 1 n cre as in the nu m ber b y 2 wh
g ; a t
is th e nu m ber ?
2 6 B al dwin h a d sto len fro m h im 7 o f his m on e y an d
.
5
,

the thi e f w as not c aught u ntil he h ad s pent of it ; t h e

re m ain der whi c h w as $3 0 less th a n B aldwin ad r e m ain
,

in g, w as g i v en b a ck ; how m uch m one y h ad B aldwin ?

0

LE SS O N IV .

1 . W illi am a nd H enry h av e 1 5 marbles how m an y ,

h as e a ch pro v ided W illi am h a s twice as m an y as H en ry ?
,

S OL U T I O N By a co n di tio n of th e p r o b l e m tw ic e H nry s ’
— e
,

nu m b e r qu ls W illi m s w hich add d to H e nry s n u m b e r

’ ’
e a a , ,
e ,

e q u ls th r e e ti m e s H e nry s w hich is w h at th e y b o th h a e o r 1 5
’
a ,
v ,

m rb l e s If 3 ti m e s H e nry s n u m b r q u ls 1 5 o c his
’
a . m e e a ,
n e nu

e q u ls of hich is a d tw ic e his n m b e r o r Wil

be r a
g 1
. 5 w ,
5 ,
n u ,

l i am s e q u als tw ic e 5 o r 1 0 m ar bl e s T h e r e fo r & c
’
, , . e , .

2 .R obert h as 3 ti m es as ma n y cents a s E li as a nd th e y ,

to gether h av e 2 4 how m an y h as e ach

3 W illiam h as 4 ti m es as m an y n u ts as O li v er a nd
.
,

th e y together h av e 2 0 pints ; how m an y pints h as e ac h ?

4 E m m a h as 3 5 flowers an d 4 ti m es the n u m ber o f
.
,

roses eq u al s the nu m ber of pinks ; how m an y h as she of

e ach kin d ?
5 D i vide the nu m b er 2 5 into two su c h p arts t h at 1
.
,

ti m es one p art sh all eq u al the other .

6 A fa ther an d son e arn e d in one we e k 8 1 2 ; h o w

.

m u c h did e ach e arn if the father e arn e d twice a s m u c h

,

as th e son ?
7 A pole , 3 6 feet in length , w a s broken into twe
.
 M E N T AL 90
P

A R IT H M E r ro .

unequ al p eces such th a t of the longer piece equ al s

'

1
, 3;
th e shorter ; required the length of e a ch piece .

8 In a cert ain school consisting of 3 5 schol a rs there

.
, ,

were 4 as m an y girls a s boy s ; how ma n y boy s a nd h o w

m an y girls in the school ?
9 The su m of two nu m bers equ a ls 40 a nd g
.
; o f th e ,

gre a ter equ a ls the less ; required the nu m bers .

10 A m an bought a horse an d cow for $

. 1 0 0 a n d th e ,

how cost g a s m uch a s the horse ; require d the cost of

e a ch .

1 1 Twice the su m of two nu m bers is 3 0 an d 3 ti m es

.
,

the s m al ler eq u als twice the gre a ter ; wh at a re the nu m

ners
1 2 Two thirds of the nu m ber of doll a rs th at A a n d B
.

h av e equ als 4 0 ; how m an y h a s e ach , if 5 ti m es A s nu m ’

be r eq u als 7 ti m es B s nu m ber ?
’

13 Three fourth s of 4 0 is o f the nu m ber of a pples

i
.

a nd pe ars th at R e u ben h as ; ow m an y h as he of e a ch ,
if 3 ti m es the nu m ber of a pples equa ls 7 ti m es the nu m
ber of pe ars ?
1 4 Di v ide 3 6 a pples am o n g three bo y s so th a t the
.
,

s e c ond m ay h av e twice as m an y a s the fi r st a nd the third ,

3 ti m es as m an y a s the fi rst .

1 5 Di vide 6 6 plu m s a m ong E ll a E m m a a nd E ttie ,

.
, ,

so th at E ll a sh all h av e twice , a nd E m m a three ti m es as

m an y as E ttie .

1 6 A w atch a n d ch a in cost 4 2 doll a rs ; wh a t w a s the

.

cost of e a c h pro v ided 2 of the cost of the w atch equ als

,

th e cost of the c h ain ?

1 7 A B an d 0 together , e a rned $
.

, , , 70 ; A e arned
twice as m uch a s B a n d B twice a s m uch as 0 ; how
,

m uch did e ach e arn ?

1 8 The su m of three num bers is 5 0 the secon d 1s 3
ti m es t h e fi rst a n d the third is tw 1ee the secon d ; wh a t
,

are the nu m bers ?

1 9 H arry a n d Tho m a s lost a purse of m one y conta in
.

in g $ 2 4 of which H arry owned

, a s m uch a s Tho m as ;
h ow m uch did e a ch lose ?
96 M E N T AL A M T H M E T rc .

20 A
tu rk ey duck a nd hen cost 6 6 di m es the du ck
.
, , , ,

cost twi c e as m u c h as the hen an d the t u rk e y 4 ti m es as ,

m u c h as the d u c k required the cost of e ac h .

2 1 The di fference b e tween two nu m b e rs is 2 7 a nd

.
,

h e gre ater is 4 ti m es the s m a ller ; wh at are the n u m

fi ers .

z 7
M arie h as 4 0 c herries m ore th an J ane an d 5 ti m e s
.
,

Ja ne s n u m b e r e q u als M arie s ; how m an y h as e ac h ?

’ ’

2 3 T w o thi rds of 3 0 1s g of the di ffe rence b e tw e e n two

.
5

nu m bers an d th e less 1s o f the g re ater ; wh at are the

,

nu m bers
2 4 A m an bo u ght a horse cow a nd sh e e p for 6 1 0 5 ;
.
, ,

how m uch did he p ay for e ac h pro v ided th e c ow c ost 4 ,

ti m es as m u c h as the sheep a nd the horse 4 ti m es as ,

m u ch as the c ow ?
2 5 A far m e r h as 1 0 2 a ni m als consi s ting of hogs
.
, ,

she e p a nd cows ,
th e re are 3 a s m an y she e p as hog s an d
, ,

as m an y c ows as hogs r e q u ired the n u m ber of each

g ; .

2 6 O f a certain pole w hose p arts ar e in th e m u d air

a nd w at e r Lg of the l e ngth in th e air eq u al s the l e hgtli
, ,
.
,
’

in the w ate r an d 3 of th e length m the w at e r equ als th e

,

le ngth m the m u d ; r e q u ired the l e ngth of ac h p art sup e ,

p osin g th e p art in the w ater to be 1 0 fee t long e r th a n the

art i n th e m u d
p .

LE SS O N V

A an d B h av e 2 5
1 . ora nges ; h ow ma n y h as e ac h ,
if
B h as 5 m ore th an A ?
S OL U T I O N By co di tio n of th e p r o il m A s u m b r 5
.
— a n e ,
’
n e

o r n g e s e q u ls B s u m b r w hi h dd d to A s is t wic e A s
a a
’
n e c a e
’
s,
’

: 25
, ,

nu m b e r 4 5 w hich qu ls 2 5 o r g s If tw ic A
»
,
e a an e . e
’
s o ,

tw ic A s e 25 5 or 2 0 if tw ic e A s o c A qu l s °
’
n e
’
s e a

:
,

w hich i s 1 0 ; d si c B h d 5 m o r e th an A 1 0 5
5 o f 2 0 ,
an n e a , ,

q u ls Be5 n u m b er
a T h e r fo r e & c . e , .
98 MEN T AL ’
A R ITH M E T IO .

16 A w a tch an d ch ai n cost $8 5 an d 335 of the cost

.

of the w at c h pl u s $7 equ als the c ost Of th e ch ain ; re

, ,

qui e d th e c o s t of e ach
r

1 7 Fran c is h as 9 cents m ore t h an i as m an y as Fan

.

n ie , a nd they together h av e 4 2 ; how m any c en ts h as

e ach
1 8 A co w a n d horse cost $
. 1 3 2 ; re q uir e d th e cost of
e ac h if the cow cost 2 as m uch a s the horse , m inus 8
,

doll ars .

19 A m an walked 1 1 0 m iles in three d ay s ; he w alked

.

5 m i es fu rther the secon d day th an the fi rst an d 1 0

r
,

m il e s fur th e r the third th an the s e cond ; how far did he

w alk e a ch d ay ?
2 0 A m an bought a sleigh horse an d h arness for
.
, , ,

$15 2 ; for the sl e igh he gav e twi c e a s m u c h as for t h e

h arness plus 8 6 an d for the horse 4 ti m es as m u ch a s
, ,

fo r the h arness plus 36 ; wh a t did he p ay for e ach ?

,

2 1 A l ad y bought a h at c lo ak an d sh aw l for 378 ;

.
, ,

wh at did she pay for e a ch supposing the clo ak cost twi c e ,

a s m uch as the h at plus $4 a n d the sh a wl twice a s m uch

, ,

as the clo ak l ac king 4 doll ars ? ,

2 2 O ne h alf of M ary s oranges equ als A nni e s an d

’ ’
,
.

of A nnie s equ als E m m a s , an d the y together h av e 2 8 ;

’ ’

h o w m an y h as e ac h ?

2 3 A e arned L2 as m uch as B a nd B e arn e d as m u c h

.
,

as C a nd th e y together e a rned $
,
1 08 req u ir e d th e am o u n t
e a rned b y e ach .

2 4 In a cert ain fi eld ther e a re 4 2 am m al s consisti n g

.
,

of horses sheep an d cow s ; required the n u m b e r of e ach

, , ,

p ro v ided 1
of the n u m b e r of sheep 4 1 0 e q u al s th e
7, , ,

nu m ber of cows an d 31; of th e num ber of sh e e p ,

,

eq u als the nu m ber of horses .

 MEN T AL A R IT H M E T IO . 99

S ECTION V I .

LE SS O N I .

Pe r fr o m th e L ati n p e b y d n t m th e hu n d r e d m e an
ce n t r, ,
an ce u , .
s

by o r o th e hu n d r e d
n T hus 5 p e c t of a n u m b r of app l e s
.
,
r e n . e

is 5 app l e s of a hu n d r e d 1 0 p c n t of a n u m b e r f doll r s is
, e r e . o a

10 doll ar s o n a hu n d r e d an d so o w h a te v e r b e th e d e n o m i n a
,
n,

tio n.

1 A t a g ain of
. 10 p er cent , wh at p art of the value
.

equ als the g ain ?

S OL U T IO N g ai n of 1 0 p e r c e n t is a g ai n of 10 o n 1 00
— A . .

If o n 10 0 th e g ai n is 10 o n 1 i t is of 1 0 w hich is 1 0
Trio,
T0 6
or , ,

J T h e r e fo r e at a g ai n of 1 0 p e r ce n t T16 of th e v alu e e q u als

,
.
,

2 A t 2 4 5 or 8 per cent wh at p a rt of the cos t

.
, , ,
.
,

equ als the g ai n ?

3 A t a loss of 1 2 1 4 1 6 or 2 0 per cent wh at p art
.
, , ,
.
,

of the v alue equ als the loss ?

4 If I g ain 2 5 3 0 or 8 5 per cent o n a n in v est m ent
.
, ,
.
,

wh at p art of the m on e y in v ested equ als the g ain ?

5 A g ains 5 0 per cent on his c apital ; wh a t p a rt of
. .

the c apital equ all e d the g ain ?

6 B g ained at on e ti m e 6 0 at a n other ti m e 70 and
.
, ,
at another ti m e 8 0 er wh a t p a rt of the c a i tal
p p
e a ch ti m e equ alled th e g ain ?

7 W h at p art of the cost equ als the g ain a t 8 12 A ,

16 2
1 or 33
4 per c e nt

s A m an p aid
. fo r a horse a n d sold it a t a g ai n ,

o f 1 0 per cent ; wh at w as the g ai n

.
?

SOL U T IO N A t a g i n of 1 0 p e c n t Tl ooo o r 716 of th e co st

— a r e .
’ ’

e q u al s th e g a i n $1 5 0 is $1 5 T h e r e fo re th e .
,
10 0 M E N TA L A R fT IIM E T I C
’
.

9 . A l ady bought a sh awl for 68 , a nd sol d it a t a ga i n

of 2 5 per cent required the gain
.
,
.

10 A m erch ant sol d 2 0 pe r cent of 5 0 b arrels of

. .

flo u r how ma n y bal re l s did he sell , an d how m a n y re

,

m ained ?
1 1 H enry sol d a cow worth 64 0 at a loss of 5 per
.
,

c ent wh at did he recei v e for the c ow ?

.

1 2 S am uel spe nt 2 0 per cent of 6 5 0 for a w atch a nd

. .
,

2 0 per cent of the re m ainder for a ch a in 5 how m u c h h a d

.

he r e m aining ?
1 3 H ow m uch is 5 ti m es 4 per cent of 4 00 b a rrels o f
. .

flo u r a n d 6 ti m es 5 per c e nt of 3 0 0 b arrels ?
,
.

14 W hich is the gre ater an d how m u ch 3 2 0 per cent

.
,
.

of 50 a pples or 6 ti m es 4 per cent of 2 5 apples ?

,
.

1 5 Tho m a s h av ing a horse whi c h cost 6 1 2 0 sold it a t a

.
,

gain of 2 5 per cent an d the buy er sold it at a loss of 2 0

.

p er cent wh at did the l att er re c ei v e for it ?

.

16 A l ad y bought 6 y ards of c ali c o for 1 8 0 cen t s a nd

.
,

sold it at a gain of 1 0 per cent 3 wh at was the g ain on .

e a c h y ard

1 7 1 0 p e r cent of 63 0 0 doll ars is 35 o f wh at M a ry

. .
’

p a id for a sh awl req u ir e d the c ost of the sh awl .

1 8 A m er c h ant purch a sed 10 b arrels of flo u r for 6 5 0 ,

.

a nd sold the m at a l o ss of 2 0 pe r cent wh at did h e re .

cei v a for e a ch b arrel ?

1 9 A m an owning ”s of a house , sol d 2 5 p er c e nt of
.
8 .

it , how m u c h h ad n e re m ain in ?
.
g
2 0 8 per cent of 62 0 0 i s 3% o f wh a t A g av e for a
.

wat c h he sold it so as to g ain 2 0 per cent , for wh at did

,
.

he sell it
2 1 A a n d B together h av e 6 1 6 0 0 of wh i c h A ow n s
.
,

as m u ch as B A then obt a ins 2 0 per cent of B s p art ;

’

g ; .

how m u c h does e ac h n e w possess ?

2 2 A owned 5 0 acres of l an d a n d B own e d thr e e
.
,

ti m e s as m uch ; A sold B 2 0 per cent of his l an d an d .

,

then bought 2 5 per cent of B s ; how m uch h ad e ach

’
.

a ft e r this Op er a tion ?
10 2 MEN T AL A R tT H M E T IO
'
.

15 6oi
6 1 s twice
wh at pe r c en t of gof 5 0 d o ll ars ?
.
§S .

o f 6 10 1 s
1
of
wh at pe r c ent of of 5 0 doll ars ?
4

] 7 1w o t h irds of 9 0 di m es 1 s
.

‘
of wh at S am u e l p aid
fo r 10 books ; he sold the m for 3 i m es apiece ; 1 eq u ired
th e loss p e r cent .

1 8 A m erch ant bought 3 0 b ar 1 e ls of flo u r for 65 e ach

.
,

an d sold of the at th e r ate of 3 b ar 1 els for 62 4 an d

% m ,

the rest for cost ; required the gain per c e nt

1 9 5 of 1 0 per c ent is w h at p e r c ent of 2 0 pe r c e nt ?
. . . .

20 of 8 per cent is wh at p e r c e nt of 3 0 per c e nt

. . .

2 1 g of 1 5 per cent is wh at p e r cent of 4 ti m e s 1 6

.
» 1
. .

per cent
2 2 M a ry sol d so m e silk for 6 1 2 an d thereb y cle ared
.

1
of this m on e y ; wh at wo u ld she h av e lost per cent if .

she h ad sold it for 6 doll ars ?

2 3 A m an sold a cow for 6 2 5 an d thereb y cl e ared
.
,

of this m o u cy ; how m u c h wo u ld he h av e g a ined per cent .

if he h ad sold it for 63 0 ?
2 4 W illis sold so m e books for 6 1 2 a nd thereb y cle a red
.
,

g of the cost ; wh a t would he h av e lost p er cent b y sell .

ing the m for 68 ?

LE SS O N III .

1 . Thom as sol d his w a tch for 62 5 a nd th e reb y gained ,

2 5 per cent , wh at w as the cost of the w atch ?

.

SOL U T IO N If h e g i n e d 2 5 p e r c e n t th e n __ o r 1 of th e
.
-
a .
,
“ "

1
,

cos t q u ls th e g ai which add e d to A th e cos t is of th e

e a n, ,

cos t w
,
hich e q u ls $ 25 H 5 of
a th e cos t e q.u a ls $2 5 1 of th e
co s t e q u ls
é of
a 6 2 5 w .
hich is $ 5 a d,
4 o r th e cos t e q u a
,
ls 1
n ,

ti m e s 655 w hich ,
e 6 20 T h e r e fo r e 81 0
ar .
, .

2 M ary sold h e r sh aw l for 6 1 4 which w as at a g ain

.
,

of 4 0 per c ent r e q uir e d th e c ost of the sh awl

.
,
.

3 A far m e r sol d a cow for 62 3 an d the reb y g ained 1 5

.
,

per cent req u ired the va lue of the cow

. .
 MEN T AL A R I T H ME T IC . 1 03

4 A st u d e nt sold his lib rary for 614 0 an d thereby

.
,

lost 3 0 per cent wh at w a s its value ?

.

5 B y selling a h at for 68 M ary lost 2 0 p er ce n t ;

.
,
.

wh at w as the v al u e of the h at ?
6 A dog w as bought for 6 1 5 a nd sold a t a g ain of 2 0
.
,

p er c e nt for wh at w as it sold ?
.

7 M ason g ained 2 0 p e r cent b y s e lling c loth a t 66

. .

e r y ard h o w shoul d he h av e sold it to g ain 2 5 per cent

p .

