ARJUNA

FOR JEE 2025 EXAM

Set Theory
Lecture No. - 01
By- KRITI MISHRA
Topic 1 Topic 3 Topic 5
Equal set
Sets Properties of
subset

Topic 4
Topic 2
Representations Subset
of set

Topic 6 Topic 7 Topic 8 Topic 9

Power set Universal set Venn diagram Operations on
set Demorgon's
law
Topic 1

Set

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SET

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SET
We have following sets of different types of numbers.
N : the set of all natural numbers
Z : the set of all integers
Q : the set of all rational numbers
R : the set of real numbers
Z+ : the set of positive integers
Q+ : the set of positive rational numbers
R+ : the set of positive real numbers

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Topic 2

REPRESENTATION OF SET

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Tabular Form or Roster Form
In this method of describing a set, the elements of the set are
separated by commas within brackets.

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In this method, each element is generalised as a variable x (say)
and then after colon (:) or a vertical line (|), the property which
defines each element of the set is written in the form x.

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Question

State which of the following statements are true and which ones
are false. Justify your answer.
(i) 21 ∈ {x ∣ x has exactly four positive factors }
(ii) 64 ∈ {y ∣ the sum of all the positive factors of y is 2y}
(iii) 2 ∉ x ∣ x 4 − 3x 3 + 4x 2 − 5x + 6 = 0
(iv) 23562 ∉ {y ∣ y is divisible by 9}

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF SETS

Finite Set
A set having finite number of elements is called a finite set.

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF SETS

A set having no element is called a null set or an empty set or a

void set. It is denoted by ϕ or { } .
For example,
(i) A = The set of odd numbers divisible by 2
(ii) B = The set of days between Sunday and Monday Here, A
and B are null sets.
(iii) C = {x: x ∈ N and 1 < x < 2}.
Here, C is a null set because there is no natural number lying
between 0 and 1 .

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF SETS
Note:
The set {0} is not an empty set as it contains one element i.e, 0.
Also, the set {ϕ} is not an empty set as it contains one element
i.e., ϕ.

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF SETS

A set having only one element is called a singleton set.

For example,
(i) A = The set of present President of India.
(ii) B = {x: x is an even prime number }

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF SETS

Infinite Set
A set is said to be an infinite set if the number of elements in the set is
not finite.

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Topic 3

Equal Sets

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 Equal Sets

Two sets A and B are said to be equal if each element of A is an

element of B and each element of B is an element of A. Thus, two
sets A and B are equal if they have exactly the same elements
but the order in which the elements in the two sets are written is
immaterial.
If sets A and B are equal, then we write A = B.

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 Set of Sets

A set S having all its elements as sets is called a set of sets or a

family of sets or a class of sets.
For example,
(i) {{1,2}, {2,5}, {3,6,8}} is a set of sets having three elements
{1,2}, {2,5} and {3,6,8} which are themselves sets.
(ii) {ϕ} is a singleton set of set having null set ϕ as its element.
(iii) S = {{1,2}, 3, {4}} is not a set of sets as 3 ∈ S is not a set.

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 Equality

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 Question

Are the following pairs of sets equal?

(i) A = {x ∣ x is prime factor of 6};
B = {x ∣ x is a solution of x 2 − 5x + 6 = 0ൟ
(ii) A = {x ∣ x is a letter in the word REPLACED };
B = {y ∣ y is a letter in the word PARCELED }
(iii) A = {x ∣ x is a natural nurnber, x > 1};
B = {x ∣ x is natural number, x ≥ 1}

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Topic 4

SUBSET

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 SUBSET
If at least one element of the set A is not the element of the set B, then A
not a subset of B i.e., A ⊄ B.

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PROPER SUBSET OF A SET
Set A is said to be a proper subset of set B if A is a subset of B and
A ≠ B.
This fact is expressed by writing A ⊂ B or B ⊃ A (read as ' A is a
proper subset of B′ ).
Thus, the number of elements in B is greater than that in A.
For example,
(i) Let A = {1,2,3}, B = {2,3,4,1,5}. Then A ⊂ B or B ⊃ A.
(ii) N ⊂ Z ⊂ Q ⊂ R.

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Equality of Sets
Two sets A and B are equal if A is a subset of B and B is a subset of A.
Thus, A = B ⇔ A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A.
Note:
A ⊂ B ⇔ A ⊆ B and A ≠ B.

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Topic 5

Properties of Subsets

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 Properties of Subsets
• Every set is its own subset.
• Empty set is a subset of each set.
• Let A, B, C be three sets. If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ C, then A ⊆ C.

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 Superset of a Set
A set A is said to be a superset of set B, if B is a subset of A i.e., each
element of B is an element of A. If A is a superset of B, we write A ⊇ B.
The statement B ⊆ A can also be expressed equivalently by writing A ⊇ B
(read as 'A is a superset of B').

