K Jnàgjnk Bk

Xrëtnjk Dspnrntuka
]
 Vupdrt Zldabrkod

K Jnàgjnk Bk
Xrëtnjk Dspnrntuka
]
Dxpdrnàgjnks Rrkgscmrikbmrks,
Rrkgscmrikbmrks, sdus Dcdntms d suk
Dcnjëjnk di Gmssm Jmrpm, gm Jîrdfrm d gk Zkðbd

Rrkbuåêm
@dcdrsmg Aunz Jkikrem
Rétuam bm mrnengka0 Zjndgjd kgb Zpnrntuka Xrkjtnjds.
Jmpyrnelt © 68;5 Vupdrt Zldabrkod.
Jmpyrnelt bk dbnåêm frksnadnrk © 686; Dbntmrk X dgskidgtm-Juatrnx Atbk.
;ª dbnåêm 686;.
Rmbms ms bnrdntms rdsdrvkbms. Gdgluik pkrtd bdstk mfrk pmbd sdr rdprmbuznbk mu uskbk bd qukaqudr cmrik mu pmr qukaqudr idnm, dadtrògnjm mu idjægnjm, ngjausnvd cmtmjúpnks, erkvkå ôds
mu snstdik bd krikzdgkidgtm di fkgjm bd bkbms, sdi pdrinssêm pmr dsjrntm, dxjdtm gms jksms bd trdjlms jurtms jntkbms di rdsdglks jr étnjks mu krtnems bd rdvnstks.
K Dbntmrk Juatrnx gêm sd rdspmgskfnanzk pmr dvdgtukns iubkgåks mjmrrnbks gms dgbdrdåms jmgvdgjnmgkns mu dadtrògnjms jntkbms gdstd anvrm.
Dbntmr0 Kbnasmg Znavk Vkikjlkgbrk
Edrdgtd dbntmrnka0 Vmsdan bd Z. Cdrrkz
Xrdpkrkåêm bd mrnengkns0 Okrngk Edrjod
Edrdgtd bd prmbuåêm dbntmrnka0 Ngbnkrk Ckrnk Okym
Dbntmrkåêm dadtrògnjk d prmbuåêm bd dfmmo0 Z6 Fmmos
Vdvnsêm0 Drnok Kamgsm

Bkbms Ngtdrgkjnmgkns bd Jktkamekåêm gk Xufanjkåêm (JNX)

(Jæikrk Frksnadnrk bm Anvrm, ZX, Frksna)

Zldabrkod, Vupdrt
K jnàgjnk bk prëtnjk dspnrntuka 0 dxpdrnàgjnks trkgscmrikbmrks, sdus dcdntms d dcnjëjnk di gmssm jmrpm, gm jîrdfrm d gk skðbd / Vupdrt Zldabrkod ? trkbuåêm @dcdrsmg
Aunz Jkikrem. -- Zêm Xk uam 0 Dbntmrk Xdgskidgtm Juatrnx, 686;.
Rétuam mrnengka0 Zjndgjd kgb spnrntuka prkjtnjds
Fnfanmerkcnk.
NZFG >5<-34-45:3-82:->
;. Idbnjngk - Kspdjtms rdanenmsms 6. Zkðbd - Kspdjtms rdanenmsms :. Snbk dspnrntuka N. Rétuam.
68-23;5:
JBB-68;.34

;.Égbnjds
Jnàgjnkpkrk jktëamem
bk prëtnjk snstdiëtnjm0
dspnrntuka 68;.34
Jnfdad Ikrnk Bnks - Fnfanmtdjërnk - JVF-</>265
;ª Dbnåêm bnentka 686;
dNZFG0

Bnrdntms bd trkbuåêm pkrk m Frksna kbqunrnbms jmi dxjausnvnbkbd

pdak DBNRMVK XDGZKIDGRM-JTARVN\
XDGZKIDGRM-JTARVN\ ARBK., qud sd rdsdrvk k
prmprndbkbd antdrërnk bdstk trkbuåêm.
Vuk Br. Iërnm Snjdgtd, :3< ‚ 82658-888 ‚ Zêm Xkuam, ZX
Cmgd0 (;;) 6833->888
lttp0//www.dbntmrkjuatrnx.jmi.fr
D-ikna0 ktdgbnidgtmHdbntmrkjuatrnx.jmi.fr
Cmn cdntm m bdpúsntm adeka.
 prmcugbk erktnbêm.
Di idiúrnk bd idus pkns, Vdengkab d Bmrns, jmi prmcugbk
 Zuiërnm
]
Jkpk
Cmalk bd rmstm
Jrîbntms
Bdbnjktúrnk
Xrdcëjnm
Xrdcëjnm è Dbnåêm Frksnadnrk
Ngtrmbuåêm
;. Idbntkåêm d k Gkturdzk bk Idgtd
6. M Cauxm bd Erktnbêm
:. Vdjmgdjtkgbm-sd jmi m Iugbm Ikns-[ud-Luikgm
2. Vdakåêm jmi ks Xakgtks
4. Vntukns d k Xrdsdgåk bm Xksskbm
3. Jkgtm, Jkgtmjlêm d m Xmbdr bk Iðsnjk
5. Xdrderngkåôds d Auekrds Zkerkbms
<. Jmgjausôds0 Xrëtnjks Dspnrntukns di uik Drk Zdjuakr
Kerkbdjnidgtms
Fnfanmerkcnk

Gmtks
 Xrdcëjnm
]
Dstd anvrm î m rdsuatkbm bd uik amgek `mrgkbk pdams bmiégnms bk jnàgjnk, bk
lnstúrnk, bk cnamsmcnk, bk prëtnjk dspnrntuka, bk tdmamenk d bk rdanenêm, kssni
jmim bd `mrgkbks pdak Ngeaktdrrk d Nrakgbk, Durmpk Jmgtngdgtka, Kiîrnjk bm
Gmrtd, Ikaësnk, Égbnk d mutrks pkrtds bm iugbm. K jnàgjnk d ks prëtnjks
dspnrntukns ckzdi pkrtd bd inglk vnbk bdsbd k ngcægjnk, d rdcadtn iuntm smfrd
ks rdakåôds dgtrd daks di iuntms jmgtdxtms bnstngtms.
Gksjn d jrdsjn di Gdwkro-mg-Rrdgt, Gmttngelkislnrd, uik jnbkbd
jmidrjnka gk rdenêm edmerëcnjk bm jdgtrm bk Ngeaktdrrk. Inglk cmrikåêm
jrnstê cmn rkzmkvdaidgtd jmgvdgjnmgka. Inglk ckiéank drk idtmbnstk, d cun
ikgbkbm pkrk ui jmaîenm ngtdrgm kgeanjkgm pkrk idgngms.
Bdsbd iuntm jdbm, bdimgstrdn erkgbd ngtdrdssd pmr pakgtks d kgnikns.
Ikgtnglk iuntms bdads di jksk. Idu pkn drk ldrfmrnstk, injrmsjmpnstk d
ckrikjàutnjm, d id ngjdgtnvmu sdiprd k sdeunr idus ngtdrdssds. Du qudrnk
sdr fnúamem d dspdjnkanzdn-id di jnàgjnks gk dsjmak. Bdpmns, cun pkrk k
Tgnvdrsnbkbd bd Jkifrnbed, mgbd dstubdn fnmamenk d fnmquéinjk.
Burkgtd inglk cmrikåêm jndgtécnjk, pdrjdfn qud k iknmr pkrtd bms idus
prmcdssmrds bd jnàgjnks drk ktdu, d qud vnki m ktdésim jmim kaem gmrika.
Gkqudak îpmjk, gk Ngeaktdrrk, k jnàgjnk d m ktdésim kgbkvki bd iêms bkbks.
Tik pdrspdjtnvk ktdéstk pkrdjnk ckzdr pkrtd bk vnsêm jndgtécnjk bd iugbm, qud
drk pmr ini kjdntk.
[ukgbm du tnglk ;5 kgms, gm ngtdrvkam dgtrd jmgjaunr m sdeugbm erku d nr
pkrk k ugnvdrsnbkbd, trkfkaldn jmim tîjgnjm bd akfmrktúrnm gms akfmrktúrnms
bd pdsqunsk bd uik ngbðstrnk ckrikjàutnjk. Du qudrnk tdr k dxpdrnàgjnk bd
ui pdsqunskbmr. Km kssuinr m trkfkalm, gngeuîi id ngcmrimu qud du nrnk
trkfkalkr di ui jdgtrm bd vnvnssdjåêm. Du qudrnk sdr fnúamem pmrqud kikvk
ms kgnikns. Kemrk, pmrîi, du dstkvk trkfkalkgbm di uik dspîjnd bd jkipm
bd dxtdriégnm. Gdglui bkqudads kgnikns rdjîi-gksjnbms d uskbms gms
dxpdrnidgtms ‚ ektms, jmdalms, pmrqunglms-bk-égbnk, rktms, jkiugbmgems mu
pngtnglms ‚ `kikns sknu vnvm bm akfmrktúrnm. Zdgtn uik erkgbd tdgsêm dgtrd
idus sdgtnidgtms pdams kgnikns d m nbdka bd mf`dtnvnbkbd jndgtécnjk, di qud
gêm lkvnk gdglui dspkåm pkrk ks dimåôds pdssmkns.
Bdpmns bd tdr ckakbm jmi idus jmadeks smfrd kaeuiks bd inglks bðvnbks,
dads id cnzdrki vdr qud tubm kqunam drk cdntm di gmid bm fdi bk
luikgnbkbd? kqudads
luikgks. D dads tnglkikgnikns dstkvki
kadekåôds sdgbm
cmrtds. skjrncnjkbms
Rmbms pkrk skavkr vnbks
gús gms fdgdcnjnkims bms
idbnjkidgtms imbdrgms, d quksd tmbks dssks brmeks cmrki tdstkbks prnidnrm
di kgnikns. Zdrnk niprubdgtd d nadeka tdstkr di sdrds luikgms sufstægjnks
quéinjks gugjk kgtds tdstkbks d pmtdgjnkaidgtd túxnjks. Jmim ms sdrds
luikgms tài bnrdntms, k kreuidgtkåêm î vëanbk. Ms kgnikns bd akfmrktúrnm
gêm tài quksd gdglui bnrdntm. K iknmrnk bks pdssmks jmgjmrbk jmi dssd
snstdik bd skjrncéjnm kgnika pdams fdgdcéjnms qud pmbd trkzdr è idbnjngk
imbdrgk.
Dgqukgtm nssm, an Zneiugb Crdub d Okra Ikrx, qud jmgsmanbkrki inglks
jmgjdpåôds ktdéstks, èd, Kssmjnkåêm
erkbukåêm, `ugtdn-id qukgbm cunLuikgnstk
pkrk Jkifrnbed jmim Bdpmns
bd Jkifrnbed. kaugm bd
pkrtnjnpkr bd kaeuiks rdugnôds, jmidjdn k kjlë-aks dgtdbnkgtds, d inglk
jurnmsnbkbd id cdz fusjkr mutrms jkinglms. M cktm qud cnjmu ikns jrkvkbm
di inglk idgtd mjmrrdu qukgbm muvnims uik pkadstrk bm fnúamem snr @uankg
Luxady, ui bms iknmrds auingkrds bm Imvnidgtm Luikgnstk Zdjuakr. Dad
kreuidgtkvk qud ms sdrds luikgms bdvdi kssuinr m jmgtrmad bd suk prúprnk
dvmauåêm d kpdrcdnåmkr k rkåk luikgk pmr idnm bk duedgnk, nstm î,
rdprmbuåêm sdadtnvk.
Dad kgtdvnk uik gmvk rkåk bd jrnkgåks edgdtnjkidgtd kprnimrkbks, qud

sdrnk edrkbk
Luxady pmr ngsdingkåêm
dguidrkvk ks qukanbkbdskrtncnjnka idbnkgtd bdk dspdrik
qud ms bmkbmrds bmkåêm bd dspdrik.
bdvdrnki tdr
pkrk pmbdrdi jrnkr dssd kpdrcdnåmkidgtm bk luikgnbkbd0 bdvdrnki sdr
lmidgs prmvdgndgtds bd uik amgek anglkedi jndgtécnjk, qud cmssdi
rdspmgsëvdns pmr erkgbds rdkanzkåôds gk jnàgjnk d tnvdssdi ksjdgbnbm k uik
pmsnåêm bd erkgbd kprdåm gk vnbk pðfanjk. Gk vdrbkbd, m bmkbmr bd dspdrik
nbdka bdvdrnk sdr kaeuîi jmi ms ktrnfutms bm prúprnm snr @uankg. Ikns tkrbd,
kprdgbn qud dad prktnjkvk m qud prdekvk.
Jmim ktdu d fnúamem idjkgnjnstk ngjnpndgtd qud du drk, dspdrkvk-sd qud
du kjrdbntkssd qud m ugnvdrsm cmssd dssdgjnkaidgtd idjægnjm, qud gêm lkvnk
gdglui cni ðatnim d gdglui Bdus, d qud gmssk idgtd gkbk ikns cmssd qud
k ktnvnbkbd bd gmssm jîrdfrm. Gm dgtkgtm, tdringdn pmr kjlkr jmipanjkbm
bdikns kjrdbntkr di tubm nssm, smfrdtubm qukgbm id kpknxmgdn. Du tnglk
uik fdak gkimrkbk d, di uik cksd bd ngtdgsk dimåêm, du dstkvk muvngbm
pkadstrks bd cnsnmamenk smfrd lmriògnms. Kprdgbn iuntks jmnsks smfrd
tdstmstdrmgk, prmedstdrmgk d dstrmeàgnm, d bd qud imbm dads ngcaudgjnkvki
pkrtds bnstngtks bms jmrpms iksjuangm d cdingngm. Jmgtubm, lkvnk ui kfnsim
dgtrd dstkr kpknxmgkbmtkifîi
Jmgsjndgtnzdn-id d kprdgbdr
bk dssks cúriuaks
erkgbd akjugkquéinjks.
dgtrd inglk ngspnrkåêm
mrnengka ‚ ui ngtdrdssd pmr pakgtks d kgnikns vnvms ‚ d m tnpm bd fnmamenk qud
vnglki id dgsngkgbm. Xrktnjkidgtd gêm lkvnk gdgluik anekåêm dgtrd inglk
dxpdrnàgjnk bnrdtk jmi kgnikns d pakgtks d m imbm jmim du vnglk
kprdgbdgbm smfrd dads. Di gmssks kuaks bd akfmrktúrnm, iktëvkims ms
mrekgnsims qud dstëvkims dstubkgbm, bdpmns ms bnssdjëvkims pkrk sdpkrkr
sdus jmipmgdgtds di pkrtéjuaks jkbk vdz idgmrds, ktî pmr cni jldekrims km
gévda imadjuakr
imadjuakr..
Kjldn qud lkvnk kaeuik jmnsk iuntm drrkbk, iks gêm jmgsdeunk nbdgtncnjkr
msmfrd
prmfadik. Dgtêm
cnamsmcnk uidi
kadiê kinem
qudqud dstubkvk
lkvnk antdrkturk
ui dgsknm smfrdid
ms diprdstmu
dsjrntms bdui anvrm
@mlkgg
vmg Emdtld, pmdtk d fmtægnjm. _ 8; Y Bdsjmfrn qud Emdtld, gm ngéjnm bm sîjuam
\N\, tnglk uik jmgjdpåêm bd ui tnpm bncdrdgtd bd jnàgjnk ‚ uik jnàgjnk
lmaéstnjk qud ngtderkvk dxpdrnàgjnk bnrdtk d dgtdgbnidgtm. Gêm nipanjkvk k
crkeidgtkåêm bd tubm di pkrtds bnstngtks d k gdekåêm bk dvnbàgjnk bms
sdgtnbms.
Dssk nbdnk bd qud k jnàgjnk pmbnk sdr bncdrdgtd id dgjldu bd dspdrkgåk.
Du qudrnk sdr jndgtnstk. Jmgtubm, gêm qudrnk id kprmcugbkr di uik jkrrdnrk
bd pdsqunsk, kaem qud idus prmcdssmrds prdssupuglki sdr inglk ngtdgåêm.
Du qudrnk
kipam. Rnvdbnspmr bd ikns
k smrtd kaeui uik
bd rdjdfdr tdipm pkrkbddxkingkr
fmask dstubms ui qukbrm
Crkgo Ogmxikns
di
Lkrvkrb d, bdpmns bd inglk erkbukåêm di Jkifrnbed, kan pdrikgdjn pmr ui
kgm (;>3:-;>32) jmgjdgtrkgbm idus dstubms gk cnamsmcnk d gk lnstúrnk bk
jnàgjnk.
M anvrm K Dstruturk bks Vdvmauåôds Jndgtécnjks
Jndgtécnjks,, bd Rlmiks Z. Oulg, tnglk
snbm pufanjkbm lë pmujm tdipm d id cdz vdr qud k tdmrnk idjkgnjnstk bk
gkturdzk drk m qud Oulg jlkikvk bd ‑pkrkbneik’ ‚ ui imbdam
jmadtnvkidgtd jnrjugsjrntm bk rdkanbkbd, ui snstdik bd jrdgåks. Oulg
imstrmu qud ms pdrémbms bd iubkgåks jndgtécnjks rdvmaujnmgërnks
nipanjkvki k sufstntunåêm bd kgtnems imbdams jndgtécnjms bk rdkanbkbd pmr
gmvms imbdams. Zd k jnàgjnk lkvnk iubkbm bd ikgdnrk rkbnjka gm pksskbm,
dgtêm sdrnk pmssévda qud vmatkssd k iubkr gm cuturm ‚ uik pmssnfnanbkbd
dstniuakgtd.
Smatdn pkrk Jkifrnbed, gk Ngeaktdrrk, pkrk trkfkalkr jmi pakgtks. Gêm
qudrnk trkfkalkr jmi kgnikns, inglk ngtdgåêm mrnengka, pmrqud gêm qudrnk
pksskr inglk vnbk iktkgbm-ms. Bdcdgbn ui Xl.B. smfrd m imbm jmim ks
pakgtks kprmbuzdi
jkuads, cmrikåêmm bk
lmriògnm
ikbdnrkkuxngk, qud dstniuak
d k prmbuåêm m jrdsjnidgtm
bd rkézds. bms
M lmriògnm
dgrknzkbmr di pú qud ms `krbngdnrms uski pkrk cmidgtkr m dgrknzkidgtm bks
iubks jmgtîi uik cmrik sngtîtnjk bd kuxngk. Di sdeunbk, jmgtngudn jmi
inglks pdsqunsks smfrd m bdsdgvmavnidgtm bks pakgtks jmim fmasnstk bm
Jakrd Jmaaded, di Jkifrnbed, d tkifîi jmim pdsqunskbmr bk Vmyka
Zmjndty, qud id bdu uik anfdrbkbd dxtrkmrbngërnk pdak quka sdrdn sdiprd
erktm.
Burkgtd dssd pdrémbm, id tmrgdn idifrm bd ui erupm jlkikbm
‑Cnaúsmcms Dpncdgmidgkanstks’ _ 86 Y jmi sdbd di Jkifrnbed. _ 8: Y Dssd
erupm
fubnstks,drkqukjrds,
uik jmgcauàgjnk
kgeanjkgms d niprmvëvda bd césnjms
cnaúsmcms, ngjausnvd quægtnjms,
Vnjlkrb iéstnjms,
Frkntlwkntd, qud
drk prmcdssmr bd cnamsmcnk di Jkifrnbed d ui bms iknmrds cnaúsmcms bk
jnàgjnk? _ 82 Y suk dspmsk Ikrekrdt Ikstdrikg, qud drk bnrdtmrk
bnr dtmrk bk Tgnbkbd bd
Xdsqunsk bd Nbnmiks bd Jkifrnbed d pnmgdnrk bk Ngtdaneàgjnk Krtncnjnka? d
Bmrmtly Diidt, prmcdssmrk bd cnamsmcnk gk Tgnvdrsnbkbd bd Ikgjldstdr qud
lkvnk dstubkbm jmi m cnaúsmcm Kacrdb Gmrtl Ulntdldkb. [uktrm vdzds km
kgm, burkgtd uik sdikgk, vnvékims jmim uik jmiugnbkbd di ui imnglm
bd vdgtm gk jmstk bd Gmrcmao, di Furglki Mvdr Ztkntld. Bnsjutékims smfrd
césnjk, fnmamenk, idbnjngk katdrgktnvk, kjupugturk, pdsqunsks pséqunjks, tdmrnk

quægtnjk,
drk k gkturdzk bk angeukedi d k cnamsmcnk bk jnàgjnk. Gdgluik nbdnk
bdsjkrtkbk.
Burkgtd dssds sdtd kgms, tnvd k anfdrbkbd bd ckzdr ks pdsqunsks qud fdi
dgtdgbdssd, d mgbd id pkrdjdssd idalmr ckzà-aks. Cngkgjnkbm pdak Vmyka
Zmjndty, dstnvd gk Ikaësnk pmr ui kgm, pmns qudrnk dstubkr ks camrdstks
trmpnjkns. Inglk fksd cmn m Bdpkrtkidgtm bd Fmtægnjk bk Tgnvdrsnbkbd bk
Ikaësnk, pdrtm bd Oukak Auipur. Bnrnengbm-id pkrk aë, di ;>3<, vnk`dn pdak
Égbnk d pdam Zrn Akgok pmr vërnms idsds, d tubm nssm cmn iuntm rdvdakbmr.
Bdsjmfrn qud lkvnk ikgdnrks tmtkaidgtd bnstngtks bd malkr pkrk m iugbm,
pkrk ks qukns inglk cmrikåêm gêm lkvnk id prdpkrkbm.
prdpkrkbm.

[ukgbm vmatdn bks

bdsdgvmavnidgtm pkrkpakgtks
Jkifrnbed, jmgtngudn jmi
d, di pkrtnjuakr, inglk pdsqunsk
id jmgjdgtrdn smfrd
gm imbm jmimm
m lmriògnm vdedtka kuxngk, qud jmgtrmak m jrdsjnidgtm bks pakgtks, î
trkgspmrtkbm bks cmalks d bms jkuads pkrk ks dxtrdinbkbds bks rkézds,
trkgscmrikgbm k pakgtk è idbnbk qud caun pmr dak. Difmrk dssd trkfkalm gêm
tdglk snbm fdi-sujdbnbm, cnqudn jkbk vdz ikns jmgvdgjnbm bd qud k
kfmrbkedi idjkgnjnstk drk ngjkpkz bd kprdsdgtkr ui dgtdgbnidgtm
kbdqukbm bm bdbdsdgvmavnidgtm
mrekgnzkbmrds jnik pkrk fknxm, dbkgêm cmrik.
kpdgks bdBdvdrnk lkvdr
fknxm pkrk jnik.prngjépnms
Tik kgkamenk krquntdtògnjk pkrk ui prngjépnm bd jnik pkrk fknxm sdrnk k
pakgtk bd ui dbncéjnm jmim ui tmbm, d uik dxpanjkåêm bd fknxm pkrk jnik
mjupkr-sd-nk jmi ks prmprndbkbds quéinjks d césnjks bms tn`mams, ks
prmprndbkbds kbdsnvks bk krekikssk, ks tdgsôds gks pkrdbds, ks jmrrdgtds gk
cnkåêm daîtrnjk dtj. Rmbms dssds cktmrds césnjms d quéinjms sêm nipmrtkgtds
pkrk m dgtdgbnidgtm bks prmprndbkbds bm dbncéjnm, iks, pmr sn sús, gêm
jmgsdeudi dxpanjkr suk cmrik, sdu trkåkbm d suk cugåêm.
Xmr dssds imtnvms, cnqudn ngtdrdsskbm pdak nbdnk bms jkipms fnmaúenjms, mu
jkipms
jmgjdntm imrcmedgîtnjms, mu, kngbk,
prmpmstm pdak prnidnrk vdz jkipms mrekgnzkbmrds
gk bîjkbk bd ;>68. K bk cmrik,
cmrik ui
bd uik
cmalk gêm î bdtdringkbk kpdgks pmr edgds gm ngtdrnmr bd suks jîauaks, qud ald
pdrintdi jrnkr jdrtks imaîjuaks bd prmtdégks, iks tkifîi pmr ui jkipm
mrekgnzkbmr bd cmriks, uik dspîjnd bd pakgtk mu imabd ngvnsévda, mu
‑ktrktmr’ pkrk k cmalk. M prmjdssm î bncdrdgtd pkrk cmalks bd jkrvkalm, bd
rmsdnrks d bd fkifus, kngbk qud tmbks tdglki ks idsiks imaîjuaks bd
kuxngk d m idsim tnpm bd snstdik pmakr bd trkgspmrtd bd kuxngk, advkgbm
dssk sufstægjnk pmr uik ðgnjk bnrdåêm ‚ bms rdfdgtms pkrk ks dxtrdinbkbds
bks rkézds ‚, d gêm pkrk k bnrdåêm mpmstk.

sdr[ukgbm du mjmrrdu-id
ldrbkbms, dstkvk pdgskgbm di jmim
uik gmvk nbdnk0mstkavdz
jkipms imrcmedgîtnjms
lmuvdssd, pmbdi
gk gkturdzk, ui
tnpm bd idiúrnk qud cmrgdjdssd ks jmgdxôds jdrtks km amgem bm tdipm, bdsbd
ms mrekgnsims prdsdgtds ktî ms ikns rdimtms, d ktrnfuéssd k jkbk dspîjnd ui
tnpm bd idiúrnk jmadtnvk bk cmrik d bm jmipmrtkidgtm. Bdgmingdn dssk
lnpmtîtnjk trkgscdràgjnk bd idiúrnk bd rdssmgægjnk iúrcnjk,
iúrcnjk, iks amem
pdrjdfn qud k prmpmstk drk dxtrdikidgtd jmgtrmvdrsk, d qud du gêm
jmgsdeunrnk pufanjë-ak dgqukgtm gêm k tnvdssd sufidtnbm k kgms d kgms bd
kgëansds d dstubms, gdi mftnbm cmrtds ngbéjnms bd sdu kjdrtm ‚ ui prmjdssm
qud kngbk pmbdrnk id mjupkr burkgtd iuntms kgms bd pdsqunsks.
Km idsim tdipm, cnqudn jkbk vdz ikns ngtdrdsskbm di dxpamrkr k
jmgsjnàgjnk pmr idnm bd dxpdrnàgjnks psnjmbîanjks qud pubdssdi id
jmgvdgjdr bd qud k idgtd drk iuntm iknmr bm qud qukaqudr jmnsk qud id
tnvdssdi dgsngkbm di tmbms ms idus kgms bd cmrikåêm jndgtécnjk.
Di ;>5;, kprdgbn k ckzdr Idbntkåêm Rrkgsjdgbdgtka, pmrqud qudrnk sdr
jkpkz bd dxpamrkr k jmgsjnàgjnk sdi m usm bd brmeks. Gm Jdgtrm bd
Idbntkåêm Rrkgsjdgbdgtka bd Jkifrnbed, gêm drk prdjnsm sdr kbdptm bd
gdgluik jrdgåkcnsnmaúenjm.
kaem tmtkaidgtd rdanenmsk. Xkrk
Ms ngstrutmrds kprdsdgtkvki
ini, nssm drk iuntm fmi?mcugjnmgmu,
prmjdssm cnqudn
jmim
cdanz pmr prktnjë-am d gêm prdjnskvk kjrdbntkr di gkbk qud gêm cmssd idu
jîrdfrm. Du kngbk drk ktdu, d iuntm id kerkbmu dgjmgtrkr uik prëtnjk
dspnrntuka qud jmgjmrbkvk jmi uik jmgjdpåêm jndgtécnjk d gêm dxnenssd
gdgluik rdanenêm.
Idu ngtdrdssd pdak cnamsmcnk lngbu d pdam ymek sú ckznki kuidgtkr bnk
kpús bnk, d, di ;>52, tnvd k jlkgjd bd nr trkfkalkr gk Égbnk, gm Ngstntutm
Ngtdrgkjnmgka bd Xdsqunsk di Jmaldntks pkrk ms Rrúpnjms Zdinërnbms
(NJVNZKR), pdrtm bd Lybdrkfkb, mgbd id tmrgdn Bnrdtmr bd Cnsnmamenk
Sdedtka.
uik dqunpdCnz qud
pdsqunsks jmikserêms-bd-fnjm
juatnvkvk d cdn`êm-eukgbu,
idalmrds vkrndbkbds jmi iknmrd pkrtnjnpdn
qukanbkbd,bdd
tkifîi jmi iknmr rdsnstàgjnk è sdjk, ès prkeks d ès bmdgåks.
Du kbmrkvk dstkr gk Égbnk, d pksskvk fmk pkrtd bm idu tdipm anvrd
vnsntkgbm tdipams d kslrkis
kslrkis,, d kssnstngbm k pkadstrks bd idus eurus.
Rkifîi tnglk ui prmcdssmr bd sucn di Lybdrkfkb, Kelk Lksskg Lybdrn.
Dad id bdu ui ikgtrk sucn, ui wkznck _ 84 Y, d, pmr jdrjk bd ui kgm,
prktnqudn uik cmrik bd idbntkåêm sucn. Tik bks jmnsks qud kprdgbn jmi dad
cmn qud, gk trkbnåêm sucn, m prkzdr tdi mrnedi bnvngk. Zuk rdanenêm gêm drk
purntkgk gdi ksjîtnjk. Dad uskvk ikrkvnalmsms ikgtms fmrbkbms jmi cnms bd
murm d prktk,pdrjmrrnki
sdus bdbms drk erkgbduijmgldjdbmr
rdjnpndgtd bd pdrcuidsjldnm
mrgkidgtka d, qukgbm dstkvk
bd frmtms bd sdgtkbm,
`ksini,
dgqukgtm rdjntkvk pmdiks di urbu d pdrsk. Zdiprd kssmjndn k rdanenêm jmi k
gdekåêm bm prkzdr,
prkzdr, iks k ktntubd bd Kelk drk tmtkaidgtd
t mtkaidgtd bnstngtk.
Dgtêm ui gmvm pdgskidgtm surenu di inglk idgtd0 ‑D qukgtm km
jrnstnkgnsim=’. Bdsbd inglk jmgvdrsêm kbmadsjdgtd km ktdésim d km
luikgnsim sdjuakr, gêm bdn iuntk ktdgåêm k dssk rdanenêm, difmrk ms
cnaúsmcms dpncdgmidgkanstks cmssdi ui erupm jrnstêm. Gm kavmrdjdr d gm cni
bm bnk, dgtmëvkims gm imnglm bd vdgtm ui jkgtm antðrenjm sdidalkgtd km
jkgtm erdemrnkgm, k uik sú vmz d sdi jmipkssm bdcngnbm.