8 If a m e r c h ant s e lls m usli n at 3 9 c e nts a y ard an d

.
,

thereb y g ains 3 0 per cent , how ought he to sell it to lose

.

4 0 p e r c e nt ? .

9 If b y s e lling l an d a t 6 75 a n a cre 1 g a in 2 5 per cent

. .
,

how m ust I sell it to lose 4 0 per cent ? .

1 0 A bo at w a s sold for 6 9 1 w hich w as a t a loss of 3 5

.
,

p er cen t ; how O ught it to h av e been sol d to g ai n 4 0 per

fl
cent ? .

1 1 T ay lor lost 6 0 per cent on a w atch b y selling it for

. .
,

64 0 wh at ought he to h av e recei v ed to gain 6 0 per cent .

1 2 H inkston sold his horse a n d c arri age for 62 4 0 a nd

.
,

thereb y lost 4 per c ent wh at would he h av e g ain e d per

.

cent b y selling it for 63 0 0 ?

.

13 A w agon w a s sold for 69 0 which w as 1 0 per cent

.
,
.

less th an its value ; wh at wo u ld h av e been the g ain per

cent if it h ad b e en sol d for 6 12 0 ?
.

14 M r Bow m an sold 2 books for 61 5 e ach ; on o n e h e

. .

gained 2 5 per cent a nd on the other h e lost 2 5 per cent

. .

how m uch did he lose b y the tr ans action ?

1 5 A t ailor sold 2 co ats for 6 1 2 e ach ; on on e h e
.

g ained 2 0 per cent , a nd on the other he lost 2 0 pe r

.

did he g a in or lose b y the s ale an d how m u c h ,

.
1 6 B bought a w atch for 64 2 whi c h w as 4 0 pe r c ent
.
,
.

less th an its v alue ; he sold it for 3 0 per cent m ore th e n .

its value ; wh at w as the g ain ?

1 7 A m an sold 2 w at c hes for 6 8 0 e ach ; on one he lost
.

2 0 pe r c e nt an d on the oth e r he g ained 2 5 per c ent ;

.
,
.

h o w m u c h w as g ained or lost b y the tr ans action ?

1 8 A m er c h ant sold a s to v e for 6 3 0 a n d thereb y l e st
.
,

25 p er cent he then bought a nother for 63 0 a nd upon ,

10 4 MEN T AL A R IT H M E I IC
' '
.

it g ained 2 5 per cent ; wh a t w as gained or l o st b y th e

.

tr ans ac ti o n
1 9 M arth a sold a p ai nti n g so th at g of wh at she re
.
,

ce iv e d for it e q u alled of the cost did she or lose

g ; ga
-
m ,
a nd how m u c h per c e nt .

2 0 Terre l sold his w atch a n d ch ain fo r 6 12 0 r e ce iv

.
,

ing 5 ti m es as m u c h for the w atch as for the ch ain ; o n

the w at c h he g ain e d 2 5 per cent an d on the ch a in he .

lost 2 0 per cent ; wh a t w as the g ain ?.

LE S S O N IV .

1 A m an gained 2 5 pe r cent b y selling his w a t c h for

. .

$2 0 m ore th an it c ost ; req u ir e d its cost .

2 A far m er g a ined 3 0 per c e nt b y s e lling a cow fo r

. .

$9 m ore th an she c ost ; wh at did the c ow c ost ?

3 A , b y s e lling his dog for 6 6 l e s s th an it cost , lost
.

1 5 per c e nt on the s ale ; req u ir e d the cost of th e dog

. .

4 . A h at w as sold for 2 0 cents l e ss th an cost , whi c h

w as a t a loss of 4 0 per cent required the value of th e .

h at .

5 Four is 1 0 per cent 5 is 2 0 per cent a nd 6 is 2 5

. .
,
.
,

e r cent of wh at nu m ber ?
p .
,

6 E ight is 4 0 per cent 9 is 3 0 per cent , a nd 1 2 is

. .
,
.

12 per c ent of wh at nu m ber ?

.
,

7 Thirty is 2 5 per cent l e s s, a nd 2 5 p er cent m ore

. . .
,
th a n wh at n u m bers ?
8 A m an gained 62 0 b y selling a bo a t for 2 0 per cent
. .

m ore th an its v alue ; wh at wo u ld he h av e g ained b y s e ll

ing it for 1 0 per c e nt abo v e its value ? .

9 A pi ano w as sold for 6 6 0 less th an its va lue whi c h

.
,

w as a t a loss of 3 0 per cent wh at woul d h av e been th e .

gain per c e nt if it h ad b e en sold for 6 2 50 ?

.

1 0 6 2 4 is 4 per cent of th e s u m of A s a nd B s for

’ ’
. .

tune ; how m uc h m one y h a s e a ch , pro v ided A h a s twice

as m uch a s B ?
10 6 MEN T AL A fi IT H M ET IO .

LE SS O N V
N T ER E S T I .

I nte es t is m o n e y ch ar g e d fo r th e
r se of m o n e y o r p r o p e r t
y u .

i t is e s ti m t d at a c e t i n r a te p e c e n t p e r annu m
a e r a r .
, .

T h e P i ip l is th e s m o w hich i n te r e s t is co m p u te d
r nc a u n .

Th e A m n t is th e s m of th e p r i ci p al a d i n te r s t
ou u n n e .

Th e R t p ca e t is th e i n te e s t of 1 0 0 fo r o e y e r
er en . r n a .

I co m p u ti n g i n te r e s t w e sh all co ns id e r 3 0 d ay s t th e m o th
n o n ,

an d 1 2 m o n ths to th e y e ar .

1 . R educe 2 y e ars a n d 6 m onths to the fr a ction of a

y e ar .

S OL U T I O N Il l 1 y r th e r e ar e 1 2 m o n ths h e c e 1 m o n th is
— .
,
n

of a y e ar a d 6 m o n ths ar e 6 ti m e s TIT w hich a e T o r g

,
n r
‘ ’
T

o f a y e ar w hich add e d to 2 y e ar s e q u als 2 o r e rs

;
6 1
5
, , y , ’
;
a

2 R educe e ach of the following to the fr a ction of a

:
.

y e ar 2 y r 8 m o 3 y r 4 m o 4 y r 3 m o 5 y r 6 m o
. .
,
. .

,
. .
,
. .

3 H ow m an y y e ars in 3 y r 9 m o ? 7 y r 2 m o ? 4
. . . . .

yr 10 m o ? 6 y r 5 m o ? 6 y r 8 m o ?
. . . . . .

4 R ed u ce 3 y e a rs , 7 m onths , 1 5 d ay s to the fra ction

.
,

of a y e ar .

SOL U T I O N T h e r e ar e 3 0 d ay s i a m o n th h e n c e 1
.
— n , d ay is ao
'
’

1 of a m o n th which add e d
an d 1 5 d ay s ar e
$3 o r 3
, , , to 7 m o .
,

e q u als o r 12 5 m o n ths 81 0 , .

5 H ow ma n y y e a rs in 2 y r 6 m o ? 2 y r 8 m o ? 3
. . . . .

yr 4 m o ? 4 y r 3 m o ? 5 y r 6 m o ?
. . . . . .

6 H ow m an y y e ars in 3 y r 9 m o ? 7 yr 2 m o ? 4
. . . . .

yr 10 m o ?
. 6 y r 5 mo ? 5 y
. r 8 mo ? . . . .

7 H ow m an y y e ars in 2 yr 2 m o 2 d a
. 3 yr 3 m o . . .

9 d a ? 2 y r 4 m o 5 da ? . . .

8 H ow m a n y y e a rs in 4 y r 7 m o 6 d a ? 5 y r 5 m o
. . . . . .

10 d a ? 6 y r 2 m o 1 2 da
.
?
. . .

9 H ow m an y y e ars in 7 yr 3 m o 1 8 d a ? 8 yr 6
. . . . .

mo 2 0 da ?
. 2 y r 1 m o 6 da ? . . .
 M E N T A L A RI T H ME T IC 10 4
H
.

10 . A t 5 per cent for 4 y e ars , wh a t p a rt at th e p rinci

.

p a l equ a ls the interest ?

SOL U T I O N A t 5 p e r c e nt 16 6 o f th e p r i n ci p al e q u als th e
—
. “

in te r e s t fo r 1 y e ar a d fo r 4 y s 4 ti m e s i
n r w hich ar e 5 ,
2 5
.
,
,
T00
or of th e p r i ci p al e q u als th e i te r e s t
n n .

11 A t 1 0 per cent for 5 y e ars or 2 0 per c e nt fo r 2

. .
,
.

y e ars wh at p art of the pri n c ip al eq u als the i nt e rest ?

,

1 2 A t 8 per cent for 5 y e a rs or 9 per cent for 1 0

. .
,
.

y e ars wh at p art of the princ ip al equ als the interest ?

,

1 3 A t 7 per cent for 5 y e ars an d 6 per ce n t for 1 5

. .
,
.

y e a rs wh at p art of the princip al e q u als the int e rest ?

,

1 4 A t 6 per cent for 2 y r an d 4 m o , wh a t p art of

. . . .

th e princip al equ als the i nterest ?

1 5 A t 8 per cent for 3 y r an d 3 mo wh a t p a rt of
. . . .
,

th e prin cip al equ als the interest ?

1 6 A t 6 per cent for 5 y r a nd 8 m o , wh a t p a rt of
.
.
. . .

the prin cip al equ als the interest ?

1 7 A t 7 per cent for 1 2 y r a n d 6 m o , wh a t p a rt of
. . . .

th e pri ncip al equ a ls the interest ?

1 8 A t 8 per cent for 1 y r 4 m o 1 5 d a , wh a t p a rt
. . . . .

o f the princip al equ a ls the interest ?

1 9 A t 9 per cent for 2 y r 5 m o 1 0 d a , wh a t p a rt of
. . . . .

the princip al equ als the interest ?

2 0 A t 5 per cent for 3 y r 7 m o 6 d a , wh at p a rt of
. . . . .

the princip al equ a ls th e interest ?

W h a t is the inte rest of 660 for 6 y e a rs , a t 5 p er
cen t . .

W h a t is the interest of 64 0 for 4 y e a rs , a t 5 per

ce nt .

2 3 W h a t is the interest of 63 0 for 5 y e ars , a t 4 pe r

.

be n t ?
2 4 W h at is the interest of 6 8 0 for 7 y e a rs , a t 5 e r
.

p
cent ? .

'

2 5 W h at is the interest of 6 75 for 8 y e a rs a t 6 e r

.

p ,
ce nt ?.

2 6 W h a t is th e interest of 6 50 for 9 y e ar s a t 8 e r
p
.

,
ce n t
[ 08 MEN T AL AR IT H ME T IC
‘

27 . W h at is the interest of 62 5 0 for 6 y e a rs , a t 4 pe r

cent . ?
28 . Wh at is the i nterest of 62 8 for 10 y ears , at 5 pe r
cent .
?

29 . Wh a t is the interest of 6 40 0 for 11 y e ars at,

5 p er
cent . ?
30 . W h at is the interest of 62 0 0 for 65 1
y e ars a t
, 6 p er
e t
c n . ?
31 . Wh a t is the interest of 63 0 0 for 5 6 y e ars a t ,
9 per
cent . ?
32 . W h a t is the interest of 62 4 0 for 7% y e ars a t ,
9 pe r
c ent ? .

W h a t is the interest
3 3 O f 6 6 00 for 2 y e ars 3 m onths a t 8 per cent ?
.
, ,
.

3 4 O f 63 0 0 for 4 y e ars 6 m onths a t 6 p er cent ?

.
, ,
.

3 5 O f 6 2 4 0 for 3 y e ars 9 m onths at 8 per cent ?

.
, ,
.

3 6 O f 6 2 2 5 for 6 y e ars 8 m onths at 6 per cent ?

.
, ,
.

O f 6 5 0 0 for 5 y e ars 4 m onths at 9 per cent .?

, ,

3 8 O f 63 3 0 for 7 y e ars 6 m onths at 4 per cent ?

.
, ,
.

3 9 O f 6 2 2 2 for 8 y e ars 4 m onths a t 6 per cent ?

.
, ,
.

40 O f 66 6 6 for 6 y e ars 3 m onths at 8 per cent ?

.
, ,
.

4 1 O f 62 8 8 for 4 y e ars 2 m onths a t 1 2 per cent 7

.
, ,

4 2 O f 64 40 for 2 y e ars 1 m onth a t 1 2 p e r cent ?

.

'
, ,
.

4 3 O f 6 12 0 for 5 y e ars 1 0 m onths a t 1 2 per cent

.
, ,

4 4 O f 6 54 0 for 3 y e a rs , 7 m onths 6 d ay s , a t 5 per

.
,

cent ? .

O f 63 0 0 for 5 y e ars 3 m onths , 1 8 d ay s , at 1 0 per

,

cent ? .

O f 640 0 for 2 y e a rs 3 m onths 9 d ay s , at 4 0 pe r

, ,

cent ? .

4 7 O f 6 5 0 0 for 2 y e ars 2 m onths , 1 2 d a s at 5 per

.
,
v

ce nt ? .

4 8 O f 6 6 0 0 for 1 y e ar 6 m onths 1 2 d ay s a t 1 5 p e r
.
, , ,

cent ? .

4 9 O f 62 00 for 1 y e ar , 6 m onths , 2 0 d ay s a t 9 per

.
,

cent ? .

5 0 O f 65 0 C for 3 y e a rs , 8 m onths , 1 2 d ays , at 10 pe r

.

ce nt ? .
1 10 M E N T A L A RIT H ME T IC .

15 Jam es a nd H enry h av e 61 5 0 0 on int e rest for 4

.

y e ars a t 1 0 per cent ; wh at am ount of interest will e ach

,
.

re c ei v e pro v ided J am es h as twi c e as m uch as H e nr y ?

,

1 6 A s fort u ne is 6 2 0 0 which is 4 of B s ; wh at
’ ’
.
,

interest will e ach receiv e on his m one y in 4 y e ars , a t 5

p er cent .

1 7 C s m one y is 63 00 which 1 8 5 of D s , wh at i s th e
’ ’
.
,

am ount of e ach for 5 y e ars at 6 per cent ,

.

1 8 A s m one y is 64 0 0 whi c h i s of B s ; how m uch

’ ’
.
,

m ore interest will B recei v e th a n A , in 8 y e a rs a t 5 p er ,

cent ? .

1 9 A B a nd 0 together h av e 6 1 2 0 0 of which A
.
, , , , ,

h as twice a nd B 3 ti m es a s m uch as 0 ; wh a t is the

,

interest of e a ch for 5 y e ars a t 6 per cent ? ,

.

2 0 If the interest of 62 5 00 for 4 y e ars a t 1 0 per

.
,

cent be div ided into two p arts which are as 2 to 3 it

.
, , ,

will respec ti v el y gi v e g of B s , an d z of A s m oney ; how

l —
’ ’

m uch h as e a ch ?

LE SS O N VII .

1 .W h a t princip al will in 6 y e a rs , a t 5 p er cent , gi v e

,
.

66 0 interest ?
R EM AR K We 6 O f th e p r i n ci p al e q u als th e i n te r e s t

a
3 -
,
U
1 6
.

w hich 5 $ 60 1If
6
0 f th e p r i ci p l
. a e
_
. q u als $ 6 0 _l
1
6
e q u als n ,

of 6 6 0 w hich 8 $2 0 an d 1 8 o r th e p r i n ci p al e qu als 10 ti m e s
,
1 , , ,

$2 0 w hich a e $2 0 0
,
r .

2 .
W h at p ri ncip a l will in 7 y e ars , ,
at 5 per cent , gi v e .

62 1 interest ?
3 W h at princip a l will in 8 y e ars , ,
at 6 per cen t gi v e .
,

6 12 int e rest ? 0

4 .
W h at princip al w ill , in 3 y e ars ,
at 8 per cent .
gl ve

66 0 inter e st ?
5 .
W h at princip al will , in 7 y e ars , at 4 p er cent .
gi v e
$70 i nter e s t
 M E N T A L A R IT H ME T I C . 11 1

6 . W h at princi p al will , in 8 y e a rs, a t 5 p er ce n t , gi ve .

66 0 inter e st ?
7 . W h a t princip al will in 3 y e a rs a nd 4 m onth s , at 6 ,

p er cent gi v e 6 8 0 i n terest ?
.

8 W h a t prin cip al will i n 7 y e a rs a n d 6 m onths a t 4

.
, ,

p er ce nt g1v e 690 interest ?

.
,

9 W h a t princip al will in 6 y e a rs a n d 3 m onths a t 8 , ,

e r cent gi v e 6 8 5 interest ?
p .
,
1 0 A m an p ay s 6 3 6 0 interest a t 6 per cent a n nu
.
,
.
,

all y o n m one y borrowed ; wh at 1 s the s u m bor 1 owed ?

,

1 1 H ow m uch m one y m ust a person borrow th at he

.
,

m ust p ay a n a nnu al i nterest of 6 15 0 at 5 per cent ? ,

.

1 2 H ow m uch m on e y h a s H ow ard on interest sup

.
,

p os i n he recei v es 6 32 0 for 5 y e ars , 4 m onths , a t 6 p er

cent ? .
g
13 Th e interest o f 23 o f A s m one y for 6 y e a rs a n d 3
’
.

m onths at 4 per c e n t is 6 2 5 0 ; wh at 1 s his m one y ?

,
.
,

14 The interest of
.
3 of A s an d of B s fortun e fo l
3 ’

,
’

,
°

5 y e a rs at 6 per cent is 66 0 , a n d 69 0 , res p ecti v el y ,

, ,

required the fortune of e a ch .

’
1 5 The interest of the su m of A s a n d B s fortune
’
,
.

for 5 y e ars a t 7 per ce n t is 62 1 0 wh a t is the fortun e

,
.

of e a ch pro v ided B is worth twi c e a s m uch a s A ?

,
.

1 6 H ow a rd s m one y is 3 ti m es H owell s a n d in 5
’ ’
.
,

e ars , a t 8 per cent H ow ard recei v es 66 0 0 interest ;

yow m uch m oney h as e1a ch ?
,
.

1 7 The i ntere st on
. of A s a n d 1; of B s fortun e for
,
’
-
’

5 y e a rs a t 6 per cent is 62 4 0 ; wh a t 1 s the fortune of

,
.
,

e a ch pro vi de d % of A s equ als 3 of B s ?