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Question

If A ⊄ B and B ⊄ C then A ⊄ C. Is this statement true?

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Topic 6

POWER SET

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 POWER SET
The set or family of all the subsets of a given set A is said to be the
power set of A and is denoted by P(A).
Symbolically, P(A) = {X ∣ X ⊆ A}
Thus, X ∈ P(A) ⇔ X ⊆ A
Also, ϕ ∈ P(A) and A ∈ P(A) for all sets A.
The elements of the power set P(A) are the subsets of A.

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 POWER SET
For example,
(i) If A = {1}, then P(A) = {ϕ, {1}}
(ii) If B = {1,2}, then P(B) = {ϕ, {1}, {2}, {1,2}}
(iii) If C = {1,2,3}, then P(C) = {ϕ, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {2,3}, {1,3}, {1,2,3}}
We observe that number of elements in power set of a given set is 2n ,
where n is the number of elements in the given set.
Note:
If A ⊆ B ⇒ P(A) ⊆ P(B).

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Topic 7

Universal SET

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Topic 8

Venn Diagram

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Topic 9

OPERATION ON SETS
Demorgon’s law

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 OPERATION ON SETS
Like operations on real numbers such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division, we have some operations on the sets.

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 Union of Two Sets
The union of two sets A and B is the set of all those elements which
are either in A or in B or in both.
This set is denoted by A ∪ B (read as ' A union B').
Symbolically, A ∪ B = {x ∣ x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
Clearly, x ∈ A ∪ B ⇔ x ∈ A or x ∈ B

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 Properties of union of sets
• If x ∉ A ∪ B, then certainly x ∉ A and x ∉ B.
• If A ⊆ B, then A ∪ B = B.
• A∪B=B∪A (commutative)
• A ∪ B ∪ C = (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C) (Associative)
Also, A ∪ B ∪ C = B ∪ C ∪ A = C ∪ B ∪ A etc.
• A ⊆ A ∪ B and B ⊆ A ∪ B
• ϕ∪A=A∪ϕ=A

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Union and the word ‘or’

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Union and the word ‘at least’

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 Intersection of Two Sets
The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of all the elements
which are common in A and B. This set is denoted by A ∩ B (read as '
A intersection B ').
Symbolically, A ∩ B = {x ∣ x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
Clearly, x ∈ A ∩ B ⇔ x ∈ A and x ∈ B.

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 Properties of intersection of sets
• x ∉ A and x ∉ B ⇔ x ∉ A ∩ B
If x ∉ A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 ∩ ⋯ then x is not the element of at least one of
the sets.
• If A ⊆ B then A ∩ B = A.
• A∩B=B∩A (commutative)
• A ∩ B ∩ C = (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C) (associative)
Also, A ∩ B ∩ C = B ∩ C ∩ A = C ∩ B ∩ A etc.
• A ∩ B ⊆ A and A ∩ B ⊆ B
• ϕ∩A=A∩ϕ=ϕ
• (A ∪ B) ∩ A = A and (A ∪ B) ∩ B = B
• (A ∩ B) ∪ A = A and (A ∩ B) ∪ B = B
• A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C) (Distributive law)
• A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) (Distributive law)
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Intersection and the word ‘and’

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Intersection and the word ‘both’

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 Disjoint sets
If A ∩ B = ϕ, then sets A and B are called disjoint sets.

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 Difference of Two Sets
The difference of two sets A and B (also called 'relative
complement' of B in A ) is the set of all those elements of A which
are not elements of B. It is denoted by
A − B. Thus A − B can be obtained by discarding the elements of B,
present in A.
Symbolically, A − B = {x ∣ x ∈ A and x ∉ B}

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 Properties of difference of sets
• If A ∩ B = ϕ (i.e., sets A and B have no common elements) then A −
B = A and B − A = B.
• If A ⊆ B, then A − B = ϕ.
• x is not the element of set A − B if x ∈ A and x ∈ B.
• A−B≠B−A

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 Difference and the word 'only'
Consider A = set of students who play cricket and
B = set of students who play football.
Now, A − B = set of students who play cricket but not football
= set of students who play cricket only
Similarly, B − A = set of students who play football only

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 COMPLEMENT OF A SET
The complement of a set A (also called 'absolute complement' of A )
is the set of all those elements of the universal set U which are not
the elements of A. It is denoted by Ac or A′ .

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De Morgan's Laws
(i) (A ∪ B)′ = A′ ∩ B′
(ii) (A ∩ B)′ ≡ A′ ∪ B′
(iii) A − (B ∪ C) = (A − B) ∩ (A − C)
(iv) A − (B ∩ C) = (A − B) ∪ (A − C)

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 VENN DIAGRAMS OF OPERATIONS OF SETS
Case I: A and B are disjoint.