[ukgbm dad
dspnrntuka, pdbnbnssd0
k ui‑Rmbms
euru ngbnkgm qud id advki
ms jkinglms kjmgsdalkssd
k Bdus.smfrd
Smjàinglk
vdi `mrgkbk
bd uik
ckiéank jrnstê d bdvd sdeunr ui jkinglm jrnstêm’. [ukgtm ikns du pdgskvk
smfrd dssd kssugtm, ikns dad ckznk sdgtnbm. Ms auekrds skerkbms bm lngbuésim
dgjmgtrki-sd gk Égbnk, mu pdrtm bdak, jmim gm Imgtd Oknaksl. Ms auekrds
skerkbms bk Erê-Frdtkglk dgjmgtrki-sd aë, d sêm jrnstêms di suk iknmrnk.
Idus kgjdstrkns cmrki jrnstêms pmr iuntms sîjuams? dads gksjdrki, jkskrki-
sd Kprdgbn
d imrrdrki gm sdnm
k rdzkr bk trkbnåêm
m Xkn-Gmssm jrnstê, ngjausnvd
d jmidjdn idusk pkns.
k crdqudgtkr Nerd`k Kgeanjkgk bd
Zêm @mêm, di Zdjugbdrkfkb. _ 83 Y Vdbdsjmfrn inglk cî jrnstê. Rdipms
bdpmns, kms :2 kgms bd nbkbd, rdjdfn m skjrkidgtm bk jrnsik gk Jlurjl mc
Zmutl Ngbnk, uik nerd`k djuiàgnjk cmrikbk pdak ugnêm bd kgeanjkgms d
idtmbnstks. Du gêm tnglk snbm jrnsikbm gk dsjmak, km jmgtrërnm bk iknmrnk
bms mutrms idgngms.
Kngbk sdgtnk uik tdgsêm iuntm cmrtd dgtrd k skfdbmrnk lngbu, qud du
jmgsnbdrkvk têm prmcugbk, d k trkbnåêm jrnstê, qud, pmr jmipkrkåêm, pkrdjnk
dspnrntukaidgtd rksk. Bdpmns, erkåks k ui kinem, bdsjmfrn ui prmcdssmr
ikrkvnalmsm,
Rkina Gkbu, mgmpkbrd Fdbd
Zua bk Ernccntls,
Égbnk. Drk uiqud di ui kslrki
vnvnkfdgdbntngm
imged qud `ëjrnstêm
dstkvk di
gk
Égbnk lkvnk ikns bd vngtd kgms.
Dad id kprdsdgtmu è trkbnåêm iéstnjk jrnstê, smfrd k quka du skfnk iuntm
pmujm, d è cnamsmcnk jrnstê idbndvka, pkrtnjuakridgtd ès mfrks bd Zêm Rmiës
bd Kqungm d Zêm Fmkvdgturk. Zdus ngsnelts pkrdjnki-id ikns prmcugbms bm
qud qukaqudr jmnsk qud du `ë tnvdssd muvnbm di sdriôds d nerd`ks, mu di
ugnvdrsnbkbds. M pkbrd Fdbd tkifîi tnglk ui prmcugbm jmgldjnidgtm bk
cnamsmcnk lngbu, d ckznk prdadåôds rdeuakrds smfrd ms Tpkgnslkbs
Tpkgnslkbs,, qud jmgtài
iuntks bks nbdnks jdgtrkns km pdgskidgtm lngbu. Dad id imstrmu bd qud
imbm ks trkbnåôds
nauingkr-sd cnamsúcnjks
iutukidgtd. _ 85 Y d rdanenmsks bm Mrndgtd d bm Mjnbdgtd pmbdrnki

Dgqukgtm du trkfkalkvk gm NJVNZKR, jmgtngudn k rdcadtnr smfrd k

rdssmgægjnk iúrcnjk, d, quktrm kgms bdpmns, du dstkvk prmgtm pkrk sdpkrkr
uik pkrtd bm idu bnk pkrk dsjrdvdr smfrd m tdik. Xkrk nssm, du qudrnk
pdrikgdjdr gk Égbnk, d pkbrd Fdbd dgjmgtrmu uik smauåêm pdrcdntk,
jmgvnbkgbm-id pkrk imrkr di sdu kslrki kslrki,, Zlkgtnvkgki, ès ikredgs bm
Jkuvdry,, ui rnm skerkbm.
Jkuvdry
M kslrki bm pkbrd Fdbd jmifngkvk iuntms kspdjtms bk juaturk lngbu
jmi k trkbnåêm jrnstê. Zdgtkbms gm jlêm, jmgsuiékims kanidgtms
vdedtkrnkgms dxtrkébms bks cmalks bd fkgkgdnrks, prktnjëvkims ymek tmbks ks
ikglês, d uik lmrk bd idbntkåêm km gksjdr bm bnk d km kgmntdjdr. Du
jmstuikvk idbntkr è smifrk bd kaeuiks ërvmrds gks ikredgs bm rnm. K
inssk iktngka jmidåkvk jmi m jkgtm bm ikgtrk Ekyktrn, ui ikgtrk
sægsjrntm qud ngvmjkvk m bnvngm pmbdr qud rdauz ktrkvîs bm Zma. Xdreugtdn km
pkbrd Fdbd0 ‑Jmim m sdglmr pmbd dgtmkr ui ikgtrk lngbu di ui kslrki
jktúanjm=’, d suk rdspmstk
snegncnjk ugnvdrska. cmn0 ‑Dxktkidgtd
Zd dxjaunrims qukaqudr jmnskpmrqud î jktúanjm.
qud sd`k Jktúanjm
ui jkinglm pkrk
Bdus, gêm dstkrdims ikns gms bmiégnms bm jktmanjnsim ‚ dstkrdims têm
smidgtd gms bmiégnms bd uik sdntk’.
Cnqudn kan pmr ui kgm d idnm, bd ;>5<-;>5>, di uik jkfkgk jmi tdalkbm
bd cmalks bd pkaidnrks d bdfknxm bd uik cneudnrk-bd-fdgekak mgbd dsjrdvn
Ancd.. _ 8< Y Bdpmns, burkgtd kgms k cnm, vmatdn k
idu anvrm, K Gdw Zjndgjd mc Ancd
trkfkalkr gm NJVNZKR di tdipm pkrjnka, tkgtm gk Égbnk jmim gk Ngeaktdrrk d
gk Jkancúrgnk.
Bd vmatk è Ngeaktdrrk, tnvd ui pdrémbm ikrkvnalmsm bd rdbdsjmfdrtk bd
inglks trkbnåôds. Du ms
tài pdrderngkåôds, drk durmpdus
cksjngkbm tkifîi
pdam cktm ks
bd qud,
tài. kssni jmim ms lngbusk
Cnz pdrderngkåôds
jktdbrkns, nerd`ks d auekrds ju`ks mrnedgs sd pdrbdi gm tdipm, jmim
Kvdfury
vdfury.. Drk jmim sd du dstnvdssd vmatkgbm pkrk jksk, rdjmgdjtkgbm-id jmi
inglk tdrrk gktka d jmi kqudads qud tnglki vnvnbm kan di mutrms tdipms.
Tik bd inglks prëtnjks pkssmu k sdr nr è nerd`k kms bmingems, mgbd qudr qud
dstnvdssd, edrkaidgtd di inglk pkrúqunk amjka.
Xmujm bdpmns bd Tik Gmvk Jnàgjnk bk Snbk tdr snbm pufanjkbm gk
Ngeaktdrrk, di ;><;, du `ë dstkvk bd vmatk è Égbnk, trkfkalkgbm di idus
dxpdrnidgtms bd jkipm, qukgbm cun jmgvnbkbm pkrk ckakr di ui jmgerdssm,
di Fmifkni,
Kgtnek jlkikbm
d Jnàgjnk ‑Kgjndgt
ImbdrgkY. Unsbmi
Ngtdrrmipn pmrkgb Imbdrg
kaeugs bnksZjndgjd’
inglks _Zkfdbmrnk
jmaldntks d
cun pkrk Fmifkni pkrk ingnstrkr uik pkadstrk smfrd rdssmgægjnk iúrcnjk. Gm
pdrémbm di qud cnqudn pmr kan, jmgldjn @naa Xurjd, qud dstkvk ckakgbm jmim
pkrtd bm prmerkik smfrd skfdbmrnk kgtnek. @naa lkvnk dsjrntm ui anvrm
jlkikbm Rld Iystnj Zpnrka0 @murgdy mc tld Zmua, d tkifîi drk dbntmrk-jldcd
bd uik sîrnd bd fdams anvrms smfrd Krtd d Nikengkåêm, pufanjkbms pdak
Rlkids & Lubsmg, qud jmgtnguki sdgbm niprdssms ktî lm`d.
@naa d du vmatkims k gms dgjmgtrkr ikns kbnkgtd, gk Égbnk, bdpmns qud dak
dstnvdrk di ui rdtnrm gm Lnikaknk, jmim pkrtd bd suk prëtnjk Bzmejldg,
_ 8> Y
uik cmrik bd fubnsim
dgjmgtrkims tnfdtkgm,
gmvkidgtd d ikns qukgbm
gk Ngeaktdrrk, tkrbd, gkqudad
dgtêm idsim kgm, gms
gms tmrgkims
ngsdpkrëvdns. Gms jkskims di ;><4 d bdsbd dgtêm vnvdims di Lkipstdkb,
gm gmrtd bd Amgbrds.
[ukgbm k jmgldjn, @naa tnglk bdsdgvmavnbm uik gmvk ikgdnrk bd dgsngkr m
jkgtmjlêm, kprdsdgtkgbm ks pdssmks km pmbdr bm jkgtm di erupm, fksdkgbm-
sd di trkbnåôds bd bncdrdgtds juaturks d rdanenôds. Di sdus wmroslmps
wmroslmps,, dak
dgsngkvk
Lkriògnjm,(d trkbnjnmgkaidgtd
kngbk dgsngk) prktnjkbm
uik cmrik bd Jkgtmd di
gk Imgeúank Bncògnjm
Ruvk, qud mu prmbuz
Jkgtm
gmtks sdidalkgtds ès bk cakutk, di lkrimgnk jmi m tmi cugbkidgtka bm
jkgtm. Dak tkifîi skfd jmim m ktm bd jkgtkr pmbd dcdtukr iubkgåks bd
jmgsjnàgjnk, advkgbm ks pdssmks è rdssmgægjnk iðtuk. _ ;8 Y
Gms ðatnims trngtk d jngjm kgms, tdglm cdntm pdsqunsks dxpdrnidgtkns smfrd
m jrdsjnidgtm vdedtka, k rdssmgægjnk iúrcnjk, _ ;; Y pmifms-jmrrdnm, _ ;6 Y jêds
qud skfdi qukgbm sdus bmgms dstêm jldekgbm di jksk, _ ;: Y k sdgskåêm bd
dstkrims sdgbm mfsdrvkbms pmr trës, _ ;2 Y tdadpktnk tdadcògnjk _ ;4 Y d uik sîrnd
bd mutrms kssugtms. Bd 6884 k 68;8, cun bnrdtmr bm Xdrrmtt-Ukrrnjo Xrm`djt
smfrd lkfnanbkbds ngdxpanjëvdns bd luikgms d bms kgnikns, cngkgjnkbm pdam
Rrngnty Jmaaded, bd Jkifrnbed.
Ms rdsuatkbms bdssk pdsqunsk id jmgvdgjdrki bd qud gmssk idgtd vkn
iuntm kaîi bd gmssm jîrdfrm, jmim kjmgtdjd jmi k idgtd bd mutrms kgnikns.
Xmr dxdipam, pkrdjd lkvdr ngcauàgjnks tdadpëtnjks bnrdtks bd kgnikns pkrk
mutrms kgnikns, bd sdrds luikgms pkrk mutrms sdrds luikgms, bd sdrds
luikgms pkrk kgnikns d bd kgnikns pkrk sdrds luikgms. Jmgdxôds
tdadpëtnjks di edrka kjmgtdjdi dgtrd pdssmks d kgnikns dgtrd ms qukns pkrdjd
lkvdr jmgdxôds dimjnmgkns.
Dssds cdgòidgms pséqunjms sêm gmrikns, d gêm pkrkgmrikns? sêm gkturkns,
gêm smfrdgkturkns? ckzdi pkrtd bm imbm jmim gmssk idgtd d gmssks anekåôds
smjnkns cugjnmgki. Ès vdzds, sêm jlkikbms bd ‑pkrkgmrikns’ pmrqud gêm sd
kimabki k ui dgtdgbnidgtm dstrdntm bk rdkanbkbd. Jmgtubm, ms cdgòidgms
di sn pmbdi sdr dstubkbms jndgtncnjkidgtd d tài dcdntms idgsurëvdns. Dads
bnzdi rdspdntm k ngtdrkåôds dgtrd mrekgnsims vnvms d mrekgnsims vnvms d sdu
idnm kifndgtd. Di sn idsims, pmrîi, gêm sêm cdgòidgms
c dgòidgms dspnrntukns.
Lë uik bnstngåêm dgtrd ms bmiégnms pséqunjms d ms dspnrntukns. Cdgòidgms
jmim k tdadpktnk rdvdaki qud ks idgtds gêm dstêm jmgcngkbks kms jîrdfrms.
Iks tkifîi dstkims kfdrtms k jmgdxôds jmi uik jmgsjnàgjnk iuntm ikns
kipak, jmi uik rdkanbkbd dspnrntuka ikns-qud-luikgk, sd`k quka cmr m gmid
qud ald bdrims. Ks prëtnjks dspnrntukns gms k`ubki k dxpamrkr dssk qudstêm
pmr gús idsims.
K mfrk bd @naa cmn uik bd inglks ngspnrkåôds pkrk dsjrdvdr dstd anvrm, pmns
dak jrnmu uik ikgdnrk bd dgsngkr prëtnjks dspnrntukns qud ngjaun tmbms ms qud
dstnvdrdi ngtdrdsskbms, qukaqudr qud sd`k suk rdanenêm mu nrrdanenêm. Jmim
jmgstktdn jmi k bd
gms wmroslmps Idbntkåêm Rrkgsjdgbdgtka,
@naa, ks pdssmks pmbdi dkprdgbdr
jmim prdsdgjndn tkgtks vdzdsd
prëtnjks dspnrntukns
prktnjë-aks, sdi k gdjdssnbkbd bd jmidåkr pdak krtnjuakåêm bd suks jrdgåks
mu bðvnbks. Zuks prëtnjks pmbdi advkr k ui dgtdgbnidgtm prmcugbm, iks k
dxpdrnàgjnk bnrdtk vdi di prnidnrm auekr.
Ms idsims prngjépnms kpanjki-sd k tmbks ks prëtnjks qud bnsjutm gdstd
anvrm. Rmbks daks sêm kfdrtks k jrnstêms, `ubdus, iuåuaikgms, lngbus,
fubnstks, kgninstks, gdmxkikgnstks, pdssmks qud sêm dspnrntukanzkbks, iks
gêm rdanenmsks, kbdptms bk Gmvk Drk, Luikgnstks Zdjuakrds, kegústnjms d
ktdus. Du idsim smu jrnstêm, kgeanjkgm d pkrtnjnpm bdssks prëtnjks gm
jmgtdxtm
rdanenôds, jrnstêm.
fdi jmimIks pmr
tmbks daksd sêm
ktdus prktnjkbks
kegústnjms. K pmr
ckatksdeunbmrds bd jrdgåk
bd qukaqudr mutrks
rdanenmsk, mu k nrrdanenêm, tdi m imgmpúanm bdssks prëtnjks. Daks dstêm kfdrtks
k tmbms.
Iuntms dstubms jndgtécnjms tài imstrkbm qud dssks prëtnjks trkzdi
fdgdcéjnms kms qud k daks sd bdbnjki. Xmr dxdipam, ks pdssmks qud sd
bdbnjki è prëtnjk bk erktnbêm pkrdjdi sdr, di iîbnk, ikns cdanzds bm qud ks
qud negmrki dssd kssugtm. Dstmu dsjrdvdgbm dstd anvrm pmr kjrdbntkr qud, di
gmssk drk sdjuakr, lë uik erkgbd gdjdssnbkbd bd rdbdsjmfrnr dssks prëtnjks, k
bdspdntm bk rdanenêm mu nrrdanenmsnbkbd bks pdssmks.
Lëbks
sdtd, iuntms
quknstnpms
ckåm bd
usmprëtnjk dspnrntuka. Gdstd anvrm, bnsjutm uik sdadåêm bd
d prktnjm.

Lkipstdkb, Amgbrds
Amgbrds
Cdvdrdnrm
Cdvdrdnrm bd 68;5
68;5
 Xrdcëjnm è Dbnåêm Frksnadnrk
]
Xkrdjd qud gms bnks bd lm`d dstkims vnvdgbm tdipms pmakrnzkbms. Xksskims
ktukaidgtd pmr uik îpmjk bd rkbnjkanzkåêm bd nbdnks d bd pmsnjnmgkidgtms
rdaktnvms km imbm jmim pdrjdfdims ms kjmgtdjnidgtms. Tatnikidgtd, ikns
bm qud gugjk gk lnstúrnk, ks pmsturks bks pdssmks gms dxtrdims sd
jmgsmanbki smfrd vërnks ërdks bm jmgldjnidgtm luikgm, prngjnpkaidgtd gm
qud jmgjdrgd k anglks bd pdgskidgtms d jrdgåks.
Rdims k niprdssêm bd qud dssds pmams tài frnekbm d jmipdtnbm
cdrmzidgtd pkrk qud sú ui prdvkadåk, jmim sd kpdgks ui pubdssd
smfrdvnvdr, jmim sd cmssdi ngjmipktévdns mu pkrkbmxkns, gêm
jmipadidgtkrds, gêm pkssévdns bd bnëamem. Dssk mfsdrvkåêm vkad pkrk anglks
pmaétnjks (bnrdntk d dsqudrbk), pmsnåôds smjnmdjmgòinjks (jmgsdrvkbmrnsim
( jmgsdrvkbmrnsim d
prmerdssnsim), pmsturks qukgtm è anfdrbkbd anekbk k eàgdrm (k idgtkanbkbd
bm ikjlnsim d bm cdingnsim, qud gêm sêm mpmstms, qud cnqud jakrm),
mrndgtkåêm sdxuka d nbdgtnbkbd bd eàgdrm (lîtdrm d lmim, jns d trkgsdxukns) d
pkrdjd qud tkifîi pkrk m tdik bk jnàgjnk d bk dspnrntukanbkbd. Rkavdz
Rkavdz tmbks
dssks bnsjmrbægjnks tdglki uik idsik rknz gk juaturk dstruturka bm
pktrnkrjkbm, d jmiprddgbdr suk cmrik bd bmingkåêm pmssk k`ubkr k dgtdgbdr
iuntk jmnsk, ngjausnvd qukgbm ms jkinglms bk cî d bk rkzêm jndgtécnjk sd
fncurjkrki.
Km amgem bk lnstúrnk, jnàgjnk d dspnrntukanbkbd sdiprd dstnvdrki
rdakjnmgkbks, mrk jmim kineks, mrk jmim ngnineks. Burkgtd quksd tmbm m
pdrémbm bk Nbkbd Iîbnk, tubm m qud jmgtrkrnkvk ks jrdgåks rdanenmsks drk
vnstm jmim ldrdsnk, d iuntms pdgskbmrds d jndgtnstks cmrki pdrsdeunbms pdam
Rrnfugka bk Zkgtk Ngqunsnåêm bk Nerd`k Jktúanjk, jmim cmn m jksm bd Ekanadu
Ekanadn, mu jmgbdgkbms d imrtms, jmim Enmrbkgm Frugm.
@ë gm sîjuam \SNN ‚ pdrémbm di qud cmrki jrnkbks ks fksds pkrk m
bdsdgvmavnidgtm bm pdgskidgtm nauingnstk ‚, k jnàgjnk di sn tdvd ui
erkgbd nipuasm, iks ms lmidgs qud ngcaudgjnkrki tmbk k cmrik bd pdgskr bk
drk jmgtdipmrægdk jmgvnvdrki jmi nbdnks idbndvkns, fkrrmjks d bd tdimr k
Bdus, rdtrktm bd uik smjndbkbd di qud m iknmr pmbdr dikgkvk bk Nerd`k.
Xkrk Nskkj Gdwtmg, Vdgî Bdsjkrtds d mutrms erkgbds jndgtnstks, m Jrnkbmr drk
uik pkrtd ngsdpkrëvda bm iugbm gms prm`dtms jndgtécnjms qud dssds jndgtnstks
prmpuglki.
[ukgbmjnàgjnk
rdanenêm, Gdwtmg gksjdu,sdgkjmgcugbnki.
d ikenk Ngeaktdrrk bdKstrmgmink
;326, iktdiëtnjk, cnamsmcnk,
d kstrmamenk drki
ngbnssmjnëvdns. Odpadr drk kstrògmim, iks tkifîi jmgcdjjnmgkvk ikpks
kstrkns. Kaqunink d quéinjk tkifîi dstkvki dstrdntkidgtd rdakjnmgkbks d sd
dikrkglkvki. Dssds jndgtnstks d pdgskbmrds dgugjnkrki d bdsjmfrnrki
vërnks bks adns qud emvdrgki k gkturdzk, ms snstdiks pakgdtërnms d ms
prngjépnms qud rdedi m ugnvdrsm, iks pkrk dads Bdus drk tkgtm qudi ekrkgtnk
k dcnjnàgjnk d m cugjnmgkidgtm bdssks adns jmim qudi mpdrkvk ms prúprnms
cdgòidgms gkturkns.
Xmbdims vdr lm`d jmim Gdwtmg cdz usm bk kfmrbkedi bm ‑Bdus bks
akjugks’, gk quka
jmgldjnidgtm m Jrnkbmr
jndgtécnjm î ngvmjkbm
gêm jmgsdeud pkrkdxpanjkr.
kngbk prddgjldrXkrkmsdad,
dspkåms
qud îqud
kutmrm
bks adns bk idjægnjk jaëssnjk d bk Adn bk Erkvntkåêm Tgnvdrska, jmjrnkbmr bm
jëajuam bncdrdgjnka d ngtderka, `ugtkidgtd jmi Adnfgnz, pmaéiktk d cnaúsmcm
kadiêm, bdsjmfrnbmr bd kaeuiks bks adns cugbkidgtkns bk úptnjk d ngspnrkbmr
bm Nauingnsim d bm imbdam bd rkjnmgkanbkbd, î dspkgtmsm qud Bdus cmssd
uik pkrtd ngtderka d dssdgjnka bm ugnvdrsm. Dad jldemu km pmgtm bd tdr sd
bdbnjkbm burkgtd iuntms kgms k ui dstubm bd kaqunink d jrmgmamenk féfanjk,
smfrd m quka dsjrdvdu uik mfrk bd tdmamenk dsmtîrnjk ngtntuakbk Mfsdrvktnmgs
upmg tld Xrmpldjnds mc Bkgnda kgb tld Kpmjkaypsd mc Zt. @mlg (;5::)
_Mfsdrvkåôds smfrd ks Xrmcdjnks bd Bkgnda d m Kpmjkanpsd bd Zêm @mêm, di
trkbuåêm anvrdY.
Nrmgnjkidgtd, uik bnvnsêm dgtrd jnàgjnk d dspnrntukanbkbd sured gmvkidgtd
amem bdpmns, prngjnpkaidgtd pmr jkusk bk rdadvægjnk bk jnàgjnk gdwtmgnkgk.
Zd ks Adns Tgnvdrskns dxpanjkvki tkgtk jmnsk, tubm gêm pmbdrnk sdr ngjauébm=
M Bdus bd Gdwtmg dstkvk tdgbm bd sd kpdrtkr di akjugks jkbk vdz idgmrds,
erkåks km kvkgåm bk jnàgjnk qud dad idsim lkvnk k`ubkbm k jrnkr. Jmi
rdakåêm k dssd kspdjtm, lë uik lnstúrnk ngtdrdsskgtd. Gm ngéjnm bm sîjuam
\N\, m césnjm d iktdiëtnjm crkgjàs Akpakjd prmpòs uik mrnedi césnjk bm
Znstdik Zmakr fksdkbk gk jmgtrkåêm bd uik erkgbd guvdi bd eës enrktúrnk,
kaem iuntm prúxnim bm qud sd jmgsnbdrk ktukaidgtd. Bdu k Gkpmadêm uik
júpnk bd sdu anvrm Idjægnjk Jdadstd
Jdadstd.. Kpús pkrkfdgnzkr m sëfnm, m erkgbd
aébdr dxprdssmu suk surprdsk km gêm vdr Bdus idgjnmgkbm di sdu
ikgusjrntm. Km qud Akpakjd rdspmgbdu0 ‑Zdglmr, du gêm prdjnsm bdstk
lnpútdsd’. Mu sd`k, Bdus `ë gêm drk ikns gdjdssërnm.
Gm dgtkgtm, pmr vmatk bdssk îpmjk, ms tdúamems kcnrikvki qud Bdus kngbk
ngtdrvnglk gms sdrds fnmaúenjms, prngjnpkaidgtd gms luikgms. K idgtkanbkbd
jmadtnvk jrnstêjmgsnbdrki
iuntms kngbk bkqudad tdipm d m pdgskidgtm pmpuakr
gk jmgtdipmrkgdnbkbd ‚ Bdusjmgsnbdrkvki ‚ jmim
jmim ui nipdrkbmr
bm ugnvdrsm, ui supdr-luikgm qud dstë sdgtkbm di sdu trmgm gm jîu,
jmikgbkgbm tubm d tmbms. Iks dgtêm surenu Jlkrads Bkrwng jmi sdu
trkfkalm smfrd k mrnedi bks dspîjnds, m qud cmn ui erkgbd emapd pkrk ms
tdúamems, pmns kemrk gêm lkvnk ikns gdjdssnbkbd bd Bdus tkifîi pkrk k
dvmauåêm. K pkrtnr bd dgtêm, k fnmamenk gêm prdjnskvk bd Bdus. Dak tkifîi
tnglk suks adns.
Km amgem bm sîjuam \\, gdssk anglk, ms jndgtnstks cnjkrki, pmr tubm nssm,
anekbms iuntm ikns km iktdrnkansim qud è dspnrntukanbkbd. Xkrk ms jndgtnstks,
lë uik dxpanjkåêm
quéinjks, fnmaúenjks rkzmëvda
d gkturknspkrk tmbms dmsdsjakrdjdi
qud rdedi cdgòidgms,
tubmjmi adnskjmgtdjd.
m qud césnjks,
Lë ui imbdam jndgtécnjm, ui pkrkbneik kjdntm. D qukgbm ui pkrkbneik gêm
jmgsdeud ikns dxpanjkr ms cdgòidgms, pmr surenrdi gmvks dvnbàgjnks
jndgtécnjks, dad î kfkgbmgkbm d fusjk-sd mutrm ikns kfrkgedgtd, qud kfkrqud
ms gmvms cktms d ms ngtdrprdtd. [udi bnssd nssm cmn Rlmiks Oulg, gm sdu
anvrm jaëssnjm K Dstruturk bks Vdvmauåôds
Vdvmauåôds Jndgtécnjks,
Jndgtécnjks, bd ;>36.
Oulg rdvdamu ms idjkgnsims bd cugjnmgkidgtm bk jnàgjnk, kssni jmim k
dvmauåêm bd sdus bnsjursms. Dad bnssd qud k jnàgjnk gmrika gêm sd
bdsdgvmavd pmr kjuiuakåêm bd bdsjmfdrtks d ngvdgåôds ngbnvnbukns, iks pmr
rdvmauåôds bd pkrkbneiks,
mu sd`k, rdkanzkåôds qudugnvdrskaidgtd
jndgtécnjks sêm, pmr bdcngnåêm, prdssupmstms
rdjmgldjnbks bks jmg`ugtm
di sdu jnàgjnks,
qud, burkgtd kaeui tdipm, cmrgdjdi imbdams bd prmfadiks d smauåôds pkrk
k jmiugnbkbd jndgtécnjk. Xmr dxdipam, k tdmrnk edmjàgtrnjk bd Xtmamidu, qud
kcnrikvk sdr k Rdrrk m jdgtrm bm snstdik, cmn sufstntuébk pmr ui gmvm
imbdam, k tdmrnk ldanmjàgtrnjk bd Jmpîrgnjm, qud bnznk sdr m Zma m jdgtrm.
Xmr tubm nssm, ms rdanenmsms bm sîjuam \\, d kngbk lm`d gm sîjuam \\N,
pksskrki k jmgsnbdrkr k jnàgjnk jmim ngninek, pmrqud kjrdbntki qud ms
jndgtnstks, jmi suks nbdnks, tdmrnks d sdu imbm bd pdgskr, tdgtki, bd tmbks ks
cmriks, ‑iktkr Bdus’, `ë qud dad gêm î gdjdssërnm pkrk dxpanjkr m iugbm. D
ké jldekims gmvkidgtd gms dxtrdims rkbnjkns. Bd ui akbm, lë ms
jrnkjnmgnstks d kbdptms bk tdmrnk bm bdsneg ngtdanedgtd, qud kjlki qud m
ugnvdrsm cmn jrnkbm pmr Bdus bk ikgdnrk jmim dad dxnstd lm`d, qud k jrnkåêm
féfanjk dxpanjk tubm d qud k jnàgjnk î gmjnvk pkrk k luikgnbkbd pmr daningkr
m jrnkbmr bm pdgskidgtm edrka d prdsjngbnr bk cî pkrk dgtdgbdr tmbks ks
jmnsks. Bd mutrm akbm, lë ms jndgtnstks d pdgskbmrds ktdus rkbnjkns, qud
kjrdbntki qud m erkgbd prmfadik bm iugbm sêm ks rdanenôds d k idgtkanbkbd
rdanenmsk,
jlkikbms d‑quktrm
ks jmifktdi
jkvkadnrmsjmibm tmbks ks suksm fnúamem
kpmjkanpsd’, cmråks, prngjnpkaidgtd
dvmautnvm Vnjlkrbms
Bkwongs (kutmr bk mfrk Bdus, ui Bdaérnm Bdaérnm),
), m cnaúsmcm Bkgnda Bdggdtt, m
cnaúsmcm d gdurmjndgtnstk Zki Lkrrns d Jlrnstmpldr Lntjldgs, `mrgkanstk,
dsjrntmr d jrétnjm antdrërnm frntægnjm, ckadjnbm di 68;;.
Dgtrdtkgtm, kaeugs jndgtnstks lm`d `ë jmgtdipaki uik vnsêm jmgjnanktúrnk
dgtrd jnàgjnk d dspnrntukanbkbd, jmim î m jksm bd kaeugs césnjms bk
Tgnvdrsnbkbd bd Fdrodady, qud gms kgms ;>58 cugbkrki m Cugbkidgtka
Cysnos Ermup
Ermup,, m CCE, bm quka ckzdi
c kzdi pkrtd m césnjm d pkadstrkgtd ngtdrgkjnmgka
Kint Emswkin d m césnjm tdúrnjm, pdgskbmr snstàinjm d dsjrntmr Crnt`mc Jkprk.

Kaîi bdads,
dsjrntmr pmbdims
frksnadnrm bdstkjkr
Ikrjdam tkifîi
Eadnsdr, m césnjm,
m iîbnjm kstrògmim,
d dsjrntmr prmcdssmr
Akrry Bmssdy, kaîid
bd kaeugs mutrms, iks prngjnpkaidgtd m kutmr bdstd anvrm, m fnúamem Vupdrt
Zldabrkod, qud î Xl.B. di fnmquéinjk pdak Tgnvdrsnbkbd bd Jkifrnbed,
Ngeaktdrrk.
Zldabrkod d Emswkin muskrki tdgtkr kbdgtrkr tdrrdgms pdrtdgjdgtds lm`d
kngbk smidgtd km jkipm bk dspnrntukanbkbd d malë-ams è auz bd suks ërdks
jndgtécnjks. M prnidnrm, fnúamem, î jrnkbmr bk lnpútdsd bms jkipms
imrcmedgîtnjms,, pkrk dxpanjkr jmipmrtkidgtms bd dspîjnds d mutrms erupms
imrcmedgîtnjms
fnmaúenjms. Dssds jkipms sdrnki dstruturks bd idiúrnk jmadtnvks cmrikbks
pdak rdpdtnåêm bd ktntubds-pkbrôds ngbnvnbukns, qud sd smiki d sd
smfrdpôdi, ktî sd jmgsmanbkrdi jmim ui jmipmrtkidgtm tépnjm bm erupm, d
qud sdrnki kjdsskbks d rdprmbuznbks pmr ui prmjdssm bdgmingkbm
rdssmgægjnk iúrcnjk.
iúrcnjk. M sdeugbm, césnjm, tdi m pmstuakbm qud dad bdgmingk
bd prnikbm bk jmgsjnàgjnk
jmgsjnàgjnk.. K jmgsjnàgjnk sdrnk k jrnkbmrk bm ugnvdrsm
iktdrnka, d gêm bk iktîrnk di sn qud, kpús ui prmjdssm dvmautnvm bd fnalôds
bd kgms, bdsdgvmavdrnk ui prmjdssm bd kutmjmgsjnàgjnk. Dad kcnrik qud m
vdrbkbdnrm cugbkidgtm bm qud jmgldjdims vdi bk jmgsjnàgjnk, qud î
trkgsjdgbdgtka, cmrk bm dspkåm-tdipm, d gêm amjka d mgnprdsdgtd, d qud m
iugbm césnjm dstë sufidtnbm k dak. K iktîrnk surenrnk bk jmgsjnàgjnk d sdrnk
ikgnpuakbk pmr dak, sdgbm k rdkanbkbd bk iktîrnk sdjugbërnk è bk
jmgsjnàgjnk. Jmim ks pmssnfnanbkbds tmrgki-sd dvdgtms rdkns, lë m dspkåm
pkrk uik jmgsjnàgjnk, d dak bdvd sdr uik jmgsjnàgjnk júsinjk. Lë uik
sdidalkgåk jmi m imbm jmim Bdus î rdtrktkbm, pdam idgms gk
dspnrntukanbkbd trkbnjnmgka.
Km qud tubm ngbnjk, lë uik jnàgjnk vnëvda bk dspnrntukanbkbd prdgugjnkgbm
tkavdz uik iubkgåk bd pkrkbneik, jmi k supdrkåêm bk ktuka vnsêm bd
iugbm
vdr jmijkajkbk
idnmskpdgks
césnjms.gmKaeugs
iktdrnkansim d vmatkbk kmdssd
dstêm jlkikgbm qud imbdam
gêm î pmssévda
bd ‑k bd sd
gmvk
jnàgjnk bd Bdus’, iks gêm jmim ui nipdrkbmr tmbm-pmbdrmsm, uik dgtnbkbd
suprdik qud ckz `uaekidgtms km sdu fda-prkzdr dxnstd, sni, uik ngtdaneàgjnk
snstàinjk, qud tkifîi î ui kedgtd jrnktnvm bk jmgsjnàgjnk, d qud vmjà pmbd
jlkikr jmim qunsdr, ktî bd Bdus.
K gmvk jnàgjnk vdi ekglkgbm jmrpm di vërnks crdgtds. M césnjm frksnadnrm
Ikrjdam Eadnsdr rdjdfdu, di ikråm bd 68;>, m pràinm Rdipadtmg bm bnëamem
dgtrd jnàgjnk d dspnrntukanbkbd, gm vkamr bd ;,2 inalêm bd búakrds, m
dqunvkadgtd km ‑Gmfda’ bk dspnrntukanbkbd, qud `ë prdinmu aébdrds rdanenmsms
jmim
BdsimgbBkakn Akik,
Rutu. Dad îIkbrd Rdrdsk
m prnidnrm bd Jkajutë
frksnadnrm d m tka
k rdjdfdr krjdfnspm sua-kcrnjkgm
lmgrk. Dad imrk gms
Dstkbms Tgnbms bdsbd ;><3, mgbd î prmcdssmr bd césnjk d kstrmgmink bdsbd
;>>; gk Bkrtimutl Jmaaded, uik bks ugnvdrsnbkbds ikns nipmrtkgtds bms
Dstkbms Tgnbms. Dsjrdvdu fdst-sdaadrs bd bnvuaekåêm jndgtécnjk smfrd
jmsimamenk d sd bdjakrk ui kegústnjm d snipëtnjm bd uik vnsêm qud jmgtdstk
k dxnstàgjnk bd Bdus, kpdskr bd gêm gdeë-ak.
Eadnsdr kcnrik qud ks pdssmks tài uik vnsêm iuntm bnstmrjnbk bk jnàgjnk,
bk rdanenêm d bk rdakåêm dgtrd kifks. Daks nidbnktkidgtd jmamjki jnàgjnk d
cî jmim kgtépmbks di jmgcrmgtm jmgstkgtd, iks suk vnsêm î ui pmujm ikns
lnstúrnjm-juaturka
k jnàgjnk jmim uik qudikgncdstkåêm
k bd sdus pkrds
bm bk jmiugnbkbd
dscmråm luikgmjndgtécnjk, dgxdrekgbm
di sd dgek`kr jmi m
instîrnm bk dxnstàgjnk. D k rdanenêm î, tkifîi, uik ikgncdstkåêm bm dscmråm
luikgm di sd dgek`kr jmi dssd instîrnm. ‑K jnàgjnk pmbd bkr rdspmstks k
jdrtks qudstôds, ktî ui jdrtm pmgtm. M qud sêm m tdipm, k iktîrnk, k dgdrenk=
Ks rdspmstks jndgtécnjks sêm vëanbks kpdgks di ui æifntm tdúrnjm. Bdvdims
tdr k luinabkbd pkrk kjdntkr qud dstkims jdrjkbms bd instîrnm’, kcnrik dad,
qud bnz qud ‑dxnstdi jdrtks qudstôds qud lm`d dstêm gk crmgtdnrk jndgtécnjk,
iks qud `ë ckzdi pkrtd bd ui bnëamem luikgnstk lë inaàgnms. D lm`d gêm
pmbdi sdr rdspmgbnbks gdi pmr uik, gdi pmr mutrk. Xdgsdims gm anvrd-
krfétrnm. Lë jndgtnstks gdurmjmegntnvms d ktî césnjms trkfkalkgbm gnssm, iks
tkifîi lë cnaúsmcms d tdúamems. Dgtêm, pkrk sd tdr uik vnsêm jmdrdgtd, î
 jmipadidgtkrnbkbd gm skfdr d qud tkgtm k
prdjnsm rdjmgldjdr qud dxnstd uik jmipadidgtkrnbkbd
jnàgjnk qukgtm ks luikgnbkbds tài iuntm k kprdgbdr uiks jmi ks mutrks’.
K jnàgjnk gêm jmgsdeud ‑bdsprmvkr’ k dxnstàgjnk bd kaem? dak sú î jkpkz
bd jmiprmvkr k dxnstàgjnk. Jkra Zkekg bnznk qud ‑kusàgjnk bd dvnbàgjnk gêm
î dvnbàgjnk bd kusàgjnk’, kpanjkgbm dssk crksd è fusjk pmr vnbk
dxtrktdrrdstrd,
dak gêm dxnstk.mu sd`k, mbnz
Eadnsdr cktm bdpmbdims
qud qud gêm kuskr
kjlkims kngbk gêmpkrk
dssd rkjnmjégnm snegncnjk qud
qukaqudr
mutrk bnvngbkbd, d gêm kpdgks pkrk m Bdus `ubknjm-jrnstêm, mu sdrds
dstrkglms/intmaúenjms. Xmbdims bnzdr qud î ‑katkidgtd niprmvëvda’ mu
‑katkidgtd surprddgbdgtd’ qud kaem kssni dxnstk, iks gêm jmgsdeunims
prmvkr qud gêm dxnstk. Dgtêm pmbdims, sni, vdr di kcnrikåôds jmim ‑Bdus
gêm dxnstd’ ui ktm bd cî, pmns gêm lë gdgluik dvnbàgjnk qud kpmnd dssk
jmgvnjåêm.
Xmrtkgtm, m qud î cî, bd uik jdrtk cmrik= Smjà tdi dvnbàgjnks, iks qud
gêm sêm, bnekims, jndgtécnjks. M nipmrtkgtd gnssm tubm î qud ks pdssmks
dgtdgbki
idtmbmamenkqud dxnstdid bncdrdgåks
jndgtécnjk kfsmautkidgtd
k cî rdanenmsk. cugbkidgtkns
M qud kjmgtdjd dgtrd k
qukgbm ngsdrnims
Bdus gks akjugks bm jmgldjnidgtm jndgtécnjm= Xkrk Eadnsdr, prddgjldr tkns
akjugks jmi Bdus pmbd sdr ui prmfadik pkrk k jnàgjnk, pmns î k pkrtnr
bdssds dspkåms di frkgjm qud sd jrnki ms qudstnmgkidgtms d k fusjk pmr
rdspmstks smfrd m ugnvdrsm. Ms jndgtnstks tài ui erkgbd bdsd`m bd kprdgbdr
ikns smfrd m iugbm, d jmamjkr Bdus gks akjugks gêm dxpkgbnrë gmssk
jmiprddgsêm bm ugnvdrsm.
Iks lë uik tdrjdnrk mpåêm0 gdi dxnstnr ui bdsnegdr júsinjm, gdi sdrims
uik rkrnbkbd dstktéstnjk bdgtrm bd ui iuatnvdrsm, iks snipadsidgtd sdrims
sdrds luikgms
instîrnm anintkbms,
fusjkims qudm vnvdims
dgtdgbdr qud dstëjdrjkbms pdam bk
kjmgtdjdgbm instîrnm,
idalmrd cmrik
gdssd
pmssévda. Xkrk nauingkr dssk sntukåêm gk quka gms dgjmgtrkims jmim dspîjnd,
prdjnskims gms rdjmgdjtkr jmi m ugnvdrsm bd uik ikgdnrk ikns lkriògnjk
d ngtderkbk jmi m tmbm, jmi ui tnpm bncdrdgtd bd bnëamem dgtrd
dspnrntukanbkbd d jnàgjnk. D î dxktkidgtd nssm m qud Vupdrt Zldabrkod ckz
gdstd anvrm.
Ms dstubms kqun kprdsdgtkbms imstrki qud, gk fusjk bm sdjuakrnsim d bm
iktdrnkansim rkbnjka, kaem vkanmsm anekbm km jmgldjnidgtm luikgm pkrdjd
tdr snbm bdnxkbm pkrk trës. Gk rknz bnssm dgjmgtrkims ms imtnvms bd gms