,
1 ’ ’

1 8 The interest for 4 y e a rs at 5 per cent on th e

.
,
.
,

m one y M artin owes is 64 0 ; an d the i nterest for th e

,

s am e ti m e a nd r a te per cent , on the m one y due h im ,

70 how m uch m ore h a s h e d u e th a n he owes ?

1 9 A s m one y is 4 ti m es B s an d the su m o f th e
’ ’

in t erest recei v ed b y both for 3 y e ars , at 8 per cent , is

6 6 0 0 ; how m uch m one y h a s e a ch ?
2 0 The int e rest on th e m one y A p a id fo r a fa rm ,
.

house a n d st o re for 8 y e a rs a t 5 per cent is equ a l to

,
.
,
.
,
1 12 M E NT A L A ELTH M E T I C .

6 1 8 , 0 0 0 ; wh at w as the cost of e ac h pro v ided the far m ,

cost 3 tiin e s as m u c h a s the house a nd the house twic e ,

a s m uch as the store ?

LE SS O N VIII .

of a d e b t p ay abl e at so m e futu re ti m e
T h e p r e s e n t w o r th , ,

wi thou t i n t e r e s t is such a s m as w ould a t a gi e n r a te p e t

, u , v

c e n t a m o t to th e d e bt at th e ti m e it b e co m e s d e T h e p e
e n t w o t}:
.
,
u n u . r

s m y th e r e fo r e b e fou n d in th e s am e m nn e r a s th e
r a a

p ri n ci p l w h e n w e h av e gi v e n th e am ou n t ti m e a d rate p e r
a , , , n

c e nt T h e D i o t is th e allo w an c e m d e fo r th e p y m e t of
. sc u n a a n

m o n e y b e fo r e it is d e It e q u als th e d e b t m i n us th e p r e s e n t
u .

w o r th .

1 W h a t princip a l will , in 8 y e ws, a t 5 per ce n t ,

. .

am ount to 6 14 0 ?
SOL U T I O N A t 5 p e r c e nt m; of th e p ri nci p l e qu als th e
.
-
. m a

in t r e s t fo r 1 y e ar a d fo r 8 y r s 8 ti m e s
e ,
n w hich r e _4_O e a , a
6 0 1 0 0 1
or 2 of th e p r i n ci p al e q u als th e i n te r e s t w hich add e d to th e
B
’
g , ,

p ri n ci p al e qu als 37 of th e p ri n ci p al which e q u als th e am oun t

, , ,

01
°

2W h at princip al will , in 7 y e a rs , at 6 per cent ,

. .

am ount to 6 71 0 ?

3 W h at princip a l will , in 4 y e a rs a t 1 0 per cen t ,

.
,
.

am ount to 6 4 2 0 ?
4 W V h at prin c ip al will in 6 y e ars a nd 8 m onths at 9
.
, ,

e r cent am o u nt to 6 3 2 0 ?
p
5 “ liat prin c ip al will in 8 y e a rs a nd 9 m onths a t 8
,
.

T
. .
, ,

p er cent am o u nt to 6 5 10 ? .

6 W liat prin c ip al w ill in 5 y e ars a nd 1 0 m onths at 6

,
‘

.
, ,

er cent am ount to 6 54 0 ? .
,

7 W h at is the pr e sent worth of 66 0 due 4 y e ars

.
,

hen ce at 5 pe r c e nt ,
.

8 W h at i s the presen t worth of 65 2 , due 5 y e ars

h en c e , a t 6 per cent .
1 14 M E N T A L A RI T H M E T IO .

Va l ue of a cow , which 1s 5 of the v al u e of the horse 1 ,

e ars at 5 per cent g i v es inter st required

.

y , 6 8 4 .e
;
value of e ach
2 4 The m on e y H enr y paid for a horse c arri age an d
.
, ,

h a rn e ss in 1 0 y e ars a t 5 per cent wo u ld gi v e such an

, ,
.
,

interest th a t it on interest for the s am e ti m e a nd rate

, , ,

would a m ount to 6 2 70 ; how m u c h did he pay for e ac h ,

if th e horse cost twi c e as m uch as the c a rri age , a nd th e
carri a ge 3 ti m es as m uch a s the h a rness ?

LE SS O N IX .

1 . The interest of $2 0 0 for a cert ain ti m e , at 5 pe r ,

cent is $6 0 required the ti m e

. .

SOL U T I O N A t 5 p e r c e n t fo r o n e y e ar 66 o r 321? of th e
.
-
.
,
”
’

p ri n ci p al e q u als th e i n te r e s t 5 16 of $2 0 0 8 . it r e q ui r e 1

o n e y e a r fo r $ 2 00 to g a i n $ 10 t o g a i n $1 i t w ill
,
r e q ui r e 1
1 6
of
a y e ar an d to g ai, $60 it w ill r e q ui r e 6 0 ti m e s
n of a y e ar ,

which ar e
13
6 o r 6 y e ar s * .

2 In wh a t ti m e will $
. 1 0 0 , a t 6 per cent , gi v e 62 1 .

interest ?
3 In wh at ti m e will 8 1 0 0 a t 7 p er cent , gi v e 8 14
.
,
.

interest ?
4 In wh a t ti m e will 82 00 , a t 5 p er cent g i v e $
. 40 .
,

interest ?
5 In wh a t ti m e will $
. 1 5 0 , a t 6 per cent , gi v e 64 5 .

interest ?
6 In wh a t ti m e will 61 0 0 , a t 8 per cent , gi v e 63 2
.

in tere st ?
7 In wh at ti m e W ill 83 0 0 a t 1 0 per cent , gi v e 6 1 2 0
.
,
.

inte rest ?
8 In wh a t ti m e will 62 00, a t 8 per cent , gi v e 6 48
. .

in terest ?

r p rt of this m ay b e gi v e n thus :
T h e l a tte a it w ill r e q ui r e as

m any y e ar s a s $1 0 is c an tai e d ti m e s i $6 0 w hich are 6

n n ,
.
 M E NT A L A R IT H M E T IO . 1 15

9 In wh a t ti m e will $6 0 , a t 5 p er cent , gi v e 8 2 1
. .

in terest ?
1 0 In wh a t ti m e will 62 5 a t 6 p er cent , gi v e 89
.
,
.

in terest ?
1 1 In wh a t ti m e will
. a t 9 p er cent , gi v e 63 6 .

interest ?
1 2 In wh at ti m e will 8 5 0 a t 4 per cent a m ount to 8 6 2 ?
.
,
.
,

1 3 In wh a t ti m e will 61 5 0 a t 5 per cent , a m ount to

.
,
.

$2 1 0
1 4 In wh a t ti m e will $
. 30 0 a t 7 p er cent , am ount to ,
.

$5 1 0
15 In wh a t ti m e will a p rinci p al g ain twice itself, a t 4 0
.

p er cent ? .

R E M AR K of th e p rin ci p al
. th e i nt e r e s t in 1 y e ar an d ,

tw ic e th e p r i n ci p l is h e n c e it w il l r e q ui r e as m an y y e ar s
a

as 2 is co n tai n e d ti m e s in 1 0 .

D 3

16 In wh a t ti m e will a p rinci p al g ain 3 4 , a n d 5

.
,

ti m es itself at 1 0 per cent ? ,

1 7 In wh at ti m e will a pri ncip al double itself, a t 5

.

p er cent ? A t 6 ? 7 ? 8 ? 9 ? 1 0 ?
.

1 8 In wh at ti m e will a princip al double its elf, a t 1 0

.

p er cent ? 11 12 5 ? 1 5 ? 2 0 ? 2 5 ? 5 0 ?
5 . 1

19 In wh at ti m e will a princip a l treble itself, a t 5

.

p er cent ? A t 1 0 ? 2 0 ? 2 5 ? 4 0 ? 5 0 ?
.

2 0 In wh a t ti m e will a princip al qu a dru ple i tself at

.

5 per cent ? A t 1 5 ? 3 0 ? 5 0 ? 6 0 ? 1 0 0 ?
.

2 1 The am ount of a cert ain prin cip a l for a cert a in

.
,

ti m e a t 5 per cent is 8 2 5 0 a n d the a m ount for the

,
.
, ,

sa m e ti m e a t 8 p er cent is 6 2 8 0 ; require d the p ri ncip al

.

and ti m e .

2 2 A cert a in su m of m on e y , on interest am ounts , in

.
,

a certa in ti m e a t 6 per cent to 63 1 0 a nd a t 1 0 pe r

,
.
, , ,

ce nt for the s am e ti m e , to $
.
, 3 50 ; required the tim e a nd
p rinci p a l .
 MEN T AL A R IT H M E T IO
‘
.

LE SS O N X .

1 A t wh at p er cent will $6 0 in 5 y e a rs , gi ve 62 ]
. .
,
in terest ?
S OL U T I O N Fo r 5 y e ar s at o n e p e r c e n t o r o f th e
60
—
, , ’
. " ”

pr i n ci p l e q u als t
ah e i n te r e s t l
a l?
of $6 0 is $3 If $6 0 in 5
. .

y r s a t 1 p e r c e n t g ai n s $
e a , 3 to g i
.
, $1 it w ill r e q ui re g
,
a n ,

of 1 p e r c e n t an d to g ai n $2 1 it w ill r e qui r e 2 1 ti m e s ii w hich

.
, "

ar e o r 7 p e r c e nt l .
ae

A t wh a t p er cent will $
2 . 4 0 , in 5 y e ars gi v e 62 0 .
,

interest ?
3 A t wh a t per cent will $
. 2 0 0, in 3 y e a rs gi v e 6 3 6
.
,

interest ?
4 A t w h a t per cent will $
. 3 0 0 , in 4 y e ars , gi v e 8 6 0
.

in terest ?
5 A t wh a t per cent will $
. 8 0 , in 5 y ears gi v e 8 3 2 .
,

interest ?
6 A t wh a t p er cent will $
. 5 0 in 6 y e a rs gi v e $ 15.
, ,

inte rest ?
7 A t wh a t per cent will $
. 6 0 in 7 y e ars gi v e .
, ,

interest ?
8 A t wh at per cent will $ 50 in 8 y e a rs gi v e 8 2 2 .
, ,

interest ?
9 A t wh at per cent will $
. 1 0 0 , i n 4 y e a rs , am ou n t to
.

6 12 0 ?
10 A t . W h at per cent will $
9 0 in .
,
5 y e ars , am ount to
6 1 17
11 A t . wh at per cent will $2 0, in . 7 yr 6 . mo .
,
am oun t
to 62 6 ?

12 A t . wh at pe r cen t will 86 , in 3 yr . 4 m o , am ount

.

to $ 7

Th e l at t e r p art of this m ay b e gi e n th s z It w il l re qui re

v u —

as m an y ti m e s 1 p e r c e n t as $3 is co n tai n e d ti m e s in $
. 21 ,

which ar e 7 .
 MEN T AL ARIT H ME TIC .

S E C T I O N V II .

LE SSO N I .

I A . B hired a p asture for $3 6 A p as tured 4

10 0 3 .

w e a nd B 5 cows ; how m uch s hould e ach pay ?

SOL U T IO N — If A p s tu r e d 4 co w s an d B 5 th e y b o th p as tu re d
a ,

4 5 w hich ar e 9 co w s
, If th e p as tu r ge of 9 co w s cos t $
. 36 a ,

th e p a s tu r a g e of 1 c o w w ill cos t 1 of $3 6 w hich i s $4 nd a

9 , .

th e p as tu r ag e of 4 co w s A s n um b e r w ill cos t 4 ti m e s $4 0 1
’
, , ,

$1 6 a d th e p as tu rag e of 5 co w s B s n u m b e r w ill cos t 5 ti m e s

,
n ,
’

$4 o r $2 0
, .

2 .Two boy s bought 6 0 apples for 12 cents ; one p aid

5 cents a n d the other 7 cents ; how ma n y a pples should
,

e a ch r e cei v e ?
3 R u fus an d W illi am p a id 2 0 cents for 4 0 pe a ches ,
.

of whi c h R ufus p aid 9 an d W illi am 1 1 cents ; how m any , ,

p e a ches belong to e ach ?

4 Three m e n hired a horse for 2 0 d ay s at the r ate of
.
,

$1 p er day ; the fi rst used it 5 the second 6 , a nd the third , , ,

9 d ay s ; how m uch should e ach pay ?

5 A an d B hired a p asture for $
. 44 ; A puts in 1 2
o x en an d B 1 0 0 sheep
, ; how m uch should e ach p ay
,
supposing a n o x to e at a s m uch a s 1 0 she e p ?

6 T w o far m ers hire a p asture for $

. 56 ; one turns in
10 cows , a nd t h e other 3 6 horses ; how m uch shoul d
e a ch pay pro v ided a cow e ats twice as m u c h as a horse ?
,

7 Three m e n A B a nd C bought 14 4 bushels of

.
, , , ,

p e a ches for $72 of which A ,

a nd C , the re ‘

m ain de r ; how ma n y bushels did e a ch recei v e ?

8 A a nd B e ng age to do a piece of work for $
. 72 ; A
se nds 6 m en an d B
,
1 5 bo y s
, ; how m uch should e a ch
recei v e supposing 2 m e n to do a s m uch a s 3 boy s ?
,

9 A an d B a gree to m ow a fi eld of gras s for $ 54 ; A

 M E N T A L A RIT H ME T I C . 1 19

s ends 3 m en 5 d ay s a n d B sends 4 n e n 3 d ay s ; h o w
,

m uch should A a n d B recei v e respecti v el y ?

1 0 Two m e n hire a lot of p a sture for $
. 1 0 ; one turn s
in 6 horses for 7 d ay s a nd the other, 7 horses for 4 ,

d ay s ; how m u ch shoul d e a ch pay ?

1 1 A a nd B built a bo at for $
. 14 0 ; A s ent 6 m e n 5
d ays a nd B 4 m en 1 0 d ay s ; how m uch should A a nd B
, ,

recei v e respecti v el y ?
1 2 Two m en g a in in tr a de $
. 4 4 0 ; A put in $ 2 5 for 4
rm o n th s a nd B $1 5 for 8 m onths ; wh a t is e a ch ma n s
, ,
’

sh a re of the g ain ?
1 3 C a n d D build a w a ll for $
. 1 2 0 C with 4 as sist a nts
l aboured 4 d ay s a n d D with 3 assist a nts l aboure d 5 d ay s ;
,

how m uch do 0 a n d D recei v e respecti v el y ?

1 4 A B a nd 0 build a bo a t for $
.
, , 8 0 ; A sent 3 m e n
4 d ay s B 5 m e n 2 d ay s 0 3 m en 6 d ay s ; how m uch do
, ,

A B a nd C recei v e respecti v el y ?
, ,

15 A a nd B plough a fi eld for $76 ; A e m ploy ed 1 2

.

horses a nd B 1 8 o x en ; th e y co m pleted it in 4 d ays ;

,

wh at w a s the va lue of the d ail y l abour of e ac h hors e an d

o x supposing 3 horses do a s m u ch a s 5 o x en ?
,

1 6 E a nd F engaged to re ap a fi eld of whe a t for $

. 54 ;
E sent 3 m e n 5 d ay s a nd F 6 boy s 4 d ay s ; how m uch
, ,

should e ach recei v e if 1 m an does as m uch as 2 boy s ?

,

1 7 In a fi eld of gr a ss which cost $

. 2 4 M turn e d 1 6 , ,

horses for 3 weeks , a n d N 2 5 cows for 4 w eeks ; h ow ,

m u c h should e ach pay if 4 horses e a t a s m uch as 5 cows ?

,

1 8 R S a nd T hire a p asture for $

.
, ,
6 3 ; R puts in 6
h o r s e s S puts in 1 8 cows an d T 4 8 sheep ; how m uch
, , ,

shoul d e ach pay if a horse e at twice as m uch a s a cow

, ,

an d a co w 4 t i m es a s m uch as a shee p ?
 M EN T AL A R IT H M E TIO .

LE SSO N II .

1 . Di v ide 3 0 cents betwee n A an d B , so th a t th e ir

sh ares will be to e a ch other as 4 to 6 .

8 0 1 U T IO N S i n c e th sh ar e s a e to b e to e ach o th e r as 4 t o 6 if
.
— e r
,

w e di id e 3 0 c e ts i n t o 4
v 6 w hich
n e 1 0 e q u l p r ts 4 of , ar a a ,

th e s e p r ts o r 4 w ill b e A s an d 6 Of th e s e p ar ts o r 6
’
a , ’ 11vill, ,
6 1 T6
,

be B s n u m b e r 81 0
’
.
,

2 . Di v ide 4 5 a pples between Tho m as a nd H a rry, so

th a t their sh ares m ay be to e ach other a s 3 to 2 .

3 Di v ide the nu m ber 50 into two p arts , th at sh a ll be

.

to e ach other a s 7 to 3 .

4 In a school consisting of 45 p u pils there a re 5 girl s

.
,

for e v ery 4 boy s ; how ma n y of e ach se x in the school ?

5 The su m of two n u m bers is 4 0 a nd the l arger is to
.
,

th e s m aller as 5 to 3 required the nu m bers .

6 Di v ide 4 5 plu m s a m ong three boy s so th at thei r

.
,

sh ares m ay be in the proportion of 2 3 an d 4 , ,

.

7 Two m e n bought a b arrel of flour for $

. 8 the fi rs t ,

ay ing $3 an d the second $5 ; how m uch of the flour

E
, ,

e l o n gs to e ach ?

8 Thr e e m e n bought 75 horses a nd a s often as th e

.
,

first p aid $ 4 the second p aid $

,
5 an d the third $ 6 ; h ow , ,

m an y horses sho u ld e ac h recei v e ?

9 Di v ide $
. 44 between A a nd B so th a t B sh a ll h av e ,

8 3 ass often as A $ 2
I0 The su m of 2 nu m bers is 5 0 an d the fi rst is to th e
.
‘

,
.

secon d a s
1
to ; wh at are the nu m bers ?
1

1 1 D 1vi de ti e nu m ber 4 9 into two p arts whi ch a re to

.

e a c h other a s 1
to 1
4
-

1 2 The su m o f three nu m bers 1s 4 6 ; wh at is e a ch

.

of the nu bers if the y a re to e ch other

m a as
1 2
a nd 3 ?
1 3 Di v ide the n u m ber 50 into 3 p arts wh i ch sh all $
, , ,

. 6

0 e ach other as 3 an d 2 .