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 VENN DIAGRAMS OF OPERATIONS OF SETS
Case II: A ∩ B ≠ ϕ

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 VENN DIAGRAMS OF OPERATIONS OF SETS
Case III: B ⊂ A

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 Consider the following sets
A = set of natural numbers which are multiples of 2
B = set of natural numbers which are multiples of 3
C = set of natural numbers which are multiples of 5
Then find the following sets:
(i) A∪B (ii) B ∪ C
(iii) A − B (iv) B − C
(v) A ∩ C (vi) A ∩ B ∩ C
(vii) (A ∪ B) − C

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Question

If A − B = A and B − A = B, then what can we conclude?

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Question

If A ∩ B = A ∪ B, then what can we conclude?

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Question

Show that A ∩ B = A ∩ C need not imply B = C.

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Question

Consider the following sets:

A = set of all rectangles in the plane
B = set of all squares in the same plane
C = set of all parallelograms in the same plane
Find the following sets:
(i) A − B (ii) C − A
(iii) A ∩ C (iv) B ∩ C
(v) B ∪ C (vi) A ∩ B ∩ C

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Question

Assume that P(A) = P(B). Then show that A = B.

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 Set of Real Number
Note:
• The set (−∞, ∞) defines the set of all real numbers extending from −∞ to ∞.
• The set (0, ∞) defines the set of all positive real numbers denoted by R+ .
• The set (−∞, 0) defines the set of all negative real numbers denoted by R− .
• The set [0, ∞) defines the set of all non-negative real numbers R+ ∪ {0}.
• The set (−∞, 0] defines the set of all non-positive real numbers R− ∪ {0}.
• Complement of interval (a, b) is (−∞, a] ∪ [b, ∞).
• Complement of interval [a, b] is (−∞, a) ∪ (b, ∞).

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Question

If sets A = (−3,2] and B = (−1,5], then find the following sets:

(i) A ∩ B (ii) A ∪ B
(iii) A − B (iv) B − A

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 CARDINAL NUMBER OF SET
The number of distinct elements or members in a finite set is called the cardinal
number of a set. Through cardinality, we define the size of a set. The cardinal
number of a set A is denoted as n(A), where n(A) represents the number of
elements in set A.

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 Equivalent sets
Two or more sets having the same number of elements are called equivalent sets.
Thus, if sets A and B are equivalent sets then n(A) = n(B).
Also, we understand that equal sets have same number of elements so are
equivalent.
But equivalent sets may not be equal sets as they may have different elements.

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Cardinal Number of Union of Two Sets

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Question

In a group of 500 people, 350 speak Hindi and 300 speak English.
It is given that each person speaks at least one language.
(i) How many people can speak both Hindi and English?
(ii) How many people can speak Hindi only?
(iii) How many people can speak English only?

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Question

In a group of 50 students, the number of students learning French,

English, Sanskrit were found to be as follows: French = 17, English = 13,
Sanskrit = 15, French and English = 09, English and Sanskrit = 4,
French and Sanskrit = 5, English, French and Sanskrit = 3. Find the
number of students who are learning
(i) French only
(ii) English only
(iii) Sanskrit only
(iv) English and Sanskrit but not French
(v) French and Sanskrit but not English

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Question

In a group of 50 students, the number of students learning French,

English, Sanskrit were found to be as follows: French = 17, English = 13,
Sanskrit = 15, French and English = 09, English and Sanskrit = 4,
French and Sanskrit = 5, English, French and Sanskrit = 3. Find the
number of students who are learning
(vi) French and English but not Sanskrit
(vii) at least one of the three languages
(viii) none of the three languages
(ix) exactly one language
(x) exactly two languages

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Question

If X = {1,2,3, … , 10}, and a represents any element of X, then write the

following sets, containing all the elements satisfying the given
conditions.
(a) a ∈ X but a2 ∉ X
(b) a ∈ X but a/2 ∉ X
(c) a is factor of 24

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Question

Write down all the subsets of the following sets:

(a) {p}
(b) {p, q}
(c) {1,2,3,4}
(d) ϕ

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Question

If the number of elements in the power set of set A is 128 , then find
the number of elements in the set A.

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Question

If A ⊂ B and B ∈ C, then A ∈ C. Is this statement true?

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Question

Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8} and

C = {3, 4, 5, 6}. Then find
(a) A′
(b) B′
(c) (A ∪ C)′
(d) (A ∪ B)′
(e) A′ ′
(f) (B − C)′

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Question

If A − B = ϕ and B − A = ϕ, then what can we conclude?

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Question

It is true that for any sets A and B, P(A) ∪ P(B) = P(A ∪ B) ? Justify
your answer.

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Question

Let A, B and X be three sets such that A ∩ X = B ∩ X = ϕ and A ∪ X =

B ∪ X. Then show that A = B.