sdgtnrims
emstkims, lm`d
k uitêm jmgsuinsim
smznglms, trnstds, kjukbms di
bdsdgcrdkbm qudidnm
gêmk trkfkalms bd qudd gêm
gms prddgjld bd
sdgtnrims gmssks vnbks vkznks bd snegncnjkbm pmr gêm gms pdrjdfdrims pkrtd
bd kaem iknmr d ikns prmcugbm.
Xmr idnm bd kgëansds, prëtnjks d vnvàgjnks rdakjnmgkbks km skerkbm, m kutmr
imstrk jmim gmssk vnsêm bd iugbm kipank k jmgdxêm qud tdims jmgmsjm
idsim d idalmrk gmssm dstkbm psnjmaúenjm d dspnrntuka ktuka. Rrkgsntkgbm
jmi dadeægjnk
cnamsmcnk, d prdjnsêm
bk prëtnjk ‑pdams
dspnrntuka, bmiégnmsd bk
bk tdmamenk bk jnàgjnk,
rdanenêm’,bktkalnstúrnk,
jmim dadbk
ngcmrik gm prdcëjnm bk mfrk, rdkanzk vnkedgs pmr auekrds jmim Ngeaktdrrk d
Nrakgbk, Durmpk Jmgtngdgtka, Kiîrnjk bm Gmrtd, Ikaësnk, Égbnk d mutrms.
Gdssds amjkns, idgsurk k dcnjëjnk bd prëtnjks dspnrntukns kgkanskgbm bkbms
jmi kbinrëvda pmbdr bd ségtdsd d imstrkgbm jmim daks pmbdi rdkaidgtd
imbncnjkr jmgdxôds gdurkns d pkbrôds bd jmipmrtkidgtm, pkrk tmrgkr ks
pdssmks ikns jmgsjndgtds d jmgdjtkbks, jkpkzds bd sdgtnr ‑m iugbm ikns qud
luikgm’, kaîi bk dxnstàgjnk iktdrnka gk quka vnvdims nidrsms.
Kgkansk bd cmrik idtúbnjk jmim cugjnmgki k idbntkåêm d k gkturdzk bk
idgtd, jmim
ks pakgtks, k prëtnjk
m pmbdr bk erktnbêm
bk iðsnjk gms trkgscmrik,
gm æifntm dspnrntuka, jmim
jmim îgmssk
gmsskjmgsjnàgjnk
rdakåêm jmiî
imbncnjkbk di pdrderngkåôds d vnkedgs k auekrds skerkbms, jmim ms rntukns
gms jmgdjtki jmi k cmråk bd suk prëtnjk km amgem bms tdipms, edrkgbm uik
trkgscdràgjnk bd idiúrnk qud dad bdgmingk bd ‑rdssmgægjnk iúrcnjk’, kaem
qud edrk jmgdxêm jmi ui jmgldjnidgtm kgjdstrka.
Zldabrkod kjrdbntk qud, km gms kfrnrims pkrk k bnidgsêm gêm iktdrnka bk
dxnstàgjnk, pmbdims dgjmgtrkr cmråks d ikgdnrks bd vnvdr vnbks ikns
skubëvdns, padgks d erktncnjkgtds. Gêm sdrnk dssk k idalmr ségtdsd pkrk m
mf`dtnvm tkgtm bk jnàgjnk qukgtm bk dspnrntukanbkbd= K gmvk rdjmgjnankåêm
dgtrd ms kpkrdgtds mpmstms `ë jmidåmu.
Kadsskgbrk @. Edaikg Vunz
mutmgm bd 6868
 Ngtrmbuåêm
]
Rmbks ks rdanenôds tài prëtnjks dspnrntukns. Dssks prëtnjks k`ubki k jmgdjtkr
pdssmks dgtrd sn d jmi cmriks bd jmgsjnàgjnk qud dstêm kaîi bm gévda
luikgm.
Ktî pmujm tdipm, k iknmrnk bms ktdus d luikgnstks sdjuakrds gêm tnglk k
idgmr bðvnbk bd qud dssks prëtnjks drki ui bdspdrbéjnm bd tdipm, qukgbm
gêm, pdrnemskidgtd nrrkjnmgkns. Jmgtubm, ks ktntubds dstêm iubkgbm,
smfrdtubm gm qud bnz rdspdntm è skðbd d km fdi-dstkr. Difmrk ks jnàgjnks
iîbnjks tdglki cdntm dgmrids kvkgåms, daks gêm jmgcdrdi ui sdgsm bd
snegncnjkbm mu cngkanbkbd è vnbk d tkipmujm dstêm bnspmstks k idalmrkr ks
rdakåôds mu k dstniuakr vkamrds jmim erktnbêm, edgdrmsnbkbd d pdrbêm. Gêm
dspdrkims qud k idbnjngk ckåk dssks jmnsks. Rmbks daks sêm pkpîns
bdsdipdglkbms pdaks rdanenôds, d tdringki pmr imstrkr qud dxdrjdi dcdntms
fdi ikns pmsntnvms smfrd k skðbd d m fdi-dstkr bks pdssmks. Dstubms bd
pdsqunsks rdjdgtds imstrki qud, di iîbnk, ks pdssmks rdanenmsks smcrdi
idgms kgsndbkbd d bdprdssêm bm qud ks qud gêm sêm rdanenmsks? _ ;3 Y sêm
idgms prmpdgsks km sunjébnm, _ ;5 Y idgms ngjangkbks k tmrgkrdi-sd cuikgtds _
;< Y d fdi ikns bnstkgtds bm kfusm bd ëajmma mu bd mutrks brmeks. _ ;> Y K
iknmrnk bdssds dstubms gêm bnssmjnk ms dcdntms bd prëtnjks d jrdgåks
dspnrntukns dspdjécnjks, d tmbks ks rdanenôds nipanjki ui kipam dspdjtrm bd
prëtnjks. Kaeuiks bdaks tkifîi pmbdi sdr rdkanzkbks di ui jmgtdxtm
sdjuakr, m qud ngjaun k idbntkåêm d k erktnbêm. Idsim pkrk pdssmks gêm
rdanenmsks, dssks prëtnjks kjkfki pmr sd imstrkr iuntm dcnjndgtds pkrk k skðbd
césnjk d idgtka.
Gm sîjuam \\, iuntks pdssmks kjrdbntkvki qud k jnàgjnk d k rkzêm amem
vnrnki k rdngkr, suprdiks, d qud k rdanenêm gêm bdimrkrnk k bdjangkr. K
luikgnbkbd ksjdgbdrnk k uik mrbdi smjnka sdjuakr, fksdkbk gk rkzêm d
anfdrtkbk bms ernalôds bms bmeiks d supdrstnåôds kgtnems. Jmgtubm, di vdz
bd cdgdjdr, ks rdanenôds pdrsnstnrki. M nsakinsim gêm bdskpkrdjdu. M
lngbuésim dstë vnvm, d iuntm fdi. M prdstéenm bm fubnsim sú ckz kuidgtkr
gms pkésds qud kgtdrnmridgtd gêm m kbmtkvki, di pkrtd erkåks km Bkakn
Akik. K prëtnjk bm jrnstnkgnsim dstë, bd cktm, di bdjaégnm gk iknmr pkrtd bk
Durmpk d bk Kiîrnjk bm Gmrtd, iks vdi jrdsjdgbm gk Ëcrnjk sufskkrnkgk,
fdi jmim gk Ësnk d gm Xkjécnjm, mgbd ktukaidgtd lë ikns jrnstêms bm qud gk
_ 68 Y
Durmpk.
mcnjnkaidgtd ktduGkd kVðssnk,
rdanenêmburkgtd m pdrémbm
drk frutkaidgtd smvnîtnjm,
rdprninbk? m Dstkbm
jmgtubm, bdsbddrkk
bdrrmjkbk bm snstdik jmiugnstk di ;>>;, k prmpmråêm bd jrnstêms gk
pmpuakåêm tdvd ui kuidgtm sufstkgjnka. Di ;>>;, 3;% bms russms
bdsjrdvnki-sd jmim pdssmks sdi rdanenêm, d :;% kcnrikvki sdr jrnstêms
mrtmbmxms? pmr vmatk bd 688<, kpdgks ;<% kcnrikvki gêm tdr gdgluik
mrt mbmxms. _ 6; Y
rdanenêm, d 56% bnznki sdr jrnstêms mrtmbmxms.
Jmim rdkåêm k dssks tdgbàgjnks ngdspdrkbks, lmuvd ui rdgksjnidgtm bm
ktdésim inantkgtd. Dssk jruzkbk kgtnrrdanenmsk bm sîjuam \\N cmn anbdrkbk
pdams jlkikbms Gmvms Ktdus, smfrdtubm pmr Zki Lkrrns, kutmr bd Rld Dgb
mc
diCkntl0 Vdanenmg,
Rld Emb Rdrrmr,
Bdausnmg
Bdausnmg? kgbBdggdtt,
? Bkgnda tld Cuturd
di mcFrdko
Vdksmg
Vdksmg?
nge ?tld
Frdkonge pmrZpdaa0
Vnjlkrb Bkwongs,
Vdanenmg ks k
Gkturka Xldgmidgmg
Xldgmidgmg?? d Jlrnstmpldr Lntjldgs, di Emb ns Gmt Erdkt0 Lmw
Vdanenmg Xmnsmgs Dvdrytlnge.
Ms Gmvms Ktdus gêm kjrdbntki di Bdus, iks tài uik cmrtd jrdgåk gk
cnamsmcnk bm iktdrnkansim. Ms iktdrnkanstks kjrdbntki qud m Tgnvdrsm ngtdnrm
î ngjmgsjndgtd, cmrikbm pmr iktîrnk ngbncdrdgtd d emvdrgkbm pmr adns
iktdiëtnjks nipdssmkns. K gkturdzk gêm tdi cngkanbkbd mu prmpúsntm. K
dvmauåêm î m rdsuatkbm bk ngtdrkåêm dgtrd m kjksm d k gdjdssnbkbd césnjk. K
jmgsjnàgjnk î jmgcngkbk gms rdjdssms ikns prmcugbms bk jkfdåk, d sú dxnstd
gm ngtdrnmr
idgtd bm jîrdfrm.
luikgk0 Bdus,
pmrtkgtm, ms kg`ms
dstêm bdgtrmd dspérntms
bm jîrdfrmsêm luikgm.
nbdnks cmrikbks gk
Gêm tài
dxnstàgjnk ngbdpdgbdgtd di uik dscdrk jkpkz bd bdtdringkr ks prúprnks
gmriks bd jmgbutk.
K pkrtnr bdssd snstdik iktdrnkanstk bd jrdgåks, k rdanenêm sd kssdidalk k
ui dikrkglkbm bd supdrstnåêm d nrrkjnmgkanbkbd? rdprdsdgtk ui dstëenm
dvmautnvm qud k luikgnbkbd `ë bdnxmu pkrk trës. Ks pdssmks qud kngbk sêm
rdanenmsks sêm snipaúrnks mu dqunvmjkbks? bdvdi sdr anfdrtkbks bk jnakbk di
qud sd bdnxkrki kpkglkr, mu, pdam idgms, sdus cnalms bdvdi tdr mutrk
dbujkåêm.

K vnsêm bd bk
sdjuakrnzkåêm iugbm iktdrnkanstk
Durmpk bdsdipdglmu
d bk Kiîrnjk ui pkpda
bm Gmrtd, pkpda qud cmncugbkidgtka gk
kjmipkglkbm
pmr ui bdjaégnm bk prëtnjk rdanenmsk trkbnjnmgka, smfrdtubm dgtrd ks pdssmks
bd cmrikåêm jrnstê. _ 66 Y Gk Durmpk ktuka, sú uik pdqudgk ingmrnk prktnjk
rdeuakridgtd k cî jrnstê. Gk Ngeaktdrrk, k pmrjdgtkedi bms qud crdqudgtkvki
nerd`ks di 68;4 drk bd 4% bk pmpuakåêm, fdi idgmr bm qud ms ;6% qud m
ckznki di ;><8. _ 6: Y Tik prmpmråêm fdi ikns katk bk pmpuakåêm, 2>%,
bdcngd-sd jmim gêm rdanenmsk ‚_ 64msY jlkikbms ‑gmgds’. _ 62 Y Gk pmpuakåêm
frkgjk, ms gmgds drki iknmrnk.
Dxjdtm gk Vðssnk, ui bdjaégnm bk cî d bk prëtnjk jrnstês mjmrrdu di quksd
tmbk k Durmpk, tkgtm gms pkésds jktúanjms-rmikgms jmim gms prmtdstkgtds.
Di 68;;, gk Crkgåk, ui pkés lnstmrnjkidgtd jktúanjm, kpdgks 4% bk
pmpuakåêm crdqudgtkvk k nerd`k uik vdz pmr sdikgk, _ 63 Y ikns mu idgms k
idsik pmrjdgtkedi dgjmgtrkbk gk Zuîjnk, prmtdstkgtd bm pmgtm bd vnstk
lnstúrnjm. _ 65 Y Idsim di pkésds mgbd k Nerd`k Jktúanjk jmstuikvk sdr iuntm
cmrtd, lmuvd qudbks brëstnjks bd rntms rdanenmsms. Gk Vdpðfanjk Nrakgbdsk, di
68;;, kpdgks jdrjk bd ;<% bks pdssmks nki è inssk bmingnjka, iuntm idgms
bm qud ks quksd >8% di ;><2. _ 6< Y Ktî gk Xmaògnk, m pkés ikns rdanenmsm bk
Durmpk, m jmipkrdjnidgtm bmingnjka ès nerd`ks bdjknu pkrk idgms bd 28%
68;;. _ 6> Y
pmr vmatk bd 68;;.
Lm`d, k iknmrnk bms pkésds durmpdus î prdbmingkgtdidgtd sdjuakr, d
jmstuik sdr bdsjrntk jmim pús-jrnstê. Ms Dstkbms Tgnbms, pmrîi, sêm ikns
rdanenmsms. Di 68;2, <>% bms gmrtd-kidrnjkgms bnznki kjrdbntkr di Bdus,
55% nbdgtncnjkvki-sd jmi uik cî rdanenmsk d :3% crdqudgtkvki kaeui
sdrvnåm rdanenmsm pmr sdikgk. K prmpmråêm bd ktdus drk bd :%, iuntm ikns
fknxk bm qud gk iknmr pkrtd bk Durmpk. _ :8 Y Jmgtubm, idsim gms Dstkbms
Tgnbms k kcnankåêm d k jdadfrkåêm rdanenmsks dstêm di crkgjm bdjaégnm. _ :; Y
Ktukaidgtd, tubm dstë di imvnidgtm. Ms prdssupmstms cugbkidgtkns bm
iktdrnkansim pkrdjdi iuntm qudstnmgëvdns qukgbm dxkingkbms è auz bms
kvkgåms gks prúprnks jnàgjnks, jmim imstrm di idu anvrm Jnàgjnk sdi
Bmeiks.. Dgqukgtm nssm, k dxnstàgjnk bk jmgsjnàgjnk luikgk tmrgmu-sd jkbk
Bmeiks
vdz ikns prmfadiëtnjk pkrk ms iktdrnkanstks, qud pkrtdi bm prdssupmstm bd
qud tubm î cdntm bd iktîrnk ngjmgsjndgtd, ngjausnvd m jîrdfrm luikgm. Zd
kssni cmr, jmim k jmgsjnàgjnk didred gms jîrdfrms, qukgbm dstë kusdgtd bd
tmbm m rdstm bk gkturdzk= Dssd î m jlkikbm ‑prmfadik bncéjna’ gk cnamsmcnk
bk idgtd.

Dspnrntukanbkbd cmrk bk rdanenêm

rdanenêm
Dssds bdjaégnms bk kcnankåêm d mfsdrvægjnk ès gmriks rdanenmsks gêm
snegncnjki qud, di suk iknmrnk, ks pdssmks sd tmrgkrki ktdnks. Di 68;:,
uik pdsqunsk ngeadsk imstrmu qud kpdgks ;:% bms kbuatms kcnrikvki
jmgjmrbkr jmi k kcnrikåêm bd qud ‑ms luikgms sêm sdrds purkidgtd
iktdrnkns sdi gdglui dadidgtm dspnrntuka’. Ikns bd · bd tmbms ms kbuatms
bnssdrki
pmbdims qud kjrdbntki
dxpanjkr qud bk
pmr idnm ‑lëjnàgjnk
jmnsks mugk bdvnbkquknsqudr
qud snipadsidgtd gêm
mutrms idnms’.
Idsim dgtrd ks pdssmks qud sd bdsjrdvdrki jmim gêm rdanenmsks, ikns bd
38% bnssdrki qud lë jmnsks qud gêm pmbdi sdr dxpanjkbks, d ikns bd ⅚
kjrdbntkvk gk dxnstàgjnk bd sdrds dspnrntukns. _ :6 Y
[uknsqudr qud sd`ki ks jrdgåks bdjakrkbks bks pdssmks, dstubms rdjdgtds
tài imstrkbm qud ks dxpdrnàgjnks dspnrntukns sêm surprddgbdgtdidgtd
jmiugs, idsim dgtrd kqudads qud sd bdsjrdvdi jmim gêm rdanenmsms. _ :: Y
Dstks ngjaudi dxpdrnàgjnks bd quksd imrtd, dxpdrnàgjnks iéstnjks
dspmgtægdks d rdvdakåôds burkgtd k ngedstêm bd brmeks psnjmbîanjks. K
Vdanenmus Dxpdrndgjd
Kanstdr Lkrby, Vdsdkrjl
pdreugtmu Tgnt
km pðfanjm di Mxcmrb,
ngeaàs0 ‑Smjà `ëjrnkbk
sdgtnu pdam fnúamem snr
uik prdsdgåk mu
ui pmbdr, jlkid-ms bd Bdus mu gêm, qud î bncdrdgtd bm sdu du bk vnbk
jmtnbnkgk=’. Di ;>5<, :3% bnssdrki qud sni? di ;><5, 2<%? d, di 6888,
ikns bd 54% bms pkrtnjnpkgtds bnssdrki dstkr ‑jndgtds bd uik bnidgsêm
dspnrntuka bd suk dxpdrnàgjnk’. Di ;>36, k mrekgnzkåêm Ekaaup pdreugtmu kms
gmrtd-kidrnjkgms sd dads `ë tnvdrki ‑uik dxpdrnàgjnk rdanenmsk mu iéstnjk’, d
66% rdspmgbdrki qud sni? di ;>>2, ::%? d, di 688>, 2>%. _ :2 Y
Dssks pdsqunsks gêm snegncnjki gdjdsskrnkidgtd qud ks dxpdrnàgjnks
dspnrntukns d iéstnjks sd`ki ikns jmiugs bm qud drki? daks pmbdi rdcadtnr
ui dgcrkqudjnidgtm
tnglki idbm bd qud,bmsdtkfu bd ckakr smfrd
kbintnssdi tkns dxpdrnàgjnks.
tdr vnvdgjnkbm Iuntksiéstnjks,
dxpdrnàgjnks pdssmks
sdrnki dstneiktnzkbks jmim idgtkaidgtd bdsdqunanfrkbks. Jmgtubm, ks
tdgbàgjnks bmingkgtds gk psnqunktrnk d gk psnjmamenk ktukns dstêm lm`d ikns
kfdrtks ès ‑dxpdrnàgjnks kgòikaks’, d suk bnsjussêm tmrgmu-sd juaturkaidgtd
ikns kjdntëvda. _ :4 Y
M sdjuakrnsim gêm advmu k uik dxtngåêm bm ngtdrdssd pdams bmiégnms
dspnrntukns, gdi k ui mfsjurdjnidgtm bks dxpdrnàgjnks dspnrntukns. _ :3 Y
Jmgtubm, ms ngtdrdssds d ks dxpdrndgjnkns dspnrntukns bd iuntks pdssmks lm`d
kjmgtdjdi cmrk bks dstruturks rdanenmsks trkbnjnmgkns. Xmr dxdipam, inalôds
prktnjki ymek dqud
dspnrntukanbkbd idbntkåêm di ui jmgtdxtm
dstêm surengbm sdjuakr.
sdjuakr
fksdnki-sd . Gmvks cmriks gk
cugbkidgtkaidgtd bd
dxpdrnàgjnk pdssmka. Daks sktnsckzdi uik gdjdssnbkbd qud m ktdésim gêm
jmgsdeud ktdgbdr.
K jrnsd bk ngcnbdanbkbd
Ktdus ngcadxévdns, jmim Bkgnda Bdggdtt d Vnjlkrb Bkwongs, bdsjmgcnki bks
dxpdrnàgjnks dspnrntukns
dcdntms quéinjms d tdgbdi
jmaktdrkns. k rd`dntë-aks
Jmgtubm, jmim jrdsjdgtd
ui gðidrm bdaérnms jdrdfrkns
bd ktdus mud
luikgnstks sdjuakrds dstë bnspmstm k ckakr smfrd dssks dxpdrnàgjnks d, gk
rdkanbkbd, k và-aks jmim dssdgjnkns km camrdsjnidgtm luikgm.
M kutmr bd anvrms ngckgtm-`uvdgns Xlnanp Xuaaikg, ju`m ktdésim î
gmtmrnkidgtd jmgldjnbm, qukgbm kngbk `mvdi tdvd uik dxpdrnàgjnk iéstnjk
qud m bdnxmu jmi k jmgvnjåêm bd qud m ugnvdrsm î ‑vnvm, jmgsjndgtd d jldnm
bd prmpúsntms’. Di uik dgtrdvnstk rdjdgtd, dad bnssd0 ‑Rubm qud dsjrdvn,
idsim ks jmnsks ikns cuekzds d snipads, cmn uik tdgtktnvk bd bkr
tdstdiuglm bk vdrbkbd bkqudak kcnrikåêm’. _ :5 Y
M cnaúsmcm
jmgjausêm Kakngkmbdkfkgbmgkrdi
bd qud, Fmttmg, qudk cmn dbujkbm
rdanenêm, jmimdipmfrdjdi
ms ktdus ktdu, jldemusuksè
vnbks. Di sdu fdst-sdaadr Vdanenmg Cmr Ktldnsts0 K Gmg-Fdandvdr„
Gmg-Fdandvdr„ss Eunbd tm
tld Tsds mc Vdanenmg,
Vdanenmg, dad imstrk jmim k rdanenêm sktnsckz ks gdjdssnbkbds
smjnkns d pdssmkns qud uik vnbk dxjausnvkidgtd sdjuakr gêm tdrnk jmgbnåôds
bd sktnsckzdr.
Bd Fmttmg drk cnalm bd bmns `ubdus sdjuakrds qud, sdeugbm dad, ‑puglki k
jrdgåk rdanenmsk di ui auekr gêm iuntm bnstkgtd bk jrdgåk di Xkpkn Gmda...
Zd idus pkns bdsjmfrnssdi qud qukaqudr idifrm bd sdu jérjuam smjnka
kjkadgtkssdi quknsqudr sdgtnidgtms rdanenmsms jakgbdstngms, jmidåkrnki k
và-ams jmi m jmi
bnkegmstnjkbks tnpm uik
bd pdgk ikns
bmdgåk jmiuidgtdk rdsdrvkbm
bdedgdrktnvk? pkrtnr bké, èssdrnk
pdssmks
fdi
advë-aks k sîrnm.’ _ :< Y
pmssévda qud gugjk ikns vmatkssdi k advë-aks
Di idkbms bd sdus 68 kgms bd nbkbd, bd Fmttmg pkssmu pdam qud jlkik
bd ‑jrnsd bd nrrdanenmsnbkbd’. Difmrk jmgtngukssd k sdr ui ktdu edguégm,
jmgsdeunu sd anfdrtkr erkåks km pdgskidgtm bd qud sdrnk pmssévda kbdrnr k
uik rdanenêm sdi sufsjrdvdr k suks jrdgåks rdanenmsks. Bd Fmttmg jldemu è
jmgjausêm bd qud suk rdsnstàgjnk jmgtéguk ès nbdnks rdanenmsks ‑gêm drk uik
`ustncnjktnvk pkrk kfrnr iêm bk iðsnjk, bms cugbkidgtms, bks prdjds, bms
rntukns, bks cdstnvnbkbds, bms skgtuërnms, bks pdrderngkåôds, bks rdcdnåôds
jmiugntërnks d bms ikgusjrntms nauingkbms bk cî0’
 K smjndbkbd sdjuakr cmn ng`ustkidgtd dipmfrdjnbk pdak pdrbk bd ui jmg`ugtm bd prëtnjks
d tdiks jmi qud ms ktdus di edrka kjlki nipmssévda jmgvnvdr _...Y. Jrdsjdims jmi
idbm bk pkakvrk ‑imrka’. Dxprninims bdsbîi sú km pdgskr di muvnr ui sdriêm. Di
gkbk gms ngtdrdssk k nbdnk bd qud k krtd bdvk sdr dbncnjkgtd mu tdr uik inssêm îtnjk. Gêm
vkims ès pdrderngkåôds. Zmims ngjkpkzds bd jmgstrunr tdipams. Gêm tdims idjkgnsims
pkrk dxprdsskr erktnbêm. K nbdnk bd adr ui anvrm bd kutmk`ubk tmrgmu-sd kfsurbk pkrk ms
ikns ngtdadjtukanzkbms. Gêm gms kerkbk ckzdr dxdrjéjnms idgtkns. Dstrkglms rkrkidgtd
jkgtki `ugtms. _ :> Y
Bd Fmttmg bnz qud qudr dgrnqudjdr k vnbk bms ktdus ‑rmufkgbm’ dssks
prëtnjks bk rdanenêm, è quka dad rdjmrrd di fusjk bd ngsnelts smfrd m imbm bd
jrnkr ui sdgsm bd jmiugnbkbd, ckzdr jmi qud ms rdakjnmgkidgtms burdi,
supdrkr sdgtnidgtms bd ngvd`k d ngkbdqukåêm d dxtrknr ikns rnqudzk bk krtd,
bk krquntdturk d bk iðsnjk.
Mutrm ktdu, Zki Lkrrns, ikns jmgldjnbm pmr suks pmaàinjks
kgtnrrdanenmsks, î, km idsim tdipm, ui prktnjkgtd bd idbntkåêm dgek`kbm.
Dad pkssmu bmns kgms gk Égbnk, jmgvdrskgbm jmi eurus, d cmn ngnjnkbm gk
trkbnåêm idbntktnvk Bzmejldg, bm fubnsim tnfdtkgm. Di sdu anvrm Ukonge
Tp0 Zdkrjlnge cmr Zpnrntukanty Untlmut Vdanenmg,
Vdanenmg, dad dsjrdvd0
K dspnrntukanbkbd jmgtnguk k sdr m erkgbd vëjum gm sdjuakrnsim, bm luikgnsim, bm
rkjnmgkansim, bm ktdésim d bd tmbks ks mutrks pmsturks bdcdgsnvks jmi qud ms lmidgs d
iualdrds sdgsktms sd dgtrdjlmjki gk prdsdgåk bk cî nrrkjnmgka. Ks pdssmks bd kifms ms
akbms bdssk bnvnsêm nikengki qud k dxpdrnàgjnk vnsnmgërnk gêm tdi auekr gm jmgtdxtm bk
jnàgjnk ‚ k gêm sdr gms jmrrdbmrds bd ui lmspntka psnqunëtrnjm. Dgqukgtm gêm
jmgsdeunrims ckakr smfrd k dspnrntukanbkbd di tdrims rkjnmgkns ‚ rdjmgldjdgbm k vkanbdz
bk kutmtrkgsjdgbàgjnk ‚, gmssm iugbm jmgtngukrë crkeidgtkbm pdam bmeiktnsim. _ 28 Y

mg-angd.. _ 2; Y
Lm`d, Lkrrns dgsngk idbntkåêm di jursms mg-angd
Dgqukgtm nssm, uik gmvk nerd`k ktdéstk ‚ k jlkikbk Zugbky Kssdify _ 26 Y
(Kssdifadnk bd Bmingem)
cugbkbk di Amgbrds, ‚ jmgtnguk
di 68;:, pmr bmnsk luimrnstks,
sd dxpkgbnrZkgbdrsmg
rkpnbkidgtd.
@mgdsCmnd
Xnppk Dvkgs. Zdus sdrvnåms ngjaudi m jkgtm, k cmrikåêm bd akåms kcdtnvms
dgtrd pdqudgms erupms d lnstúrnks dbncnjkgtds. Zdu adik î0 ‑Snvk idalmr,
k`ubd sdiprd qud pmssévda, tdglk vmgtkbd d jurnmsnbkbd bd skfdr’. @mgds
bdsjrdvd k sn prúprnm jmim ui ‑iéstnjm luikgnstk’, d dspdrk qud k
Kssdifadnk bd Bmingem, km jmgtrërnm bd mutrms erupms luikgnstks,
bdsdgvmavk uik ikrjk dxtëtnjk d jkrnsiëtnjk bm luikgnsim. _ 2: Y _ 22 Y
Iuntks bks kgtneks dsjmaks ktdéstks dstêm bnspmstks k kbintnr k vkanbkbd bd
sdgtnidgtms bd tdimr rdvdrdgjnka d bdsauifrkidgtm bnkgtd bm imbm jmim m
Tgnvdrsm
jmgjdssêm îè rdvdakbm pdak bk
suf`dtnvnbkbd jnàgjnk. Xmrîi, dssk
dspnrntukanbkbd. Tikî gmvk
prktnjkidgtd sukktdus
edrkåêm bd ðgnjk
d
luikgnstks sdjuakrds vdi dxpamrkgbm m tdrrntúrnm trkbnjnmgka bk rdanenêm d
tdgtkgbm ngjmrpmrkr uik vkstk ekik bd prëtnjks dspnrntukns k ui dstnam bd
vnbk sdjuakr. Dgqukgtm nssm, ms dcdntms bks prëtnjks dspnrntukns di sn dstêm
sdgbm ngvdstnekbms pmr idnms jndgtécnjms jmim gugjk m cmrki kgtds.
Dstubms jndgtécnjms bk prëtnjk
prëtnjk dspnrntuka
Di cngs bm sîjuam \\, k pkrtnr bd prniúrbnms bk bîjkbk bd ;>58, ms
jndgtnstks jmidåkrki k ngvdstnekr ui kipam dspdjtrm bd prëtnjks dspnrntukns,
ngjausnvd ‚ iks sdi anintkåêm ‚ k idbntkåêm, k prdjd, m jkgtm jmiugntërnm d
k prëtnjk bk erktnbêm. Di 688;, uik rdsdglk kfrkgedgtd gm Lkgbfmmo mc
Vdanenmg kgb Ldkatl ugncnjmu ks bdsjmfdrtks bd ikns bd ;.688 dstubms bd
pdsqunsks. _ 24 Y Gdstd sîjuam, kuidgtmu iuntm k qukgtnbkbd bd pdsqunsks, d
uik sdeugbk dbnåêm bm Lkgbfmmo, pufanjkbk di 68;6, rdsdglkvk ikns bd
6.;88 dstubms qukgtntktnvms, bd fkgjms bd bkbms, pufanjkbms bdsbd m kgm
6888. Iuntms mutrms cmrki pufanjkbms bdsbd dgtêm. Di edrka, ms rdsuatkbms

imstrki
bdgtrd ms qud
quknsksidalmr
prëtnjks rdanenmsks
skðbd césnjk ddidgtka,
dspnrntukns
idgmstrkzdi iuntms
tdgbàgjnk fdgdcéjnms,d
è bdprdssêm
iknmr amgedvnbkbd. _ 23 Y
K vdalk mpmsnåêm dgtrd jnàgjnk d rdanenêm î uik ckask bnjmtmink. Ms
dstubms jndgtécnjms bd idgtd ikns kfdrtk dgcktnzki gmssm dgtdgbnidgtm bks
prëtnjks dspnrntukns d rdanenmsks.
Gdstd anvrm, bnsjutm ms sdtd tnpms bd prëtnjk d pkssm di rdvnstk ms dstubms
jndgtécnjms smfrd sdus dcdntms. Gêm ngjaum tmbks ks prëtnjks dspnrntukns
pmssévdns, iks kpdgks uik sdadåêm anintkbk. Xrdtdgbm
Xr dtdgbm dxpamrkr iuntks mutrks
di ui anvrm sufsdqudgtd.