14 A B , an d 0 fo ii n d a p urse cont aini n g $

.
,
1 0 0 , whic h
12 2 MEN T AL A RI IH M ET l C
’ '

4 .A m ason can build a w all 1n 2 d ay s ; wh at p a rt of 1

it c a n he build l n o n e day ?
5 1f A an d B can m o w , o f a fi el d of grass in one d ay
.
4
7 .

h ow long will it require to m ow the whole fi eld ?

D

6 A can do a p i ece of work l n 3 d ay s a nd B in 6

.
,

d ay s ; w h at p art can e ac h do l n one day ?

7 If E can do a piece of work i n 3 d ay s an d C m 6
.
,

day s h o w m u c h can they together do l n one day ?

,

8 If B an d C can do 3 of a p i e c e of work l n one d ay

.
,

h ow long wi ll it require to do the whole work ?

9 Full e r can e a t a bushel of apples i n 4 d ay s an d
.
,

Brodhe a d in 6 d ay s ; how ma n y d ay s would it l ast the m

both
1 0 A c a n dig a ditch in 5 d ay s a n d B in 6 d ay s ; in
.
,

wh at ti m e will the y do it working tog e ther ?

1 1 C can m ake a chest in 4 d ay s a nd D in 7 d ay s ;
.
,

in wh at ti m e c a n th e y m ake it working tog e th e r ?

1 2 E can re ap a fi eld in 6 d ay s an d F in 8 d ay s ; how
.
,

l ong will it ta ke the m both to re ap it ?

1 3 A c an do a piece of work in 3 d ay s B in 4 d ay s ,
.
,

a n d C in 6 d ay s ; in wh a t ti m e c a n th e y together do it ?
1 4 A cist e rn h as two pipes b y the fi rst of which it
.
,

m ay be fi lled m 1 2 hours a nd b y the s e c ond , in

,
of th e
ti m e ; how long Will both be 1 n fi lling it ?
15 A c a n m ake a book c ase in 6 d ay s a nd A a nd B
.
,

c a n m ake it in 4 d ay s ; in wh at ti m e c a n B m ake it
alone ?
1 6 A B a n d C c a n dig a ditch in 3 d ay s , A c a n
.
, ,

dig it in 6 d ays an d B in 8 d ay s ; in wh at ti m e c a n C
,

alone dig it ?
17 A pound of te a l a sted a m an an d wife 3 m onth s ,
.

an d the wife a lone 4 m onths ; how long would it l ast th e

,

man a lone ?
1 8 A B a nd C c a n m ow a fi el d l n 4 d ay s A a nd B
.
, , ,

in 6 d ay s an d B an d C l n 9 d ay s ; how long will it take

,

e ach to m o w it ?

19 A , B , a nd C can dig a ditch in 6 d ays , A an d B

.
 M E N T A L A R I T H M ET I C . 123

in 8 d ay s a n d B m 1 2 d ays ; how long will 1 t t a ke e a ch

,

to do i t 7 .

2 0 If 3 m e n or 4 bo y s c a n do a piece of work m 12
.
, ,

day s 1 n wh at t i m e c a n 3 m e n a nd 4 boy s do it 7
, .

2 1 If A c a n do a piece of w m k 1n of a d a nd
.

5 a
y B ,

in 3 of a d ay how long will it t ake both to do i t 7

, .

2 2 C can c u t a cord of wood l n 3 of a da a nd D i

.
y n ,

g of a d a
y; in wh at ti m e c a n the y together c u t a cord 7 .

2 3 D can m ake a fence 1 n 9 d ay s a nd D an d E m 6

.
,

d ay s ; how long will it ta ke E to m ake wh a t re m ains a ft r e

D h as built 2 of it ?

24 Two m en or 3 boy s c a n plough a n acre in of a

.
, ,

d ay ; how long w ill it req u ire 3 m e n an d 2 boy s to do it ?

2 5 A can plough a fi el d in 3 of a day B in g of a day

. 7, , ,

a n d C in 23 of a day ; how long will it take the m to ge th e x

to plough the fi eld ?
2 6 A B an d ( l o an m o w a fi el d in 6 d ay s an d A an d
.
, , ,

B in 9 d ay s ; after the three h ad work e d 2 d ay s C left ; ,

how long did it require A a nd B to fi nish it ?

2 7 M arie can m ake a dress l n 6 d ay s S a lli e m 1 o f
.
, 7,

the ti m e a nd E wre tta m 3 o f the ti m e ; in wh at ti m e can

,
2

M arie a nd S allie fi nish it after the three h av e worked ,

2

of a d ay 7 .

2 8 A can b u ild a bo a t in 3 of a m onth a n d B in g of

.
-

a m onth ; aft e r A h ad wrought of a m onth B oined

5 j -

h im ; how long w as the bo at building 7 .

2 9 A m os can plough 2 5 per cent of a fi el d m a m onth ,

. .

an d A nson 4 5 per cent after the y both h ad worked 2

°

,
.

weeks how long woul d it require A m os to fi ni s h it ?

,

3 0 A B a n d C c a n build a v essel l n 4 of a y e ar , A
.
, ,
1

a n d C l n of a y e a r a nd C l n § o f a ye 1r ; afte r the y h ad
1
, .
°

a ll l aboured 1 m on th , A left in wh a t ti m e could B an d °

C fi nish it ?
12 4 M EN T AL AN T E ME T IC .

LE SSO N IV .

1 A a n d B together h av e 3 4 apples a n d g of
.
, A
’
s
nu m ber equ als w
’

2 of B s nu m ber ; h o m an y h a s e acl

S O L U T IO N . n«
u m b e r e q u als 3 of B s 1 of A s
If 2 of A
’
s
’
,
’

3 4 T
g
e q u als 1 of w hich 1 s 3 of B s a d 3 of A s e q u ls 3 tim e s 3
’

g
’
, ,
n a
E 3 ,
which a e of B s th at is of B s e q u als A s w hich a dd e d
’

3
’ ’

3
r ; , , ,

to 8 of B s e q u als
’
,of B s which e q u al s 3 4 pp l e s 810 ’
,
a , .

2 . Tho m a s a nd W alton together h av e 35 5 a nd 7 3 of ,

’
Tho m a s 8 m oney e qu al s g of W alton s ; how m uch h as ’

e a ch

3 The su m of two nu m bers 1 s 2 8 a nd of the s ma ller

.
1
,

e qu a ls of the gre ater ; wh a t a re the nu m bers 7

1

:
.

4 D1 v ide 4 6 or a nges between C h e s ter an d H enry , so

.

th a t 4 of C hester s m ay equ al 5 of H enry 8 nu m ber

’ ’
3 2
.

5 o f the nu m ber of apple trees in an orch ard equ a ls

3 i
o f t 0 nu m b e r of pe ach trees an d m a ll there a re 6 0 ,

trees ; required the n u m ber of e ac h .

6 A pole whose length w a s 6 3 feet was broken into

.
, ,

two p art s s u c h th at ,
the first p art equ als 3 of the
s econd ; required the e n gth of e ach piece .

7 T h e su m of two nu m bers is 6 9 ; wh at is e a ch of
.

the nu m bers pro v ided they are to e ach other as to 3

,
2

8 W alt e r bought a h at a nd co at for $

. 2 6 an d ti m es ,

th e cost of the h at equ ls 4 of th e cost of the co a t ; requi red

a 3

th e cost of e a ch .

9 S y s B to
. a
3
of my a ge 6 y e a rs equ als 3
4
of ,

y ours an d the su m of our ages is 4 2 y e ars

, ,
required th e

age of e a c h .

1 0 The di fference between two nu m bers is 6 , a nd 2

.
3
of the fi rst eq u a ls , of the s econd ; wh a t are th e n u m
4
7

bers ?
l l F ann y h as 1 4 plum s m ore th a n S e l ie a nd E{ o f
.
2
,

F a nn y s equa l s 3 of S allie s num ber ; how m an y h as

’ ’

e a ch 7
 ME N T A L A R IT H H E T IG .

LE SS O N V .

1 . A recei v es $
m ar . 53 a day for hi s l abour a nd forfeits ,

$1 e ach day he is idle amd at the e x piration of 3 0 d ays

‘

recei v es $5 0 ; how m a n y d ay s w as he idle ?

SOL U T IO N H d h e l ab ou re d 3 0 d y s h e w ould h e r e c e i e d
— a a , av v
3 0 ti m s $
e 3 or $ ,
90 ; h e th e r e fo r e los t $90 $5 0 w hich is $40 , ,

by his idl e n e ss E e ry day h e w as idl e h e los t $3 his w g s

. v
, a e ,

p lus $1 his fo rfe i t w hich ar e $4 If i o e d y h e los e $4 to

, , . . n n a ,

los e $1 it w ill r e q ui r e 4 of a d ay a d t o los e $4 0 4 0 ti m e s i

, n , ,
which ar e 1 0 d ay s th e n u m be r of d ay s h e w as idl e
, .

2 . Wa rner rec e i v es a day for his l abour a nd ,

p ay s 5 0 cents for his bo ard a nd a t the e x piration of 4 0
,

d ay s h e s av e s 355 0 ; how m a n y d ay s w a s he idle ?

3 A l abourer a greed to work on the condition th at
.
, ,

fo r e v ery d ay he worked he should recei v e $ 2 a nd for

e v ery day he w as idle he sho u ld forfeit 5 0 c ents ; how :
,

ma n y d ay s did he l abour, if at the end of 2 5 d ay s he re

ce iv e d $30 ?
4 A bo y a greed to c arry 3 2 gl asses to a cer t a in
.

for 5 cents apie c e on conditio n th at for e ach one he

,

he should forfeit 10 cents ; he recei v ed $1 H ow .

did he br e ak ?
5 J am es eng aged to l abour on condition th at for
.

day he work e d he shoul d receiv e M i an d fo r e v er ,

h e pl ay ed he should pay $ 5 for his bo ard

; at

tion of 3 0 d ay s he recei v ed $3 5 H ow ma n y d ay s d .

Work
6 R obe rt a greed to c a rry 50 or a nges to m arket
.

a cent e ach on conditio n th at he should forfeit 2

, 5
for e ach one he e at ; he recei v e d 1 6 cents H ow .

did he e at ?
7 The he ad of a fi sh is 1 0 inches long the t ail is
.
,

l ong a s th e h e a d , p lus i of the body an d the body is ,

 M E N T AL ARI T H ME TI C . 127

lo n g a s the he a d a n d t a i l both ; requir ed the len gth o f

the fi sh .

SOL U T I O N Si n c e th e t ai l is as l o n g as th e h e ad + 312 of th e
—
,

bod y ,
of th e l e n g t h of th e b od y 1 0 i n ch e s e q u als th e l e n g th
, ,

. o f th e tail w hich add e d to th e l e n g th of th e h e a d e q u als 1 of

, , , ,7

th e l e n g th of th e b od y 2 0 i n ch e s w hich b y th e co n di ti on of
, , ,

th e p r o b l e m e q u als of th e l e n g th of th e b od y If of th e
, .

le n g th of th e b od y e q u al s of th e l e n g th of th e b od y + 2 0
é , ,

o r of th e l e n g th of th e b od y m us t e q u al 2 0 i n ch e s 62 0
g 5 i
, ,
f , , .

8 The he a d of a fi sh is 8 in ches long the t a il is a s

.
,

lo ng a s the he a d plus Q of the body a n d the body 1s a s

1
, ,

long a s the he ad a nd t a il both r e qu n ed the length of the

fi sh .

9 The he a d of a perch is 4 inches long the t ail 18 a s

.
,

long as the he ad pl u s Q of the body a n d th e bod y 1s a s

1
, ,

long a s the he a d a n d t ail both ; wh a t 1s the length of the

p erch 7 .

1 0 A h as 6 cents B h as a s m a n y a s A plus Q a s ma n y
.
, ,

a s C an d C h a s a s ma n y a s A a nd B both ; required the

,

nu m b e r of cents possessed b y e a ch a n d a ll .

1 1 The t ail of a pike weighs 3 ounces the he a d

.
,

weighs a s m u ch a s the t ail plu s 3, of the weight of the ,

bod y a nd th e body twice as m uch a s the he ad a nd tai l ;

, ,

required the weight of the fi sh .

1 2 A tree b y fa lling w a s broke n into 3 pieces ; th e

.

botto m p iece w as 5 feet long the top a s long as the , 0

botto m plus of the m iddle an d the m iddle 3 ti m es as

1

long a s the oth er two p i eces , wh at was the length of e a ch

, ,

p iece a n d the tree ?

,

1 3 A a greed to l abour a cert a in ti m e for $

. 6 0 on con ,

d ition howe v er th at for e a ch day he was idle he should

, ,

forfeit $2 at the e x p i ra tion of the ti m e he recei ved 33 0

how ma n y d ay s did he l abour, supposing he recei v es $2
a d ay for his l abour ?
1 4 The he a d of a trout weighs 2 p oun ds th e t a i l
.
,
weigh s 2 p ou n ds m ore th a n the he a d , pl u s 1 of th e bod y,
12 8 M E NT A L A RIT H ME T IC .

an d the bod y weighs as m uch a s the he a d a nd t ail to

gether ; re quired the weight of the fi sh .

1 5 A m an left 32 6 0 00 to his w ife son an d daughte r

.
, , ,

on cond it ion th at if the d aughter died before b e co m in g

of age the widow should h av e 1 of the fort u ne bu t if the

son di e d the widow should h av e 3 of it ; required th e

sh a i e of e ach if the y a ll li v e .

R EM AR K It w ill b e r e a dil y s e e n th t th e w ido w h as th r e e

.
— a

ti m s as m uch a s th e d ugh te r a d th e s o t h r
e a ti m e s s m uch
,
n n e e a

a s t h e w ido w w hich is 9 ti m e s as m uch a s th e d augh te r

, .

16 A wishing to erect so m e buildings conclude d

m an ,

th at If he b u ilt a s tore an d ho u se th e stor e should c ost 1 ,

of his m oney but if h e built a house an d b arn the b arn

, ,

should cost of his m one y wh at w as the cost of e ach , ,

s up posing he built a ll three an d his fortune w a s ,

17 . A gentle m an re c ei v es 34 per d ay for his l abour, an d

p ay s 38 pe r week for his bo ard ; at the e x piration of 1 0

weeks he h as s av e d $ 14 4 required the nu m b e r of idle
an d working d ay s .

1 8 A m an h av ing a d aughter in France a n d a son in

.
,

S p a in willed if the d aught e r ret u rned an d not the son

, , ,

the wife should h av e of the fortune but if the son r e

2

turn e d a n d not th e daughter he sho u ld h av e g of the

,

, ,

fortune ; they both returned an d it was found th at th e ,

s o n recei v ed 353 0 0 0 m ore th an the d a ughter ; required the

f0 1t u n e an d sh are of e ach .

1 9 A B a nd C conte m pl a ting the purch a se of a farm ,

.
, , ,

a g reed if A an d B bought it A should pay o f the price

z -

5
g , ,

but if B an d C bought i t B should pay ; o f the price

2l
f
,
.

at length t h e three agreed to b u y it together when it ,

was fo u nd th a fl paid $ 5 00 m ore th a n A ; wh a t did tll f

far m co s t, an d wh a t did e a ch pay ?

13 0 MEN T AL A R IT H ME T I C .

12 A l ad y b ought so m e ribbon at 5 cents a ya rd a nd

.
,

a s m u c h m ore at the r ate of 7 cents a y ard a n d sold it ,

a ll a t 8 cents a y ard ; how m u c h w as th e g ai n on 2 0

ya rds ?
1 3 A lbert bought so m e or a n ges a t 2 cents e a c h a n d
.
,

as m an y m ore at 4 cents e a c h a nd sold th e m at the r at e

,

of 2 fo r 8 cents a nd g ained 1 2 cents ; required the nu m

,

ber bought .

1 4 W it m er bought som e te a a t 4 shillings a po u n d

.
,

an d a s m u ch m ore at 8 shillings a nd sold it al l for 7 ,

s hillings a po u n d a nd g ained 4 0 shillings

,
req u ired the
n u m ber of pounds of e ach kind .

1 5 Bow m an m i x ed so m e sug a r worth 5 cents a po u n d

.
,

with a n equ al qu antity worth 9 cents a po u nd an d sold ,

the m i x ture for 10 c ents a pound a nd g ained 36 required ,

the qu antity of e ach kin d .

16 S ophi a bought a nu m ber of ya rds of silk a t the

.

r a te of 3 yards for $1 a nd as m u c h m ore at the rate

,

of 4 y ards fo r $1 an d sold it al l at the r ate of 8 y ards

,

fo r $ 3 an d thereb y g a ined 35 ; how m a n y yards did

,

she buy ?
1 7 A bo y bought s om e a ppl e s a t the r ate of 4 for
.

1 cent a n d as m an y m ore at the r ate of 5 for 1 cent

, ,

a nd sold the m a ll at the r ate of 1 0 fo r 2 cents an d ,

th e reb y lost 5 cents ; how ma n y of e a ch kin d did he

bu 7

18 Q of M s a ge equ al s 4 of N s an d 8 y e ars is of
.
’ ’
,

th e di fferen ce of their ages ; in how m an y y e ars will 5 of

M s age equ a l } of N s age ?
’ ’
7

1 9 Two tenths of B s a ge equ als

. of 0 s a n d th e
’ ’
,

su m of their ages is 3 0 y e a rs ; in how m an y y e ars wil l B

be 3 ti m es as old as C ?
2 0 2? of A s a ge a dded to g of B s which eq u als Q of
’ ’
,
.

A s is 1 0 0 y e ars ; how long since A w as 5 ti m es as old

’
,

as B ?
21 of D a niel s a ge equ als 2 of D av id s an d the su m
.
’ ’

,
 M EN T AL AR IT H ME T I C . 13 1

of their ages is 6 8 y e a rs ; how long sin ce g o f Da niel s ’

a e e qu alled of D av id s a ge ?
4 ’

g g o

2 2 A bo y bought so m e a pples a t 2 cents a piece an d

.
,

twice as ma n y or a nges a t 4 cents a piece a n d sold th e m ,

a ll at 3 cents e a ch a nd thereby lost 31 ; how ma n y of ,

e ach kind did he buy ?