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Question

If A = [−4,1) and B = [0,3), then find the following:

(a) A ∩ B
(b) A ∪ B
(c) A − B
(d) B − A
(e) (A ∪ B)′
(f) (A ∩ B)′

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Question

In a survey conducted on 800 students of a school, 250 students

were found to like tea and 300 like coffee, 150 like both tea and
coffee. Find how many students like neither tea nor coffee?

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Question [AIEEE 2009]

If A, B and C are three sets such that A ∩ B = A ∩ C and

A ∪ B = A ∪ C, then −
A A=B

B A=C

C B=C

D x ∈ (1, 2)

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Question [AIEEE Online -2012]
If the number of 5-element subsets of the set A = a1 , a2 … a20 of 20
distinct elements is k times the number of 5 -elements subsets
containing a4 then k is :
A 5

20
B
7

C 4

10
D
3

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Question [JEE Main Online - 2013]
Let A = {θ: sin(θ) = tan(θ)} and B = {θ: cos(θ) = 1} be two sets. Then:

A A=B

B A⊄B

C B⊄A

D A ⊂ B and B − A ≠ ϕ

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Question [JEE Main- 2014]
If X = 4n − 3n − 1: n ∈ N and Y = {9(n − 1): n ∈ N}, where N is the set of
natural numbers, then X ∪ Y is equal to :
A Y

B N

C Y−X

D X

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 Question [JEE Main Online- 2015]
In a certain town 25% of the families own a phone and 15% own a car;
65% families own neither a phone nor a car and 2,000 families own both
a car and a phone. Consider the following three statements:
(a) 5% families own both a car and a phone.
(b) 35% families own either a car or a phone.
(c) 40,000 families live in the town.
Then,

A All (a), (b) and (c) are correct B Only (a) and (c) are correct

C Only (a) and (b) are correct D Only (b) and (c) are correct

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Question [JEE Main Online- 2016]
Let P = {θ: sin θ − cos θ = 2cos θ} and
Q = {θ: sin θ + cos θ = 2sin θ} be two sets. Then:
A P⊄Q

B P=Q

C Q⊄P

D P ⊂ Q and Q − P ≠ ϕ

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Question [JEE Main - 2018]
Let S = {x ∈ R: x ≥ 0 and 2| x − 3| + x( x − 6) + 6 = 0}. Then S:
A is an empty set

B contains exactly one element

C contains exactly two elements

D contains exactly four elements

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Question

If A = (x, y): x 2 + y 2 = 25 and B = (x, y): x 2 + 9y 2 = 144 ,

then A ∩ B contains points.

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Question

In a college of 300 students, every student reads 5 newspapers, and

every newspaper is read by 60 students. The number of newspapers
is.

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Question JEE Main 2023 (Online)

The number of elements in the set

{n ∈ N: 10 ≤ n ≤ 100 and 3n − 3 is a multiple of 7} is

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Question JEE Main 2023 (Online)

The number of elements in the set

n ∈ Z: n2 − 10n + 19 < 6 is _______.

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Question JEE Main 2023 (Online)

Let S = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11}. The number of non-empty subsets of S that

have the sum of all elements a multiple of 3 , is

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Question JEE Main 2022 (Online)

Let S = {4,6,9} and T = {9,10,11, … , 1000}.

If A = a1 + a2 + ⋯ + ak : k ∈ 𝐍, a1 , a2 , a3 , … , ak ϵS , then the sum of all the
elements in the set T − A is equal to

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Question JEE Main 2022 (Online)

Let A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} and B = {3,6,7,9}. Then the number of elements in

the set C ⊆ A: C ∩ B ≠ ϕ} is

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Question JEE Main 2022 (Online)

Let A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}. Define B = {T ⊆ A : either 1 ∉ T or 2 ∈ T}

and C = {T ⊆ A: T the sum of all the elements of T is a prime number }.
Then the number of elements in the set B ∪ C is ______.

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Question JEE Main 2022 (Online)

Let A = {n ∈ N: H ⋅ C. F. (n, 45) = 1} and

Let B = {2k: k ∈ {1,2, … … , 100}}. Then the sum of all the elements of
A ∩ B is .

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Question JEE Main 2022 (Online)
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1
Let A = σ σ min{i, j} and B = σ σ max i, j .Then A + B is equal to
10 10 10 10
_______.

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Question JEE Main 2022 (Online)

The sum of all the elements of the set {α ∈ {1,2, … , 100}:

HCF(α, 24) = 1} is _______ .

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Question JEE Main 2021 (Online)

Let A = {n ∈ N : n is a 3-digit number } B = {9k + 2: k ∈ N} and

C = {9k + l: k ∈ N} for some l(0 < l < 9)
If the sum of all the elements of the set A ∩ (B ∪ C) is 274 × 400,
then l is equal to _________.

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Topic

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