jmiDssks prëtnjks
ui dstnam bd sêm
vnbkjmipktévdns
rdanenmsm. tkgtm jmi ui dstnam bd vnbk sdjuakr qukgtm
Xmr sn sús, ks prëtnjks sêm smfrd dxpdrnàgjnk, gêm smfrd jrdgåk. Kngbk
kssni, jmim imstrkrdn gk bnsjussêm bdstd anvrm, ks jrdgåks kcdtki k
ngtdrprdtkåêm bks prëtnjks. Xmr dxdipam, km amgem bd iuntms sîjuams ks
pdssmks idbntkrki bd kjmrbm jmi ks trkbnåôds rdanenmsks lngbus, fubnstks,
`ubknjks, jrnstês, iuåuaikgks, snquds _ 25 Y dtj. Kssni m cnzdrki gk jrdgåk bd
qud suks prëtnjks ms jmgdjtkvki jmi ui gévda bd jmgsjnàgjnk ikns-qud-
luikgm.
Ms iktdrnkanstks gdeki, jmim qudstêm bd prngjépnm, k dxnstàgjnk bk
jmgsjnàgjnk pkrk kaîi bm gévda luikgm. Dgqukgtm idbntki, dads pdgski gks
dxpdrnàgjnks jmim gkbk kaîi bd iubkgåks bdgtrm bm jîrdfrm, jmgcngkbks
kms anintds bk jkfdåk. Kpdskr bnssm, sd`k quka cmr m snstdik bd jrdbm, ks
pdssmks qud prktnjki k idbntkåêm iuntks vdzds rdjdfdi fdgdcéjnms qud
dgrnqudjdi suk vnbk.
Ks sdtd prëtnjks qud bnsjutm gdstd anvrm sêm jmiugs k tmbks ks rdanenôds.
Rmbks
lngbus prmimvdi k erktnbêm.
vêm k tdipams Lë kpdrderngkåêm
bdbnjkbms di tmbks
bdusds d bdusks, ks trkbnåôds
k imgtkglks ‚ ms
skerkbks,
jmim m imgtd Oknaksl, d k rnms skerkbms, jmim m Ekgeds. Ms iuåuaikgms
ckzdi pdrderngkåôds k Idjk. Ms `ubdus, jrnstêms d iuåuaikgms ckzdi
pdrderngkåêm k @druskaîi. Gk Durmpk Mjnbdgtka, ms jrnstêms vêm k Zkgtnkem
bd Jmipmstdak, k Vmik, Jkgtuërnk d Jlkrtrds? ms jktúanjms nrakgbdsds vêm k
Jrmkel Xktrnjo, k imgtkglk nrakgbdsk skerkbk, d k Amuel Bdre, m akem
skerkbm.
Vdjmgdjtkr-sd jmi m iugbm ikns-qud-luikgm ckz pkrtd bd tmbks ks
trkbnåôds rdanenmsks, d tmbms sd jmgdjtki bd imbm dspnrntukaidgtd
snegncnjktnvm
d dgjmgtrki-sdjmidiks pakgtks.
tmbks ksMsrdanenôds
rntukns sêmd uik dxprdssêm
smjndbkbds bd dspnrntukanbkbd,
sdjuakrds. Rmbks ks
trkbnåôds dspnrntukns uski m jkgtmjlêm d m jkgtm.
Gm cngka bd jkbk jkpétuam, suenrm buks ikgdnrks pmr idnm bks qukns vmjà
pmbd mftdr dxpdrnàgjnks bnrdtks bdssks
bdssks prëtnjks pmr sn idsim.
 ;
Idbntkåêm d k Gkturdzk bk Idgtd
]
Bd tmbks ks prëtnjks dspnrntukns bnsjutnbks gdstd anvrm, k idbntkåêm î k ikns
ngtdrnmrnzkbk. [ukgbm idbntki, ks pdssmks ngtdrrmipdi suks ktnvnbkbds
gmrikns d, di edrka, cdjlki ms malms d cnjki jkaikidgtd sdgtkbks.
Gdstd jkpétuam, jmidåkrdn pdak bnsjussêm bks nipanjkåôds bk idbntkåêm.
Di sdeunbk, bdpmns bd uik frdvd lnstúrnk bdssk prëtnjk bd jmgjdgtrkåêm
idgtka, bnsjutnrdn k pdsqunsk di sdus dcdntms smfrd k skðbd césnjk d idgtka, d
smfrd m imbm jmim dak ked smfrd k cnsnmamenk bms prktnjkgtds bd idbntkåêm d
k ktnvnbkbd bd sdu jîrdfrm. Xmr ðatnim, kprmcugbkrdn k dxpdrnàgjnk bk
idbntkåêm d bd suks nipanjkåôds pkrk gmssm dgtdgbnidgtm bk jmgsjnàgjnk,
tkgtm luikgk qukgtm ikns-qud-luikgk.
Xkrk ui mfsdrvkbmr dxtdrgm, kaeuîi sdgtkbm jkaikidgtd, bd malms
cdjlkbms, pmbdrnk dstkr mrkgbm di vdz bd idbntkgbm, d, bd cktm, ui tnpm bd
prdjd ‚ k prdjd jmgtdipaktnvk ‚ î uik cmrik bd idbntkåêm. Jmgtubm, k
dxpdrnàgjnk ngtdrnmr î iuntm bncdrdgtd. Iuntms tnpms bd prdjd bnrdjnmgki k
idgtd pkrk m iugbm dxtdrgm, jmim gk mrkåêm pmr mutrks pdssmks, ckzdr
pdbnbms pmr daks d dxprninr ngtdgåôds. K idbntkåêm gêm bnz rdspdntm k
ngtdgåôds mu pdbnbms? dak tdi k vdr jmi m kfkgbmgm bms pdgskidgtms.
Du idbntm, ckåm mrkåôds d, qukgbm pdgsm gk bncdrdgåk dgtrd daks, pdrjdfm-
ks jmim kaem anekbm è ngspnrkåêm d è dxpnrkåêm. K idbntkåêm î jmim k
ngspnrkåêm, qud bnrdjnmgk k idgtd pkrk bdgtrm? k prdjd î jmim k dxpnrkåêm,
qud bnrdjnmgk k idgtd pkrk cmrk. K idbntkåêm nipanjk ui bdsanekidgtm bks
prdmjupkåôds gmrikns bm jmtnbnkgm, jmi k jmgsjnàgjnk vmatkbk pkrk bdgtrm?
ks prdjds pdtnjnmgërnks _supanjkgtdsY d prmpnjnktúrnks _qud fusjki ks fmks
erkåks bdY aneki k vnbk bm dspérntm km qud dstë kjmgtdjdgbm gm iugbm
dxtdrnmr0 dssk prdjd î bnrdjnmgkbk pkrk cmrk.
 Dxnstdi iuntks tîjgnjks bd idbntkåêm, d bncdrdgtds cmriks sêm
dgjmgtrkbks di tmbks ks prngjnpkns trkbnåôds rdanenmsks. K iknmrnk î
prktnjkbk jmi k pdssmk sdgtkbk, iks kaeuiks ngjmrpmrki m imvnidgtm, d
gêm kpdgks m cktm bd k pdssmk sdgtkr-sd niúvda ‚ pmr dxdipam, k jkinglkbk
sniuatægdk ès idbntkåôds zdg d qnemge, uik sîrnd bd imvnidgtms adgtms d
lkrimgnmsms, jmifngkbms jmi uik prmcugbk rdspnrkåêm rétinjk.
ré tinjk.
Ks prëtnjks ikns kipakidgtd uskbks gm iugbm mjnbdgtka imbdrgm
bdrnvki bks trkbnåôds lngbu d fubnstks, d, di edrka, nipanjki k rdpdtnåêm
snadgjnmsk bd ui ikgtrk, uik pkakvrk mu crksd, mu prdstkr ktdgåêm è
rdspnrkåêm. M qud kjmgtdjd î qud uik pkrtd bk idgtd sd dgvmavd gk rdpdtnåêm
snadgjnmsk bd ui ikgtrk mu gk ktdgåêm è rdspnrkåêm, dgqukgtm mutrks pkrtds
bk idgtd bêm jmgtngunbkbd k suks ktnvnbkbds gmrikns. Ti cauxm jmgtégum bd
pdgskidgtms d sdgskåôds di edrka gms dgvmavd d prdmjupk. Jmgtubm, tdr ui
cmjm katdrgktnvm bd ktdgåêm vmatkbm pkrk m ikgtrk mu k rdspnrkåêm ngtdrrmipd
dssd cauxm km prmpnjnkr mutrm pmgtm bd rdcdràgjnk pkrk k idgtd.

bmsGdssd prmjdssm,
mutrms, ms prktnjkgtds
qud pdgskidgtms bd idbntkåêm
d sdgskåôds pdrjdfdi,
ngugbki ugs amem
suks idgtds, bdpmns
d qud dads
ngtdrkedi jmi dssds pdgskidgtms d sd dsqudjdi bd tubm smfrd m ikgtrk mu
k rdspnrkåêm ‚ ktî qud dssds rdtmrgdi bd gmvm k dads. Di sdeunbk, m prmjdssm
rdjmidåk.
K prëtnjk bd rdpdtnr m ikgtrk mu mfsdrvkr k rdspnrkåêm rdaktnvnzk d k`ubk k
bdsvngjuakr m prktnjkgtd bd idbntkåêm bd suk ktnvnbkbd idgtka jmgtéguk, ui
prmjdssm qud, bd mutrm imbm, vnrnk
vnr nk k skturkr k idgtd. Xmr idnm bk prëtnjk, î
pmssévda mfsdrvkr m imvnidgtm bd nr d vnr bms pdgskidgtms, jmim guvdgs
qud pksski gm jîu, mu jmim pdnxds qud gkbki gk ëeuk.
Xmr qud
advki vnbksnssm î ðtna=
iuntm Mgbd dstë
mjupkbks, suk qukanbkbd
mrndgtkbks pkrk kdspdjnka= Xkrk ksbdpdssmks
kåêm, rdpadtks qudk
kentkåêm,
idbntkåêm pmbd pkrdjdr kaem jmim uik pdrbk bd tdipm. Î m mpmstm bd gmssk
tdgbàgjnk mjnbdgtka k sdeunr k dxmrtkåêm0 ‑Gêm cnqud ké pkrkbm, ckåk kaeuik
jmnsk!’. Î ikns sdidalkgtd k uik dxmrtkåêm bnkidtrkaidgtd mpmstk0 ‑Gêm
ckåk gkbk, cnqud ké sdgtkbm!’.
Ti bms dcdntms bk idbntkåêm î ui kuidgtm bm kutmjmgldjnidgtm, uik
iknmr jmgsjnàgjnk bm cugjnmgkidgtm bd gmssk idgtd. Xmbdims prdssupmr
qud dstkims gm tmtka jmgtrmad bd gmssms pdgskidgtms d bd gmssks ktdgåôds.
Xmrîi, idsim uik anednrk ckinankrnbkbd jmi k prëtnjk bk idbntkåêm gms
tmrgk jmgsjndgtds
quêm nrrnsúrnm bd qukgtms
î m jmgtrmad pdgskidgtms
qud tdims sd prmjdssm.
smfrd dssd ngsdrdi di gmsskksidgtd,
Idsim pdssmksd
qud prktnjkrki idbntkåêm burkgtd iuntms kgms gêm pksski ngstkgtkgdkidgtd
pkrk ui dstkbm bd fdi-kvdgturkgåk d trkgqunanbkbd idgtka. K idgtd bdaks
jmgtnguk k edrkr pdgskidgtms d nikedgs, d sdus sdgtnbms d sdu jmrpm
jmgtnguki k edrkr sdgskåôds, idsim qud daks jmgsneki dvntkr kanidgtë-aks
jmi ktdgåêm d dgdrenk.
K idbntkåêm î uik prëtnjk dspnrntuka pmrqud bnz rdspdntm k vnvdr gm
prdsdgtd, m qud tkifîi pmbd sdr vnvdgjnkbm jmim dstkr pkrk sdiprd gk
prdsdgåk bd uik idgtd mu jmgsjnàgjnk mu pdrjdpåêm iknmrds bm qud k
prúprnk. Xmr mutrm akbm, ms pdgskidgtms qud jmgtngukidgtd caudi pkrk gmssk
idgtd advki-gms bm prdsdgtd pkrk adifrkgåks, bdsd`ms, ckgtksnks mu
rdssdgtnidgtms smfrd drrms pksskbms, mu smfrd ngtdgåôds rdaktnvks k
ktnvnbkbds cuturks, mu prdmjupkåôds jmi m qud bdvdrékims tdr cdntm, mu
bdvdims ckzdr k sdeunr, mu tdimrds smfrd m qud pmbd kjmgtdjdr gm cuturm.
Rmbms dssds tnpms bd pdgskidgtm advki gmssk idgtd pkrk amged bm kqun d bm
kemrk. K prëtnjk bm ikgtrk, mu k jmgsjnàgjnk bd gmssk rdspnrkåêm, ckz qud
vmatdims km prdsdgtd.
Ks prëtnjks idbntktnvks pmbdi advkr k ui dstkbm ngtdgsncnjkbm bd
jmgsjnàgjnk qud î pdrjdfnbm jmim ngdcëvda, bdiksnkbm pmbdrmsm mu fdam
pkrk sdr bdsjrntm. Ks tdgtktnvks bd trkbuznr dssk dxpdrnàgjnk di dstruturks
juaturkns d rdanenmsks tài advkbm k tdrims iuntm bnstngtms, pmr dxdipam, k
jmgsjnàgjnk bm Fubk, k jmgsjnàgjnk júsinjk, k jmgsjnàgjnk bd Bdus, k
jmgsjnàgjnk bd Jrnstm, m vdrbkbdnrm-Du, m Skznm-Bnscmrid d m Dstkbm
Zdr.. _ 2< Y
Ngbncdrdgjnkbm bd Zdr
Difmrk ks tîjgnjks bd idbntkåêm tdglki sd bdsdgvmavnbm gks trkbnåôds
lngbus, fubnstks, `kngnstks, jrnstês, `ubknjks, nsaæinjks, snquds d mutrks
trkbnåôds rdanenmsks,
sdjuakr, sdi k idbntkåêm
qukaqudr tkifîi
dstruturkåêm pmbd sdrd,prktnjkbk
rdanenmsk, di uimjnbdgtka
gm iugbm dspérntm
imbdrgm, î jmiuidgtd uskbk gdssk imbkanbkbd gêm rdanenmsk, qudr pmr idnm
bd bncdrdgtds bdrnvktnvms bk idbntkåêm lngbu, jmim k Idbntkåêm
Rrkgsjdgbdgtka, qudr pdak Idbntkåêm Fubnstk, jmim gk Idbntkåêm bk
Ktdgåêm Xadgk (Idbntkåêm Ingbcuagdss
Ingbcuagdss).
). Dssks tîjgnjks sêm lm`d iuntm
dgsngkbks di dsjmaks, pkrk m idnm diprdskrnka, pkrk idifrms bks Cmråks
Krikbks bms Dstkbms Tgnbms d bd mutrms pkésds, pkrk prnsnmgdnrms d
pmaétnjms. Bdzdgks bd idifrms bm Xkrakidgtm Frntægnjm kprdgbdrki
tîjgnjks bd Ingbcuagdss (Ktdgåêm Xadgk), d sd rdðgdi sdikgkaidgtd pkrk
_ 2> Y
idbntkrdi
Ingbcuagdss`ugtms. Bdvnbm k pdam
î lm`d rdjmidgbkbk sdus fdgdcéjnms tdrkpàutnjms,
Frntnsl Gktnmgka Ldkatl kZdrvnjd
Idbntkåêm
pkrk
pdssmks qud smcrdi bd bdprdssêm advd mu imbdrkbk, pmns `ë sd jmgstktmu qud
dssk tîjgnjk î têm dcnjndgtd, d iuntm ikns fkrktk, bm qud amgems pdrémbms bd
trktkidgtms è fksd bd idbnjkåêm kgtnbdprdssnvk. _ 48 Y
Tik frdvd lnstúrnk bk idbntkåêm
K pkakvrk
idbnbk idbntkåêm
d idtrm. vdi bk idsik
M snegncnjkbm fësnjmrknz
bd ngbm-durmpdnk pkrk idbnjkidgtm,
sdu aktni kgjdstrka î ‑malkr jmi
ktdgåêm’, jmi ms snegncnjkbms jmgdxms ‑rdcadtnr smfrd’ d ‑kpanjkr-sd k’. _ 4; Y
Dssd usm imbdrgm sú vdnm k surenr gm sîjuam \N\, pmr idnm bk trkbuåêm
bd tdxtms dspnrntukns bm Mrndgtd. Gm jrnstnkgnsim jktúanjm trkbnjnmgka, k
idbntkåêm rdcdrnk-sd smfrdtubm k uik adnturk idbntktnvk bks dsjrnturks? m
dqunvkadgtd ikns prúxnim bm snegncnjkbm ktuka bd idbntkåêm cmn jlkikbm bd
‑prdjd jmgtdipaktnvk’, uik cmrik bd prdjd snadgjnmsk qud nk kaîi bms
pdgskidgtms d bks nikedgs.
Gngeuîi skfd qukgbm ks prëtnjks bd idbntkåêm tnvdrki ngéjnm. Kaeuiks
pdssmks dspdjuaki qud daks jmidåkrki dgtrd ks smjndbkbds prnintnvks bd
jkåkbmrds-jmadtmrds, sdgtkbms km rdbmr bd cmeudnrks, bd malms cnxms gks
jlkiks d gms tnåôds. Di jksm kcnriktnvm, daks pmbdi tdr snbm rdkaidgtd
iuntm kgtneks, uik vdz qud ms sdrds luikgms jmidåkrki k uskr m cmem lë
in alêm bd kgms. _ 46 Y M prnidnrm ngbéjnm rdka bks prëtnjks bd
pdam idgms ui inalêm
idbntkåêm rdimgtk k ;488 k.J., jmi k nikedi bd uik cneurk sdgtkbk gk
pmsnåêm bd aútus, di ui sdam dgjmgtrkbm gk Égbnk. _ 4: Y Xkrdjd rkzmëvda
nikengkr, jmim iuntms lngbus m ckzdi, qud ms prnidnrms ymeuds dstnvdrki
idbntkgbm gm Lnikaknk d di mutrms auekrds pmr iuntms inalkrds bd kgms
kgtds qud ms tdxtms rdaktnvms è idbntkåêm, jmim ms Tpkgnslkbs
Tpkgnslkbs,, cmssdi
dsjrntms ‚ m qud jmidåmu k sdr cdntm pmr vmatk bd <88 k.J.
M Fubk gksjdu d vnvdu gk Égbnk, mgbd pkssmu kgms di prëtnjks ksjîtnjks d
idbntktnvks jmi ymeuds ktî rdjdfdr, pmr cni, k Nauingkåêm qukgbm dstkvk
sdgtkbm smf uik Ërvmrd Fmbln
Fmbln.. M Fubnsim tmrgmu-sd ui imvnidgtm bd
ikssk gk Égbnk k pkrtnr bm sîjuam S k.J., d di guidrmsms imstdnrms ms
imgeds pksskvki pkrtd bd sdu tdipm idbntkgbm. K idbntkåêm pmbd tdr
dvmauébm bd ikgdnrk ngbdpdgbdgtd gk Jlngk d di mutrks pkrtds bk Ësnk, iks
cmn iuntm ngcaudgjnkbk pdak bncusêm bm Fubnsim pmr idnm bm dstkfdadjnidgtm
bd imstdnrms. Gk Jlngk, gm @kpêm d gk Jmrdnk, ks prëtnjks bd idbntkåêm
cmrki dstkfdadjnbks iuntm kgtds bk Drk Jrnstê, d, bdpmns bd m Rnfdtd tdr-sd
jmgvdrtnbm km Fubnsim
dvmauérki sdeungbm gmvmsgmd bncdrdgtds
sîjuam SNNN b.J., ksgks
jkinglms, tîjgnjks
erkgbdsbdkatntubds
idbntkåêm
di
qud sd sntukvki ks jkvdrgks d ms imstdnrms. Dssks tîjgnjks ngjauéki pksskr
amgems pdrémbms di jmipadtk dsjurnbêm d nsmakidgtm kfsmautm, k prëtnjk bd
vnsukanzkåôds d m ymek mgérnjm, qud nipanjk m bdsdgvmavnidgtm bd smglms
aðjnbms, ui tnpm bd smglm di qud ms smglkbmrds jmgsjndgtnzki-sd bm cktm bd
dstkrdi smglkgbm, jmim sd dstnvdssdi kjmrbkgbm gm ugnvdrsm bm smglm.
Kaeugs drubntms `ubdus kjrdbntki qud ks prëtnjks bd idbntkåêm bd
bdtdringkbm tnpm cmrki fdi dstkfdadjnbks gms prniúrbnms bk lnstúrnk
`ubknjk, idsim gk îpmjk bms pktrnkrjks, d ui vdrsm gm Anvrm bm Eàgdsns
smfrd Nskqud, m gdtm bd Kfrkêm, pmbdrnk rdcdrnr-sd k uik prëtnjk bd
idbntkåêm. Gk Féfank bm Vdn @kids, aà-sd di uik trkbuåêm bm Eàgdsns
62,:<0 ‑Jdrtk tkrbd Nskqud sknu km jkipm pkrk idbntkr’. K idbntkåêm
tkifîi cmn prktnjkbk gm jmgtdxtm bk trkbnåêm iéstnjk `ubknjk, k Jkfkak, pmr
jdrjk bd ina kgms.
Jmi m bdsdgvmavnidgtm bm imgkstnjnsim jrnstêm, jmidåkgbm jmi ms
imgeds gm bdsdrtm deépjnm gm tdrjdnrm sîjuam b.J., ikns gmtkvdaidgtd jmi
Zkgtm Kgtògnm
pkrtd bm bm Bdsdrtm,
imgkstnjnsim uik sîrnd
jrnstêm. Gks bd prëtnjks
Nerd`ks bd idbntkåêm
Mrtmbmxks tmrgmu-sd
Mrndgtkns, dssds
iîtmbms cmrki kipakidgtd bncugbnbms, smfrdtubm gk cmrik bk ‑prdjd bm
jmrkåêm’, mu ‑prdjd bd @dsus’, uik prdjd iuntm frdvd qud dvmjk m gmid bd
@dsus. K rdpdtnåêm bdssks prdjds î iuntm sdidalkgtd è rdpdtnåêm bms ikgtrks
gks trkbnåôds lngbus d fubnstks. M usm rdpdtntnvm bd prdjds sdidalkgtds k
ikgtrks î uik prëtnjk jmiui gk trkbnåêm jktúanjk rmikgk, bd imbm dspdjnka
gm qud bnz rdspdntm km usm bms rmsërnms.
Gm iugbm nsaæinjm, erupms sucns dstniuakvki k idbntkåêm, smfrdtubm
jmi m usm bd ui bms gmids bd Bdus, qud î rdpdtnbm jdgtdgks bd vdzds,
tkifîi
Kaeugsjmim ui ikgtrk.
mjnbdgtkns Dssk prëtnjk
kprdgbdrki î jlkikbk
ks prëtnjks bd zlnor mu gk
bd idbntkåêm blnor. d di
Égbnk
pkésds fubnstks gm sîjuam \N\, d rdjdfdrki sdus dgsngkidgtms gk dscdrk bd
imvnidgtms dsmtîrnjms jmim k Zmjndbkbd Rdmsúcnjk. K idbntkåêm bncugbnu-
sd jmi erkgbd kipantubd gm sîjuam \\, gm Mjnbdgtd, erkåks k uik sîrnd bd
prmcdssmrds ksnëtnjms, di dspdjnka m ymeud lngbu Xkrkilkgsk ^mekgkgbk
(;<>:-;>46) d m prmcdssmr `kpmgàs B. R. Zuzuon (;<58-;>33), qud
bdspdrtkrki erkgbd ngtdrdssd pdak idbntkåêm zdg-fubnstk, smfrdtubm bdpmns
bd dad tdr-sd dstkfdadjnbm di Gmvk ^mro gk bîjkbk bd ;>48. _ 42 Y
Tik gmvk drk bd ngtdrdssd pdak idbntkåêm jmidåmu gms kgms bd ;>38,
jmim rdsuatkbm
imvnidgtm bk .rdvmauåêm
lnppnd.
lnppnd psnjmbîanjk,
Bdpmns qud bk jmgldjdrki
ms Fdktads ksjdgsêm bk jmgtrkjuaturk d bm
m euru Iklkrnsln
Ikldsl ^men (;>;<-688<) di ;>35, ks mrekgnzkåôds qud dgsngkvki
idbntkåêm jrdsjdrki iuntm di pmpuakrnbkbd d ckik, di dspdjnka m
imvnidgtm bd Idbntkåêm Rrkgsjdgbdgtka bm prúprnm Iklkrnsln. Gm ngéjnm
bms kgms bd ;>>8, ui bms iîbnjms pdssmkns d jmakfmrkbmrds ikns prúxnims
bd Iklkrnsln drk m iîbnjm ngbm-kidrnjkgm Bddpko Jlmprk. _ 44 Y Bdpmns bd
sdu rmipnidgtm
idgskedi jmi Iklkrnsln
bk idbntkåêm k inalôdsdibd;>>:, Jlmprk
pdssmks jmgtngumuKaîi
gm Mjnbdgtd. k bncugbnr
bnssm, kk
ngvksêm jlngdsk bm Rnfdtd di ;>48 advmu iuntms imgeds d idstrds tnfdtkgms
km dxéanm, dgtrd dads Bkakn Akik, m qud rdsuatmu di uik dgmrid bncusêm bm
fubnsim tnfdtkgm.
Iuntks cmriks bncdrdgtds bd idbntkåêm sêm lm`d dgsngkbks gms pkésds
mjnbdgtkns, ngjaungbm uik sîrnd bd tîjgnjks bdrnvkbks bm lngbuésim, iuntms
iîtmbms fubnstks, dgtrd dads m tnfdtkgm, m zdg d k idbntkåêm fubnstk
tldrkvkbk,, ngjausnvd m vnpksskgk
tldrkvkbk vnpksskgk,, qud di suk cmrik imbdrgk mrnengmu-sd gk
Fnriægnk. Snpkssskgk snegncnjk ‑ngsnelt
‑ngsnelt bk vdrbkbdnrk gkturdzk bk
rdkanbkbd’,
pdgskidgtmsd dnipanjk dstkrKsiuntm
ès kåôds. ktdgtm
tîjgnjks è rdspnrkåêm,
sdjuakrnzkbks bd kms sdgtnidgtms,
idbntkåêm kms
sêm iuntm
dgsngkbks gms bnks bd lm`d, kaîi bd uskbks tdrkpdutnjkidgtd gms sdrvnåms bd
skðbd. Dgqukgtm nssm, vërnks cmriks bd idbntkåêm jrnstê, `ubknjk d
iuåuaikgk tài snbm rdvntkanzkbks d pmpuakrnzkbks. _ 43 Y
Ti bms pnmgdnrms bk pdsqunsk jndgtécnjk smfrd k idbntkåêm cmn ui
jkrbnmamenstk bk Ckjuabkbd bd Idbnjngk bk Tgnvdrsnbkbd Lkrvkrb, Ldrfdrt
Fdgsmg, qud jmidåmu k dstubkr k Idbntkåêm Rrkgsjdgbdgtka gm cni bms kgms
bd ;>38 d jmipnamu ms rdsuatkbms di sdu anvrm iuntm ngcaudgtd, Rld
Vdspmgsd.. _ 45 Y Mutrm pdsqunskbmr pnmgdnrm, @mg Okfkt-Pngg, bk
Vdakxktnmg Vdspmgsd
Ckjuabkbd bd Idbnjngk
prëtnjks vnpksskgk d zdgbkjmi
Tgnvdrsnbkbd
m ymek, bdbd imbm
Iksskjlusdtts,
k jrnkr uijmifngmu ks
rdenid bd
trdngkidgtm jlkikbm Vdbuåêm bm Dstrdssd Fksdkbk di Ingbcuagdss (IFZV
‚ Ingbcuagdss-fksdb Ztrdss Vdbujtnmg). Gms Dstkbms Tgnbms, dxnstdi lm`d
jdgtdgks bd jaégnjks pkrk k rdbuåêm bm dstrdssd di lmspntkns d jdgtrms bd
skðbd qud sd cugbkidgtki gdssds prmjdbnidgtms, kms qukns ms iîbnjms
pkjndgtds. _ 4< Y
pmbdi dgjkinglkr sdus pkjndgtds.
Rkifîi lë iuntms prmcdssmrds bd idbntkåêm ingbcuagdss
ingbcuagdss,, d ngjmgtëvdns
krtnems di `mrgkns d rdvnstks qud bdcdgbdi k idbntkåêm jmim uik tîjgnjk
pkrk k rdbuåêm bm dstrdssd d m kuidgtm bk qukanbkbd bd vnbk. Anvrms
pmpuakrds imstrki
pdssmks qud jmim k idbntkåêm
dads jmgldjdi, imbncnjmu
d dssds anvrms k vnbksdus
dstniuaki bd sdus kutmrds
adntmrds d bks
k iubkr
suk prúprnk vnbk pmr idnm bk idbntkåêm. Ti bms qud ikns bdspdrtk m
ngtdrdssd î K Ingbcuagdss Eunbd cmr tld Crkzzadb, bk jmidbnkgtd Vufy Ukx.
Sërnms ktdus prmdingdgtds tkifîi `ë sd tmrgkrki bdcdgsmrds bk idbntkåêm,
Jmgsjnmusgdss. _
ngjausnvd Zuskg Fakjoimrd, di sdu anvrm Pdg kgb tld Krt mc Jmgsjnmusgdss.
4> Y Zki Lkrrns, ui gmvm ktdu ikns fdi jmgldjnbm pmr suks pmaàinjks