LE SS O N V II .

’
1 .A s a ge equals 3 ti m es B s but in 1 0 y e a rs A s age
’ ’

w ill be onl y twice B s ; how ol d is e a ch ? ’

SOL U T I O N By th e fi r s t co n di tio n of th e p r o bl e m 3 t i m e s B s
.
—
,
’

age e q u als A s a g e a d i n 1 0 y e ar s 3 ti m e s B s a g e n o w + 1 0
’ ’

,
n , , , ,

y e a r s w ill ,
e q u al A s a d onc e B s n o w 1 0 y e ar s w ill e q u al
’
,
n
’
, , ,

B s ; b t A s age at th at ti m e is tw ic e B s ; h e n c e 2 ti m e s ( B s
’
u
’ ’ ’

1 0 ) w hich i s tw ic e B s 2 0 : 3 ti m e s B s + 1 0 t h e r e
’ ’
now , ,

fo r e 3 B s n o w 2 B s n o w w hich is B s a t p r e s e t ti m e
’ ’ ’
— n
, , , , , ,

e q u als 2 0 1 0 o r 1 0 y e ar s an d A s is 3 ti m e s 1 0 o r 3 0 y e ar s
’
.
, , ,

T h e r e fo r e & c , .

2 J ohn 1 s 5 ti m es a s ol d a s O li v er but i n 8 y e a rs h e
.
,

will be onl y 3 t i m es as ol d , wh a t 1s the a ge of e a ch ? 0

3 M ary li s 1
as old a s her a unt but in 2 0 y e a rs sh e

will be as o l d; wh a t i s the a ge of e ach ?

,
.

4 H en y 1s 3g as old a s his father but i n 2 5 y e a rs he

1

1
r
.
,

will be a a s old required the a ge of e a ch .

5 Ten y e a rs a go whe n I fi rst m et M r M orga n I w a s

‘

.
, ,
.

3 a s old a s he but now I am 1

Q
a s,old as he is
; required ,

e a c h of our ages .

6 S i x te e n y e a rs a go when A gn ew ma rried he w a s 3
.
, ,

ti m es a s ol d as his wife but no w he is onl y twice as ol d ; ,

wh at is the a ge of e a ch ?
.

7 A h a re is 3 0 rods be fore a h ound a n d runs 3 rod s

.
,

while the ho u n d runs 6 ; how ma n y rods m ust the hound

r u n to c at c h the h are ?

8 S tephen is 4 0 steps b e fore Jam es a n d t a kes 5

.
,

s teps to J am es s 7 how ma n y steps m u st J am es t a ke to

’

ca tch S tephe n s upposing their s teps to be e q u a l ? ,

13 2 MEN T AL A R tT H M E T rc .

9 . A h are t ak e s 2 l e aps while a ho u nd t a kes 1 bu t 1 ,

o f the ho u nd s le aps eq u als 4 of the h ar e s how m uch

’ ’

does the h o u nd g ain on the h are in t aking one l e ap ?

'

10 A h are is 3 0 le aps before a ho u nd an d t akes 4

.
,

le aps while the ho u nd t akes 2 but 2 of th e h o u nd s ,

’

equ al 8 of th e h are s how m a n y le a ps m ust the hound

’

t ake to c at c h the h are ?

1 1 A fo x is 4 0 le aps before a hound a nd t akes 3
.
,

le aps while the hound ta kes 2 b u t 2 of th e ho u nd s ,

’

e q u al 4 of the fo x s in how m an y le aps will the hound

’

c at c h the fo x ?
1 2 A thi e f is 2 0 steps be fore a n o ffi c er an d t akes 6
.
,

steps while the o ffi cer t akes 5 b u t 5 of the o fii ce r s eq u al ,

’

8 of the thief s how far will the thief r u n before he is

’

o v ert ak e n
13 A r a bbit is 6 0 l e aps be fore a ho u nd an d takes 9
.
,

le aps w hil e the ho u n d t akes 3 b u t 2 of the hound s ,

’

eq u al 7 of th e r abbit s ; how m an y le aps will the r abbit

’

take before b e ing c au ght ?

14 Twenty fi v e y e ars ag o W ill ard was , as old a s h is

.
-
,
1
.

un cle b u t 5 y e ars ago he w as Q as old how old is e ach

,
1

a t prese nt ?
1 5 F o ur y e ars ago B s hous e w as four ti m e s as o l d as
’
.

his b a1 n b u t 2 y e ars h e nce it w ill be onl y t w ice as old ;

,

h o w long h as e ach b e e n b u ilt ?

1 6 Thr e e y e ars ago E m a s d o ll w as onl y of th e ’

m 1
.

a e of h e r s e lf b u t 7 y e ars h e n c e it
g ill b e
3
o f h e r age ,

req u ire d th e age of e a c h .

1 7 A 1s 1 0 steps be fore B a nd t akes 2 s teps while B

.
,

takes 4 an d 4 of A s steps eq u al 6 of B s ; how m an y

,
’ ’

s t e ps will e ac h t ake before th e y ar e togeth e r ?

1 8 B t a kes 3 0 st e ps to o v e rt ak e 0 ; h o w far w as C
.

ah e ad of B wh e n th e y st art e d pro v ided B t ak e s 2 ste

p
s
,

wh ile C t akes 3 an d 2 of B s eq u al 5 of 0 s step s ?

,
’ ’

1 9 E t ak e s 6 0 st e ps b e fo re he is o v ert aken b y D ; how

.

ma ny steps does D ta ke to c atch E pro v ided E t akes 4 ,

134 MENT AL A R I TH M E T IO .

7 . Wh a 1 s the hour of day 1i f of the ti m e to n o o n

t
,
1

equ als the ti m e p ast m idnight ?

8 W h at 1s th e ti m e of day if 3 of th e t1 m e to n oo n
.
1 1
,

equ als the ti m e to m idnight ?

9 A pe 1 son being asked the ti m e of day s aid Q of ,

t h e tim e p as t noon e q u al s th e tim e to m 1 d n ig h t ; w h at

Was the h o u r ?
1 0 W illi am recited his lesson when i of the ti m e p ast
.
3
F

m o n eq u alled the ti m e p ast m idnight ; a t wh at hour did

he recite ?

1 1 A person being a sk e d the ti m e of day s aid 2 of

.
, ,

the ti m e to m idnight equ als the ti m e p ast m idnight ; wh at

w as the ti m e ?
1 2 A l ad y being asked the ti m e of day replied th at
.
, ,

e f the ti m e to m idnight equ alled of h e ti m e p ast

Q Q t
noon ; wh at was the ti m e ?
1 3 R equir e d the hour of day pro v ide d 2, of the ti m e
.
,

to m idni g ht equ als Q of th e ti m e to noon .

14 W h at ti m e after 1 2 o clock are the hour a nd

’
.
, ,

m inute h ands of a w atch e x actl y tog e ther ?

R EM AR K 1t w ill b e s e e n th at th e m i u te h an d g i s o th e
.
— n a n n

hou r h n d 1 1 s p c s in goi n g 1 2 ; h e c e to g i 1 s p ac e th e
a a e n ,
a n ,

d is ta n c e th e y a e a a t at 1 o clock it m us t go T’i of 1 2
r
’
, ’

s p ac e s which i s 1 21 spp arc e s e q u al to 5 5T m i n u te s

, ,
“ .

15 W h at ti m e after 2 o clock a re the hour a nd

.
,
’
,

m inute h ands of a clo c k together ?

1 6 A m an b e ing asked the hour of the day replied , ,

th a t 1 t w as b e tween 4 an d 5 o c lock an d th at the hou r

’
,

an d m inut e h ands w ere together wh at w as th e ti m e ? ,

1 7 lQ of th e ti m e p ast 9 o c lock A M , e qu al s Q of th e
’
’
.
,
. .

ti m e to m id n igh t ; wh at 1 s the ti m e ?
1 8 A m an b e ing asked the hour of d ay r e pli e d th at
.
0 , ,
1
of the ti m e p ast 3 o cl o zk equ alled Q of th e t i m e to
’
,

midnight ; w h at w as the hour ?

D

19 A h as 32 0 1 n gold a nd sil v er , a n d for e v ery 36 of

.
 MEN T AL A R I T H ME T IC . 13 5

g ol d he h as 34 of sil v er ; h o w m uch gold m ust b e a dde d

th at there m ay be 39 of gol d for $3 of sil v er ?

R EM AR K . S l ce th e gold is to th e sil e r as 6 to 4 an d th e re
— n v ,

ar e $ 20 i n al l w e fi d th r e ar e $1 2 of gold a d $
,
n e 8 of sil v e n r .

A fte r t h e addi tio n si n c e 3 ti m e s t h e sil e r e q u ls th

,
v gold 3 a e ,

ti m e s $8 o r $2 4 is th e gold an d $2 4
, , , o r $12 e q u als ,

th e am ou n t a d d e d

2 0 A m an h as 4 0 pieces of m on e y consisting of copper

.
,

an d sil v er an d for e v e r y 7 of C opper th e re ar e 3 of sil v er ;

,

how m an y pieces of sil v er m ust be add e d th at for e v ery ,

?
4 of C op p e r there m ay be two of sil v er
2 1 A dro v er h as 1 0 0 a ni m als consisting of sh eep a nd
.
,

cows a n d he h a s 2 sheep for e v er y 3 cows ; how m a n y

,

sheep m ust he sell th a t he m ay h av e 2 she e p to 6 cows ?

2 2 There a re 5 0 pupils in a cert ain school consisting
.
,

of girls a nd boy s a nd there a re 8 boy s to 2 girls ; how

,

ma n y boy s m ust le av e the school th at there m ay be 6

boy s to 2 girls ?
2 3 A m an e x pends 6 0 cents for a n equ al nu m ber of
.

a pples an d pe ars g1v 1n g 3 cents e ach for his apples a nd

, ,

2 cents e ach for his pe a rs ; how m a n y p e a rs m u t he sell s

,
th at the re m ainder m ay be to h is appl e s as 2 to 3 2

24 A m an being asked the ho u r of day replied th at

.
, ,
.

Q of the ti m e p ast 2 o c lock eq u alled

’

Q of the ti e o m id
"

. m t
night ; wh at w as the hour ?
2 5 W h at ti m e betwee n 7 an d 8 o clock ar e the hour
’
.
, ,

a n d m inute h a n ds of a w atch e x actly together ?

2 6 In how m an y m inutes after 4 o c lo c k w ill th e
’
.
, ,

hour an d m inute h ands h e 5 m in u tes a p art ?

2 7 A l ad y b e ing aske d th e ho u r of d ay repli e d th at
.
, , ,

g of the ti m e p ast noon e q u all e d 5

5
1
o f the ti m e to m idnight
,
m in u s g of an hour ; wh a t w as the ti m e ?
2 8 A tree 9 0 fe e t in l e ng th b y falling w as brok en
.
, ,

1n to tw o p arts s u ch th at of the short e r e qu all e d

,Q Q f o

th e long e r ; h o w m u c h m u st be cu t fro m the lon g er so

,

th a t Q of it m av equ al Q of the other p art ?

.
13 6 MEN T AL ARIT H ME T IC .

29A boy bought or a g e s a n d le m ons an d of the

24 2
n
.

,
nu m ber of oranges equ a ls 3 of the nu m ber of le m ons , ’

how m an y m ore oran g e s m u st be purch ased th at 2 o l th e ,

num ber of oranges may equ al 3 of the num ber of le m on s ?

2

LE SS O N IX

1 .H ow far may a person ride m a coach which goes ,

at the r ate of 1 0 m iles an hour so th a t he m a be gone

y
bu t 8 ho u rs pro v ided he w alks ho m e a t the r ate of 6
,

miles an hour ?
SOL U T I O N If h e walks 6 m il e s in 1 hou r t o w alk 1 m il e it
—
,

w ill r e q ui r e of an hou r a d to w lk 10 m il e s th e dis ta c e h e

,
n a ,
n

rid e s i a h ou r it w ill r e q ui r e 1 0 ti m e s
n n ,
1 0
6
; o r g of an ,

hou r h e n c e %3 of th e ti m e h e r id e s e q u als th e ti m e h e w lks

, a ,

w hich a dd e d to 3 th e ti m e h e r id e s e q u a18 8 of th e ti m e h e ,
3
rid e s w hich is 8 hour s 810
, ,
.

2 H ow far may a person ride in a c arri age going at

.
,

th e r at e of 9 m iles an hour pro v ided he is gone onl y 1 0 ,

hours an d w alks b ac k at the ra te of 6 m iles an hour ?

,

3 H ow m an y m iles m ay I s a il in a ste am bo a t going

.
,

at the r ate of 1 5 m il e s an hour pro vided I am gone onl y ,

9 hours an d return at the r a te of 1 2 m iles a n ho u r ?

,

4 A ste am bo at whose r ate of s ailing i n still w ater is

.

1 2 m iles an hour desc e nds a ri v er whose c u rrent is 4

-
,

mi les an ho u r an d is gone 6 ho u rs ; how far did it go ?

,

5 A bo at whose rat e of s ailing is 1 0 m iles an hour

.
,

m o v es down a ri v er whose current is 2 m il e s a n hour ;

h o w far m ay it go th a t it m ay be gone but 5 hours ?
6 E ight m e n hire a c o a c h to ride to L anc as ter but by
.
,

t ak in g in 4 m ore persons the e x pense of e ach is dim i ,

i
n s eh d b y 3 ; wh at do the y p ay for the c o ac h ?
3

7 Ten m en hire a co ach for a cert ain s u m of m oney

.
,
13 8 MEN T AL A RI TH ME T IC .

21 com p a n y of 1 5 persons eng age a dinn e r at a

. A
hote l b u t before p ay ing the h il l 5 of the c o m p an y with
,

dr aw b y whi c h e ach person s bil l was a ug m ented $é ;

,
’

wh a t w a s the bill ?

LE SS O N X .

1 .In wh at pr e portion m us t I m ix te a worth 6 Shillings

a poun d with th at worth 1 1 sh illings a po u nd so th a t the
, ,

m i x ture m ay be worth 9 shillin gs a pound ?

S OL U T I O N If I t k e 1 1h a t
— an d s e ll i t fo r 9
a . I w ill g ain a ,

9 — 6 or ,
a d to g i 1 I m us t t k e 1 of a p ou n d ; if I
n a n 3 . a

t ke 1 l b
a t 11 . d s ll it fo r
a s .
,
I los e 1 1
an e 9 or d -
, an

to los e 1 3 w h at I g i n e d o
. th e fi r s t I m us t tak e Q of a p ou n d ;
a n ,

h e n c e I m us t tak e Q of a p ou n d t 6 a s ofte n as Q a p ou n d ata 3 .

o r in whol e n u m b r s 6 ti m s Q w hich ar e 2 l b s at
, e ,
e , .

n a s 6 ti m e s hich
as o f f -e
} w e 3 l b a t ,
1 1 ar s . a 8 .

2 In wh at proportion m ust I m i x rl ce worth 7 cents

.

a pound with th at worth 1 2 cents so th a t th e m i x ture

, ,
m ay b e worth 9 cents a pound ?
3 In wh at m a nn e r sh all I m ix sug ar wort h 5 c ents a
.

pound with th at worth 1 2 cents a pound so th at the

, ,

mi x ture m ay be worth 8 cents a pound ?

4 H av ing two kinds of wine worth $
. 2 an d $ 9 , r e sp e c
t1v e l y a g allon how sh all I m ix the m th at the M i x ture
, ,

m ay be worth $ 4 a g allon ?
5 H o w m an y pounds of sug ar worth 6 cents a pound
.

m us t I m ix with 4 pounds at 1 1 cents a pound so th a t ,

the m i xture m ay be sold for 8 cents a po u n d ?

6 H ow m an y pounds of co ffe e worth 8 cents a poun d
.

can I m ix with 1 2 po u nds worth 1 3 cents a pound s o ,

th at a pound of the m i x ture m ay be wort h 1 1 cents ?

7 H ow m an y g allons of w i ne w o rth $
. 2 a gallon m us t
be m i x ed with 9 gallons at $9 a gallon , so t h at th e m ixtu i e
may be so d for $5 a g allon ?
l
 M E N T A L A R I T H ME T IC . 1 39

H ow ma n y pounds of te a worth 3 shillings a pou n d

must be m i x ed with 10 pounds worth 9 shilli n gs a poun d , .

so th at the m i x ture m y be worth 5 shillings

a a po u n d ?

i 9 A grocer m i x ed 4 po u nds of sug ar worth 5 cents a

.

p o und with,
6 pounds worth 1 0 cents a poun d
; wh at is

th e v al ue of one poun d of the m i x ture

1 0 In wh at proportion m u st I m ix sug a rs worth 6 7
.
, ,

an d 1 1 cents a pound so th at the m i x ture m ay be w orth

-

9 ce n ts a poun d ?

1 1 A m erch an t m i x ed 5 g a llons of wine worth 6 0

.

cents per gallon with 5 g allons worth 8 0 cents a g a llon ;

,

re q u ired the value of a g allon of the m i x ture .

12 In wh a t proportion m ust I m ix ric e a t 5 6 an d

.
, ,

1 2 cents a pound so th a t one pound of the m i x ture m ay

,

be worth 8 cents ?
13 H ow sh a ll te a s worth 3 4 8 a nd 9 shillings per
.
, , ,

poun d be m i x ed th at the m i x ture m ay be sold for 6

,

shillings a pound ?
1 4 If a m an tr av els 2 m iles on e d ay 4 the ne x t 6 th e
.
, ,

ne x t a nd so on , how ma n y m iles will he trav el the si x th

,

day
SOL U T I O N Si n ce th e dis tan c e i n c r e as e s 2 m il e s e ach day
—

afte r th e fi r s t o th e si x th d ay o r 5 d ay s afte r th e fi r s t i t w il l
,
n , ,

i n c r e s e 5 ti m e s 2 w hich a e 1 0 m il e s w hich dd e d to 2 m il e s
a ,
r , ,
a ,

th e dis tan c e h e tr a e ls th e fi r s t d y e q u als 12 m il e s th e d is tan c e

v a , ,

h e tr av e ls th e si xt h d ay .