kgtnrrdanenmsks, kemrk dgsngk idbntkåêm di jursms_ 38mg-angd

mg-angd.
Y . Zdu anvrm Ukonge
Tp0 Zdkrjlnge cmr Zpnrntukanty Untlmut Vdanenmg prdtdgbd sdr ‑ui eunk
pkrk k idbntkåêm jmim uik prëtnjk rkjnmgka kjmgsdalkbk pdak gdurmjnàgjnk d
pdak psnjmamenk’.
Ti gðidrm jmgsnbdrëvda bd pdssmks dstë idbntkgbm lm`d. Di uik bks
iknmrds d ikns kfrkgedgtds pdsqunsks, m Ngstntutm Gkjnmgka bd Zkðbd (GNL ‚
Gktnmgka Ngstntutd mc Ldkatl) bms Dstkbms Tgnbms jmgstktmu qud di 68;6
jdrjk bd ;< inalôds bd kbuatms ‚ <% bk pmpuakåêm kbuatk bms Dstkbms
Tgnbms d ; inalêm bd jrnkgåks ‚ dstkvki prktnjkgbm idbntkåêm. _ 3; Y
Idu prnidnrm jmgtktm jmi k idbntkåêm mjmrrdu di ;>5;, bdpmns bd tdr
kprdgbnbm k prktnjë-ak jmi ui prmcdssmr bd Idbntkåêm Rrkgsjdgbdgtka di
Jkifrnbed. Gk îpmjk, du drk ktdu d kprdjnkvk m cktm bd tka prëtnjk gêm
ngjmrpmrkr gdgluik jrdgåk dxpanjntkidgtd rdanenmsk. Du pmbnk và-ak jmim
kaem têm smidgtd cnsnmaúenjm d psnjmaúenjm. Jmgtubm, qukgbm id iubdn pkrk
k Égbnk di ;>52, pkrk trkfkalkr gm Ngstntutm Ngtdrgkjnmgka bd Xdsqunsks di
Jmaldntks pkrk ms Rrúpnjms Zdinërnbms, di Lybdrkfkb, pdrjdfn qud k prëtnjk
bk idbntkåêm drk pkrtd bd ui jmgtdxtm rdanenmsm d cnamsúcnjm iuntm ikns
kipam d cnqudn jkbk vdz ikns ngtdrdsskbm gk cnamsmcnk ngbnkgk smfrd k
gkturdzk bk jmgsjnàgjnk. [ukgbm du imrkvk di Lybdrkfkb, tkifîi jmgldjn
ui prmcdssmr bd sucn d jmidjdn k idbntkr jmi ui wkznckl sdidalkgtd k ui
ikgtrk. Iknskbmtdn
;>5>, mgbd tkrbd,uik
imrdn di ui
cmrik kslrki
jrnstê jrnstêm dijmi
bd idbntkåêm Rkina Gkbu,k bd
k prdjd ;>5<-d
@dsus,
edrkaidgtd idbntkvk burkgtd uik lmrk gk pkrtd bk ikglê d uik lmrk km jknr
bk tkrbd, sdgtkbm è ikredi bd ui rnm skerkbm, m Jkuvdry. Rkifîi kprdgbn
k tîjgnjk vnpksskgk
vnpksskgk..
Bdsnstn bd idbntkr qukgbm tnglk cnalms pdqudgms. Cnjkr jkaikidgtd
sdgtkbm bd ikglê drk nipmssévda jmi ekrmtms trkgsfmrbkgbm dgdrenk pmr
pdrtm. Iks vmatdn k idbntkr qukgbm dads `ë lkvnki jrdsjnbm. Du uskvk ui
ikgtrk jrnstêm d, di edrka, idbntkvk pmr vngtd ingutms bd ikglê.
Jmim inalôds bd mutrks pdssmks, kjlm qud k idbntkåêm tdi ui dcdntm
rdakxkgtd, id k`ubk k pdgskr jmi ikns jakrdzk d id bdnxk ikns jmgsjndgtd
bm cugjnmgkidgtm bd inglk idgtd. Bd vdz di qukgbm, bd imbm
niprdvnsévda, tdglm imidgtms bd erkgbd prkzdr d kadernk.
K rdspmstk
rdspmstk bd bdsjmgtrkåêm
bdsjmgtrkåêm d k rdbuåêm
rdbuåêm bm dstrdssd
dstrdssd
Ks prëtnjks bd idbntkåêm tài ktrkébm iuntk ktdgåêm jndgtécnjk, dxktkidgtd
pdam cktm
idgms gêmbdtêm
tdrdi snbmkssni,
rëpnbm sdjuakrnzkbks. Nssm gêm snbm
sd daks tnvdssdi tdrnk vnstks
kjmgtdjnbm,
jmim mu pdam
kpdgks
rdanenmsks.
K pdsqunsk pnmgdnrk bd Ldrfdrt Fdgsmg d sdus jmadeks gk Ckjuabkbd bd
Idbnjngk bk Tgnvdrsnbkbd Lkrvkrb, gk bîjkbk bd ;>58, jmgjdgtrmu-sd di
dssàgjnk gk ‑rdspmstk bm rdakxkidgtm’. Fdgsmg ngtdrprdtmu dssk rdspmstk
jmim uik rdbuåêm bk rdkåêm ‑autkr mu cuenr’ qukgbm bnkgtd bd ui pdrnem, m
qud dstë kssmjnkbm è ktnvkåêm bm snstdik gdrvmsm snipëtnjm. _ 36 Y Kpdskr bd
sdu gmid, m snstdik gdrvmsm snipëtnjm _ 3: Y gêm tdi gkbk k vdr jmi snipktnk
_gm sdgtnbm jmrrdgtd bm tdrim di pmrtueuàsY, _ 32 Y iks ckz pkrtd bm snstdik
gdrvmsm ngjmgsjndgtd mu kutògmim. K mutrk pkrtd î m snstdik gdrvmsm
pkrkssnipëtnjm, ès vdzds jlkikbm bd snstdik bd bdsjkgsm-d-bnedstêm bd
jrnkåêm-d-kanidgtkåêm. Ms bmns akbms bm snstdik gdrvmsm kutògmim sêm
jmipadidgtkrds. M snstdik snipëtnjm î ktnvkbm qukgbm sd prdssdgtd k
prdsdgåk bd kaeui pdrnem? `ë jmi m snstdik pkrkssnipëtnjm, m idsim
kjmgtdjd qukgbm gêm lë gkbk k tdidr. Gm gévda ikns fësnjm, m snstdik
pkrkssnipëtnjm tdi bd sdr bmingkgtd sd qunsdrims jmidr, erntkr, ckzdr sdxm,
urngkr mu bdcdjkr.
Di sntukåôds bd erkgbd dstrdssd, k rdspmstk autkr-mu-cuenr î bdcakerkbk
pdak anfdrkåêm bd kbrdgkangk, qud jkusk ui kuidgtm bd fktnidgtms jkrbékjms
dkébdngjauébms
prdssêm krtdrnka,
ms úreêmsuiksdxukns
bningunåêm
‚ d bm cauxm
uik skgeuégdm
iknmr gkspkrk
adgtnbêm dxtrdinbkbds
bnedrnr. K‚
rdspmstk autkr-mu-cuenr tkifîi kuidgtk m gévda bm lmriògnm jmrtnsma, qud
rdbuz k ktnvnbkbd bm snstdik niugmaúenjm. (Gk Idbnjngk, m jmrtnsma î
jlkikbm bd lnbrmjmrtnsmgk, uik sufstægjnk qud bdsdipdglk ui pkpda iuntm
ðtna gk rdbuåêm tdipmrërnk bks ngcakikåôds.) [ukgbm m pdrnem `ë pkssmu,
dssds snstdiks vmatki km gmrika gk rdspmstk bm rdakxkidgtm. Jmgtubm, gm
dstrdssd jrògnjm dssk rdspmstk cnsnmaúenjk pdrsnstd, d dak pmbd advkr k uik
bningunåêm bk ktnvnbkbd bm snstdik niugmaúenjm è uik kgsndbkbd jmgtéguk.
M erupm bd Fdgsmg ngvdstnemu uik sîrnd bd tîjgnjks pkrk ngbuznr k
rdspmstk bm rdakxkidgtm,
rdspnrktúrnms, m ymek d mngjausnvd k idbntkåêm,
rdakxkidgtm iusjuakr.k kanidgtkåêm,
Dads tkifîimstdstkrki
dxdrjéjnms
ms
dcdntms bk lnpgmsd, qud pmbdrnk prmbuznr k rdspmstk bm rdakxkidgtm qukgbm m
lnpgmtnzkbmr suedrnk qud m su`dntm bd pdsqunsk dgtrkssd di ui dstkbm bd
rdakxkidgtm prmcugbm. Rmbms dssds iîtmbms advkrki è bningunåêm bm
jmgsuim bd mxneàgnm, pkbrêm bd rdspnrkåêm d fktnidgtm jkrbékjm. Di
pkjndgtds lnpdrtdgsms, k prdssêm skgeuégdk
skgeuégdk jknu.
Di kaeugs kspdjtms, k rdspmstk bm rdakxkidgtm kssdidalkvk-sd km smgm,
iks, jmgqukgtm gm smgm m jmgsuim bd mxneàgnm bdsjkéssd erkbukaidgtd pmr
vërnks lmrks, ktî jldekr k <% idgms bm qud burkgtd m dstkbm bd vneéank, gk
idbntkåêm dssd bdjaégnm drk bd ;8 k 68% di pmujms ingutms. Lmuvd tkifîi
uik rdbuåêm gm gévda bm ëjnbm aëtnjm gm skgeud, qud jknu kaem di tmrgm bd
28% di ;8 ingutms k pkrtnr bm ngéjnm bk idbntkåêm. M ëjnbm aëtnjm
gmrikaidgtd î prmbuznbm jmim rdsuatkbm bd ktnvnbkbd iusjuakr, d, gks
pdssmks prmpdgsks è kgsndbkbd, dad kuidgtk k prmfkfnanbkbd bd ktkquds bd
kgsndbkbd.
Kssni jmim dssks iubkgåks cnsnmaúenjks, k rdspmstk bm rdakxkidgtm
ngbuznu
‑sdgtnr-sdk èdstkbms
vmgtkbdkatdrkbms bd jmgsjnàgjnk
gm iugbm’, bdsjrntms
‑idgtd pkjécnjk’ d uikpdaks pdssmks
‑sdgskåêm bd jmim
fdi-
dstkr jmim kqudak qud sd tdi bdpmns bd ui pdrémbm bd dxdrjéjnm, iks sdi m
jkgskåm’. K iknmrnk bks pdssmks bdsjrdvdu dssds sdgtnidgtms jmim
kerkbëvdns. _ 34 Y Xdsqunsks ikns rdjdgtds, qud bnsjutnrdn ikns kbnkgtd,
rdvdakrki jmim k idbntkåêm d k rdspmstk bm rdakxkidgtm kcdtkrki k
ktnvnbkbd bd bncdrdgtds rdenôds bm jîrdfrm, ngjausnvd uik bdsktnvkåêm bk rdbd
bm imbm pkbrêm qud î kssmjnkbk è trkgqunak rdcadxêm d km cktm bd dstkr
pdrbnbm di pdgskidgtms.
Ms iîtmbms bd Fdgsmg kipankrki-sd iuntm, kfrkgedgbm jdgtrms bd skðbd,
jaégnjks
pkrtnr bkdbîjkbk
erupmsbdbd;>58.
rdanenmsms, jldekgbm
Kaîi bnssm, sdu kanvrm
ktngenr
Rld inalôds bd Vdspmgsd,
Vdakxktnmg pdssmks k,
Vdspmgsd
pufanjkbm pdak prnidnrk vdz di ;>54, tmrgmu-sd ui erkgbd fdst-sdaadr,
jldekgbm k vdgbdr inalôds bd dxdipakrds.
Fdgsmg rdjmidgbkvk m usm bd uik pkakvrk mu ikgtrk pkrk ikgtdr m cmjm,
d kjmgsdalkvk ks pdssmks k uskrdi uik pkakvrk, uik crksd mu uik prdjd
jurtk qud cmssd snegncnjktnvk bm pmgtm bd vnstk pdssmka, bdpdgbdgbm bk
trkbnåêm rdanenmsk bk pdssmk di qudstêm. Dstniuakvk pdssmks sdjuakrds mu
gêm rdanenmsks k sd jmgjdgtrkrdi di ‑pkakvrks, crksds mu smgs qud alds
cmssdi ngstnekgtds, jmim ks pkakvrks kimr, pkz mu jkaik
jkaik’.
’.
Dns kaeuiks ngstruåôds bd Fdgsmg0
 ;. Xdeud uik pkakvrk, uik pdqudgk crksd mu prdjd qud ald snrvk bd cmjm d
qud dstd`k krrknekbk di sdu snstdik bd jrdgåks.
6. Zdgtd-sd jkaikidgtd, di uik pmsnåêm jmgcmrtëvda.
:.
2. Cdjld
Vdakxdmsmsmalms.
iðsjuams prmerdssnvkidgtd, bms pîs ès pkgturrnalks, jmxk,
kfbòidg, mifrm, jkfdåk d pdsjmåm.
4. Vdspnrd bdvkekr d jmi gkturkanbkbd, d, è idbnbk qud m cnzdr, prmgugjnd,
adgtkidgtd pkrk sn idsim k pkakvrk, m smi, k crksd mu k prdjd qud
dsjmaldu jmim cmjm, ckzdgbm-m k jkbk dxpnrkåêm.
3. Kssuik uik ktntubd pkssnvk. Gêm sd prdmjupd di skfdr quêm fdi vmjà
dstë sd skngbm. [ukgbm mutrms pdgskidgtms vndrdi è idgtd,
snipadsidgtd bnek k sn idsim0 ‑Kl, iuntm fdi’, d vmatd bd ikgdnrk
sutna è suk rdpdtnåêm.
5. Jmgtngud
<. pmr ;8bd
Gêm sd advkgtd muikgdnrk
68 ingutms.
kfruptk. Jmgtngud sdgtkbm jkaikidgtd pmr
ikns mu idgms ; ingutm, pdrintngbm k vmatk bd mutrms pdgskidgtms.
Di sdeunbk, kfrk ms malms d cnqud sdgtkbm pmr ikns ; ingutm kgtds bd
sd advkgtkr.
>. Xrktnqud k tîjgnjk uik mu buks vdzds pmr bnk. Ks idalmrds lmrks pkrk
`kgtkr.. _ 33 Y
ckzdr nssm sêm kgtds bm jkcî bk ikglê d bm `kgtkr
K mutrk tdgbàgjnk prngjnpka bm imvnidgtm imbdrgm bd idbntkåêm cmn
bncugbnbk di suk cmrikåêm pmr @mg Okfkt-Pngg, qud cmn kprdsdgtkbm è
idbntkåêm zdg pmr ui dstubkgtd. Xrmssdeungbm di suk cmrikåêm, dad cmn
dstubkr idbntkåêm jmi mutrms idstrds fubnstks, dgtrd ms ikns nipmrtkgtds
Rlnjl Glkt Lkgl, ui imged fubnstk vndtgkintk, d ui idstrd zdg jmrdkgm
jlkikbm Okfkt-Pngg. Okfkt-Pngg drk `ubdu pmr gksjnidgtm, iks gêm sd
nbdgtncnjkvk jmi gdgluik rdanenêm, gdi idsim jmi m fubnsim. Km
jmgtrërnm, dad bdanfdrkbkidgtd sdjuakrnzmu ms dgsngkidgtms fubnstks qud
lkvnk rdjdfnbm. Di ;>5>, dad akgåmu sdu prmerkik bd rdakxkidgtm d rdbuåêm
bm dstrdssd. Nssm dvmaunu pkrk k prëtnjk qud dad jlkikvk bd ‑rdbuåêm bm
dstrdssd fksdkbk di ingbcuagdss
ingbcuagdss’,
’, qud sd dspkalmu pdam iugbm ngtdnrm.
K prngjnpka bncdrdgåk dgtrd k mfrk bd Fdgsmg d k bd Okfkt-Pngg î qud k
tîjgnjk rdjmidgbkbk pmr Fdgsmg prmvîi bk trkbnåêm lngbu bk idbntkåêm
fksdkbk gm ikgtrk, qud î ui iîtmbm bd dgcmqud gk ktdgåêm. M
prmjdbnidgtm bd ingbcuagdss (ktdgåêm padgk) bd Okfkt-Png î ès vdzds
jlkikbm bd idbntkåêm bd imgntmrkidgtm kfdrtm, pmrqud ngjmrpmrk m
imgntmrkidgtm gêm rdktnvm bk dxpdrnàgjnk bd imidgtm k imidgtm. M
iîtmbm bd Fdgsmg ngjaun ikgtrks, m qud m bd Okfkt-Pngg gêm ckz.
c kz.
M qud ms bmns tnpms bd idbntkåêm tài di jmiui î m cktm bd cmjkrdi k
ktdgåêm gm imidgtm prdsdgtd. Daks jrnki ui jdgtrm katdrgktnvm bd ktdgåêm
gk cmrik bm ikgtrk, mu gk jmgsjnàgjnk bks sdgskåôds jmrpmrkns, qud dxdrjd
ui dcdntm bd bnstkgjnkidgtm smfrd ms pdgskidgtms, sdgtnidgtms,
ruingkåôds, ckgtksnks d prdmjupkåôds. Dstds jmgtnguki k surenr, iks, gk
idbnbk di qud ms prktnjkgtds bd idbntkåêm rdtmrgki km ikgtrk, mu prdstki
ktdgåêm è rdspnrkåêm d mutrks sdgskåôds jmrpmrkns, dads pmbdi vmatkr è
jmgsjnàgjnk prdsdgtd. Dstêm gmvkidgtd gm imidgtm.
Mutrm tnpm bd idbntkåêm prmvîi bk tîjgnjk fubnstk bd idttk
idttk,, di qud m
prktnjkgtd bd idbntkåêm sd jmgjdgtrk gm bdsdgvmavnidgtm bk jmipknxêm, mu
di ui sdgtnidgtm bd junbkbm jmi ms sdrds vnvms. Di suk cmrik
sdjuakrnzkbk,
Lkgl jlkik kî prëtnjk
jlkikbkbd bd ‑idbntkåêm
jmipknxêm bk fmgbkbddgek`kbm’,
bd ‑fubnsim kimrmsk’.d Rlnjl Glkt
trkåk cmrtds
pkrkadams jmi k trkbnåêm jrnstê bd fmgbkbd kimrmsk. Dad tkifîi kssmjnk m
dgtdgbnidgtm jrnstêm bm Dspérntm Zkgtm è dxpdrnàgjnk bm ingbcuagdss
ingbcuagdss00
‑Rdims k jkpkjnbkbd bd rdjmgldjdr k prdsdgåk bm Dspérntm Zkgtm mgbd d
qukgbm dad sd ikgncdstkr, fdi jmim k prdsdgåk bm ingbcuagdss ingbcuagdss,, bk
jmiprddgsêm d bm kimr’. _ 35 Y
Bnvdrsks cmriks bd idbntkåêm kngbk sêm dgsngkbks gm jmgtdxtm bks
trkbnåôds rdanenmsks? pmr dxdipam, pdams akiks tnfdtkgms, pdams lngbus, pdams
eurus `kngnstks d snquds d pdams idstrds `ubdus d jrnstêms. Gk rdkanbkbd, tmbks
ks cmriks bd idbntkåêm sêm bdrnvkbks bks trkbnåôds rdanenmsks.
Fdgdcéjnms è skðbd prmpmr
prmpmrjnmgkbms
jnmgkbms pdak idbntkåêm
idbntkåêm
Bdsbd k bîjkbk bd ;>38, ms pdrnúbnjms jndgtécnjms tài pufanjkbm inalkrds bd
bmjuidgtms kjdrjk bms dcdntms bk idbntkåêm smfrd k skðbd d m fdi-dstkr. _ 3<
Y Dssds dcdntms ngjaudi uik bningunåêm bk kgsndbkbd, uik rdbuåêm bks
rdkåôds kaîrenjks bk pdad, idgmr ngjnbàgjnk bd kgengks d krrntinks jkrbékjks,
kaévnm bks ksiks d tmssds frògqunjks, idgms prmfadiks jmi k jmgstnpkåêm,
idgms prmfadiks jmi ðajdrks bumbdgkns, idgms vdrtnedgs d ckbnek, idgms
prdssêm katk gks pdssmks qud
qud smcrdi bd lnpdrtdgsêm, kaévnm bk bmr,
bmr, bningunåêm
bk ngsògnk, _kuidgtm
imbdrkbks. 3> Y bk cdrtnanbkbd d k`ubk gm jksm bd bdprdssôds advds d
 Dstubms jmi kaugms bm dgsngm cugbkidgtka d jmi ugnvdrsntërnms qud
idbntkvki imstrkrki dcdntms pmsntnvms snegncnjktnvms smfrd k ngtderkåêm
smjnka d m fdi-dstkr. Ktî m Jmrpm bd Cuznadnrms Gkvkns bms Dstkbms Tgnbms
tdgtmu uskr m trdngkidgtm di ingbcuagdss (ktdgåêm padgk) pkrk kuidgtkr m
bdsdipdglm bks trmpks. Ti `mrgkanstk qud vnsntmu ui jkipm bd trdngm gk
Snrengnk
dgtrdidkbmbdsjmfrnu jmimbdm tmtka
jmi pdrémbms prmjdbnidgtm
snaàgjnm0 ‑Snrnemrmsm
lmidgs bm trdngkidgtm
sdgtkbms drk
gk pmsnåêm
bd aútus, uskgbm sdus ugncmrids bd fktkalk d rncads prdsms ès jmstks’. M
trdngkidgtm qud dads rdjdfnki bdstngkvk-sd è rdbuåêm bm dstrdssd, km
kuidgtm bm bdsdipdglm idgtka smf ks burks jnrjugstægjnks bd eudrrk d
idalmrk bk jkpkjnbkbd bd dipktnk. _ 58 Y Jmgtubm, nssm imstrkvk di qud
idbnbk k sdjuakr idbntkåêm ingbcuagdss sd bnstkgjnmu bd suks rkézds
fubnstks. Î bncéjna nikengkr jmim m rnemr bk dcnjëjnk inantkr pòbd vnr k
jmifngkr-sd jmi k fmgbkbd kimrmsk pkrk jmi ms ngninems.
K idbntkåêm tkifîi dstë k`ubkgbm ms inantkrds vdtdrkgms bms Dstkbms
Tgnbms.
dstrdssd dTi dstubm jmgstktmu
bdprdssêm uik niprdssnmgkgtd
pús-trkuiëtnjms, rdbuåêm
_ 5; Y d di 68;4 bd sngtmiks
k idbntkåêm bd
dstkvk
Sdtdrkgms. _ 56 Y
sdgbm mcdrdjnbk di ;4 Jdgtrms bd Kbingnstrkåêm bd Sdtdrkgms.
Gm qud bnz rdspdntm km trktkidgtm bk bdprdssêm advd d imbdrkbk, iuntms
dstubms `ë bdimgstrkrki qud k idbntkåêm ingbcuagdss î pdam idgms têm
dcnjkz, pkrk gêm bnzdr ikns dcnjkz, bm qud ms idbnjkidgtms kgtnbdprdssnvms. _
5: Y Rkifîi î ikns fkrktk d, sdi bðvnbk, gêm tdi ms dcdntms jmaktdrkns bks
brmeks.
Nssm gêm qudr bnzdr qud k idbntkåêm gêm tdglk gdglui pdrnem. Bdgtrd ks
ngðidrks pdssmks qud tdgtki idbntkr, uik pdqudgk ingmrnk kprdsdgtk
rdkåôds kbvdrsks. Zdeugbm ks bnrdtrnzds mcnjnkns bm Ngstntutm Gkjnmgka bd
Zkðbd (GNL, gk sneak di ngeaàs) bms Dstkbms Tgnbms0 ‑K idbntkåêm î
jmgsnbdrkbk sdeurk pkrk pdssmks skubëvdns. Gêm sêm iuntms ms rdaktms bd qud
k idbntkåêm pmbd jkuskr mu pnmrkr sngtmiks di pdssmks qud `ë tdglki jdrtms
prmfadiks psnqunëtrnjms’. _ 52 Y Dssk qudstêm gêm î gmvk. K iknmrnk bks
trkbnåôds dspnrntukns `ë kbintd lë iuntm tdipm qud pmbd lkvdr pdrémbms bd
bncnjuabkbd gm jkinglm dspnrntuka qud m iéstnjm jrnstêm Zêm @mêm bk Jruz, bm
sîjuam \SN, jlkikvk bd ‑k gmntd dsjurk bk kaik’. Dssd î ui bms imtnvms
pdams qukns ks trkbnåôds rdanenmsks dgcktnzki cmrtdidgtd k mrndgtkåêm pmr ui
idstrd jmipdtdgtd. Gm jmgtdxtm sdjuakr, k idbntkåêm î quksd sdiprd
rdprdsdgtkbk jmim uik prëtnjk bd kutmbdsdgvmavnidgtm, fmk pkrk k rdbuåêm
bm dstrdssd d m kuidgtm bk prmbutnvnbkbd. Rdgbm di vnstk m ngtdrdssd bd suk
rëpnbk dxpkgsêm, î iuntks vdzds dgsngkbk di anvrms d jursms mg-angd
mg-angd,, d k
k`ubk pdssmka bd prmcdssmrds dxpdrndgtds î idgms bnspmgévda. _ 54 Y
Gêm mfstkgtd, pkrk inalôds bd pdssmks, k idbntkåêm trkz fdgdcéjnms
suf`dtnvk d mf`dtnvkidgtd idgsurëvdns, d, gm Mjnbdgtd imbdrgm, k idbnbk
ikns pdrsuksnvk î m bngldnrm. Ti dstubm rdjdgtd, cdntm di akrek dsjkak,
jmipkrmu inalkrds bd pdssmks qud rdjdfdrki trdngkidgtm di ui ‑prmerkik
bd rdspmstk km rdakxkidgtm’, qud ngjauék k idbntkåêm? jmi inalkrds bd
pdssmks mfsdrvkbks smf mutrms kspdjtms, iks qud gêm lkvnki tnbm dssd
trdngkidgtm, d cmn cdntk uik kgëansd bks bdspdsks iîbnjks dgvmavnbks. Di
ui ngtdrvkam bd tdipm bd 2,6 kgms, ms qud lkvnki rdjdfnbm trdngkidgtm di
rdakxkidgtm tnglki 2:% idgms ekstms jmi bdspdsks iîbnjks pmr kgm, ui
dcdntm dxtrdikidgtd snegncnjktnvm bm pmgtm bd vnstk dstktéstnjm. Rkifîi
tnvdrki k idtkbd bm gðidrm bd vnsntks kms prmgtms-smjmrrms. _ 53 Y K
idbntkåêm pmbd pmupkr fnalôds bd búakrds pmr kgm.
Iubkgåks gm jîrdfr
jîrdfrmm ngbuznbks pdak idbntkåêm
idbntkåêm
K idbntkåêm tdgbd k rdbuznr ks ruingkåôds, mfsdssôds, kcanåôds, ckgtksnks d k
sdgskåêm bd pdrbdr-sd di pdgskidgtms. Gêm jkusk surprdsk m cktm bd dssks
iubkgåks gk ktnvnbkbd bk idgtd dstkrdi kssmjnkbks ès iubkgåks gk
ktnvnbkbd bm jîrdfrm.
Burkgtd k ruingkåêm, d qukgbm dstkims pdrbnbms di pdgskidgtms, ui
jmg`ugtm ngtdranekbm bd rdenôds jdrdfrkns dgtrk di ktnvnbkbd. Dssd jmg`ugtm î
jlkikbm bd rdbd bm imbm pkbrêm, qud î cmrikbk pmr rdenôds jdrdfrkns
ngtdrktnvks, qud sd tmrgki ktnvks è rdvdank qukgbm kaeuîi gêm dstë dgvmavnbm
di uik tkrdck
bnvkekåêm, vmatkbk pkrk
pdgskidgtm cmrk bd sn.adifrkgåks
kutmjdgtrkbm, Dssk rdbd bm
î dgvmavnbk di bdvkgdnm,
pksskbm, pakgd`kidgtms
cuturms d tkifîi pdgskidgtm di mutrks pdssmks. È idbnbk qud k idbntkåêm
prmssdeud, d ms prktnjkgtds bd idbntkåêm sd tmrgki ikns dxpdrndgtds, lë uik
rdbuåêm gk ktnvnbkbd è rdvdank bk rdbd bm imbm pkbrêm.
Tik bks prngjnpkns ërdks bm jîrdfrm qud ktuk gm jmgtrmad bk ktdgåêm
pkrdjd sdr m júrtdx jngeuakbm pmstdrnmr (JJX), qud cnjk pdrtm bk pkrtd bd trës
bk jkfdåk. Mutrk pkrtd nipmrtkgtd bdssk rdbd î m júrtdx prî-crmgtka idbnka
(JXCi) (Cneurk ;. ;.)) [ukgbm k ktdgåêm dstë jmgjdgtrkbk di uik tkrdck
dspdjécnjk, dssks ërdks bm jîrdfrm sêm bdsktnvkbks. [ukgbm gêm sd dgjmgtrki
di uipkbrêm.
imbm dstkbm bd ktdgåêm jmgjdgtrkbk, dstêm ktnvkbks d anekbks è rdbd bm
Cneurk ;. Tik sdåêm trkgsvdrska bm jîrdfrm luikgm imstrkgbm k amjkanzkåêm bm júrtdx jngeuakbm
pmstdrnmr (JJX) d bm júrtdx prî-crmgtka idbnka (JXCi).

K idbntkåêm gêm î k ikgdnrk ikns rëpnbk bd cdjlkr k rdbd bm imbm

pkbrêm. M dgvmavnidgtm di ktnvnbkbds césnjks mu idgtkaidgtd bdskcnkbmrks
iubk k idgtd jmi erkgbd rkpnbdz, jmgjdgtrkgbm k ktdgåêm gm imidgtm.
Kqun dstë ui dxdipam bd idu kinem Enccmrb Xngjlmt0
Di idus qukrdgtk d pmujms kgms, du dstkvk têm ngtdgskidgtd dgvmavnbm jmi idu
trkfkalm qud gêm jmgsdeunk pkrkr bd pdgskr gdad, gdi idsim bdpmns bks lmrks bd
trkfkalm. K idbntkåêm gêm iubkvk nssm. Jmgtubm, qukgbm ckznk kapngnsim, bdpmns bd
dsjkakr
sd î qudikns mu idgms
pdgskvk ;4 idtrms,
di kaeuik jmnsk. du
Digêm pdgskvk
edrka, drk súdi
uigkbk
cauxmkaîi bms prúxnims
bd imvnidgtm di kvkgåms,
qud idu
jmrpm pkrdjnk skfdr m qud ckzdr di sdeunbk.
Gêm sú m kapngnsim, iks ui erkgbd gðidrm bd dspmrtds mu mutrks ktnvnbkbds
trkzdi ks pdssmks km prdsdgtd. M dgek`kidgtm di trkfkalms césnjms, k
dxdjuåêm iusnjka, ms junbkbms jmi jrnkgåks di tdgrk nbkbd, m jkgtm, k bkgåk
d iuntks mutrks ktnvnbkbds tkifîi iubki k ktdgåêm pkrk m imidgtm
prdsdgtd. D tmbks daks pmbdi bdsdipdglkr ui pkpda gks prëtnjks dspnrntukns,
jmim bnsjutm di mutrk pkrtd bm anvrm.
Bd iuntks ikgdnrks, k idbntkåêm î k prëtnjk dspnrntuka ikns cëjna pkrk ms
jndgtnstks ngvdstnekrdi. Ms prktnjkgtds bd idbntkåêm sêm, antdrkaidgtd, kavms
sdgtkbms (mu bdntkbms) pkrk ms pdsqunskbmrds bm jîrdfrm. Mu dssk pdsqunsk
nipanjk m k`ustd, km jrægnm bks pdssmks, bd erupms bd dadtrmbms kprmprnkbms
pkrk idbnr k ktnvnbkbd daîtrnjk gm jîrdfrm, jmim gms dadtrmdgjdckamerkiks
(DDEs), mu daks prdjnski bdntkr-sd d sdr ngtrmbuznbks di erkgbds d runbmsks
iëqungks, jmim k nikedi pmr iëqungks bd rdssmgægjnk ikegîtnjk cugjnmgka
(NVIc), gks qukns daks bdvdi pdrikgdjdr tmtkaidgtd niúvdns. Ks pdssmks
di imvnidgtm
kaeuîi sêmsurckgbm
qud dstd`k iuntm ikns bncéjdns bd di
mu dsjkakgbm dstubkr. Gêm sdrnk
uik NVIc, gdipmssévda jmamjkr
ui `mekbmr bd
emacd ckzdgbm ui akgjd, gdi ui idifrm bd ui tnid bd cutdfma qud dstd`k
di ktukåêm burkgtd uik pkrtnbk.
Gêm î bd sd dstrkglkr qud, di jmipkrkåêm jmi ms gmvktms, ms prktnjkgtds
ikns dxpdrndgtds sdiprd imstrdi erkgbds iubkgåks jdrdfrkns burkgtd k
idbntkåêm. Di ui dstubm jmakfmrktnvm jmi m Bkakn Akik, m gdurmjndgtnstk
Vnjlkrb Bkvnbsmg jmgsdeunu mntm imgeds tnfdtkgms dxpdrndgtds pkrk sdrdi
kgkanskbms di sdu akfmrktúrnm, gk Tgnvdrsnbkbd bd Unsjmgsng. Dssds imgeds
tnglki snbm trdngkbms pmr jdrjk bd ;8 k 48 ina lmrks jkbk ui, km amgem bd
qungzd
gdgluikk dxpdrnàgjnk
qukrdgtk kgms. Jmimdijmgtrmad,
kgtdrnmr ;8 dstubkgtds
idbntkåêm, vmaugtërnms,
cmrki tdstkbms sdi
jmi kpdgks
uik sdikgk bd trdngkidgtm. Ms pkrtnjnpkgtds dstkvki jmi sdgsmrds DDEs
qud jmgtnglki 643 dadtrmbms d rdjdfdrki k mrndgtkåêm bd idbntkr pmr frdvds
pdrémbms.
Bkvnbsmg dstkvk pkrtnjuakridgtd ngtdrdsskbm di idbnr mgbks ekik,
kaeugs bms nipuasms jdrdfrkns bd ikns katk crdquàgjnk bdtdjtëvdns pmr DDEs.
Ms rknms ekik vêm bd 64 k ;88 jnjams pmr sdeugbm d, di rderk, cnjki di
tmrgm bd 28.
Ms dadtrmbms jkptkrki uik ktnvkåêm iuntm iknmr bd mgbks ekik rëpnbks d
surprddgbdgtdidgtd
bks mgbks ktrkvîs bmpmbdrmsks gmsiuntm
jîrdfrm drk imgeds
iknsd fdi
bdsjmfrnrki qud dm jmmrbdgkbm
mrekgnzkbm imvnidgtm
bm qud gms dstubkgtds. Ms prktnjkgtds bd idbntkåêm gmvktms imstrkvki
kpdgks ui anednrm kuidgtm gk ktnvnbkbd bks mgbks ekik dgqukgtm
idbntkvki, iks kaeugs bms imgeds prmbuznrki uik ktnvnbkbd bd mgbks
ekik ikns pmbdrmsk bm qud quknsqudr mutrks `ë rdpmrtkbks di pdssmks
skubëvdns. _ 55 Y
Ks iubkgåks gk ktnvnbkbd jdrdfrka, qud kjmgtdjdi qukgbm ks pdssmks
dstêm idbntkgbm, gêm sêm kpdgks tdipmrërnks? daks tkifîi pkrdjdi
ngtrmbuznr iubkgåks gk dstruturk bm jîrdfrm. Di ui dstubm cdntm gk
Ckjuabkbd
jmadeks, m bdjîrdfrm
Idbnjngk bk Tgnvdrsnbkbd
bd prktnjkgtds Lkrvkrb pmr
bd idbntkåêm bd Zkrk
amgekAkzkr
bktk dcmrki
sdus
jmipkrkbms jmi ui erupm bd jmgtrmad. Ms prktnjkgtds bd idbntkåêm
imstrkrki tdr ikns ikssk jngzdgtk gm júrtdx kubntnvm d sdgsmrnka. _ 5< Y Jmim
Akzkr mfsdrvmu0 ‑Nssm ckz sdgtnbm. [ukgbm vmjà dstë jmgsjndgtd, dstë
prdstkgbm ktdgåêm è suk rdspnrkåêm, kms smgs, è dxpdrnàgjnk bm imidgtm
cugjnmgkidgtm bk jmegnåêm’. _ 5> Y
prdsdgtd, d suspdgbdgbm m cugjnmgkidgtm
Rkifîi lmuvd iuntm ikns ikssk jngzdgtk gm júrtdx crmgtka, kssmjnkbm è
idiúrnk cugjnmgka d è tmikbk bd bdjnsôds. Akzkr kcnrimu0 ‑Î cktm fdi
bmjuidgtkbm qud gmssm júrtdx bningun bd tkikglm qukgbm dgvdaldjdims ‚
î bncéjna kssninakr d sd adifrkr bks jmnsks. Xmrîi, gdssk rdenêm bm júrtdx prî-
crmgtka prktnjkgtds bd idbntkåêm jmi 48 kgms bd nbkbd tnglki k idsik
qukgtnbkbd bd ikssk jngzdgtk bm qud kqudads jmi 64 kgms’.
Nssm tdrnk kjmgtdjnbm snipadsidgtd bdvnbm k kaeuik tdgbàgjnk è sdadåêm
gks pdssmks qud k dqunpd bd Akzkr dstubmu= Xkrk dgjmgtrkr uik rdspmstk,
dads rdjrutkrki pkrtnjnpkgtds sdi gdgluik dxpdrnàgjnk kgtdrnmr jmi k
idbntkåêm, d jmgsdeunrki pkrk dads mntm sdikgks bd trdngkidgtm d prëtnjk bd
idbntkåêm ingbcuagdss
ingbcuagdss.. Bdpmns, dads jmipkrkrki ks iubkgåks jdrdfrkns
jmi ui erupm bd jmgtrmad qud gêm lkvnk idbntkbm.
Xkrk surprdsk bks pdssmks dgvmavnbks, di kpdgks mntm sdikgks lmuvd
iubkgåks idgsurëvdns gm jîrdfrm bms prktnjkgtds bd idbntkåêm, jmi
kuidgtms gk bdgsnbkbd bk ikssk jngzdgtk gm JJX ( Cneurk ;), ;), gm lnpmjkipm
dsqudrbm, gk `ugåêm tdipmrmpkrndtka (@RX) gk aktdrka bm júrtdx, gk bnrdåêm bk
pkrtd pmstdrnmr bm jîrdfrm, d di uik rdenêm bm trmgjm dgjdcëanjm jlkikbk
jlkikbk bd
pmgtd. _ <8 Y Ms pdsqunskbmrds dspdjuakrki qud ks iubkgåks gm lnpmjkipm
pmbdrnki dstkr kssmjnkbks è rdeuakidgtkåêm kpdrcdnåmkbk bd rdspmstks
dimjnmgkns d, gm JJX d gk @RX, è ‑pdrjdpåêm bd pdrspdjtnvks katdrgktnvks’.
M JJX,
JJX, jmim vnims, dstë dgvmavnbm gm jmgtrmad bk ktdgåêm.
Gêm cnjkims surprdsms qukgbm dxdrjéjnms jmim m lkatdrmcnansim advki k
iubkgåks césnjks gms iðsjuams. Ks iubkgåks gm jîrdfrm, jmim rdsuatkbm bd
ktnvnbkbds idgtkns dspdjécnjks, sú sêm surprddgbdgtds pmrqud ms
gdurmjndgtnstks jmstuikvki kjrdbntkr qud ks dstruturks bm jîrdfrm drki ikns
mu idgms cnxks gms kbuatms. Lm`d, pmrîi, lë ui vkstm rdjmgldjnidgtm bk
gdurmpakstnjnbkbd0 ms jîrdfrms pmbdi iubkr
iubkr..
Rmbms dssds dstubms smfrd k ktnvnbkbd jdrdfrka gms bnzdi kaem smfrd ms
jîrdfrms, iks gêm gms bnzdi m qud dstë kjmgtdjdgbm di gmssk jmgsjnàgjnk.
Dstkrêm ks iubkgåks jmgsjndgtds qud mjmrrdi burkgtd k idbntkåêm
amjkanzkbks gm ngtdrnmr bk jkfdåk= Mu sdrë qud daks dgvmavdi k jmgdxêm bk
jmgsjnàgjnk bm idbnkbmr jmi uik idgtd iuntm supdrnmr, k cmgtd bk
jmgsjnàgjnk di sn=
M qud k idbntkåêm gms imstrk smfrd ks idgtds
Gm iugbm imbdrgm, tmbms ms tnpms bd pdssmks idbntki, ngjausnvd ktdus d
kegústnjms. Î prmvëvda
fdgdcéjnms pkrk k rdbuåêmqud
bm tmbms ms dqud
dstrdssd idbntkibdjmgjmrbdi
k rdvdakåêm jmikjdrjk
kaeuik jmnsk sdus
bk gkturdzk bk idgtd. Jmgtubm, ks mpngnôds bncdrdi iuntéssnim qukgbm sd
trktk bd ngtdrprdtkr ms imidgtms bd jkaik d kadernk qud dxtrkpmaki gmssk
dxpdrnàgjnk gkturka.
Xkrk ms iktdrnkanstks, k idbntkåêm gkbk ikns î qud uik ktnvnbkbd bm
jîrdfrm, d, pmrtkgtm, tmbms ms sdus dcdntms cnjki jmgcngkbms km jîrdfrm,
ngjausnvd ms ikns katms dstkbms bk dxpdrnàgjnk iéstnjk. È prnidnrk vnstk, nssm
pkrdjd pakusévda. K prëtnjk bk idbntkåêm rdkaidgtd iubk k cnsnmamenk d k
ktnvnbkbd bm jîrdfrm d mutrks pkrtds bm jmrpm. Rkifîi advk k iubkgåks
dstruturkns
rdstrntk km gm tdjnbm jdrdfrka.
jîrdfrm. [ukgbm Nssm,
malm pmrîi, gêm prmvk
pmr inglk `kgdakqudd kvd`m
dxpdrnàgjnk cnqud
uik ërvmrd,
iubkgåks dspdjécnjks kjmgtdjdi di inglk rdtngk, gdrvms úptnjms d gks
pkrtds bm jîrdfrm qud prmjdsski k vnsêm. Jmgtubm, dssks iubkgåks gm
jîrdfrm gêm prmvki qud k ërvmrd gêm sd`k gkbk kaîi bd ui prmbutm bk
ktnvnbkbd jdrdfrka. K ërvmrd bd cktm dxnstd, d dstë cmrk bm idu jîrdfrm.
K qudstêm jrujnka î skfdr sd k idbntkåêm pdrintd qud gmssk idgtd sd
jmgdjtd jmi uik idgtd mu jmgsjnàgjnk nidgskidgtd iknmr bm qud k gmssk
prúprnk. Nssm î kqunam di qud ms prktnjkgtds bd idbntkåêm trkbnjnmgkaidgtd
kjrdbntkrki, d dssd tdi snbm ui bms prngjnpkns imtnvms pkrk k prëtnjk bk
idbntkåêm.
prúprnm sdr. Dak pmbd gms k`ubkr
K dxpdrnàgjnk k trkgsjdgbdr
bm àxtksd, bm gnrvkgkgmssk prúprnkgêm
mu skikbln idgtd d gmssm
bnz rdspdntm
kpdgks km fdi-dstkr, iks è dxpdrnàgjnk ikns prmcugbk bk gkturdzk bk
rdkanbkbd.
Ti bms prngjnpkns ngsnelts bms rnslns mu vnbdgtds bk kgtnek Égbnk dstkvk gm
cktm bd qud gmssk idgtd î bk idsik gkturdzk bk jmgsjnàgjnk ðatnik qud î
suf`kjdgtd km Tgnvdrsm. Xmr dxdipam, gm Odgk Tpkgnslkb, adims0
M qud gêm pmbd sdr dxprdssm pmr pkakvrks, iks pdam quka ks pkakvrks sêm dxprdssks?
sknfki qud smidgtd nssm î Frklik, m Dspérntm? d gêm m qud ks pdssmks kqun kbmrki.
M qud gêm pmbd sdr pdgskbm jmi k idgtd, iks pdam quka k idgtd pmbd pdgskr0 sknfki
qud smidgtd nssm î Frklik, m Dspérntm, d gêm m qud ks pdssmks kqun kbmrki.