1 5 If a ma n tr av els 2 m iles th e fi rst d ay an d e a ch

.

day tr av els 3 m ore th a n on the preceding day, h o w far

will he tr av el the tenth day 7
1 6 If a l ad p ay s 4 cents for on e ya rd of m uslin an d
.

y ,
4 c e nts m ore fo r e ach ya rd th a n the prece ding on e h ow ,

m u ch will the eighth y ard cost ?

1 7 If a p e rson tr av e ls 3 m iles the fi rst d ay a n d 1 3 th e
.
,

si x th day h o w m u ch m ore did h e tr av el e ach d ay th an

,

on th e pre c eding on e ?
1 8 H ow m an y d ay s did a person tr av el supposi n g he
.

w e nt 4 m iles the fi rst day 1 4 the l ast day an d we nt 2

, ,

m iles m ore e ach day th a n on th e precedi ng on e ?

1 40 M E N T A L A R IT H ME T I C .

19 If a person p aid 5 cents for one yard of c loth an d

.

,
2 c e n t m or e for e ac h su cc eeding one how m an y y ard s
s
,

m ust be bdu gh t th at th e l ast y ard m ay c ost 2 5 c e n t s ?

2 0 If a l ad y p ay s 4 c ents for the fi rst yard of m u s l i n
.

a nd 3 1 c ents for the tenth yard how m uch m ore d i d sh e ,

p ay for e ac h y ard th an for th e pre c e ding one ?

2 1 If E l m ir a bought 12 y ards of m u slin p ay ing 3
.
,

cents m ore for e ach y ard th an for the prec e ding an d 4 0 ,

c ents for the l as t y ard ; how m uch did she pay for the
fi rst yard ?
2 2 A m e rch ant h av ing sugar worth 4 5 1 0 an d 1 1
.
, , ,

cents a pound wishes to m ak e a m i xture of 6 0 l bs w orth

, .

1 cents a pound how m an y pounds of e a ch kind m ust he

;
ta ke ?

LE S S O N X I .

1 . l ad y bought two w atches an d a ch ain The ch ai n

A .

an d gold w atch cost 4 ti m e s as m u c h as th e sil v er w at c h ,

an d the ch ain an d sil v e r w atch cost twic e as m uc h as the

gold w at c h IVh at is the value of e a ch , if the sil v e r
.
’

watch is worth $30 ?

S OL U T I O N By th e fi r s t co n di tio n of th e p r o b l e m 4 ti m e s $
.
— 30 ,

or $12 0 q u ls th e cos t f th e gold w atch a d ch ai n w hich

,
e a o n ,

add e d t $30 th e cos t of th e sil ve r w atch i s $1 5 0 th e cost of

o , , ,

th e t w o w tch s d ch ai n
a By th e s e co n d co di tio
e an . t w ic e th e n n,

cos t of th gold w tch q u als th e cos t b f th sil e r w atch d

e a e e v an

ch i n w hich dd d to th cos t of th gold w tch e qu als 3 ti m s

a , , a e e e a ,
e

th e cos t of t h e gold w atch w hich e q u ls th cos t of l l o r $ , 15 0 a e a , .

If 3 ti m e s th e cos t of th e gold w atch e q u als $ 1 50 81 0 ,

2 A fa rm er bo u ght a horse colt an d s addle

.
, If th e ,
.

h orse be s addled it will be worth 5 ti m es as m u c h as th e

colt but if the c olt be saddled it will be worth Q as m uch
,

as the horse W h at is the v alue of the horse an d th e

.

sa ddle supposing th e c olt to be worth $

,
50 ?
3 T h e he a d of a fi h is 1 0 ih ch e s long ; 7 ti m es th e
.
s
14 2 ME N TA L A R IT H M E T rc .

w h at he spent for oranges equ als wh a t he spent for apple s

an d pe ach e s ; how m an y did he bu y of e ac h if th e apples

cost 2 th e p e aches 3 an d the or anges 4 cents e ach

, ,

1 2 R e y nolds went to a hot e l borrowed a s m u c h m oney

.
,

as he h ad an d sp e nt 2 c e nts ; he then went to a s e c o nd

,

an d third hot e l did the s am e an d h ad 6 cents re m aining ;

, ,

how m uc h m oney h ad he at fi rst ?

1 3 W illi am went to a store borrowed 1 0 cents an d
.
, ,

then spent 8 cents doing the s am e at a second an d third

,

store he foun d he h a d doubled his m on e y ; how m uch

,

m one y h ad he ?
1 4 A h as $
. 2 0 which 18 4 0 f wh a t B a nd 0 h av e a nd
1
, ,
,

twice B s m oney is equ al to Q of the su m of A s an d 0 s

’ 1 ’ ’

m on e y ; how m uc h m oney h av e B an d C respecti vel y ?

1 5 J am es went to a store borrowed 1 0 c e nts an d then
.
, ,

sp e n t 1 2 cents ; he did this at a second an d third store ,

an d then h a d no m one y left how m uch m one y h ad he

;
a t fi rst ?
1 6 A m an e x pen ded $
. 5 for ducks which w as Q of ,

wh at he p aid for g e e se a nd turk e y s an d twi c e wh at he ,

p ai d for geese equals wh at he p aid for ducks an d turkey s ;

how m a n y of e a c h kind did he bu y pro v ided the duck s ,

c ost $ , th e geese $ 1 a nd the turke y s $

3 e a ch ?
Q ,

LE SS ON XII

1 . Two m e n A a nd B in p artnership gain $3 00 A

, ,
.

owns 2 of the sto c k la c king $4 0 a nd gains $1 8 0 ; t o

, ,

u 1 re d the whole sto c k an d sh are of e a ch

q ,
.

SO LU TI J N If A b ad o w e d Z of th e s tock his g ai n w o n d
.
— n ~
,
g
h av e b e e n 2 of $3 0 0 o r $2 00 ; b u t h e g ai n e d o nl y $18 0 th e re
, ,

fo r e t h e $ 4 0 m us t g ai th e di ff r n c e b e tw e e n $
n 2 00 an d $18 0
e e ,

which is $ 20 If $ 4 0 g ai n $
. 2 0 t o g ai n $ 1 it w ill r e q ui re
,

1 of $ 4 0 w hich
,
is $2 a d to g a i n $3 0 0,
it w inl l r e q ui r e 3 00
20
t1m e s $ 2 w hich ar e $ 6 00
 M E N T A L A RIT H ME T I C . 1 43

2 . a nd B e nter into p artnership a nd gal n $2 4 0 A

A .

own s 2 of the stock l acking $ ,

1 0 a nd his sh are of the
,

g a in is $ 1 75 required°
the whole stoc k a n d sh a re of ,

e ach
3 T w o m e n in p artnership g ain $
. 2 0 0 The fi rst owns .

1 of th e stock $
40 a n d his g,
ain is 36 0
; wh a t is th e

e n t ire s t ock an d sh a re of e a c h ?
4 A an d B bought a lott e ry ticket with which they
.

drew a pri z e of $6 0 0 A p aid § of the price of the ticke t

.
,

l acking $1 2 a nd hi s sh are of the pri z e was $3 4 0 ; wh at

,

did e a ch pay for the ticket ?

5 A m an a n d his son a gree to m o w a certain fi eld for
.

$72 The son m owed Q of the whole

. 10 acres an d ,

recei v ed $3 8 how m an y a cres did e a ch m o w ?

6 Two m e n p ay $
. 1 2 0 for the p asturage of so m e c a ttle .

The fi rst turns in Q of the whole nu m ber 2 0 , an d ,

p ay s $ 40 ; how m an y c attle does e ach turn in ?

7 A a nd B a gree to m o w a fi eld of gr as s for $
. 60 ; A
m ows twice a s m uch a s B l a cking 8 a cres , a nd recei v es
'

$2 4 how ma n y a cres does e a ch m o w ?

8 Two m e n engage to build a bo a t for $
. 8 4 The fi rst .

l abours Q a s m an y day s as the second 6 d ay s , a nd re

,

ce iv e s $ 48 how m an y d ay s does e a ch l abour ?

9 Two m e n recei v e the s am e su m for l abour ; but h a d
.

o n e recei v ed 3 1 0 m ore an d the other $ , 6 less one would ,

h av e recei v ed 5 ti m es a s m uch as the other how m uch

?
does e a ch r ecei v e
1 0 A a nd B i n v ested the s am e su m in specul ation A
. .

lost $2 0 0 a nd B g aine d 31 0 0 0 when it w a s found th at

, ,

B h a d 4 tim es a s m uch m one y a s A ; wh a t w a s the su m

in v ested
1 1 S a id Jam es to Is aa c , our purses cont a in the s am e
.

su m of m one y but if y ou gi v e m e $
,
2 0 an d I g1v e yo u ,

$1 0 I sh all h av e 3 tim es as m uch a s y ou ; how m uc h

,

m one y h a d e ach ?
1 2 A person being asked the hour of the day replied
.
,

th a t 2 hours ago the ti m e p ast n oon w as Q of the ti m e to

m idn ight 2 hours hence required the ti m e .
144 M E NTA L ’
A a rr H M E T rc .

13 . S aid to F m y a ge is 5 ye ars m ore th an yours,

E
bu t 4 y e ars a go m y age w as Q of wh at y ours will be 4
y e ars hen c e ; wh at w as the age of e ac h ?
14 A pol e whose length w as 4 4 fe et w a s broke n into
.
,

two unequ al p arts ; if the shorter be incr e ased b y 3 feet ,

an d the longer be di m inish e d b y 5 fe e t the fi rst will be
Q ,

of the length of the second ; require d the length of e a ch

p a rt
.

1 5 A staff whose length is 3 3 feet is in the air an d

.
, ,

w a t e r ; an d the length in th e air 2 feet equ als 4 ti m es

, ,

the l e ngth in the w ater, 6 feet ; req u ired the length

in the air .

1 6 A person being asked the ti m e of day repli e d

.
, ,

th at 2 of the ti m e p ast m idnight 2 ho u rs ago eq u alled , ,

2
of th e ti m e to m idnight 3 hours a n d 2 0 m inutes hence ;
,
re uu ire d the ti m e
q7 A m an h aving a n equ al nu m ber of cows l n two
.

.
tD

fie lds sold Q of the n u m b e r fro m e ach th e n 7 h av ing

,
1
,

J u m ped fro m the fi rst into the s e c ond there were 3 ,

ti m e s as m an y in the second a s in the fi rst , required the

nu m ber in e ach fi eld .

1 8 A h ad twice as m a n y or anges as B a nd then e a ch

.
,

l o s in g Q an d A gi v ing B 8 th e y e ach h av e the s am e

1

nu m ber how m any h ad e acli at fi rst ?

,
°

1 9 C s fortun e IS twice D s but a fter e a ch h a d S pe nt

’ ’

,
.

Q
of his fort u ne an d 0 h ad gi v en D 3 1 0
,
D h ad twice as
,

m uch m one y as 0 ; r e quired th e f0 1 tu n e of e ac h .

2 0 Two m e n A an d B a gre e to dig a ditch for $

.
, ,
50 ;
an d
Q of wh at A digs i n ci e as e d b y 4 rods equ als Q
,
2
of ,

wh at B digs , a n d B recei v e s 33 0 ; how ma n y rods did

e a ch dig ?
14 6 M E N T A L A RIT H ME T IC .

9 . A i n a gam e of ch ance lost gQ of his m one y and

, ,
-

then won 8 10 afte r which h e h ad g as m uch a s he h ad

5

at fi rst ; how i
,

n u ch did he lose at pl ay ?

1 0 A an d B lost 3 2 pe a ches an d then bo u gh t g3 as

“

.
,

ma n y as re m ai n ed an d the n h ad 3 a s m a n y as at firs t ,
,

h o w m an y h ad e ach a t fi rst, supposing the ir s h ares to be

as 2 to 3 ?
1 1 A boy being a sked his a ge replied th at if 1 1
.
, ,

ye ars ago h is a ge h ad been incre ased by its Q it wo u ld ,

then h av e been Q of wh at it now is ; r e quired his age .

1 2 A l ad y being asked her age s aid th at if her age

.
, ,

were incre ased by its th e su m would equ al 3 ti m es her

1
,

a e 1 2 y e ars a o ; wh at w as her a e ?
g
b g g
1 3 A B a nd C dine together ; A furnishing 2 lo av es ,
.
, , ,

B 3 lo av es an d C contrib u ting 2 5 cents to be di v ided

,

betwe e n A an d B ; req u ired the sh are of e ach .

1 4 A boy being asked his age replied th at if m y a ge

.
, ,

in 3 ye ars be di m inished b y its the re m ainder will be

i of m y age now ; wh at w a s his age ?
1 5 A furnished 2 lo av es for s u pp e r an d B 4 while
.
, ,

0 contrib u ted 2 0 cents to be di v id e d be tween A an d B ;

h o w m uch of it sho u ld e a ch r e cei v e ?
1 6 T wo p artne rs A a nd B lost $
. 2 1 0 an d the ne x t
, , ,

ye ar gain e d g of wh at re m ained which w as

1 1
of the
origin al stock ; wh at w as the stock of e ach , if z
,

of A s
’
3
equ als gof B s sto c k ?
5 -
’

1 7 A furnished 6 e ggs for a rep ast a n d B 1 0 eggs ,

.
,

while 0 contrib u ted 1 6 c ents to be di v ided b e t w e e n A

an d B ; how m u ch sh all e ac h re c ei v e pro v id ed A an d B ,

e at the s am e n u m b e r an d C 4 m ore th an e ach ?, ,

1 8 A p e rson b e ing a sked his age s aid th at If m y

.
, ,

age in 4 y e ars be di m inished b y its

?
3
the r e m ainder will ,

e q u al Q of m y age 4 y e ars ago wh at was his age

1 ?
, ZD

1 9 A B an d 0 e at 14 pe ac hes of which A o wn e d 5
.
, , , ,

a nd B 9 an d C c ontribut e d 2 4 c e nts ; how m u ch of the

,

m on e y ought A an d B e ac h to re c ei v e if B e at s twice as ,

m an y as A an d C e ats t w i c e as m an y as B ?
,

2 0 Two m e rc h ants h av ing a ce i tain nu m ber o f ya rd s

 ME N TA L A R IT H M E T I O . 14 7

of c l oth bough t 3 0 y ards m ore then sc1d 7, a s m a n y as

, ,
1

the y h ad an d then h ad 3 ti m es a s m an y as at fi rst

,
h ow
m a n y y a rds h ad e ach , if } of A s nu m ber e qu als gof 8 s ?
’ ’
7

LE S S O N XIV .

l A m an b ought a cert ain nu m ber of sheep for $

.
1 00 ,
when a dog h aving killed 8 of the m , he sold of th e
re m ain der fo r cos t, an d recei v ed $2 0 ; h o w m any did h e
bu y ?
S O L U T IO N .
— If r e m aind e r c o s t $2 0 3 o f th e r e m ain
of th e ,
“

d e r c o s t 3 ti m e s $20 or $ 6 0 ; th e n s m c e th e y al l c o s t $
,
100
, ,

th e 8 m us t h av e c o s t $100 or $ 40 & c ,
.

2 A farm er bought a nu m ber of pi gs fo r $

. 8 0 when 5 ,

o f the m h av ing died he sold g o f th e re m ainder for cos t ,

,

a nd recei v ed $4 0 h o w m an y did he bu y ?
3 A l ad y purch ased a nu m ber of ya rds of m us l in fo r
.

an d aft er usi n g 6 y ards sh e sold of the re m ain

der fo r c o st an d recei v ed 9 0 cents less th an it all cost ;
,

how m an y y ards did sh e purch ase ?

4 A bo u ght a nu m ber o f turke y s for $ 1 0 wh en ,
‘

,
.

h av i n g killed 1 0 he sold ,
of the re m ainder fo r c o st,,

rec e i v in g $8 less th an the cost of al l ; re q uired the num o

be r purch ased .

5 A bo ught a nu m ber of sheep for a cert ai n su m a nd

h av ing l o st 6 he s o ld 5:o f the re m ainder for cost an d
.
,

recei ved $ 1 5 which w as $

,
3 5 less th an the y al l co st 5 h o w
m an y did he b u y ?

6 A far m er bo u ght a nu m ber o f hens for a certai n

.

s u m , a nd h av ing killed 1 0 he sol d fi o f the re m ainder

g ,

fo r cost an d recei v e d 4 8 di m es which w as 72 di m es le ss

, ,

th a n the y all c o st ; h o w m an y did he ret ain ?

7 A bough t a n u m ber o f ducks fo r $
. 1 6 a nd h av in g ,
14 8 ME N T A L H M E T IO
A R ITL .

ki ll ed 1 2 , he sold g o f the re m ainder l acking 8 , for ,

cost an d rec e i v e d $4 ; how m an y did he bu y ?

,

8 B bo u ght a n u m b er o f sheep fo r $
. 3 0 an d lo sing 2 , ,

he s o ld o f th e re m ainder l acking 3 fo r c o st an d r e ceiv e d

, .
,

$2 1 less th an al l c o st ; re q u ired th e n u m ber bo u ght .

9 H e nr y bo u ght a nu m b er of pigs fo r $
. 4 8 an d l o sin g ,

9 h e s o ld o f the re m ainder m in u s 2 fo r c o st rec e i v in g

, , , ,

$3 2 less th an al l cost ; re q u i r ed the nu m ber p u rch as e d .

1 0 A bo ught s o m e c al v es fo r $
. 8 0 an d h av i n g l o s t 1 0
, ,

he s o ld 4 m o re th an g o f the re m ainder fo r c o st an d ,

recei v ed $3 2 less th an al l c o st ; re q u ired the n u m be r

p urch ased .

1 1 A d o g killed
. o f A s sheep ; n o w if he sells the
’

re m ainder fo r c o st he will rec e i v e $6 0 but reser v ing 8 ,

an d s e lli n g o f the re m ainder for cost he will recei v e

5
$2 2 h o w m an y h ad he at fi rst ?
12 l ost o f his h ens an d fo und if he sold fig o f the
A ,

re m ai nder fo r c o st he w o u ld rec e i v e 4 0 di m es but if he ,

k ept 1 5 an d s o ld g o f the re m ainder he w o u l d recei v e 2 0

di m e s ; h o w m an y did he h av e ?
13 B lost 3 o f his turk e y s an d then fi nds b y S elling
.
2
,

o f the re m ain der fo r c o st he w o uld recei v e $

,
2 0 bu t ,

fi nding 6 an d selling g o f the nu m ber he then h ad he

, ,

recei v ed $2 4 ; h o w m an y did he retain ?

1 4 A lost 3} o f his hens ; n o w if he fi nds 1 0 an d sells
.

o f his nu m b e r then fo r c o st price he will recei v e 6 0

g i m es bu t if h e loses 1 0 an d sells a
, } o f the re m ainder fo r

cost he will re ce i v e 3 0 di m e s ; h o w m an y h ad he at first ?

1 5 I f 6 0 l bs o f s e a w at e r c o ntain 2 lbs o f s alt h o w
. . .
,

m uch fre s h w ater m u st be added to th e se 6 0 l bs s o th at .

1 0 l bs o f the n e w m i x ture m ay cont ain 1; o f a p o und of

.
1
.

salt
1 6 S upp o se th at fo r e v e ry 4 c o ws a far m er h as h e
.
,

S hould pl o u gh an acre o f l an d an d all o w o n e acr e o f pas

,

ture fo r e v ery 3 c o ws , h o w m an y cows c o uld he keep o n

14 0 acres ?
1 7 B lost g o f his shee p ; n o w if he fi nds 5 an d s e ll
.
,
15 0 ME NTA L A R IT H M E T I O .

would am o u nt to e q u al su m s when the y bec am e

o f age ; re q u ired the sh are o f e ach .

5 A bo y sp e nds g o f his n1 o n e y + $ then o f th e

1 1 1
5 5
.
, ,

re m aind e r $5 an d then h ad $
, ,
3 ; h o w m uch m one y
h ad he at fi rs t ?
6 C an d D together h av e 2 0 sheep an d 5 o f 0 s
-
’
,

nu m b er + o f D s e u als f 0 h an y shee
’ ’

5 , q 5 o s ; o w
,
m p
does e ach o w n ?
7 A m an spent z5 o f his m one y an d $
. 2 m ore an d th e n ,

spent $ 2 m o re th an 5 o f the re m aind e r an d then h ad 1

,

$2 re m aining r e q u ir e d his m o n e y at first

,
.

8 S arah g av e aw ay 5 o f her pe aches l acki n g 5 o f a

.
1
,
-

p e ach an d th e n g av e aw ay 3 o f the re m aind e r l acking

,
1 —
,

o f a pe ach an d th e n h ad 5 pe aches re m aining h

5
4
; o w
m an y p e aches h ad s h e at fi r st?
,

9 A fi s h c au ght in the C o nowingo weighs 8 po u nds

.
, ,

an d o f th e b o d y + 2 o f the he ad an d t ail weigh

5 4 5 , :-
as
3

m uch as o f the bo d y ; re q u ired the weight of e ach p art ,

if the tai$ 1s
5 as he avy as the he ad .

10 . father l eft $5 50 0 to his s o n an d d aughter whose

A ,

ages ar e r e specti v e l y 19 an d 15 y e ar s s o th at be ing o n , ,

interest at 1 0 per c e n t the so n sh o u ld recei v e twice as .

,

m uch as the d aughter wh e n the y were 2 1 y e ars o f a ge ; ,

Wh at w as the sh are o f e ach ?

1 1 H arry g av e 5 o f his m o ne y l acking 3 cents to
.
, ,

Jam e s 5 o f the r e m aind e r l acking 2 cents to W ill ie

, , , ,

a nd 5 o f the re m aind e r l ackin g 1 cent to C h arles an d , , ,

then h ad 8 cents re m ai n i ng ; wh at w as H arry s m oney

O
’

befo re his gifts ?

1 2 D i v id e $
. 2 9 0 between A an d B whose ages are ,

resp e c ti v e l y 1 5 an d 1 9 y e ars in s u ch a m ann er th at ,

the p arts b ei n g pl aced o n inte rest at 1 0 per c e n t sh all

, ,
.
,

am o u nt to s u ch s u m s at the ti m e the y ar e 2 1 th at of
, 5 ,

A s sh all be e q u al to 3g o f B s m o n e y
’ ’
2
.

1 3 A l ad y h av ing two w atches bo ught a ch ain fo r

.
, ,

$2 0 I f the ch ain be p u t on the sil v er w atch th e ir va lu e

 MENTA L A R IT H M E T I I} . 15 1

wi ll be 5 the
as m uch
gol dasw atch but if it b e
p u t
,
o n

the g o ld w atch the y will be worth 7 ti m es as m uch as

th e sil v r w tch wh at w a s the v a lue of e ach w a t c h ?
e a
;
14 J ord an g av e 5 of his m o ne y plus 4 cents to
. , ,

John 4 5 of the re m ain der p lus 3 cents

,
t o G e o rge a n d , ,

J
,

of wh t re m ined p lus 2 cents to ckson d

5 w a
a n o a a n
, , ,

oun d he h d uch a s a t fi rst h w m uch m one y

f a
5 as m ; o

h ad he at fi rst ?

30 o unces I f the fi rst cup be co v ered it will weigh

.

twice as m uch a s th e second but if the second cup be ,

co v ered it will weigh 3 ti m es as m uch as the fi rst ; w h at

,

is th e weight of e ach cu p ?

LE S S O N XVI.

l A farm er bought a cert a in nu m be r o f she e p for

.

$6 0 ; h ad he b o ught 5 m ore at $1 less e ach , the y wou l d

h av e cost h im $75 h o w m an y shee p did he bu y ?
S O L U T I O N — By th e c o ndi ti o ns o f th e p r o bl e m th e 5 m o r e , at
.

$1 l e ss e a ch , c o s t $75 or $ 1 5 , an d o n e , at this r ate ,

of $ 1 5 , w hich is $3 , w hich , inc r e a s e d by $ 1 , e qu als $4,
co s t
5
th e p r i c e o f th o s e p u r ch s e d :h e nc e th e r e w e r e as m ny p u r
a ,
a a

ch a s e d as $4 is c o n tain e d tim e s in $6 0 w hich a e 1 5 T h e r e ,

r .

fo r e 81 0
,
.

2 A far m er bought a cert ain nu m ber of c o ws for

.

$2 0 0 h ad he b o u ght 2 m ore at $2 less e ach the y would , ,

h a v e c o st $ 2 16 h o w m an y did he bu y ?
3 A m an b o ught a cert ain n u m ber o f sh e ep fo r $
. 80
an d aft e rw ards b o u ght twice as m an y m o r e at $2 l e ss ,

e ach an d p aid fo r al l $1 8 0 ; h o w m an y did h e bu y ?

,

4 M r A bought a cert ain nu m b er o f turk e y s for $

. . 5
h ad he b o ught 3 ti m es as m an y 4 for the s am e price
, , ,

the y w o uld h av e cos t h im $1 2 m ore ; h o w m an y did he

p urch ase
15 2 ME NTA L A R IT H ME TI C .

5 te acher bought a nu m ber o f books fo r $8 ; h ad

. A
he bought 4 ti m es this nu m be r di m inish e d b y 5 they , ,
would h av e cost $4 m ore ; h o w m an y did he bu y ?
6 W illis sold 2 books fo r 6 0 cents e ach ; on one he
:
.

gained 2 0 per cent and o n the o th e r h e lost 4 0 per cen t

.
,

did he gain o r lose b y the s ale an d h o w m uch ? ,

7 Wh at p art of 2 0 p er cent o f 6 is 2 5 per cent

. . .

of 3 ?
8 I gav e 2 0 pe r cent of m y m o ne y to A 2 5 pe r
. .
,

cent o f the re m ainder to B a nd h ad $

. 3 0 re m aining ; h o w
,

m uch m o ney h ad I at fi rst ?

9 I f A p ay s 5 o f his s al ary for b o ard wh a t p er cen t
.
,
.

does he h av e l e ft fo r other purp o ses ?

1 0 I f I sell 5 of a q u antity o f grain an d 5 of the re
.
,

m ain de r is S poil e d wh at per cent re m ains ?

,
.

11 J anson sold 2 0 per c e nt o f h is apples to A

. 25 .
,

per cent o f the re m ainder to B an d 3 3 5 per cent o f this

.
,
.

l ast re m ainder to C an d h ad 2 0 b arrels re m aining ; h o w

,

m an y h ad he at fi rst ?
1 2 A s o ld B a gun an d g ained 2 5 per cent an d B
. .
,

sold 1t to C for $2 4 an d g ained 2 0 per cent wh at did .

A p ay fo r it ?
13 B ough t apples at 6 cents for 4 an d s o ld the m at
.
,

the r ate o f 6 fo r 4 cents ; wh at w as the l o ss per cent .

14 B b o ught m elons for 2 0 per cent m o re th an 1 0

. .

cents e ach an d sold the m for 2 0 per c ent less th an 10

,
.

cen t s e ach ; re q uired the l o ss per cent ? .

1 5 I f a b o o k is b ought fo r 5 o f its v al ue an d s o ld for

.
,

2 0 per cent m ore th an its value wh at is the g ain pe r

.
,

cent ? .

1 6 I f Willi am h as 2 5 p e r cent m o re m o ne y th an
. .

H enry h o w m an y pe r cent h as H enry less th an W illi am ?

,
.

1 7 I f a princip al g ain 5 of itself in a y e ar how lon g

.
,

w il l it r e qu ire to doub le itself ?

1 8 A t 2 5 per cent in wh at ti m e will a p rinci p al ga i n
. .
,

5 o f i ts elf ? 5 of its e lf ? 3 ti m es itself ?

19 A s an d B s m one y o n interest for 1 0 y e a rs a t 5
’ ’
154 M E NTA L A RIT HM E T I C .

s ale g ain is 2 0 per c e nt o f m y retail less wh a t p er ce nt

.

,
1 I g ain at wh o les ale ?
3 3 I f I r e t ail at a g ain o f 5 0 p er cent an d se l l at
. .
,

wh o les ale fo r 2 5 per cent less th an a t retail wh a t do I

.
,

gain per cent at wholes ale ?

.

3 4 I f m y g ain at ret ail is 60 per cent a nd m y g ai n

. .
,

a t wh o les ale is 2 5 per cent o f m y reta il g ain less wh at

.
, ,

is m y g ain per cent at wh o les ale ?

.

3 5 I f A s g ain a t wh o les ale is 2 0 per cent an d his

’
. .
,

g ain at retail is 2 5 per cent o f his wholes ale m o re , wh at

.

d o es he gain per cent a t ret a il ? .

3 6 I f B s loss at wholes ale w as 1 0 p er cent , an d h is

’
. .

re ta il p rice w as 3 3 p er cent ore wh at w as the g ain

1
3 ; m ; .

p er cent b y retail ?
.

3 7 A lost 4 0 p er cent of his fl our a nd sold the re

. .
,

m ain de r a t a g ain o f 5 0 per cent did he g ain o r los e .

,

a nd h o w m uch pe r cent .

3 8 A b arrel of m ol as se s l ost 2 0 p er cent b y le ak age ,

. .

a nd the re m ainder was so ld a t a g ain o f 4 0 per cent re .

q uired the g ain per ce n t .

3 9 A n article l o st 2 5 p er cent by wastage an d the .

,

rem ai nder w as sold for 2 0 per cent ab o v e cost ; wh at .

e r cent w as g ained o r l o st ?
p .

4 0 A dro v e r l o st 3 3 4 per cent of his c attle an d s o ld

. .
,

the re m ainder at a g a in o f 5 0 p er cent ; re q uired the .

ga in o r l o ss per cent .

4 1 The am o unt o f B s fortune for 4 y e ars at 1 0 per

’
.
,

cent . is $
,
2 00 m o re th an its am ount for 6 y e ars at 5 pe r
cent . re q uired the fortun e .

42 The am ount o f 0 s fortune for 2 y e ars a t 1 0 pe r

’
.
,

cent , is $
. 4 0 0 less th a n its am ount for 6 y e ars at 5 pe r
cent wh at is the fo rtune ?
.

4 3 The am ount o f M s m one y for 5 y e ars at 8 pe r

’
.
,

cent , is $4 0 m o re th an its a m ount fo r 4 y e ars at 6 pe r

.

cent re q u ired h is m one y

. .

44 T h e am o unt of D s m one y for 2 y e ars a t 5 per

’
.
,

ce nt is $6 0 m o re th an its interest for 9 y e ar s at 10 pe r

.

?
cent wh at is h is m one y
.
 M E NT A L AR TI H MET I C . 1 55

45 The am ount of B s fort une for 5 ye ai s at 1 0 pe r

.
’
,

cent is $3 3 0 m o r e th an the am ount of 0 s for the s am e

.

,
’

ti m e an d r ate per cent wh at is the fortune of e a ch,

.

p ro vided B s is twice C s ? ’ ’

LE SS O N XV II .

1 . Ati m es as m an y p l u m s as B an d B h as
has 3 ,

twice a s m an y as C h o w m an y h as e ach , if A h a s 1 2
m ore th a n B an d 0 together ?
2 A B an d C c a n m o w a fi e l d in 2 0 d ay s A an d B
.
, , ,

in 3 0 d ay s an d B a nd C in 4 0 d ay s ; a fter the three h ad

,

W orked 5 d ay s , A an d C fi nished it ; in wh at ti m e w as it
com pleted ?
3 A l ad y bought 1 0 y ards of sil k a t the r ate of $
. 4 a
yard but fi nding som e of it d am aged for it sh e onl y
, ,

p aid $1 a ya rd , an d thus p a id $2 8 h o w m a n y y ards were

d am aged
4 A h av i n g his fortune o n interest a t 5 per cent in
. .

o e y e r spends
n a
1
1
o f his 1 nco m, e in tr av ellin g l
3
for edu ,

catio n al p urposes an d s av es $ 1 0 0 ; wh at 1s his fortune ?

,

5 A can do a piece of w o rk m 2 0 d ay s, B an d C m
.

12 d ay s an d if al l work 6 d ay s 0 can c o m plete it in 3

, ,

d ay s ; in wh at ti m e coul d B an d 0 e ach h av e d o ne it ?
6 A bought 1 2 cows for $
. 3 6 0 a nd s o ld 3 of the m for ,

Wh at a ll cost ; wh at w a s the g ain per cent .

7 B g ained 50 p er cent in e ach of 3 y e ars on wha t

. .

he h ad at the beginning of the y e ar, an d then h ad g ained

3 19 0 ; wh at w as his fi rst c apit al ?
8 A an d B can do a p i ece of work in 1 5 d ay s a nd
.
,

a ft er w 0 1 king 9 d ay s the y c alled m C wit h wh o se assist ,

a nce the y fi nished the work in 4 d ay s , in wh at ti m e

coul d 0 alone h av e done it ?
9 E dw ard a nd E l l a h av e $
. 900 , a nd 2 0 p er cent of .
 15 6 M E N TA L A R IT HM E T I C .

E dw ard s m o ne y e qu als 2 5 p er cent of E ll a s m on e y ;

’
.

h o w m uch m one y h as e ach ?

1 0 A can do 1 5 per cent of a p iece of w o rk in a day,
. .

B 2 0 p e r cent , an d C 2 5 per cent ; afte r B h ad w rought

. .

3 d ay s , an d A 2 d ay s , 0 j oined the m ; in wh at ti m e was

the w o rk c o m pleted ?
1 1 A m an left $
. 5 0 0 0 to his wife , son , an d d aughter,
an d if th e d au ghter died befo re b eco m ing o f a e , th e
g
Wid o w sh o u ld h av e 3
o f the fo rtune , bu t if the s o n died
1; ,
she sh o u ld h av e g o f it ; re q uired the sh ares o f the son
an d d aught e r if the wid o w dies ?

1 2 A bo y b o ught s o m e p e aches at 4 cents e ach , an d

.

3 ti m es as m an y pe ars at 2 cents e ach , an d s o ld the m al l

at 6 c e nts e ach an d thus g ained 2 8 cents how m an y of
, ;
each did he buy ?
1 3 Three fi fths of A s age was his wife s age When
’ ’
.

m arried , bu t in 4 0 y e ars , o f his age e u als hers ; wh at

q
Was the age of e ach when m arried ?
1 4 C an d D ran fro m the s am e p oint i n the s am e
.

directi o n , an d when D h ad r u n 4 0 r o ds , of the distanc e

0 h ad run e q u all e d the dist ance he w as ah e ad o f D ; h ow
m uch did 0 , in r u nning 4 0 r o ds , g ain o n D ?
15 IV h at is the hour o f day if g o f the ti m e p ast 9
.

A M e q u als o f the ti m e to 1 1 o cl o ck P M ?
’
. . . .

1 6 A bo at whose r ate of s ailing is 5 m iles an hour,

.

m o v es d o wn a ri v er wh o se current is 3 m il e s an hour ;
h o w far m ay it go th at it m ay be b ack in 1 0 h o urs ?
1 7 A an d B , in p artne r ship , g ain $
. 4 0 ; A o wned g
of the st o ck , l acki n g $ 1 2 , an d B s sh are o f th e g ain was
’

$10 ; re q u ired the whole sto ck an d s h are of e ach .

1 8 A m an went to a sto re an d s pent 2 0 cents , an d

.

then l o sing ii as m uch as re m ained , h ad 3 as m u ch a s h e

,
h ad at fi rst , m inus $ 1 h o w m uch h ad he at fi rst ?
1 9 A lost 2 0 p er cent o f his p e aches , an d s o ld the
. .

re m ainder for 2 0 per cent m o re th an they all cost ; wh at

.

did he g ain p e r cent o n th o se s o ld ?

.

2 0 A dro v er l ost 3 0 p er cent o f h is c a ttl e , an d so l d

. .
158 M E NT A L I H MET I C
AR T .

m uch did he ga in , sup p osing the second horse cost h im 3

as m uch as the fi rst horse ?

3 3 A m an sold a h o rse an d c arri age fo r $

. 2 3 0 o n th e
h orse he l o st 2 0 per cent an d on th e c arri age he g ained
.