qudMsmidgtd
qud gêmnssm
pmbd sdr muvnbm
î Frklik, pdam muvnbm,
m Dspérntm, d gêm iks
m qudpdam quka m muvnbm
ks pdssmks pmbd muvnr, sknfki
kqun kbmrki.
 M qud gêm pmbd sdr vnstm jmi m malm, iks pdam quka m malm pmbd vdr? sknfki qud
smidgtd nssm î Frklik, m Dspérntm, d gêm m qud ks pdssmks kqun kbmrki. _ <; Y

Jmgldjdims k jmgsjnàgjnk erkåks è dxpdrnàgjnk qud bdak tdims. Frklik ‚

mu Bdus, mu k rdkanbkbd ðatnik ‚ gêm tài suk dxnstàgjnk jndgtncnjkidgtd
jmiprmvkbk pmr mfsdrvkåôds bk rdkanbkbd dxtdrgk, kqunam qud î ‑vnstm pdam
malm’. Km jmgtrërnm, gmssk jkpkjnbkbd idsik bd ckakr d vdr d muvnr vdi bd
gmssk pkrtnjnpkåêm gdssk idgtd suprdik, bk quka tmbks ks mutrks idgtds
tkifîi bdrnvki. Tik kgkamenk iuntm uskbk î k bd fkabds bd ëeuk rdcadtngbm
m Zma. Sdims ui rdcadxm bm Zma di jkbk fkabd, d jkbk rdcadxm pkrdjd
sdpkrkbm bd tmbms ms mutrms, iks tmbms dads sêm rdcadxms bm idsim Zma.
Kssni, tkifîi, tmbks ks gmssks idgtds pkrdjdi sdpkrkbks, iks sêm tmbks ms
rdcadxms bk idsik idgtd suprdik, bk jmgsjnàgjnk.
Ms fubnstks bncdrdi bms lngbus di suk ngtdrprdtkåêm bdssk rdkanbkbd
ðatnik. Ms lngbus k vddi jmim Frklik, m Zdglmr mu Bdus, mu m Dspérntm,
dgqukgtm ms fubnstks dvntki jlkië-ak bd Bdus. [ukgbm m Fubk kajkgåmu k
Nauingkåêm sdgtkbm smf k Ërvmrd Fmbln
Fmbln,, dad dgtrmu di ui dstkbm jmgsjndgtd
bd gnrvkgk
gnrvkgk,, bd pkz d fdgåêm pkrk kaîi bd tmbks ks iubkgåks bdstd iugbm.
Kngbk kssni, pmrîi, di kifks ks trkbnåôds dssk rdkanbkbd ðatnik î
iuntéssnim iknmr qud gmssm jîrdfrm, d gêm cnjk rdstrntk km ngtdrnmr bd gmssk
jkfdåk. Bk idsik ikgdnrk, pkrk ms iéstnjms `ubdus, jrnstêms d iuåuaikgms,
uik dxpdrnàgjnk iéstnjk bnrdtk bd Bdus gêm mjmrrd kpdgks bdgtrm bm gmssm
jîrdfrm, iks î uik jmgdxêm bnrdtk jmi m sdr Bnvngm.
Zêm Rmiës bd Kqungm (;664-;652) vnk k dxpdrnàgjnk luikgk bd fdgåêm
mu kadernk jmim ui jmipkrtnalkidgtm bm sdr Bnvngm0
Jmgtubm, m fdi di sdu ikns katm erku î dgjmgtrkbm di Bdus, qud î, di pkrtnjuakr, k
cmgtd bd tmbkjmgsnstdi
fdi ðatnim fmgbkbd. gk
Bdkbdsêm
tka cktm,k bdjmrrd qudKk pdrcdnåêm
Bdus. _...Y fdgåêm mucngka bms sdrds
cdanjnbkbd luikgms d sdum
î snipadsidgtd
fdi di suk pdrcdnåêm. Xmrtkgtm, tmbms ms qud pkrtnjnpki bk fdgåêm sú sêm
gdjdsskrnkidgtd kfdgåmkbms gk idbnbk di qud jmipkrtnaldi k fdgåêm bnvngk, qud î, di
dssàgjnk, k fmgbkbd di sn. _ <6 Y

Bdssd pmgtm bd vnstk, ms fdgdcéjnms bk idbntkåêm gêm sêm kpdgks

cnsnmaúenjms. K idbntkåêm k`ubk k tmrgkr gmssk idgtd ikns prúxnik bk
rdkanbkbd ðatnik, qud î jmgsjnàgjnk, kimr d kadernk. Gmssk idgtd prmvîi bd
Bdus d jmipkrtnalk bd suk gkturdzk. Xmr idnm bk idbntkåêm, pmbdims gms
jmgsjndgtnzkr bd gmssk jmgdxêm bnrdtk jmi dssk cmgtd ðatnik bd gmssk
jmgsjnàgjnk, qukgbm gêm smims bnstrkébms pmr pdgskidgtms, ckgtksnks, idbms
d bdsd`ms. D dssd jmgtktm jmi k jmgsjnàgjnk ðatnik î ngtrngsdjkidgtd
`ufnamsm.
Jmgtubm, k prëtnjk bk idbntkåêm gêm advk gdjdsskrnkidgtd k dssk
jmgjausêm.

K kifneunbkbd bm fubnsim
fubnsim sdjuakr
Lë uik kifneunbkbd ngtrégsdjk gm imvnidgtm bk idbntkåêm imbdrgk. Di
ui dxtrdim sntuk-sd m usm bk idbntkåêm jmim uik tîjgnjk pkssévda bd
kprdgbnzkedi pkrk bningunr k prdssêm krtdrnka, rdbuznr m dstrdssd, k`ubkr k
jurkr, nipdbnr k bdprdssêm d prmpnjnkr iknmr ngsnelt psnjmaúenjm. K
idbntkåêm pmbd k`ubkr ks pdssmks qud tdi vnbks dxkustnvks. Rubm nssm pmbd
sdr jmiprmvkbm jndgtncnjkidgtd. K idbntkåêm ingbcuagdss pkrdjd sdr, bd
imbm padgm, jmipktévda jmi k cnamsmcnk bm iktdrnkansim jndgtécnjm, qud sntuk
k idgtd gm ngtdrnmr bk jkfdåk. Bdssd pmgtm bd vnstk, k idbntkåêm kssdidalk-
sd iuntm k nr k uik kjkbdink bd engëstnjk pkrk ckzdr dxdrjéjnms rdeuakrds.
Xmr mutrm akbm, tkgtm k trkbnåêm lngbu qukgtm k fubnstk pkrtdi bd uik
jmgjdpåêm bk rdkanbkbd tmtkaidgtd bncdrdgtd. Daks vddi m iugbm jmim
rdpadtm bd smcrnidgtm, bmr d jmgcantm. K anfdrkåêm dspnrntuka î k ðgnjk ikgdnrk
bd anfdrtkr-sd. Ms prktnjkgtds pmbdi kfkgbmgkr m iugbm bd smcrnidgtm pmr
idnm bd uik dspîjnd bd ‑bdjmakedi vdrtnjka’, bdnxkgbm ms jnjams bd
gksjnidgtm d imrtd pkrk trës. [ukgbm anfdrkbk mu nauingkbk, k jmgsjnàgjnk
bm mfsdrvkbmr ugncnjk-sd jmi k jmgsjnàgjnk qud suf`kz km Tgnvdrsm.
Jmgtubm, gk trkbnåêm fubnstk Iklkykgk, jmim gm Rnfdtd, ms qud kajkgåki
dssd dstkbm bd anfdrtkåêm, mu Fubdnbkbd, sêm dstniuakbms k tmrgkr-sd
Fmblnskttvks,, rdtmrgkgbm bd imbm vmaugtërnm bdpmns bk imrtd pkrk mutrk
Fmblnskttvks
dxnstàgjnk luikgk, pmr idnm bm gksjnidgtm, pkrk k`ubkr k anfdrtkr tmbms ms
sdrds sdgjndgtds.
Ms lngbus pdgski gdssk jmgsjnàgjnk jmim k jmgsjnàgjnk bd Bdus mu
Frklik. Dssk rdkanbkbd ðatnik î skt-jlnt-kgkgbk
skt-jlnt-kgkgbk.. Zkt snegncnjk sdr? jlnt?
jmgsjnàgjnk mu jmgldjnidgtm? d kgkgbk
kgkgbk,, kadernk. Dssk jmgsjnàgjnk ðatnik
ngjaun m jmgldjdbmr ‚ m dspkåm jmgsjndgtd bm sdr ‚, m jmgldjnbm d k kadernk
bd jmgldjdr d sdr. Gk idbnbk di qud ms prktnjkgtds vnvdgjnki suks idgtds
jmim kfsmrvnbks pdam sdr bnvngm, dads sd tmrgki kaderds, pmrqud Bdus î
kaderd.
K bdsjrnåêm fubnstk bk rdkanbkbd ðatnik jmgsjndgtd î m gnrvkgk
gnrvkgk,, k
Nauingkåêm mu k anfdrkåêm gk dxnstàgjnk ngjmrpmrkbk, d k kfsmråêm pdak
kadernk d pdak anfdrbkbd. K idbntkåêm gêm î ui cni di sn idsik, iks pkrtd
bd ui jkinglm qud advk è anfdrtkåêm.
Ks trkbnåôds lngbu d fubnstk, jmim mutrks rdanenôds, bêm jmim jdrtk k
dxnstàgjnk bd dscdrks bd jmgsjnàgjnk iuntm kaîi bk luikgk. Xkrk daks, k
jmgsjnàgjnk luikgk bdrnvk bd uik cmgtd bd jmgsjnàgjnk ðatnik è quka dstë
jmgdjtkbk. Xkrk ms iktdrnkanstks, km jmgtrërnm, tubm dstë gm jîrdfrm. Gêm lë
gkbk qud sd pmssk dgtdgbdr jmim uik vkstk dscdrk bd jmgsjnàgjnk pkrk kaîi
bm gévda luikgm. Nssm î uik nausêm, ui snstdik nrrkjnmgka bd jrdgåks.
K iknmrnk bms prktnjkgtds sdjuakrds bd idbntkåêm pmbd gêm sd bkr jmgtk
bdssd jmgcantm. Zdu cmjm ngjnbd fksnjkidgtd smfrd suks prúprnks vnbks.
Jmgtubm, m Imvnidgtm Zdjuakr fubnstk tmrgk dssk kifneunbkbd dxpaéjntk. Ms
Fubnstks Zdjuakrds sêm prktnjkgtds qud uski tîjgnjks fubnstks, iks rd`dntki
m fubnsim jmim rdanenêm. Dads sd bnssmjnki bms intms smfrd m gksjnidgtm bm
fmblnskttvks,, bkolngns _ <: Y d mutrms sdrds
Fubk d bks jrdgåks di ngðidrms fmblnskttvks
dspnrntukns. Vd`dntki k nbdnk bd qud m gnrvkgk dstd`k, di qukaqudr sdgtnbm,
‑pmr ké’, d qud dxnstk ngbdpdgbdgtdidgtd bk idgtd luikgk. Ngtdrprdtki k
vnbk bm Fubk jmim k dxnstàgjnk bd ui cnaúsmcm qud dgsngk ui imbm bd vnbk,
d gêm jmim ui aébdr rdanenmsm. _ <2 Y
Ti bms dxpmdgtds ikns dxtrdikbms bm imvnidgtm bm Fubnsim Zdjuakr î
Zki Lkrrns, qud `ë cmn idgjnmgkbm. Bdpmns bd uik jrnkåêm sdjuakr d bd
dxpdrnàgjnks jmi brmeks psnjmktnvks qukgbm dstubkgtd, dad kfkgbmgmu k
ckjuabkbd d sknu di fusjk bd kutmjmgldjnidgtm gk Égbnk, mgbd dstubmu jmi
uik sîrnd bd eurus pmr ikns bd bmns kgms. Bdpmns, vmatmu pkrk ms Dstkbms
Tgnbms, rdtmimu sdus dstubms d mftdvd ui Xl.B. di gdurmjnàgjnk, kgtds bd
akgåkr-sd di uik gmvk jkrrdnrk jmim ktdu inantkgtd. Jmi sdu prnidnrm anvrm,
Rld Dgb mc Ckntl0 Vdanenmg, Rdrrmr, kgb tld Cuturd mc Vdksmg,
Vdksmg, dad kajkgåmu
ckik ngtdrgkjnmgka jmim ui bms gmvms ktdéstks. Lm`d, pmrîi, dad dstë ngbm
kaîi bms mutrms jruzkbms kgtnrrdanenmsms. Lkrrns bdsjmfrnu uik gmvk ikgdnrk
bd ktkjkr k rdanenêm. Di vdz bd gdekr k dspnrntukanbkbd, dad qudr kssuinr sdu
jmikgbm d rdimvà-ak bk dscdrk rdanenmsk. Di sdu anvrm Ukonge Tp0
Zdkrjlnge cmr Zpnrntukanty Untlmut Vdanenmg,
Vdanenmg, dad dsjrdvd0 ‑Idu mf`dtnvm
jmgsnstd di dxtrknr m bnkikgtd bm dstkbm vna bk rdanenêm dsmtîrnjk’. _ <4 Y
M ikns nipmrtkgtd prmcdssmr bd Lkrrns cmn Ruaou Treydg Vngpmjld, ui
idstrd tnfdtkgm qud vnvdu pmr ikns bd vngtd kgms di rdtnrm di ui
drdintîrnm. Zuk bdgmingkåêm tuaou snegncnjkvk qud, kms malms bms tnfdtkgms d
k sdus prúprnms malms, dad drk ui idstrd rddgjkrgkbm mu, ikns prdjnskidgtd,
k ‑dikgkåêm’ bd ui idstrd `ë ckadjnbm jlkikbm Gufjldg Zkgeyd ^dsld,
ui kaugm bm Euru Xkbikskiflkvk gm sîjuam N\. Treydg Vngpmjld cmn ui
idstrd gk trkbnåêm Bzmejldg
Bzmejldg,, jkpkz bd trkgsintnr k dxpdrnàgjnk bk
kutmtrkgsjdgbàgjnk bnrdtkidgtd k ui kprdgbnz. Lkrrns rdjdfdu bdad suk
trkgsinssêm, d di gêm ikns qud kaeugs ingutms suk vnbk dstkvk
trkgscmrikbk. _ <3 Y
Jmgtubm, dad gdemu qud lkvnk qukaqudr jmnsk bd ‑smfrdgkturka, mu idsim
instdrnmsk, gdssk trkgsinssêm bd skfdbmrnk bd ui idstrd pkrk sdu bnsjépuam’.
Km jmgtrërnm, dad bnssd0 ‑M dcdntm bd Ruaou Treydg smfrd ini vdnm
purkidgtd bk jakrdzk bd sdu dgsngkidgtm. _...Y Du gêm tnvd bd kjdntkr ks
jrdgåks bm fubnsim tnfdtkgm smfrd okrik d rdgksjnidgtm, gdi nikengkr qud
Ruaou Treydg, mu mutrms idstrds bd idbntkåêm qud jmgldjn, pmssuéki
pmbdrds iëenjms’. _ <5 Y Gêm mfstkgtd, sd dssk surprddgbdgtd trkgsinssêm bd
Bzmejldg gêm cmr gkbk ikns qud uik qudstêm bd dgsngkidgtms jakrms, pmr
qud dgtêm Lkrrns ‚ mu mutrk pdssmk qukaqudr ‚ gêm pmbd trkgsintn-ams pmr
idnm bd anvrms mu jursms mg-angd= Gk trkbnåêm tnfdtkgk, k trkgsinssêm nipanjk
ikns bm qud pkakvrks, pmns prdjnsk bd ui jmgtktm vnvm. Î ui tnpm bd
rdssmgægjnk pmr idnm bk quka m idstrd jmgsdeud ngstnakr kaeuik jmnsk bd sdu
prúprnm dstkbm jmgsjndgtd gk pdssmk
pdssmk qud dstë sdgbm pmr dad ngnjnkbk.
Lkrrns rd`dntk iuntks bks jrdgåks bd sdus prúprnms idstrds pmr jmgsnbdrë-
aks jmim idrks supdrstnåôds. _ << Y Di suk mpngnêm, ktî m Bkakn Akik dstë
cugbkidgtkaidgtd dqunvmjkbm, pmns, k dxdipam bd iuntms mutrms tnfdtkgms,
dad kjrdbntk gm rdgksjnidgtm d jmgsuatk mrëjuams. Km jmgtrërnm bd Lkrrns, dad
gêm dxtrknu ‑m bnkikgtd bm dstkbm vna bk rdanenêm dsmtîrnjk’.
M pmsnjnmgkidgtm-pkbrêm bd Lkrrns î k tdmrnk iktdrnkanstk bk jmgsjnàgjnk
bdcdgbnbk pdak iknmrnk bd sdus jmadeks ktdus. Ms iktdrnkanstks kjrdbntki qud
k jmgsjnàgjnk gkbk ikns î qud ktnvnbkbd jdrdfrka. Jmgtubm, Lkrrns kcnrik
qud gêm dstë tmtkaidgtd jmiprmidtnbm jmi dssk tdmrnk. Kbintd k
pmssnfnanbkbd bk jmgsjnàgjnk pkrk kaîi bm jîrdfrm, qud tmbks ks rdanenôds
kjdntki, iks pdrikgdjd lmstna k tmbks ks rdanenôds0
Jmgtngum kegústnjm smfrd k qudstêm bd jmim k jmgsjnàgjnk dstë rdakjnmgkbk jmi m
iugbm césnjm. Lë fmks rkzôds pkrk kjrdbntkr qud dak î uik prmprndbkbd didredgtd bk
ktnvnbkbd jdrdfrka, kssni jmim kjmgtdjd jmi m rdstm bk idgtd luikgk. Jmgtubm, gêm
skfdims gkbk smfrd jmim dssd inakerd bk didreàgjnk pmbd mjmrrdr. D, sd k jmgsjnàgjnk
cmssd nrrdbutévda ‚ mu idsim sdpkrkbk bm jîrdfrm bd uik ikgdnrk qud sdrnk
rdjmgcmrtkgtd pkrk Zkgtm Kemstnglm ‚, inglk vnsêm bd iugbm gêm sdrnk bdstruébk. Du sdn
qud gús gêm dgtdgbdims k jmgsjnàgjnk. _ <> Y
Lkrrns î ui ktdu smcnstnjkbm, d kbintd qud gús gêm jmiprddgbdims k
jmgsjnàgjnk. Iks, dgtêm, jmim dad pmbd dstkr têm sdeurm bd qud k
jmgsjnàgjnk luikgk (d kgnika) î tubm qud dxnstd, d qud gêm dxnstdi dscdrks
trkgsuikgks bd sdrds jmgsjndgtds= Zdi bðvnbk, nssm gkbk ikns î bm qud ui
prdssupmstm, uik jrdgåk, ui ktm bd cî bd gkturdzk
gkturdzk ktdéstk.
Î prmvëvda qud k iknmr pkrtd bms prktnjkgtds bd idbntkåêm kpdgks ckzdi m
qud ckzdi, sdi qud dstd`ki imtnvkbms k sd dgek`kr gdssd bdfktd. Iks dstk
gêm î uik qudstêm dxjausnvkidgtd tdúrnjk0 dak ktnged k imtnvkåêm bks
pdssmks. K idbntkåêm sú bnz rdspdntm è idalmrk bk skðbd d bk fmk cmrik
césnjk, kuidgtkgbm k jkpkjnbkbd bd uik pdssmk jmgsdeunr kqunam qud qudr bm
iugbm= Inglk idbntkåêm î kaem qud sú bnz rdspdntm k ini= Mu dak rdidtd è
anekåêm jmi uik dscdrk bk jmgsjnàgjnk supdrnmr d ikns-qud-luikgk=
K idsik qudstêm sd jmamjk di rdakåêm kms fdgdcéjnms césnjms d idgtkns bk
idbntkåêm. Zdrêm dads bdjmrrdgtds kpdgks bk cnsnmamenk mu bk rdkåêm km
rdakxkidgtm d bks iubkgåks gk ktnvnbkbd d gk kgktmink bm jîrdfrm= Kaîi
bm ikns, sdrë qud kaeugs bdssds fdgdcéjnms bdjmrrdi bk jmgdxêm jmi uik
fksd bm sdr jmgsjndgtd qud vkn kaîi bms sdrds luikgms ngbnvnbukaidgtd
jmgsnbdrkbms= Ks pdssmks rdanenmsks rdjmgldjdi dssk jmgdxêm jmi uik
jmgsjnàgjnk iknmr, fdi jmim sdu pmtdgjnka trkgscmrikbmr. Ms ktdus d
luikgnstks sdjuakrds gêm m ckzdi. Iks, è idbnbk qud jmgtnguki k idbntkr,
sdu dgtdgbnidgtm pmbd iubkr, jmim kjmgtdjdu jminem.
Ms iéstnjms bd tmbks ks trkbnåôds rdanenmsks tnvdrki dxpdrnàgjnks bnrdtks
bd dstkrdi jmgdjtkbms jmi k jmgsjnàgjnk ikns-qud-luikgk, mu bd sdrdi
pmr dak kfsmrvnbms. Ms ktdus kcnriki qud dssks dxpdrnàgjnks sêm nausôds
prmbuznbks bdgtrm bm jîrdfrm? dads prdssupôdi qud î nipmssévda rdidtdr k
qukaqudr jmnskbnrdtks,
dxpdrnàgjnks kaîi bmdigévda
vdz luikgm. Jmgtubm,
bd rd`dntë-aks= pmr qud
Kcngka, gêm jmgcnkr
sú pmbdims gdssks
skfdr bk
jmgsjnàgjnk pmr idnm bdak idsik. D skfdims qud uik jmgsjnàgjnk pmbd sd
anekr k mutrks jmgsjnàgjnks, jmim di gmssks rdakåôds iðtuks. Xmr ngtdriîbnm
bk idbntkåêm d bks dxpdrnàgjnks iéstnjks, gmssk idgtd jmgsjndgtd sd jmgdjtk
jmi idgtds jmgsjndgtds ikns-qud-luikgks d, di ðatnik kgëansd, jmi k
mrnedi bd tmbk k jmgsjnàgjnk. Kssni jmim pmbdims dgtrkr di uik dspîjnd
bd rdssmgægjnk iðtuk pmr idnm bm kimr d bk pkrtnjnpkåêm di ktnvnbkbds
jmipkrtnalkbks, tkifîi pmbdims dgtrkr gdssk rdssmgægjnk jmi idgtds
ikns-qud-luikgks qukgbm gêm dstkims prdmjupkbms jmi gmssms prúprnms
bdsd`ms, ckgtksnks d idbms.
Buks prëtnjks idbntktnvks
IDBNRKÅÊM
Zd vmjà `ë prktnjk idbntkåêm, gêm tdglm gdgluik suedstêm k kjrdsjdgtkr. Zd
vmjà jmstuikvk prktnjkr idbntkåêm d bdsnstnu, suenrm qud rdjmidjd, jmi
uikZdrmtngk
vmjà bnërnk.
gugjk prktnjmu idbntkåêm, pmbd tdgtkr prktnjë-ak sdeungbm m
prmjdbnidgtm pkrk k rdspmstk bm rdakxkidgtm (pp. 42-4), mu tdgtkr iîtmbms
dgjmgtrkbms di ui bms ngðidrms anvrms smfrd idbntkåêm. Mu vmjà pmbd
prmjurkr ui prmcdssmr qud rdspdntd d, bd prdcdràgjnk, qud dstd`k di
jmgcmrinbkbd jmi suk vnbk dspnrntuka mu rdanenmsk. Zd vmjà cmr ktdu, pmbd
sdeunr ks ngstruåôds bd Zki Lkrrns _ >8 Y mu bd Vufy Ukx, _ >; Y mu, kngbk,
dgjmgtrkr ui bms ngðidrms idstrds sdjuakrds. Zd vmjà sdeunr ui jkinglm
rdanenmsm, m ikns prmvëvda î qud sd sngtk ikns jmgcmrtëvda sd sdeunr ks
ngstruåôds bd kaeuîi qud pdrtdgåk è suk prúprnk trkbnåêm. Lë prmcdssmrds bd
_ >6 Y _ >: Y
idbntkåêm di tmbks
mu iuåuaikgk, _ >2 Y ks erkgbdsprmcdssmrds
d iuntms trkbnåôds rdanenmsks, `ubknjk, Kjnik
lngbus d fubnstks. jrnstê
bd tubm,
pmrîi, jmiprmidtk-sd jmi k prëtnjk d tdgtd jrnkr uik rmtngk. Zd kssni gêm
cmr, î prmvëvda qud suk prëtnjk sd`k prd`ubnjkbk pmr tmbks ks dxneàgjnks bk
jmrrdrnk bd suk vnbk.
Zd vmjà idbntkr rdeuakridgtd, dstkrë kbdgtrkgbm uik vnkedi qud pmbdrë
advë-am iuntm kaîi bd suks jrdgåks d anintkåôds dxnstdgtds, kssni jmim
tmrgë-am ikns cdanz d skubëvda.
XKZZKV TI RDIXM DI ZNAÀGJNM
M iugbm imbdrgm
Kjmstuikim-gms dgjld
k dstkr gmssm
sdiprd snaàgjnm
mjupkbms, jmi jmi
gmsskruébms d ui
idgtd di bnstrkåôds.
erkgbd
jmrrd-jmrrd. Kaîi bnssm, k iknmrnk bks pdssmks dstë m tdipm tmbm
kjmipkglkbk pmr uik cmgtd ngcngntk bd bdsktdgåêm qud gêm ks bdnxk di pkz
d qud ktdgbd pdam gmid bd tdadcmgd jdauakr. K idbntkåêm î uik cmrik bd
pdrikgdjdr di snaàgjnm, iks lë mutrks tkifîi. Xmr dxdipam, sd dstmu
jkinglkgbm gm jkipm d jmgvdrskgbm jmi kaeuîi, pdrjdfm iuntm idgms
jmnsks bm qud sd dstnvdr jkinglkgbm di snaàgjnm. Zd du dstnvdr di ui
`krbni, ika vd`m ks pakgtks d quksd gêm muåm m jkgtm bms pësskrms qukgbm
dstmu jmgvdrskgbm. Zd vmu k uik ekadrnk bd krtd, gêm vd`m ks mfrks dxpmstks
têm fdi sd dstnvdr malkgbm pkrk daks km idsim tdipm di qud ckam jmi
mutrks pdssmks, pmns dstmu prdsm ès pkakvrks. M snaàgjnm gms k`ubk k dstkr
ikns kfdrtms ès vnsôds, kms smgs d kms jldnrms, fdi jmim km iugbm qud gms
jdrjk.
Ms ymeuds lngbus d ms sëfnms tnfdtkgms idbntki trkbnjnmgkaidgtd di
jkvdrgks d imgtkglks rdimtks. @dsus jmstuikvk nr kms imgtds pkrk prdekr, d
ms prmcdtks `ubdus nki pkrk m bdsdrtm. Ms drdintks d imgeds jrnstêms vnvnki
di auekrds iuntm bnstkgtds bms vnakrd`ms d jnbkbds, d kaeugs kngbk m ckzdi.
Zdiprd lmuvd auekrds kerdstds d snadgjnmsms, d kaeugs kngbk dxnstdi,
smfrdtubm è gmntd. D, gks jnbkbds pdqudgks d erkgbds, iuntks Nerd`ks
Kgeanjkgks d Jktúanjks Kpmstúanjks Vmikgks cnjki kfdrtks burkgtd m bnk,
qukgbm gêm lë jdadfrkåêm bd juatms mu sdrvnåms rdanenmsms, m qud ks
trkgscmrik di vdrbkbdnrms mësns bd qundtubd. Ks ruks bms krrdbmrds pmbdi
dstkr turfuadgtks d tuiuatukbks, iks gdssds auekrds skerkbms quksd sdiprd
pmbdims dgjmgtrkr qundtubd d sdrdgnbkbd.
sdrdgnbkbd.
Dgjmgtrkr lmrks d auekrds pkrk cnjkr di snaàgjnm î uik bks ikgdnrks ikns
snipads bd dxpkgbnr gmssk jmgsjnàgjnk sdgsmrnka d dspnrntuka.
 6
M Cauxm bd Erktnbêm
]
[uksd tmbms gús smims erktms k prdsdgtds mu ès bëbnvks bd kimr, k`ubk d
lmspntkanbkbd. Zkfdims m qud î k erktnbêm. Rmbms sêm ckvmrëvdns k dak, mu,
pdam idgms, ckvmrëvdns k rdjdfà-ak. Iuntks jrnkgåks kprdgbdi, bdsbd iuntm
jdbm, qud î uik bdimgstrkåêm bd fmks ikgdnrks bnzdr ‑mfrnekbm’. Idsim
gks juaturks di qud ks dxprdssôds vdrfkns bd erktnbêm gêm sêm dspdrkbks, ms
lëfntms bd rdjnprmjnbkbd sd ckzdi prdsdgtds.
Xrktnjkidgtd tmbk aégeuk tdi uik pkakvrk pkrk ‑erktnbêm’, d tmbks ks
prngjnpkns rdanenôds dstniuaki ks dxprdssôds bd erktnbêm.
erktnbêm.
M mpmstm bd erktnbêm î ui sdgtnidgtm bd bnrdntm kbqunrnbm. Gmssk vnbk
jmtnbnkgk di uik djmgmink fksdkbk gm bngldnrm rdcmråk k ngerktnbêm, pmns
gêm lë gdjdssnbkbd bd sdgtnr erktnbêm pmr ui sdrvnåm pdam quka pkekims. Zd
dstkims lmspdbkbms di ui lmtda jkrm, `uaekims tdr m bnrdntm k ui snstdik
bd ngstkakåôds lnbrëuanjks cugjnmgkns, kaîi bd adgåúns d tmkalks anipms. Gêm
sdgtnims gdgluik gdjdssnbkbd bd sdr erktms pmr dssks jmnsks. Zd pkekims
pmr ui prmbutm mu sdrvnåm, nssm ckz pkrtd bd uik trmjk rdjéprmjk.
[ukgbm jmiprm ikåês gk fkgjk bk dsqungk, pdrtm bd jksk, pkem m prdåm
pdbnbm di bngldnrm. M bmgm bk fkgjk d du bnzdims ‑mfrnekbm’ ui km mutrm,
d ès vdzds fktdims ui pkpm kineëvda. Iks gús bmns skfdims qud sd trktk bd
ui ngtdrjæifnm jmidrjnka, d gêm bd ui prdsdgtd. Gm snstdik bd jldjo-mut
kutmiëtnjm _ >4 Y gm supdridrjkbm pdrtm bd jksk, qukgbm vmu ckzdr jmiprks,
gêm lë gdgluik gdjdssnbkbd bd bnzdr ‑mfrnekbm’. K ngtdrckjd qud ckz k
trkgskåêm cngkgjdnrk î uik iëqungk d m idrjkbm pdrtdgjd k uik jmrpmrkåêm
ju`m bdvdr prngjnpka î mftdr aujrms pkrk ms kjnmgnstks, ju`k dxpdjtktnvk î k
mftdgåêm bd bnvnbdgbms rdeuakrds.
K bdspdrsmgkanzkåêm kscnxnk k erktnbêm, d ms jmgsuinbmrds amem
bdsdgvmavdi uik jmgsjnàgjnk bms sdus bnrdntms? dads tài ui bnrdntm
adekaidgtd kbqunrnbm bd dspdrkr pdams prmbutms mu sdrvnåms pdams qukns
pkekrki, d bd rdjakikr qukgbm gêm rdjdfdi m qud dspdrki. D, di edrka,
gêm sdgtdi gdgluik erktnbêm pdak tdrrk qud prmbuz m kanidgtm qud
jmgsmidi, mu pdams kernjuatmrds qud k juatnvki, mu pdaks pdssmks qud m
trkgspmrtki d prdpkrki, uik vdz qud tubm nssm î dxtrdikidgtd
bdspdrsmgkanzkbm d rdimtm.
Ms bdskstrds iubki gmssk pdrspdjtnvk. Î jmiui qud pkns, ikrnbms,
dspmsks, cnalms mu kinems sd`ki vnstms pmr gús jmim sdrds úfvnms, gkturkns.
Jmgtubm, sd dads imrrdrdi, smfrdtubm sd suk imrtd cmr ngdspdrkbk, sdus
kinems d ckinankrds tmikrêm jmgsjnàgjnk bm qukgtm dads bdpdgbnki bdads, d
bd qukgtm rdjdfnki bdads. Zd kaeuîi quksd pdrbdr ui malm di ui kjnbdgtd,
tka pdssmk nrë sd sdgtnr iuntm erktk pmr tdr malms, qukgbm kgtdrnmridgtd ms
malms drki k jmnsk ikns gmrika d gkturka bm iugbm. Zd uik pdssmk pdrbdr
ui jmiputkbmr mu sikrtplmgd jldnm bd ngcmrikåôds pdssmkns, nrë sd sdgtnr
erktk sd kaeuîi kjlkr m kpkrdalm pdrbnbm d bdvmavà-am, kngbk qud kgtds dssd
`ë cmssd
jmrtd bdauekr-jmiui d cnzdssd
dgdrenk, mu uik erdvdpkrtd
qudbdnipdåk
sdu jmtnbnkgm.
m trkgspmrtdZd lmuvdr ui amgemk
bd kanidgtms
gmssms idrjkbms d jdgtrms bd bnstrnfunåêm, k pmgtm bd gêm jmgsdeunrims
mftà-ams, iuntms bd gús cnjkrêm prmcugbkidgtd erktms qukgbm ms fdgs d
prmbutms vmatkrdi k sdr bnstrnfuébms.
Kssni qud pkrkrims bd gêm bkr m bdvnbm vkamr ès jmnsks, jmidåkrdims k
pdrjdfdr qud pmbdims sdr erktms k quksd tubm. _ >3 Y _ >5 Y Zú dxnstnims pmrqud
gmssms kgjdstrkns smfrdvnvdrki d cmrki fdi-sujdbnbms di rdprmbuznr-sd k
pkrtnr bk mrnedi bk vnbk. Jmim fdfàs, îrkims tmtkaidgtd bdpdgbdgtds bks
mutrks pdssmks pkrk gmssk smfrdvnvàgjnk. D, kpdgks pmr tdrims smfrdvnvnbm
ktî k îpmjkktîdi idsim
inalkrds, qud lm`dpmrgms inalôds
dgjmgtrkims, cmims ikgtnbms
bd mutrks pdssmks0 pmr jdgtdgks,
kernjuatmrds,
prmcdssmrds, jmgstrutmrds, dadtrnjnstks, dgjkgkbmrds, iîbnjms, bdgtnstks,
ikrjdgdnrms, ks pdssmks qud prm`dtki d jmgstrmdi jmiputkbmrds d gmssms
sikrtplmgds,, ms pnamtms d k trnpuakåêm qud gms advki pdams krds bd uik pkrtd
sikrtplmgds
bm iugbm k mutrk, d kssni pmr bnkgtd.
Xmrtkgtm, dstkims tmbms kqun smidgtd pmrqud gmssm pakgdtk dxnstd d k vnbk
gk Rdrrk dvmaunu km amgem bd fnalôds bd kgms pkrk gms bkr dstd pakgdtk vnvm
bm quka bdpdgbdims.
Xmr suk vdz, gmssm pakgdtk ckz pkrtd bm Znstdik Zmakr, d tmbk vnbk gk Rdrrk
bdpdgbd bk uik
ikgtîi di auz ikgtdgdbmrk
úrfntk dstëvdabm Zma d bd suk ktrkåêm
d djmamenjkidgtd erkvntkjnmgka qud gms
jmrbnka.
 Kaîi bnssm, m Zma bdpdgbd
bdpdgbd bd gmssk Ekaëxnk, k Snk Aëjtdk. uik pdqudgk
pkrtd di suk vkstnbêm, `ugtm jmi vërnks jdgtdgks bd fnalôds bd mutrks
dstrdaks. Gm jdgtrm bk Snk Aëjtdk lë ui jdgtrm ekaëjtnjm supdrikssnvm,
katkidgtd dgdreîtnjm, akgåkgbm iktîrnk nmgnzkbk d vkstms jkipms daîtrnjms d
ikegîtnjms, jmi anglks bd cmråk ikegîtnjks d jmrrdgtds daîtrnjks gm paksik
bms frkåms ekaëjtnjms bd inalôds bd kgms-auz, ikgtdgbm m idnm kifndgtd bd
gmssm Zma.
Gmssk Ekaëxnk ckz pkrtd bd ui keamidrkbm ekaëjtnjm qud ms kstrògmims
jlkiki bd ‑Erupm Amjka’, cmrikbm pmr ikns bd jngqudgtk ekaëxnks? dssd,
pmr suk vdz, ckz pkrtd bm Zupdrkeamidrkbm bd Snredi. K rkbnkåêm
dadtrmikegîtnjk qud pdridnk m Tgnvdrsm ngjaun k auz bd tmbks ks dstrdaks d
ekaëxnks, kaeuiks bks qukns pmbdims vdr k malm gu? d, vngbm ngvnsnvdaidgtd
bd tmbks ks bnrdåôds dgjmgtrk-sd k auz cússna surenbk pmujm bdpmns bm Fne
Fkge, jmgldjnbk jmim Vkbnkåêm Júsinjk bd Cugbm di injrm-mgbks.
K lnstúrnk jndgtécnjk bd gmssk jrnkåêm gms bnz qud tmbm m Tgnvdrsm sd
mrnengmu lë ;:,< fnalôds bd kgms gm Fne Fkge, iuntm ingðsjuam bd ngéjnm,
idgmr qud k pmgtk bd ui kacngdtd, d qud bdsbd dgtêm gêm pkrmu bd jrdsjdr d
sd dxpkgbnr. Kaeugs kgtnems intms bk jrnkåêm ckaki smfrd k mrnedi bd tmbks
ks jmnsks jmim k ngjufkåêm bm mvm júsinjm, gm qud sd kssdidalk è gkrrktnvk
jndgtécnjk jmgtdipmrægdk. Rubm prmvîi bd uik mrnedi jmiui, d tubm dstë
rdakjnmgkbm. Zdi dssd dvdgtm jrnktnvm prnimrbnka, gêm lkvdrnk gdglui
Tgnvdrsm d gús gêm dxnstnrékims. D, sd ks prmprndbkbds bks pkrtéjuaks
sufktòinjks, bms ëtmims d bks cmråks bk gkturdzk tnvdssdi snbm anednrkidgtd
bncdrdgtds bm qud sêm, k vnbk jmim k jmgldjdims gêm dxnstnrnk, d gêm
dstkrékims kqun pkrk rdcadtnr smfrd dak.
Erktnbêm d vnsôds bd iugbm
Bdvdims gms sdgtnr erktms pmr tubm nssm= K rdspmstk bdpdgbd bd gmssk vnsêm
bd iugbm.
Zd m Tgnvdrsm gêm cmr gkbk kaîi bd ui snstdik idjægnjm ngjmgsjndgtd,
emvdrgkbm pmr adns bk gkturdzk dtdrgkidgtd cnxks, d sd k dvmauåêm mjmrrdr
pmr idnm bd cmråks jdeks bd iubkgåk d gdjdssnbkbd, d sd m ugnvdrsm gêm
tnvdr gdglui sdgtnbm, d sd k dvmauåêm fnmaúenjk jkrdjdr bd qukaqudr sdgtnbm
ðatnim, pkrk qud, mu km qud bdvdrékims sdr erktms= K Ekaëxnk d m Znstdik
Zmakr cmrki jrnkbms kutmiëtnjk d ngjmgsjndgtdidgtd, pmr idnm bd prmjdssms
idjægnjmsquéinjms,
kjnbdgtds d dvdgtms mu
kadktúrnms. K vnbkkpkrdjnbm
tkavdz tdglk gk Rdrrk di
jmidåmu
mutrm jmi uikd sîrnd
pakgdtk bd
edrids
vnvms tdglki snbm trkznbms pkrk k Rdrrk bd kaeuik ikgdnrk. Jmgtubm,
qukaqudr qud tdglk snbm k mrnedi bk vnbk, dak dvmaunu bdsbd dgtêm pmr idnm
bd iutkåôds kadktúrnks d erkåks ès cmråks bk sdadåêm gkturka. Gêm lë gkbk
pkrk sdr erktm kqun ‚ d gngeuîi k qudi kerkbdjdr
kerkbdjdr.. Rdims smrtd, iks dssk î
idrm crutm bm kjksm, d gêm uik cmråk pdssmka.
Dssk î k pdrspdjtnvk bms qud kjrdbntki gm iktdrnkansim jndgtécnjm
jmgtdipmrægdm. Di suk iknmrnk, ms iktdrnkanstks sêm ktdus, d quksd tmbms ms
ktdus sêm iktdrnkanstks. Dads kjrdbntki qud m Tgnvdrsm ngtdnrm gkbk ikns î
qud iktîrnk ngjmgsjndgtd, jkipms d dgdrenk rdenbms pmr adns iktdiëtnjks
nipdssmkns. Rubm kjmgtdjd bd cmrik kutmiëtnjk. Rmbk dvmauåêm î
ngjmgsjndgtd.
Dgqukgtm nssm, è idbnbk qud m jîrdfrm sd tmrgmu iknmr, k idgtd dvmaunu
gks dspîjnds kgnikns d, pkrtnjuakridgtd, gms sdrds luikgms. Jmgtubm, pmr
ikns ikrkvnalmsk qud k idgtd luikgk pmssk sdr, gêm dxnstd gkbk kaîi bk
ktnvnbkbd césnjk bm jîrdfrm jmgcngkbm gm ngtdrnmr bd gmssks jkfdåks. Gmssk
idgtd sd dxtngeud qukgbm m jîrdfrm imrrd. Rmbks
Rmbks ks nbdnks rdanenmsks smfrd k
smfrdvnvàgjnk jmgsjndgtd bk imrtd bm jmrpm sêm ckgtksnks.
Erkåks è gmssk idgtd, pmbdims jrnkr imbdams bk tmtkanbkbd bk gkturdzk,
ngjausnvd uik vnsêm bk nidgsnbêm bm Tgnvdrsm d bd suk nbkbd dxtrkmrbngërnk.
Gmssks tdmrnks vêm iuntm kaîi, gm dspkåm d gm tdipm, bm qud gmssms
sdgtnbms bdnxkbms pmr sn sús, iks dssds imbdams jndgtécnjms sêm prmbutms bk
idgtd luikgk, imtnvm pdam quka sú pmbdi dxnstnr jmim pdgskidgtms
jmgsjndgtds bdgtrm bm jîrdfrm luikgm. Zd, d qukgbm, ms sdrds luikgms
cmrdi dxtngtms, dssks tdmrnks tkifîi sd dxtngeunrêm, k idgms qud m sdr
luikgm jmgsnek trkgsintn-aks k kaeuik mutrk dspîjnd qud vdglk k smfrdvnvdr
smfrdvnvdr..
Xkrk ms iktdrnkanstks, pmrtkgtm, difmrk k gkturdzk sd`k iktdiëtnjk d
cnsnjkidgtd dxtrkmrbngërnk, dak gêm î idrdjdbmrk bd erktnbêm, pmns gêm î ui
bmi mu ui ktm bd dsjmalk mu bd prmpúsntm, iks uik jmgsdquàgjnk ngdvntëvda
bd adns d cmråks jdeks. Bdvdrnk sdr vnstk jmim kaem úfvnm, qud gdi sd
bnsjutd. Kssni tkifîi bdvdrnk sdr k dxnstàgjnk bk idgtd, bk nikengkåêm d
bm prúprnm pdgskidgtm jndgtécnjm. Gêm lë gngeuîi k qudi kerkbdjdr pmr
dssks jmnsks. Zdgtnr-sd erktm è gkturdzk, km Jmsims mu km pmbdr bd
jrnktnvnbkbd dqunvkad k tmrgkr-sd prdsk bm pdgskidgtm kgtrmpmjàgtrnjm,
ktrnfungbm sdr, prmpúsntm mu sdgtnbm è gkturdzk ngkgnikbk. Nssm î pdrinssévda
gk pmdsnk rmiægtnjk, gk idbnbk di qud jmiprddgbdrims qud sd trktk kpdgks
bd ui imbm
jndgtécnjk, bd dxprdssêm.
gêm tdims Gmbdqud
gdjdssnbkbd gmsbnz rdspdntm
sdgtnr erktms èè gkturdzk
vdrbkbd mumf`dtnvk d
è mrnedi
bk gkturdzk0 di vdz bnssm, bdvdims gms sdgtnr erktms kms erkgbds jndgtnstks
qud gms cnzdrki kajkgåkr gmssm pmgtm bd vnstk ikns dadvkbm d mf`dtnvm.
Bdusds gêm dxnstdi, iks, pmr idnm bk jnàgjnk d bk rkzêm, ms sdrds luikgms
tài lm`d pmbdrds sdidalkgtds kms bnvngms.
Xmr mutrm akbm, di iuntks jmsimamenks rdanenmsks, tmbm m Tgnvdrsm pkssmu
k dxnstnr erkåks km pmbdr jrnktnvm bd Bdus. Di uik bks ngtdrprdtkåôds
lngbus, m iugbm î m smglm bm bdus Snslgu d dstë tmbm jmgtnbm di suk
idgtd. Gk trkbnåêm `ubknjm-jrnstê, k idtëcmrk cugbkidgtka bk jrnktnvnbkbd
bnvngk î k ckak. Ks pkakvrks bêm dstruturk, cmrik, sdgtnbm d ngtdrjmgdxêm.
Xkrk sdrdi ckakbks, daks prdjnski kspnrkr d dxpdanr m kr. Jmim skfdims pmr
gmssk dxpdrnàgjnk bnërnk, m cauxm bk dxpnrkåêm nipuasnmgk tmbks ks inglks
pkakvrks d ks suks. M tdrim erdem pkrk ‑smprm’ î pgduik
pgduik.. Dssk pkakvrk gêm
snegncnjk kpdgks smprm, iks tkifîi ‑kadgtm’. M dqunvkadgtd ldfrknjm î
ru„kjl,, ui sufstkgtnvm cdingngm d iksjuangm qud snegncnjk ‑dspérntm’,
ru„kjl
‑vdgtm’ mu ‑rdspnrkåêm’. Gk Jlngk, qn mu jln tdi snegncnjkbm sdidalkgtd? gk
Égbnk,
jlkikbmm dqunvkadgtd î prkgk
bd ‑dgdrenk’.prkgk.
Bdus. Gk
jrnkjnàgjnk,
m iugbm dssd cauxm ugnvdrska
jmgtngukidgtd, bd ktnvnbkbd
kssni jmim gmsî
jrnk d ès gmssks idgtds, pmr idnm bm cauxm bd dgdrenk júsinjk d bk jrnkåêm
bd cmriks, pkbrôds d snegncnjkbms.
Zd kjrdbntkrims qud Bdus î k mrnedi bd tmbks ks jmnsks, d qud sdu sdr
ikgtîi m Tgnvdrsm ‚ uik jrdgåk jmipkrtnalkbk pmr jrnstêms, iuåuaikgms,
`ubdus d lngbus ‚, dgtêm gmssk erktnbêm
erktn bêm cugbkidgtka î pkrk jmi Bdus, pdam
cktm idsim bk dxnstàgjnk. Fubnstks, tkmnstks, jmgcujnmgnstks gêm uski k
pkakvrk ‑Bdus’ jmi m idsim sdgtnbm, iks tmbms tài suks jmgjdpåôds bk
rdkanbkbd ðatnik. Gmssk erktnbêm tkifîi î bdvnbk km Tgnvdrsm, è gmssk
Ekaëxnk, km gmssmèsZnstdik
d kms injrúfnms, pakgtksZmakr,
d kms èkgnikns
gmssk Rdrrk, bk quka gmssm
qud prmvddi gmssk vnbk bdpdgbd,
kanidgtm, d ès
smjndbkbds d juaturks luikgks qud ikgtài tmbks ks vnbks luikgks.
Gks trkbnåôds rdanenmsks, lë iuntks ikgdnrks bd kerkbdjdr è cmgtd ðatnik
bd tmbks ks jmnsks, mu Bdus. _ >< Y Gm Kgtnem Rdstkidgtm, ms skaims `ubknjms
dstêm rdpadtms bd amuvmr d kerkbdjnidgtms k Bdus. Gms sdrvnåms jrnstêms,
dssds idsims skaims sêm pkrtd ngtderkgtd, d lë iuntms lngms
dspdjncnjkidgtd jrnstêms bd amuvmr d cmriks bd kerkbdjnidgtm.
Rrkbnjnmgkaidgtd, ms jrnstêms bkvki erkåks kgtds bks rdcdnåôds, m qud kaeugs
kngbk ckzdi. M idsim sd pmbd bnzdr bms `ubdus, bms iuåuaikgms d bd
pdssmks bd iuntks mutrks rdanenôds d trkbnåôds rdenmgkns.
rdenmgkns. Gms Dstkbms Tgnbms,
ks jmidimrkåôds gm Bnk bd Kåêm bd Erkåks sêm uik pkrtd nipmrtkgtd bk
juaturk gkjnmgka.
Xkrk ui iktdrnkanstk mu ui ktdu, tubm nssm gêm pkssk bd kfsurbms mu, gk
idalmr bks lnpútdsds, bd ui ckz bd jmgtk pmîtnjm. K rdkanbkbd gêm î ui bmi
bd Bdus. Rkipmujm ks jmaldntks mu ms crutms bk tdrrk. Zêm jmnsks qud
surenrki pmr kjksm d gdjdssnbkbd, d di bdjmrràgjnk bk jnàgjnk d bk
tdjgmamenk luikgks, sdgbm bd neuka imbm rdsuatkgtds bd iuntm trkfkalm
pdgmsm d dstkckgtd. Ktî ms junbkbms bms pkns jmi ms cnalms sêm uik rdspmstk
edgdtnjkidgtd prmerkikbk, ikgnpuakbk pmr edgds deméstks qud sú dstêm
ngtdrdsskbms di prmpkekr-sd. Xmrtkgtm, gêm lë gdgluik gdjdssnbkbd bd
sdgtnr erktnbêm ktî idsim pdam kimr bms pkns, uik vdz qud î ui sdgtnidgtm
prmerkikbm pdams edgds tdgbm di vnstk sdus
sdus prúprnms mf`dtnvms deméstks.
Bncdrdgåks
Bncdrdgåks pdssmkns
Ks pdsqunsks di psnjmamenk rdvdakrki kqunam qud, bd ui imbm mu bd mutrm,
tmbms gús skfdims0
qud mutrks. Tik cmrikkaeuiks pdssmks
jmgldjnbk tài ui dssk
bd pdrjdfdr tdipdrkidgtm ikns erktm gm
bncdrdgåk dgjmgtrk-sd bm
imbm jmim pdssmks bncdrdgtds rdkedi k ui jmpm jmi 48% bd suk
jkpkjnbkbd jldnm bd ëeuk mu bd mutrm aéqunbm qukaqudr. Xkrk ks pdssmks
erktks, m jmpm dstë idnm jldnm. Xkrk ks ngerktks, dstë idnm vkznm. Zdi
bðvnbk, quksd tmbms smims km idsim tdipm erktms d ngerktms, mu mtninstks d
pdssninstks, di bncdrdgtds sntukåôds. D ès vdzds î nipmrtkgtd sdr pdssninstk.
Zd pdrjdfm qud m tkgqud bd jmifustévda bm jkrrm dstë quksd vkznm, î idalmr
dspdrkr pdam pnmr sd gêm tdgtkr dgjlà-am m ikns rëpnbm pmssévda, di vdz bd
kjdadrkr m jkrrm jmi k dspdrkgåk bd qud m jmifustévda nrë sd iktdrnkanzkr
iktdrnkan zkr pmr
ikenk, mu qud
K pkrtnr bk mbîjkbk
ngbnjkbmr bd jmifustévda
bd ;>>8, dstë àgcksd
jmi dspdjnka drrkbm.gms prniúrbnms bm kgm
6888, k erktnbêm tdi snbm dstubkbk pmr idnms jndgtécnjms, erkåks km
bdsdgvmavnidgtm bk Xsnjmamenk Xmsntnvk. Ms psnjúamems dakfmrkrki
qudstnmgërnms d dsjkaks qud alds pdrintnssdi kvkankr k erktnbêm mu ngerktnbêm
bks pdssmks. Dads tkifîi jmgsdeudi kvkankr sdu fdi-dstkr d cdanjnbkbd.
Dstubm kpús dstubm tdi bdimgstrkbm qud ks pdssmks qud jmstuiki sdr
erktks sêm ikns cdanzds bm qud ks qud di edrka sd imstrki ngerktks? sêm
idgms bdprninbks, ikns sktnscdntks jmi k vnbk, tài ikns kutmkjdntkåêm d
iknmr gmåêm bd mf`dtnvms. _ >> Y Dssks pdssmks tkifîi sêm ikns edgdrmsks. _
;88 Y
 M qud kprdsdgtkims kjnik sêm jmrrdakåôds. Ks pdssmks sêm erktks pmrqud
sêm cdanzds= Mu sêm cdanzds pmrqud sêm erktks=
Ms psnjúamems pmsntnvms cnzdrki dxpdrnidgtms pkrk tdstkr d bdsjmfrnr k
ngtdrbdpdgbàgjnk bdssks buks vkrnëvdns. Di ui tnpm bd tdstd,
t dstd, ms pkrtnjnpkgtds
cmrki bnvnbnbms kadktmrnkidgtd di tràs erupms. Di ui bdads, pdbnu-sd ès
pdssmks qud bdsjrdvdssdi frdvdidgtd jngjm jmnsks pdaks qukns lkvnki snbm
erktks gk sdikgk kgtdrnmr. Di mutrm erupm, pdbnu-sd ès pdssmks qud
bdsjrdvdssdi jngjm jmgtrkrndbkbds bk sdikgk kgtdrnmr, dgqukgtm gm tdrjdnrm
erupm pdbnu-sd qud bdsjrdvdssdi jngjm kjmgtdjnidgtms qud ks lkvnki
pdrturfkbm gk sdikgk kgtdrnmr
kgtdrnmr.. Dssds dxdrjéjnms cmrki rdpdtnbms burkgtd ;8
sdikgks.
Gm ‑erupm bk erktnbêm’, m erupm bd tdstd, uik kipak ekik bd
dxpdrnàgjnks advkvk è erktnbêm, ngjausnvd ngtdrkåôds kcdtumsks, fmk skðbd,
supdrkåêm bd mfstëjuams d m snipads cktm bd dstkr vnvm. Ms pdsqunskbmrds
bdsjmfrnrki qud0
Ms pkrtnjnpkgtds jmi sdgtnidgtms bd erktnbêm sdgtnki-sd idalmr di rdakåêm è suk vnbk
jmim ui tmbm, d drki ikns mtninstks qukgtm km cuturm bm qud ms pkrtnjnpkgtds bd
qukaqudr bms mutrms erupms bd jmipkrkåêm _kqudads qud bdsjrdvnki jmgtrkrndbkbds mu
kpdgks dsjrdvnki smfrd cktmsY. Kaîi bnssm, ms qud bdimgstrkvki erktnbêm rdaktkvki
idgms qudnxks smfrd suk skðbd d jldekvki k bnzdr qud pksskvki ikns tdipm
dxdrjntkgbm-sd bm qud ms pkrtnjnpkgtds bm erupm bd jmgtrmad. _ ;8; Y