2 5 pe r c e nt did he gain o r lose a nd h o w m uch if 45 of

.
, ,

wh a t he p aid fo r the horse e q u alled g o f the cost of th e

ca rri a ge

No r m -
Fo r a dd itio n al r bl
p o e m s, s e e ME TH O D S or T E A cm m
ME NT A L A R IT H M E T I C, by t h e A u t ohr of h r h e r m ay
t is w o k ; w e

d l r c ll c n
be fo u n a a g e o e tio , o f a n a mu si g n n r n ch ac te r
an d i te e s ti g ar ,
und r
e h d
th e ea o f S o ci a l A r i th m e ti c
.
 ME N TA L A L G E BR A .

T he tr ansition fro m A rith m etic to A lgebr a being s o

e a s y a n d n atur al a nd a knowledge o f the a bbre v i ated
,

a nd gener al l angu age of A lge br a being so i m port an t th e ,

author is in duced to present the fo llowing short tre atise

u p on the subj ect of M e n ta l A lg e br a .

M E T H O D O F TR E A T ME N T .The p eculi a rity o f this

-

tre atm en t is th at M ental A rith m etic a n d A lge br a ar e

taught l n co m bin a tion li ke twin sisters go i ng h and l n
—

h an d — o n e te x t book ans w e rl n g for both su bj ects A

-
.

solution is gi v en to the fi rst pr o ble m of a l esson or cl ass

,

o f pro b l e m s
,
which the p upils should be re q uired to
ap pl y to the other pro ble m s o f th a t cl ass .

M E T H O D o r S O LU T I O N —
In A lge br a we l et so m e
sy m b ol as a represent the nu m b er we wish to fi nd an d
, , ,

use this as we would the answer in pro v ing a pro ble m .

This will gi v e a n e x pression or e qu a tio n fro m which

we m ay fi nd the unknown nu m b er re p resented b y the
sy m bol .

The fo l lowing proble m an d sol u tion wil l indic ate th e

m ethod an d S pirit of the A lge b r aic tre atm ent The
.

p upil wi l l o bserv e h o w m uch sh o rter a nd si m pler it s .

th a n the m ethod of A rith m etic .

PR O B LE M H enr y s nu m b er o f apples incre ased by 3

— ’

ti m e s h is n u m b er e q u als 2 4 ; how m an y ap p les h as b e ?

( 1 5 9 )
16 0 ME N TA L A Ls EE R A .

O nc e H e n ry s nu m b e r p lus 3 ti m e s his nu m b e r
’

A a rT n M E r re A L qu als 2 4
e .

SO LU T IO N . H e nc e 4 ti m e s H e n ry s nu m b e r e qu als 2 4
,
’
,

A n d o nc e his nu m b e r e qu als 4 o f 2 4 which is 6 ,

No w if we represent the e x pression H e n ry s n u m be r ’ ’

by s o m e s ym bol as as an d use the sign fo r th e w o rd , ,

:
:
”
e u a ls
q etc the solution
,
will be m uch shor
.
,
ter ; thus
2 3 22 z 24
A LGE l l
iidiw
’ o
S O L nr
H e nc e ,
4x 24
A nd 23 . 6, A n s .

NO T E — In A l g e b r a 2 x, 3 23, & c .
, imea n 2 t mes a
s, 3 t me i s so,

e tc . of x , of x ,
:
o f a ar e r e p r e s e n te d thus
1
,
1 2
5 fi
x, x’ e tc .
,

or
z a :2 x

2 5
, ,

Fro m this e x p l an ation the p u p i l wi l l be prep ared to

u ndersta nd the solutions which fo ll o w The soluti o n .

g i v en to the fi rst pr o ble m o f e ach cl ass is to be applied

to the others of the s am e cl ass T he cl ass is indic ated .

by referring to the p age a nd p rob l e m o f the M ent a l

A rith m etic .

PA G E 3 7, P B O B 1 . .

S o L U T ro N r e p r e s e n t th e
— Le t z Le t x th e nu m be r
th e n 5 o f :
. .

num b e r e qu als 3 an d
—
he n f
2:
2 ,
t , 3 .

e qu als 2 ti m e s 3 o r 6 T h e r e for e
:6
,
. 2
th e num b e r is 6 .
an d 2 , A ns .

PA GE 58 P R O B ,
. 1 .

SO L I e t 2:
e qu al his m o Le t :hi mo ne y
2:
.
-
. a s .

th e n z m inus
— of x or
9

e qu als 6 0 a d é o f 2:
ne y ;

o f 2:
,
so ,
2 — 5
a d 1:
n
1; ,

e qu als } o f 6 0
23
or 30 n
3 0,
1
, ,

5
e qu als 5 ti m e s 3 0

T h e re fo r e e tc ,
or 150
.
, .

a : 15 0 A 11 8 .
16 2 M E NT A L A L GEB R A .

PA GE 96 P a c e 1 , . .

SO L L e t x :A s nu m b e r Le t x A s nu m be r
’ ’

th e n w il l : 5 e qu al B s nu m b e r
- z
.
.

th e n x B s nu m b e r
’
5
’
a ,
z .

an d a d d in g
, 5 w ill e qu al an d 2 x
, 5 25 .

w h at b o th h av e w h i ch is 2 5 I f h e nc e 2x 20
2 2: 5
, .
, ,

2 5 2 m us t e qu al 2 5 at : 1 0 A s
’

a:5
2

:1 5 B s
, .

m inus 5 w hich is 2 0 & c

’
z
, , . .

P R I NC I P L E S
D E FI N IT I O N S A ND .

H av in g applie d the abo v e soluti o ns to the different

le s s e n s the p u pils will n o w be able to und e rst a nd th e
,

following de fi ni tions a nd principles

A n e q u a tio n is an e x pressi o n o f the e q u ality o r tw o
e u al q u antities thus 2 x 4 1 0
q .

The q u antity o n the left o f the sign o f e qu al ity is

c a lled the fi r st m e m be r the qu antity on the right is ,

c a lled the se co n d m e m be r o f the e qu ation .

T O tr a n sp o se a q u antity is to ch ange it fro m o n e

m e m b er o f an e q u ation to the o ther .

W e n o w pres e nt fo ur si m ple principles which will ,

e n ab le the pupil to un d e rstand the fo llowing solutions .

P R I N 1 If th e s a m e n u m be r be a d d e d to o r s u btr a cte d
. .

r o m bo th m e m be r s o
f f a n e u a tio n th e r e su l tin
q g m e m be r s
,

w i l l be e u al
q .

P R I N 2 If . . bo th m e m be r s of a n e qu a ti o n be m u l tip l ie d
o r d i v id e d by th e sa m e n u m be r , th e r e s u l ting m e m be r s
wd l be e qu a l .

P R I N 3 In . . tr a n sp os in
g a nu m be r f r o m on e m e m be r o
f
th e e qu atio n to th e o th e r
,
we c h a nge th e si
g n
p r e ce ding it .

Pn o o r T ak e th qu ati o n
e e 4 16 If 3 : incr e as e d . 2

it is e v i d e n t th at 3 93 : 16
.

by 4 e qu ls
a 16 , 4 h e nc e in ch ang —
,

in g 4 fr
o m th e fi r s t m e m b e r to th e s e c o nd w e ch an g e its si g n .

A g ain ,
qu ati o n
Fr o m th e e 6 it is e v id e n t th at 2 2 is 6 —
,

r h n
m o e t a 4x, h e nc e 4 x 6 :2 2 th e r e fo r e th e 6 m ay b e tak e n z
,

fro m th es c nd m e m b e r to th e fir s t b y ch an g in g th e s ig n
e o .

P R I N 4 A n e qu a ti o n m ay be cl e a r e d f f r ac tio n s by
. .

m u l tip ly ing bo th m e m be r s by an
y nu m be r w h ich is d iv i
sible by a ll th e d e n om in a to r s .
 M E NT A L A L GE B R A . 163

16
PRO OF T ak e th e e qu ati o n If w e m ul tiply thi s
I
. ’

by 1 2 w e h a v e 6 23 + w hich is an e qu ati o n w t i h o ut
fr a c ti o n s T h e r e fo r e & c
.
, .

No r m — T h sy m b o l ( ) is c all e d a p ar en th e s is an d d e n o te s
e ,

th a t th e qu an ti t e s e ncl o se d in i t a e to b e tr e a te d as a s in g l e
:
i r

qu an tity thus ( 3 0 x ) X 3 d n o te s th at 3 0 is to b e m u l
a:
e a

tipl i e d b y 3 an d 90 , 3 23 w h il e 3 0 X 3 3 0 ,

EX A M PLE S FO R PR A C T I C E .

G iv e n , 5x 24 2 95 , to find 93 .

T r ans p o sin g , 5x 2x 24 .

S ub tr ac tin g 24
:8
.
,

H e nc e , a . A ns .

2x 5
G ive n , 4 , to find at
2
.

3
M u l ti p lying by 6, 4x 15 z :2 4 .

T r ans p o sing 4x 24 15 39
:
z .
,
.

H e nc e , a li
E .

3 F ind a:
in 3 x In 4z = 18 2x; In 22:
:6
.

x 2 2x 8 z 4 2x.

In Il l In 4 x In 3 x
2 4
,
4 5
[n 6x In ( 3 x — 4) X 5

PA G E 1 0 1 , PR O B . 1 .

Son — Le t x = th e g ain p e r c e nt .

Th e n, X 20 25 20 5 .

H e n ce ,
:5
2
.

5
Z 2 5, A n s .

PA GE 102, PR O B . P A GE 1 04 , P 3 03 . 1 .

So n Le t x th c o st Son Le t x :th e c o st
:i
— e .
— z .

Th e n 25 The n ix 20
:
, a x , .

Or ,
i
n I 25 A nd x 80 . A ns .

An d An s .
 A nd :w B p ays
4 :5
52 z at .

The n 2 36
9 : 36
, x2 .

Or, 2 z .

Z 4 .

PA G E 1 2 0 , FR H R . 1 .

S on — L e t 4x : A sh are
’
s
:
.

A nd B s sh ar e
:6
’
z .

The n 42 30,
:
, x
Or , 10 2 30
:3
.

x
:
z

:1 2 , A s
.

42 ’
sh are
::
z ,

61 z 1 8 , 13
’
s sh ar e .

PA G E 12 2 , P 3 03 . 9 .

1
Th e n, : wh at b o th can e a t i n o n e d ay
Q

i
1
w h at Fu l l e r can e at i n a d ay

6
w h at Br o dh e ad can e at i n a day
l 1 1
T he n,
I
.

6 23
5 1
O r,
12 x
52 :
:1 2r .

: z A DS

PA G E PR O B 1 12 6, . .

So n L e t a : nu m b e r o f id l e d ay s
a:nu m b e r o f w o r k ing d ay s
—
.

30 x

( 3 0 x) X 3 w h at h e e ar n e d
z

x :w h at h e fo r fe i te d
.

z
.

50 -
Z
)X 3 .

50 z 90 3x .
I6 6 ME NTA L AL
'
GEBR A .

PA GE 1 3 4 , P3 03 . 15 .

2
The n ,
—
dis tanc e th e h o u r h and g o e s
12
:
.

d : h
2 th e nu m b e r of m inute h y
An a 10‘ sp ce s t e ar e
TQ ’
a p ar t at 2 ’
o cl c ck .

10 .

12

x : A ns .

PA G E 13 6 P R O B 1 , . .

So n — Le t x th e dis tanc e .

Th e n ,
56 t me i ln g o ing .

:i
And
3 t me in re turn ing .

g 0
9
He n ce 8
1
An d 52 : 3x 2 40
8 23 z :2 4 0
.

2 r : :
.

30 , A n s

P A G E 13 6 P R O B 6 , . .

So n — Le t z w h at th e y p ay fo r th e c o ach

Th e n w h at e a ch o f e i g h t p a
,
y .

$
:x
a
2
w h at e ach of tw e l ve p ay .

5
—

12
'

Z 2 :1 8 ADS .

PA G E 140 ,
PR O B . 1 .

= v al u e
.

SOL — Le t G of th e go ld watch .

0 z v al u e of th e ch ain .

Th e n , 2G (J 3 0 .

A nd
Or , 0 z:1 2 0 G .

Pu tting this i n
'

th e l e t, 2 G _ 12 0 G 30 .

T r an s p o s ing , 3 G __ 1 5 0 .

G = 50 A ns .
 M E NT A L A L GE B R A . 16 7

P A G E 1 4 5 P3 0 3 1 ,
. .

Son L e t x : w h at h e h ad at fi r s t
— .

Th e n x 1 5 s u m afte r l o sin g 1 5 c e n ts
, ,

s u m afte r finding r e m aind e r

And §( 1 5 ) f
:
x o

2
Th e n, a
n 15)
5
°

z
o r, $ 23 20 z

5
.

H e n ce fi 20
:4
,
x .

a
.

6
z 2 4 A 11 8 .

P A G E 15 0 , P 3 03 . 14 .

Son — Le t S th e v a lu e o f th e si l v e r w atch ,
G : th e v alu e o f th e g o ld w atch ,
0 th e v alu e o f th e ch ai n .

Th e n , G : 3 8 + 3 0 .

A n d 78 G 0 Pu tting fo r G its v al u e we
. h ave
’
78 z 3 8 30 0 .

O r, 4S 2 40 .

S : 0 z 2 0, A n s .

G : 4 0 X 3 z 12 0 , A n s .

Th e following e qu ations ar e a brief st ate m ent of the

rules for all the c ases o f S i m ple I nterest The r a te is .

e x pressed a s a fr action ; thus 5 per cent is used as ,

.

T% U
or 05 . .

Le t p = p r inci p al ( l ) i .

i = in te r e s t ( )
4 7
'

xt
.

e
( )p
2
2 r
X
z
t

A z am o u n t .
( )
3 t
p X r

EX P L A N A T I O N — Th e l st d e n o te s th at
in te r e s t e qu als th e th e

p r o duc t o f th e p i cip al r ate an d tim e T hus th e in te r e s t o f

r n , ,
.

$4 0 fo r 5 y r s at 6 p e r ce n t e qu al s $4 0 X T 35 X 5
. .

T h e 2 d d e n o te s th a t th e p in cip a l e qu al s th e in ter e t di v id e d b y
r s

th e p r o du ct o f th e r a te an d tim e e tc ,
.
168 ME N T A L A LG E B E A .

T o TE A C H E R s The auth o r p resents this l tttl e tre atise

.
—

u pon M ent al A lge br a to h is friends w h o h av e e x hi bited

s uch a kind appreci ation o f his for m er l a b ors with the ,

following re m arks an d suggestions

The pl an o f c o m bining M ent al A rith m etic an d M ent al
A lge b r a in o n e boo k , is so far as the author knows , ,

a new o n e an d is th erefore a distincti v e fe ature o f this

,

w ork . Its ad v antages are supp o sed to be i m p ortant a ,

fe w o f which will be brie fly s ta t e d .

First There is a n econo m y in ti m e an d m one y ;

,

s econdl y there is gre,

ater con v enience in te aching

th i1 dl y it is in accord ance with the logic al rel ati o n of

,

the su bj ec ts four thl y the a rith m etic al solution wil l

—
,

as sist in understanding the alge br aic an d the algebr aic ,

will often throw light upon the arith m etic al .

M E T HO D S o r TEA C H I N G Fo r th o se who desire to .

tr y the p l an here presen ted de v eloping the twin sisters ,

together w e p re sent the following m ethods of instru o

,

tion
l s t T he s am e p roble m m ay be sol v ed fi rst arith
.

m e tical ly an d then alge b r aic all y b y the s am e o r di fferen t ,

p u p ils .

2 d T h e a lgebr aic solution m ay be deferred unti l

.

se v e ra l o r al l o f a cl ass o f p roble m s h av e been s ol v ed

a rith m etic all y .

3 d The b o ok m ay fi rst be co m pleted a rith m etic al l y

.

a nd then re v i e wed algebr aic all y I t is p rob ab le th at .

t h e sec o nd m e thod will b e preferred b y m ost te achers .

I f the pupi ls ar e c a refull y dril l ed upon the pro ble m s

under the se v er al c l asses which we h av e sol v ed they ,

will be ab le to appl y the a l gebraic m ethod to othe r

-

p ro ble m s no t inc l uded in these cl as ses .

THE END .
T HI S B O O K IS D U E O N
MP E D B E L O W
S TA I

A N I N I T IA L F I N E O F 2 5 C
BE A SS ES S E D FO R FA I L U R E T o
T H 1S BO O K O N THE DA TE DU E . THE
W IL L I N C R EA S E T O s o C EN T S O N THE
DA Y A ND TO O N THE S EV E N
O V ER D U E .

J
UL 2 2 1936
 P U B L IS H ED BY ~

S O W E R PO T T S Co
5 30 Marke t St and 523 Minor St , Ph ilada
‘

. .

Bro oks
’
s No rmal Pri ma ry Arith Fairba
nks
’
s Book K -

meti c .
ne w wo r k ; be s t y e t

Bro oks
’
s Me ntal Arith metic . Bouvie r s Fa miliar Astr
’
c no

Bro oks
’
s Ele me nta ry Arith me tic .

Bo u vie r s F
a mil i a r Astro no
’

Bro oks
’
s Writte n Arith me tic .

Bro o lts
’
Wri tten A ri th m e t i c ,
“

s
She ppard s Te xt Book o f C
’

u nth c u t A ns wer s
Uriite d Sta
.

s titu tio n o f

Bro cks Ke y to Me nta l Arith

’
s . N e w E di tio n .

m etic
Sh e ppard s Fi rst Book p f C
’

Bro oks
’
s Ke y to Writte n Arith stitu tio n o f Unite d Sta
m etic .

Broo ke ’
s Ge o met yr and Tr igo no Pe ppe r s Scie ntifi c Amu se m
’
e

Hill side ’
s Ge ol ogy
Ro be rts '
s Unite d State s Hi sto ry .

'

Fe wsm ith
’
s English Gra mm a r .

Famili ar
Rau b s No rmal
’

Pe te rso n s S ci e nce
’
.

12 m m .
Rau b s P ri ma ry
’

Pe te rs o n ’
Familiaf 8 cie ncc
“ *
s .

1 8 122 0 .

We lls s Fa mili a r Scie nc e 8 11

’
. 0 .

hd
gpg gR i
‘

’ e oh
Pay so n Du nto n
,
S c ri bne r s
S e rie s o f C o py Books -
.