Mutrms dxpdrnidgtms, qud ngjauéki k erktnbêm pdam qud smims d tdims,

bdrki rdsuatkbms pmsntnvms dxtrkmrbngkrnkidgtd sdidalkgtds. _ ;86 Y
Di mutrm tnpm bd tdstd, pdbnk-sd k ui erupm bd pkrtnjnpkgtds qud
dsjrdvdssd uik jkrtk bd kerkbdjnidgtm k kaeuîi qud ms lkvnk k`ubkbm gk
vnbk, iks ju`k
bk bdvnbk k`ubk,
cmrik? didi suk prúprnk
sdeunbk, mpngnêm,
pdbnk-sd dadsqud
k dads gugjk lkvnki rdjmgldjnbm
dgtrdekssdi dssk jkrtk
pdssmkaidgtd. Xdbnu-sd km erupm bd jmgtrmad qud dsjrdvdssd smfrd suks
adifrkgåks kgtneks. M erupm jmi sdgtnidgtms bd erktnbêm imstrmu ui
kuidgtm sufstkgjnka bd cdanjnbkbd di jmipkrkåêm jmi m erupm bd jmgtrmad,
m qud burmu pdam idgms ui iàs. _ ;8: Y
Lm`d lë iuntms anvrms bd kutmk`ubk k rdspdntm bd jmim sdr ikns erktm, bd
jmim gms bkr jmgtk bd gmssk smrtd d pkrkr bd rdjakikr, d bd jmim
ngjrdidgtkr gmssms rdakjnmgkidgtms pmr idnm bk erktnbêm. Dssds iîtmbms
cugjnmgki0 gêm pkrk tmbms m tdipm tmbm, iks pkrk iuntks pdssmks burkgtd k
iknmr pkrtd bm tdipm.
M qud lë bd drrkbm jmi k erktnbêm=
Ks pdssmks erktks di edrka sêm ikns cdanzds bm qud ks ngerktks, d tkifîi
tdgbdi k sdr ikns kprdjnkbks pdams mutrms. Xmrtkgtm, lkvdrë kaeuik
bdsvkgtkedi gm cktm bd sdr erktm=

sdrRdxpamrkbk
kavdz sni. Jmim mutrks dimåôds
pdams mutrms. Di gmsskd bnspmsnåôds luikgks, kvdrncnjk-sd
smjndbkbd jkpntkanstk, erktnbêm pmbd
ui
erkgbd ngjdgtnvm pkrk qud ks jmrpmrkåôds kprdgbki jmi k psnjmamenk
pmsntnvk di edrka, d jmi k pdsqunsk di erktnbêm di pkrtnjuakr
pkrtnjuakr.. Iuntks
diprdsks bêm júpnks erktuntks bd anvrms bd kutmk`ubk jmi fksd gk psnjmamenk
pmsntnvk k sdus cugjnmgërnms? kaeuiks pktrmjngki jursms bd trdngkidgtm d
jmgcdràgjnks imtnvkjnmgkns. M cktm bd jmgtkr jmi cugjnmgërnms kssdrtnvms,
jmgjmrbkgtds d erktms î fmi pkrk m iugbm diprdskrnka. D, sd cmr prdjnsm
bdintnr cugjnmgërnms, pdssmks jmi trdngkidgtm di psnjmamenk pmsntnvk
pmbdrêm sdr jmgtrktkbks pkrk tdgtkr ckzà-aks sdgtnr qud k pdrbk bd sdu
diprdem cmn uik erkgbd mpmrtugnbkbd di suks jkrrdnrks, advkgbm-ks k tdr
pmujm mu gdglui rdssdgtnidgtm jmgtrk
jmgtrk k diprdsk qud ks bdintnu. _ ;82 Y
K dsjrntmrk Fkrfkrk Dlrdgrdnjl î iuntm jrétnjk di rdakåêm k dssks prëtnjks,
pmns kjlk qud daks mcdrdjdi smauåôds di cmrik bd ui bnsjnpangkidgtm
idgtka qud nipanjk k dxjausêm bd gmssms pdgskidgtms gdektnvms, bd imbm
iuntm sdidalkgtd è kgtnek vnenaægjnk jkavngnstk smfrd ks nbdnks pdjkingmsks.
Dlrdgrdnjl kreuidgtk qud prdjnskims bms pdgskidgtms gdektnvms sd
qunsdrims autkr jmgtrk k ng`ustnåk d k bdstrunåêm bm idnm kifndgtd. _ ;84 Y
Jmgjmrbm jmi dak.
K erktnbêm pmbd sdr ikgnpuakbk d kfuskbk, kssni jmim m kimr pmbd sdr

ikgnpuakbm
bk d kfuskbm,
erktnbêm di iks dssd
sn. Di edrka, gêm îsdr
î idalmr uikiëvda
kreuidgtm jmgtrk
d erktm k nipmrtægjnk
bm qud kerdssnvm d
ngerktm, d î nssm qud mjmrrd jmi k iknmrnk bks pdssmks. Jmgtubm, m cktm bd
sdr kiëvda d erktm bd ikgdnrk jmipuasnvk pmbd gms jdekr bnkgtd bm pdrnem d
bm jmipmrtkidgtm luikgm bdstrutnvm, nipdbngbm-gms bd ckzdr autkr jmgtrk
dads. Xrdjnskims bd ui dqunaéfrnm pkrk bdtdringkbms usms mu cngs.
Xrdsdgtds
Xrdsdgtds d mfrnekåôds
Iuntks vdzds gêm gms kerkbk iuntm k nbdnk bd rdjdfdr prdsdgtds. Xmr quà=
Xmrqud rdjdfà-ams nipanjk k mfrnekåêm bd bkr kaeuik jmnsk di trmjk.
Zdgtnim-gms di bévnbk pdrkgtd qudi gms prdsdgtdmu. Ms amfnstks d
ikrqudtdnrms skfdi qud bkr prdsdgtds ngbuz k ui sdgtnidgtm bd mfrnekåêm
rdjéprmjk qud dads pmbdi uskr k sdu ckvmr.
Ti anvrm cugbkidgtka smfrd dssd kssugtm î Rld Enct, pufanjkbm pdak
prnidnrk vdz di ;>4:, gk Crkgåk, pmr Ikrjda Ikuss. Dad imstrk qud di ui
erkgbd gðidrm bd smjndbkbds gêm dxnstnk dssd lëfntm bd bkr prdsdgtds.
[ukgbm uik trnfm mu ui jaê prdsdgtdkvk-sd iutukidgtd, ms qud ms
rdjdfnki cnjkvki jmi k mfrnekåêm bd rdtrnfunr m prdsdgtd di ui frdvd
pdrémbm. Ès vdzds, dspdrkvk-sd qud ms bdssdi pmr ngtdrdssd, jmim kjmgtdjnk
gks juaturks gktnvks ngbéedgks bm Gmrmdstd Xkjécnjm. Zd ui erupm mcdrtkssd
bdz jmfdrtmrds di ui bdtdringkbm kgm, m erupm prdsdgtdkbm sd sdgtnk gk
mfrnekåêm bd bkr vngtd gm kgm sdeungtd, d kssni pmr bnkgtd. Dssk trmjk
pmtaktjl,, _ ;83 Y tmrgmu-sd quksd
jdrnimgnka bd prdsdgtds, mu snstdik bd pmtaktjl
sdiprd jmipdtntnvk d ngsustdgtëvda, d ui bms rdsuatkbms drk k vnsévda
bdstrunåêm bk rnqudzk kjuiuakbk, m qud ngjauék m ngjàgbnm bd jksks bd
prégjnpds, m ksskssngktm bd dsjrkvms, k qudnik bd úadms prdjnmsms d m
akgåkidgtm km ikr bd prdjnmsms mf`dtms bd jmfrd. _ ;85 Y
Gms jmgtdxtms rdanenmsms, m skjrncéjnm bd sdrds luikgms mu bd kgnikns
vnvms, bd kanidgtms, mu bd mutrms prdsdgtds k bdusks, bdusds mu k Bdus drk ‚
d kngbk î ‚ uik ikgdnrk bd pdriutkr ms prdsdgtds bdads ekglms. Mu, tkavdz,
sd`k ui imbm bd bkr kaeuik jmnsk è dspdrk bd ui rdtmrgm
r dtmrgm di cmrik bd mutrm
prdsdgtd, jmim fdi m rdsuid k dxprdssêm aktngk bm ut bds, bds, ‑bmu pkrk qud
tkifîi id bàs’.
Difmrk gmssk vnbk imbdrgk sdjuakr sd`k têm vnemrmskidgtd ngcaudgjnkbk
pdak djmgmink bd fksd imgdtërnk, kngbk dstkims ckinankrnzkbms jmi k
bngæinjk bd prdsdgtds d rdjnprmjnbkbd. Ms prdsdgtds jrnki végjuams smjnkns.
Dstkims tmbms jndgtds bd qud pdam idgms uik dxprdssêm jmgvdgjnmgka bd
erktnbêm, jmim bnzdr ‑mfrnekbm’, ckz pkrtd bm jmipmrtkidgtm smjnka.
Zd k erktnbêm î uik vnrtubd smjnka, k ngerktnbêm î ui véjnm smjnka. Di
iuntms jérjuams smjnkns, ks pdssmks ngerktks gêm sêm kprdjnkbks. K sdgskåêm
qud kaeugs tài bd qud tubm alds î bdvnbm, mu k ngjkpkjnbkbd bd kprdjnkr ms
mutrms bd ikgdnrk kprmprnkbk, sêm jmnsks tmadrkbks di smjndbkbds
lndrërqunjks, jmim ks krnstmjrkjnks, ks manekrqunks d ms erupms bd dxtrdim
pmbdr.. Jmgtubm, gms erupms smjnkns ikns neukantërnms k sdgskåêm bd tdr
pmbdr
bnrdntms kbqunrnbms gêm î kaem qud ckåk tkns pdssmks sdrdi dstnikbks.
Kaeuiks nikengki tdr m bnrdntm bd sdr sdrvnbks d kuxnankbks pdams bdikns,
sdi k gdjdssnbkbd bd dxprdsskr erktnbêm. Gms fdfàs iuntm gmvnglms, dssk î k
ðgnjk ikgdnrk bd pmbdrdi dxnstnr. Xmrîi, pmr vmatk bd sdns sdikgks bd vnbk,
k iknmrnk bms fdfàs jmidåk k smrrnr, d sdus smrrnsms sêm erkgbds
bdimgstrkåôds bd erktnbêm. Iuntks jrnkgåks sêm amem dgsngkbks k dxprdsskr
suk erktnbêm vdrfkaidgtd, d tkifîi bd mutrks ikgdnrks.
D sd gmssk vnbk cmr ui bmi bk gkturdzk= D sd k prúprnk gkturdzk cmr ui
bmi= Rdrdims, dgtêm, gmssk ikns prmcugbk erktnbêm pkrk jmi ms pmbdrds
rdspmgsëvdns pdak gmssk dxnstàgjnk ‚ d pdak bd tmbks ks mutrks jmnsks ‚ d k
iknmr jkusk k `ustncnjkr gmssk erktnbêm.
Di tmbks ks trkbnåôds rdanenmsks, ms lngms bd amuvmr d ks dxprdssôds bd
erktnbêm pkrk jmi k mrnedi bnvngk bd tmbms ms sdrds ckzdi pkrtd bd uik
ngtdrkåêm rdjéprmjk? k kåêm bd erkåks gms anek è mrnedi bm bmi bk prúprnk
vnbk, d k tmbks ks mutrks fàgåêms bd gmssk dxnstàgjnk. D uik bks dxprdssôds
bdssk erktnbêm jmgsnstd di jmipkrtnalkr gmssks bëbnvks jmi ms mutrms,
tmrgkgbm-gms pkrtd bm cauxm bm quka gús prúprnms bdpdgbdims.
M kspdjtm gdektnvm î qud, km rdjmgldjdrims gmssk bdpdgbàgjnk tmtka bd
pmbdrds kaîi bd gús prúprnms, pmbdims cnjkr
cn jkr niprdegkbms bd ui sdgtnidgtm
kvksskakbmr bd bdvdr rdanenmsm d bd juapk pmr gêm dstkrims è katurk bdssd
bdvdr. Tik ikgdnrk bd kckstkr dssd sdgtnidgtm bd ngkbdqukåêm jmgsnstd di
tmrgkr-sd ktdu. Zd tubm kjmgtdjd kutmiëtnjk d ngjmgsjndgtdidgtd, sd gêm lë
prmpúsntm mu prmvnbàgjnk gm iugbm, dgtêm gêm dxnstd gkbk qud dxn`k mu
`ustncnqud gmssk erktnbêm.
Jmgtubm, pkekims ui katm prdåm pmr dssk anfdrtkåêm. K ngerktnbêm î
iuntks vdzds kjmipkglkbk pdak ngcdanjnbkbd. Xkrk ms qud kjrdbntki gk tdmrnk
iktdrnkanstk bk gkturdzk, advkr uik vnbk ngcdanz pmbd pkrdjdr ui ktm bd
ldrmésim, uik cnbdanbkbd ngkfkaëvda è vdrbkbd mf`dtnvk. M iktdrnkansim
cnamsúcnjm, pmrîi, gêm î K Sdrbkbd0 î uik vnsêm bd iugbm, ui snstdik bd
jrdgåks. Difmrk tdglk iuntms sdeunbmrds bdbnjkbms, kjrdbntkr gdad gêm î
uik qudstêm bd gdjdssnbkbd ngtdadjtuka d aúenjk, iks uik qudstêm bd
nbdmamenk, mu lëfntm pdssmka mu juaturka.
Erkåk d erktnbêm
K pkakvrk aktngk pkrk erktnbêm î m sufstkgtnvm erktnk
erktnk,, bk quka bdrnvmu gmssk
pkakvrk ‑erkåk’. M kb`dtnvm aktngm erktus, dstrntkidgtd rdakjnmgkbm, snegncnjk
‑kerkbëvda’. D bdssks rkézds prmvîi uik vkstk ekik bd tdrims ngeadsds qud
ngjaudi erkjdcua _dadekgtdY, bnserkjdcua _ngckidY, erkjdcua _erkjnmsmY,
erktncnjktnmg _erktncnjkåêmY, erktuntmus _erktuntmY d jmgerktuaktd _jmgerktuakr-
sdY. _ ;8< Y
 Di sn idsik, k pkakvrk erkjd tdi iuntms snegncnjkbms. Xrnidnrm, gk
tdmamenk jrnstê, dak bdsnegk ui bmi bd Bdus, ui ckvmr bnvngm. Xmr dxdipam,
gk prdjd ‑Kvd-Ikrnk, jldnk bd Erkåk’, Ikrnk î ui jkgka bk erkåk bnvngk,
qud caun ktrkvîs bdak d bd sdu ðtdrm0
Kvd-Ikrnk, jldnk bd erkåk, M Zdglmr dstd`k jmgvmsjm. Fdgbntk smns vús dgtrd ks
iualdrds, d Fdgbntm î m Crutm bm vmssm vdgtrd, @dsus...
Di sdeugbm auekr, k erkåk tkifîi sd rdcdrd k prmpmråôds mu kåôds qud sêm
kerkbëvdns, jmim di imvnidgtms erkjnmsms mu ikgdnrks erkjnmsks. Bm
idsim imbm, snegncnjk cksjégnm mu jlkrid, jmim di prmpmråôds dadekgtds.
Gk intmamenk erdek ks Erkåks, tràs bdusks nriês, jmgjdbnki m bmi bk fdadzk
d drki, daks prúprnks, dxtrkmrbngkrnkidgtd fdaks.
Di tdrjdnrm auekr, erkåk tkifîi snegncnjk mfrnekbm mu erktnbêm, jmim di
bnzdr erkåks kgtds bks rdcdnåôds. Di mutrks aégeuks, lë pkakvrks sdidalkgtds
pkrk kerkbdjdr ‚ di crkgjàs, eræjd è, ‑erkåks k’. Di dspkglma, k pkakvrk
pkrk ‑mfrnekbm’ î erkjnks
erkjnks,, d di ntkankgm î erkznd
erkznd..
M qud ugncnjk dssds sdgtnbms î ui sdgsm bd cauxm anvrd di kifks ks
bnrdåôds, d bdssd cauxm prmvîi ui imvnidgtm bd erkåk mu fdadzk. M bmkbmr
d m rdjdptmr sêm jmgdjtkbms? dads dstêm di rdakåêm iðtuk, jmim di ui
végjuam bd adkabkbd, kimr d jmgcnkgåk. Dssk î tkifîi uik bdsjrnåêm
tdmaúenjk bm rdakjnmgkidgtm dgtrd Bdus d ms qud M kiki, g„Dad jmgcnki d k
Dad kerkbdjdi. Bk idsik ikgdnrk, m tdrim bdsnegk m vkstm pkbrêm bd
ngtdrkåêm luikgk idbnkgtd k bmkåêm rdjéprmjk bd prdsdgtds d sdrvnåms. Dssd
iutukansim bd bkr dgcktnzk ks rdakåôds dgtrd ckiéanks d mutrms
mutr ms erupms smjnkns.
Dssks rdakåôds iðtuks kngbk dxnstdi, d surenrki iuntm tdipm kgtds bms
idrjkbms mrekgnzkbms d bks djmgminks bd fksd imgdtërnk. M prmjdssm bd
jmiprkr d vdgbdr qukgtncnjmu d snstdiktnzmu ms snstdiks bd bmkåêm
rdjéprmjk. Xmrîi, kngbk qud m jmiprkr d m vdgbdr sneki gmriks
qukgtncnjkbks, ms ktms bd prdsdgtdkr, imstrkr-sd erktm d bkr kaeuik jmnsk di
rdtrnfunåêm sêm vmaugtërnms. Zêm ikns anvrds, ikns pdssmkns, d idgms
kutmiëtnjms d ngjmgsjndgtds. M dspérntm (qud pkrk ini î sdidalkgtd km cauxm
bd vnbk jmgsjndgtd) caun ktrkvîs bd gús qukgbm mcdrtkims kaem d qukgbm
kerkbdjdims. Di inglk mpngnêm, dssd cauxm î ui kspdjtm cugbkidgtka bd
tmbks ks smjndbkbds luikgks, d tkifîi bks rdakåôds luikgks jmi ms
kgjdstrkns, ms skgtms, ms dspérntms, ms kg`ms, ms bdusds, ks bdusks d k rdkanbkbd
ðatnik, qud `ubdus, jrnstêms d iuåuaikgms jlkiki bd Bdus.
 Manvdr Zkjos, gdurmamenstk d kutmr bd fdst-sdaadrs
fdst-sdaadrs,, cmn ui ktdu qud rdcutmu
k jrdgåk di Bdus kngbk iuntm `mvdi, qukgbm suk ckiéank `ubnk gêm kprmvmu
m cktm bd dad sdr lmimssdxuka. Zdu ðatnim anvrm, pufanjkbm pmstuikidgtd di
68;4, ngtntuak-sd Erktntubd d cmn dsjrntm qukgbm dad smufd qud dstkvk
imrrdgbm bd jægjdr. Zkjos rdsuinu sdus sdgtnidgtms bk sdeungtd ikgdnrk0
Gêm pmssm cngenr qud gêm dstmu jmi idbm. Jmgtubm, idu sdgtnidgtm prdbmingkgtd
pr dbmingkgtd î k
erktnbêm. Kidn d cun kikbm. Iuntm id cmn bkbm, d rdtrnfué bd kaeuik ikgdnrk... Kjnik bd
tubm, cun ui sdr sdgjndgtd gdstd fdam pakgdtk, m qud jmgstntun, pmr sn sú, ui dgmrid
prnvnaîenm d uik dxtrkmrbngërnk kvdgturk. _ ;8> Y

Zdr erktm gms tmrgk pkrtd bdssd cauxm iðtum d dgrnqudjdbmr bd gmssk vnbk.
Zdr ngerktm gms sdpkrk bdssk ckgtëstnjk prdrrmektnvk. [ukgbm ckzdims pkrtd
bdssd cauxm, di edrka gms sdgtnims ikns cdanzds bm qud qukgbm dstkims bdad
kpkrtkbms, pmujm nipmrtkgbm sd gms jlkikims bd ktdus, mu gêm. _ ;;8 Y
K prëtnjk bk erktnbêm gms jmgdjtk jmi m cauxm fdgckzd`m bd bkr d rdtrnfunr
erkåks gm bmiégnm luikgm, d tkifîi jmi m cauxm bd vnbk gk gkturdzk gêm
luikgk0 gks pakgtks d gms kgnikns, gms djmssnstdiks,
_ ;;; Y
gk Rdrrk, gm Znstdik
Zmakr, di gmssk Ekaëxnk d di tmbm m Jmsims. D, sd dstnvdrims kfdrtms
k dak, k erktnbêm pmbd gms jmgdjtkr bnrdtkidgtd jmi k cmgtd jmgsjndgtd bd
tmbm m sdr, bd tmbk k jmgsjnàgjnk, cmrik d dgdrenk, qud `ubdus, jrnstêms d
iuåuaikgms jlkiki bd Bdus, d qud ms lngbus jlkiki bd Zkt-jlnt-kgkgbk
‚ Dxnstàgjnk-Jmgsjnàgjnk-Àxtksd. _ ;;6 Y
Buks ikgdnrks bd prktnjkr
prktnjkr k erktnbêm
ZD@K EVKRM
EVKRM XDAM [TD SMJÀ Î ‚ DGTIDVD ZTKZ FÀGÅÊMZ
Rdgtd trkgscmrikr nssm di uik prëtnjk rdeuakr, pmr dxdipam, tmbm bnk kgtds
bd nr pkrk k jkik. Mu uik vdz pmr sdikgk0 gk sdxtk-cdnrk, sd vmjà cmr
iuåuaikgm, gm sëfkbm, sd cmr `ubdu, d gm bmingem sd cmr jrnstêm pdam adekbm
bd sdus kgjdstrkns. Mutrks trkbnåôds tài sdus bnks dspdjnkns. Zd cmr ðtna, ckåk
uik anstk pmr dsjrntm. Smjà pmbd kerkbdjdr pmr suk prúprnk vnbk d skðbd, pmr
suk ckiéank, sdus prmcdssmrds d mutrks pdssmks qud m k`ubkrki, pdak aégeuk
qud vmjà ckak, pmr suk juaturk, suk djmgmink, suk dbujkåêm d pdak smjndbkbd
di qud vnvd, pdaks pakgtks d kgnikns, pdak Iêd Gkturdzk di suks iðatnpaks
cmriks, pmr tmbm m Tgnvdrsm d pdak mrnedi bd tmbms ms sdrds. Dssk prëtnjk nrë
jmgdjtë-am jmi kqunam qud ald î bkbm. [ukgtm iknmr suk erktnbêm, iknmr sdrë
k sdgskåêm bd cauxm, d iknmr sdu bdsd`m bd bmkr.
CKÅK TIK XVDJD KGRDZ BKZ VDCDNÅÔDZ
Di inglk jksk, cnjkims kaeugs ingutms bd iêms bkbks è idsk, kgtds bd
jmidr. Ès vdzds jkgtkims uik kåêm bd erkåks? mutrks vdzds, kaeuîi ckz
uik pdqudgk mrkåêm, d lë bnks di qud cnjkims ui frdvd imidgtm di
snaàgjnm. [ukgbm dstmu smznglm, ckåm ui kerkbdjnidgtm snadgjnmsm. Zuenrm
qud vmjà kbmtd dssk prëtnjk di suk prúprnk jksk. _ ;;: Y Zd kaeugs bms
idifrms bd suk ckiéank mu sdus kinems gêm sd sdgtnrdi jmgcmrtëvdns jmi
uik mrkåêm bd erkåks, dgtêm bddi-sd ks iêms di snaàgjnm. Mu jrnd ui
dspkåm di qud qukaqudr ui pmssk dxprdsskr sdu kerkbdjnidgtm k sdu prúprnm
imbm, ckakgbm mu jkgtkgbm.
 :
Vdjmgdjtkgbm-sd jmi m
Iugbm Ikns-[ud-Luikgm
]
Gkturdzkk luikgk d gêm luikgk
Gkturdz
Zmims pkrtd bk gkturdzk. Gêm lë bðvnbk bd qud gêm dxnstnrékims sdi k
Rdrrk, m Zma, gmssk Ekaëxnk d tmbm m Jmsims. K lnstúrnk bd gmssk Ekaëxnk
rdimgtk k fnalôds bd kgms, d dstë cugbkidgtkbk gk dvmauåêm bm Tgnvdrsm.
Rkifîi tdims jmgsjnàgjnk bd gmssk sdpkrkåêm bm rdstm bk gkturdzk. Lë
uik bnstngåêm dgtrd m iugbm luikgm ‚ gmssm idnm kifndgtd smjnka d
djmgòinjm, ks aégeuks d juaturks qud ldrbkims, ks jksks d jnbkbds gks qukns
vnvdims, ks tdaks bd jmiputkbmr jmi qud ngtdrkenims, ms vdéjuams qud gms
sdrvdi bd idnm bd trkgspmrtd ‚ d m rdstm bk gkturdzk. Jakrkidgtd, dxnstd
iuntm ikns gkturdzk gêm luikgk bm qud gkturdzk luikgnzkbk gm Tgnvdrsm,
ngjaungbm fnalôds bd ekaëxnks kaîi bk gmssk.
Gêm dstkims smznglms km ckzdr bnstngåêm dgtrd gmssk prúprnk dspîjnd d m
rdstm bk gkturdzk. Idsim qud kpdgks pkrk cngs bd rdprmbuåêm, ms idifrms
bks mutrks dspîjnds bd kgnikns prdjnski nbdgtncnjkr ugs kms mutrms. Tik
pkvmk bdvd sdr jkpkz bd rdjmgldjdr ui pkvêm, kngbk qud k kpkràgjnk bdad
sd`k bncdrdgtd bk bdak, pkrk cngs bd kjkskakidgtm. D ms kgnikns smjnkns, jmim
ks cmrineks di sdus gnglms, mu ms amfms di suks iktnalks, rdjmgldjdi d
ngtdrkedi ngtdgskidgtd jmi mutrms idifrms bd sdu erupm. M erupm di sn
tdi uik crmgtdnrk qud m sdpkrk bm rdstm bm iugbm, difmrk dad ngtdrk`k bd
imbm jmgtégum jmi dssd kifndgtd. Lë uik bnstngåêm nipaéjntk dgtrd m erupm
d m iugbm ikns vkstm bm quka dad bdpdgbd.
Ti imbm nauingkbmr bd pdgskr gk gkturdzk gêm luikgk mjmrrd di
tdrims bm iugbm ikns-qud-luikgm, uik dxprdssêm ngtrmbuznbk gk bîjkbk
bd ;>>8 pdam djmamenstk juaturka Bkvnb Kfrki. _ ;;2 Y Zú dstkims kqun pmr
jmgtk bm iugbm ikns-qud-luikgm bk Rdrrk, m Znstdik Zmakr d k tmtkanbkbd
bm Jmsims.
Ngcdanzidgtd, iuntms bd gús kbqunrnims m lëfntm bd pdgskr smfrd m rdstm
bm iugbm gkturka jmim kaem ngcdrnmr km luikgm. Ekaëxnks, pakgdtks,
dspîjnds fnmaúenjks, imaîjuaks, ëtmims d pkrtéjuaks sufktòinjks dstêm tmbms
ikpdkbms di gmssks tdmrnks jndgtécnjks. Xkrdjd qud vdims k gkturdzk bm akbm
bd cmrk, jmim sd còssdims idgtds ngjmrpúrdks. Gks dsjmaks, ks jrnkgåks
kprdgbdi smfrd m Znstdik Zmakr k pkrtnr bd anvrms d imbdams, sdi skérdi è
gmntd pkrk vdrdi ms vdrbkbdnrms pakgdtks d ks jmgstdakåôds. Gms `krbngs bd
ngcægjnk, ks jrnkgåks di tdgrk nbkbd pmbdi ngtdrkenr jmi kgnikns vnvms d
pakgtks, iks, qukgbm jrdsjdi, m dstubm bd fnmamenk tmrgk-sd jkbk vdz ikns
bnstkgtd bk dxpdrnàgjnk. Amem, cnjki pkrk trës ks pakgtks d ms kgnikns
vdrbkbdnrms, d m dstubm sd jmgjdgtrk gms anvrms dsjmakrds, di bnkerkiks bd
idjkgnsims césnjm d quéinjms, rdprdsdgtkåôds bd imaîjuaks bd BGK,
vkrrdburks jdrdfrkns d sniuakåôds bd jmiputkbmr.
Ms imbdams jndgtécnjms pkrdjdi ikns nipmrtkgtds bm qud ms prúprnms
mrekgnsims vnvms. Bdpmns, dssds imbdams bdpdgbdi bd prmjdssms césnjms qud
pmbdi sdr rdprmbuznbms di tdrims iktdiëtnjms, d amem k iktdiëtnjk pkrdjd
sdr k rdkanbkbd ðatnik. K gkturdzk vnvk î sufstntuébk pmr kfstrkåôds idgtkns
qud sú sêm dgjmgtrkbks di kaeuiks idgtds mu di smctwkrd bd jmiputkbmr.
Gk rdkanbkbd, k jmiprddgsêm bdssds imbdams iktdiëtnjms sú dxnstd di uik
égcnik ingmrnk bd idgtds luikgks, kqudaks qud pdrtdgjdi kms iktdiëtnjms,
kms jndgtnstks jmi trdngkidgtm di iktdiëtnjk d kms prmerkikbmrds bd
jmiputkbmr.
Xkrk iuntms bd gús, pmrîi, ui sdgtnidgtm bd jmgdxêm bnrdtk jmi m
iugbm ikns-qud-luikgm î bd suik nipmrtægjnk, d k`ubk k gms ngspnrkr
dspnrntukaidgtd.
Jmgdxôds bm bnk k bnk
Jmgsnbdrk-sd qud gmssk dspîjnd, m Lmim skpndgs
skpndgs,, tdi jdrjk bd jdi ina
lmingngs,, _ ;;4 Y qud rdimgtki vërnms
kgms, d qud bdsjdgbd bks dspîjnds lmingngs
inalôds bd kgms k ui kgjdstrka qud jmipkrtnalëvkims jmi ms ikjkjms. Xkrk
k erkgbd iknmrnk bms lnstmrnkbmrds bms lmingngs
lmingngs,, gmssms kgjdstrkns vnvnki
di erupms d sd sustdgtkvki jmadtkgbm pakgtks d, ès vdzds, jmidgbm mutrms
kgnikns. Drki jkåkbmrds-jmadtmrds.
Ms jkåkbmrds-jmadtmrds bkvki jmim cktm jmgsuikbm qud m iugbm km sdu
rdbmr dstkvk vnvm0 ms kgnikns d ks pakgtks, k Rdrrk, m jîu, m Zma d k Auk, ms
rnms, m ikr, ms vdgtms d ks ngtdipîrnds. Drki kgninstks. Zuks intmamenks
dgcktnzki k vnbk d k ngtdrjmgdxêm bm iugbm gkturka, ui jmgtégum bnëamem bd
kaiks dgtrd luikgms d gêm luikgms. _ ;;3 Y
Ks intmamenks kidrégbnks prdssupôdi qud, mrnengkaidgtd, lkvnk uik
ugnbkbd dspnrntuka, ui sdr luikgm prnika, bm quka bdrnvkvki tmbks ks
jmnsks. Ms sdrds luikgms gêm prmvài bms kgnikns? km jmgtrërnm, ms kgnikns
prmvài bd sdrds sdidalkgtds kms luikgms. M kgtrmpúamem sua-kidrnjkgm
Snvdnrms bd Jkstrm kssngkak qud, di iuntms sdgtnbms, dssk jmgjdpåêm
trkbnjnmgka î, bd iuntks cmriks, m jmgtrërnm bk gmssk. Gús vdims k gkturdzk
luikgk jmim mrnengkaidgtd kgnika, d k juaturk luikgk jmgtrmak gmssk
gkturdzk kgnika. Rdgbm snbm kgnikns, pdrikgdjdims kgnikns ‑gk fksd’. Xmr
mutrm akbm, m pdgskidgtm kidrégbnm sustdgtk qud, tdgbm snbm luikgms, ms
kgnikns kngbk bdvdi sdr luikgms, kngbk qud bd ikgdnrk bnvdrsk. K gkturdzk
ngtdrnmr bd tmbms ms kgnikns î sdidalkgtd è gmssk, iks sdus jmrpms tài
cmriks gêm luikgks.
Ms intms bm pmvm Jkipk bms Kgbds Xdrukgms gkrrki jmim dssd pmvm
prnintnvm sd trkgscmrimu bd imbm nrrdvdrsévda gks vërnks dspîjnds bd pakgtks
d kgnikns. M bdsdgvmavnidgtm bm Tgnvdrsm cmn fksnjkidgtd ui prmjdssm bd
bnvdrsncnjkåêm, d k luikgnbkbd cmn k sufstægjnk prnimrbnka qud bdu mrnedi k
tmbks ks jmnsks. M pmvm Jkipk ktuka bdsjdgbd bms Jkipks kgjdstrkns, iks î
m ðgnjm qud dsjkpmu è trkgscmrikåêm. _ ;;5 Y
Xmr mutrm akbm, bm pmgtm bd vnstk iktdrnkanstk, tmbm m Jmsims î
ngjmgsjndgtd, sdi prmpúsntm mu sdgtnbm. Ks dspîjnds fnmaúenjks sêm iëqungks
edgdtnjkidgtd prmerkikbks. Gús, luikgms, surenims jmim rdsuatkbm bd
prmjdssms césnjms jdems. Ms snstdiks smakrds, ms pakgdtks, ms kgnikns d
pakgtks sêm idjkgnsims nrrkjnmgkns nipdanbms pmr cmråks césnjks d quéinjks.
[ukaqudr tdgtktnvk bd dgjmgtrkr idgtd, kaik, psnqud mu prmpúsntm gk
gkturdzk gêm luikgk gkbk ikns î qud uik prm`dåêm bk idgtd luikgk smfrd
m rdstm bm iugbm, dgjmgtrkbk di pmvms prnintnvms d rdanenmsms, d tkifîi
di jrnkgåks. Xmvms sdjuakrds, imbdrgms, dbujkbms di tdrims jndgtécnjms d
prmerdssnvms kckstkrki-sd bdssk jmgjdpåêm. Mu, pdam idgms, bdvdrnki tdr-sd
kckstkbm bdak.
Dssks bncdrdgtds vnsôds bd iugbm advki k iuntks rdakåôds bnvdrsks jmi m
rdstm bk gkturdzk. Zd k gkturdzk cmr ngjmgsjndgtd d idjkgnjnstk, jmim supôd
k cnamsmcnk iktdrnkanstk, dgtêm gmssm dgtdgbnidgtm jndgtécnjm î k suprdik
rdkanbkbd jmgsjndgtd. Gmssks dxpdrnàgjnks suf`dtnvks sêm sufprmbutms bk
ktnvnbkbd jdrdfrka.
 Xmrîi, sdeugbm m fnúamem dvmaujnmgnstk Dbwkrb M. Unasmg, dad prúprnm
ui luikgnstk sdjuakr, î ui drrm dreudr uik fkrrdnrk dgtrd gmssks
dxpdrnàgjnks suf`dtnvks d m iugbm gkturka. Unasmg kjlk qud ms luikgms tài
uik gdjdssnbkbd ngstngtnvk bd jmgdjtkr-sd jmi kgnikns d pakgtks, fksdkbk
di uik amgek lnstúrnk dvmautnvk jmim jkåkbmrds-jmadtmrds. Dad jlkik dssd
kimr ngstngtnvm pdak gkturdzk bd fnmcnank
fnmcnank,, bm erdem fnms 9 vnbk, d plnank 9
kimr (k, bd, pkrk jmi, pmr). K fnmcnank ldrbkbk dgcktnzk ‑ks jmgdxôds qud ms
sdrds luikgms fusjki bd imbm sufjmgsjndgtd jmi m rdstkgtd bk vnbk’. _ ;;< Y
Idsim gks jnvnanzkåôds ngbustrnkns imbdrgks, iuntks pdssmks vnvdgjnki
uik jmgdxêm jmgsjndgtd jmi k gkturdzk gêm luikgk. Iuntms sdgtdi qud `ë
dstnvdrki di jmgtktm jmi kaem supdrnmr0 uik prdsdgåk, uik idgtd, ui sdr
mu uik rdkanbkbd dspnrntuka, mu Bdus.
Xkrk gmssms kgjdstrkns ‚ inalkrds bd edrkåôds bd jkåkbmrds-jmadtmrds d
iuntks edrkåôds bd kernjuatmrds ‚ ks jmgdxôds bnërnks jmi kgnikns, pakgtks,
pknskedgs d janik, cmrki kspdjtms dssdgjnkns
dssdgjnkns bk vnbk. Kngbk qud lm`d k iknmr
pkrtd bks pdssmks vnvk di jnbkbds, tdr kgnikns bd dstnikåêm î iuntm jmiui.
Dssds kgnikns sú sd bncugbnrki jmi m surenidgtm bk ngbustrnkanzkåêm d
urfkgnzkåêm di erkgbd dsjkak gm sîjuam \N\. M cktm bd tdr kgnikns bd
dstnikåêm pmbd, ngjausnvd, sdr vnstm jmim uik dspîjnd bd akidgtm pmr uik
prmxninbkbd pdrbnbk jmi k gkturdzk. _ ;;> Y D, kngbk qud k iknmrnk bks
pdssmks gêm prdjnsd ikns juatnvkr sdu prúprnm kanidgtm, iuntms lkfntkgtds
bms jdgtrms urfkgms tài `krbngs, tdrrdgms bd pdqudgks bnidgsôds, gks
jnbkbds mu gm jkipm, camrdnrks bd `kgdak, pakgtks gms ngtdrnmrds bks jksks mu
camrds bd jmrtd. _ ;68 Y Dgtrd ms imrkbmrds bd jnbkbds pdqudgks d erkgbds,
inalôds bd pdssmks kngbk sd jmgdjtki jmi m iugbm gêm luikgm pmr idnm
bd jkinglkbks di pkrquds, iktks d rdenôds jkipdstrds, d iuntms inalôds
pksski cîrnks gm antmrka. Iuntms dgjmgtrki erkgbd sktnsckåêm di trkfkalkr km
kr anvrd, d ui erkgbd gðidrm sd mcdrdjd jmim vmaugtërnms pkrk trkfkalkr di
ckzdgbks mreægnjks, di rdenôds camrdstkns d prm`dtms bd jmgsdrvkåêm. _ ;6; Y
Fdgdcéjnms bk dxpmsnåêm
dxpmsnåêm è gkturdzk
gkturdzk ikns-qud-luikgk
ikns-qud-luikgk
Ms dcdntms bk dxpmsnåêm km iugbm gkturka cmrki dstubkbms jndgtncnjkidgtd. _
;66 Y Zdeugbm ui rdjdgtd rdsuim bdssk pdsqunsk, ‑K gkturdzk kuidgtk k
skðbd idgtka ‚ ks pdssmks cnjki idgms bdprninbks qukgbm tài iknmr kjdssm
k dspkåms vdrbds. M dcdntm fdgîcnjm gêm î kpdgks uik qudstêm bd dxdrjéjnm
césnjm, difmrk nssm ckåk pkrtd bm qukbrm. Lë kaeuik jmnsk gms kifndgtds
gkturkns qud kprnimrk m fdi-dstkr bks pdssmks... Di tdrims snipads, dstkr gk
gkturdzk gms ckz sdgtnr fdi.’ _ ;6: Y
Dstubms gm @kpêm smfrd k prëtnjk bm ‑fkglm bd camrdstk’ ( slngrng-ymou
slngrng-ymou))
imstrkrki qud jkinglkr pdaks iktks tdi dcdntms cnsnmaúenjms d psnjmaúenjms
rdakxkgtds, ngjausnvd uik rdbuåêm bms gévdns skgeuégdms bm lmriògnm bm
dstrdssd, m jmrtnsma, _ ;62 Y d ui kuidgtm bk ktnvnbkbd bm snstdik
niugmaúenjm. _ ;64 Y Zdeugbm m rdsuim, ‑km rdbuznrdi m dstrdssd, ks nidrsôds
gks camrdstks prmimvdi tkgtm k skðbd césnjk qukgtm k idgtka’. _ ;63 Y
Di ui dstubm rdjdgtd di Ztkgcmrb, Jkancúrgnk, ms pkrtnjnpkgtds
kadktmrnkidgtd dsjmalnbms cnzdrki uik jkinglkbk bd 48 ingutms, tkgtm di
ui idnm urfkgm jmim di ui kifndgtd gkturka. Cmrki sufidtnbms k uik
sîrnd bd tdstds psnjmaúenjms kgtds d bdpmns bk jkinglkbk. Ms qud cmrki pkrk
jkipms d camrdstks dstkvki idgms kgsnmsms d jmi idgms ngjnbàgjnk bd
pdgskidgtms gdektnvms bm qud kgtds bk jkinglkbk, dgqukgtm ms qud
jkinglkrki gms idnms urfkgms gêm bdimgstrkvki gdgluik iubkgåk. K
idiúrnk cugjnmgka bms qud dstnvdrki di kifndgtds gkturkns tkifîi sd
idalmr.. _ ;65 Y Di rdsuim, dstkvki ikns cdanzds d ikns ktdgtms.
imstrmu fdi idalmr
Ms jndgtnstks anglk-burk gêm jmgcnki smidgtd di niprdssôds suf`dtnvks.
Dads emstki bd vdr m qud dstë kjmgtdjdgbm gm jîrdfrm. Di ui dstubm
jmipadidgtkr, ms pdsqunskbmrds bd Ztkgcmrb cnzdrki uik tmimerkcnk
jmiputkbmrnzkbk gm jîrdfrm bms pkrtnjnpkgtds, bdpmns bd sdus rdspdjtnvms
tnpms bd jkinglkbk. Ms qud lkvnki jkinglkbm di ui kifndgtd gkturka
kprdsdgtkvki uik idgmr tdgbàgjnk k cnjkr ika-luimrkbms d idakgjúanjms,
jmiprmvkgbm ikns uik vdz ui cktm `ë jmgldjnbm pdak jnàgjnk ‚ k rdenêm bm
jîrdfrm ikns kssmjnkbk k dssd tnpm bd jmipmrtkidgtm î m júrtdx prî-crmgtka
sufedguka. Di rdsuim, jmipmrtkidgtms d pdgskidgtms gdektnvms
imstrkrki-sd idgms ktnvms gkqudads qud lkvnki jkinglkbm pmr trnalks
bdgsks, jmpkbks d vdrbd`kgtds, bm qud gkqudads qud lkvnki pdrjmrrnbm ruks d
dstrkbks jldnks bd fkrualm, kentkåêm d iuatnbôds. _ ;6< Y
Dssks jmgjausôds gêm tdrnki surprddgbnbm ms cugbkbmrds bm imvnidgtm
jmgsdrvkjnmgnstk gm sîjuam \N\, mu ms ktnvnstks bdbnjkbms km fdi jmiui d
ms pakgd`kbmrds urfkgms qud bdrki k gmssks jnbkbds sdus pkrquds d mutrms
dspkåms vdrbds. Dads jmiprddgbnki pdrcdntkidgtd fdi k gdjdssnbkbd bd
ërdks pkrk rdjrdkåêm km kr anvrd, jmim bnsjutnrdn ikns kbnkgtd.

Jmgtubm,
pdsqunsk kngbk lëqud
rdkanzkbk dxnstki
pmujm iuntms rdvdamu
gk Ngeaktdrrk dspkåmsqud
vdrbds
38% bnspmgévdns,
bk pmpuakåêmuik
gêm
gêm
pkssk gdglui tdipm ‑di jmgtktm jmi k gkturdzk’ burkgtd k sdikgk. _ ;6> Y
Nssm kjmgtdjd kpdskr bm cktm bd qud k pmaétnjk mcnjnka bm emvdrgm sd`k
‑cmrtkadjdr ks jmgdxôds dgtrd pdssmks d gkturdzk d, di pkrtnjuakr, pdrintnr
qud jkbk jrnkgåk pmssk vnvdgjnkr m kifndgtd gkturka d kprdgbdr jmi dad’. _
;:8 Y Jmim ui pkssm pkrk k nipadidgtkåêm bdssk pmaétnjk, dgtrd 68;:-68;2 m
emvdrgm dgjmidgbmu ui dstubm di erkgbd dsjkak smfrd ks ktnvnbkbds km kr
anvrd bks jrnkgåks ngeadsks. Tik iknmrnk (<<%) ‑dstnvdrk gms kifndgtds
gkturkns’ pdam idgms uik vdz gm kgm kgtdrnmr? 58% ms vnsntkrk pdam idgms
uik vdz pmr sdikgk. Ks jrnkgåks bd ckiéanks bd katk rdgbk pksskvki ikns
tdipm km kr anvrd bm qud ks prmvdgndgtds bd ckiéanks bd fknxk rdgbk. Gêm
surprddgbd qud, jmim k pdsqunsk bdimgstrmu, ks jrnkgåks prî-kbmadsjdgtds
mu qud `ë dgtrkrki gk kbmadsjàgjnk (bd ;: k ;4 kgms) vnsntkssdi ikns ms
pkrquds, ks ërdks bd rdjrdkåêm mu ms jkipms pkrk `mems sdi k prdsdgåk bd
kbuatms. Jdrjk bd ;;% bks vnsntks drki cdntks k fmsquds d pdqudgks camrdstks
amjkns, ;8% prdcdrnki ms rnms d akems, d 5% bkvki prdcdràgjnk kms dspkåms
rurkns gks nidbnkåôds bd suks imrkbnks. Jmgtubm, jdrjk bd ;6% bks jrnkgåks
(ikns mu idgms ;.:88.888 jrnkgåks ngeadsks) prktnjkidgtd gêm pksskvki
gdglui tdipm km kr anvrd.
Gms Dstkbms Tgnbms, m dsjrntmr Vnjlkrb Amuv jlkimu dssk bdsjmgdxêm
dgtrd ks jrnkgåks d m iugbm gkturka bd ‑Rrkgstmrgm bd Bîcnjnt bd Gkturdzk’.
Di sdu anvrm Akst Jlnab ng tld Ummbs0 Zkvnge Mur Jlnabrdg crmi Gkturd-
Bdcnjnt Bnsmrbd
Bnsmrbdrr, dad kssmjnmu dssk ckatk bd jmgdxêm ès tdgbàgjnks ngckgtns
jmim m trkgstmrgm bd bîcnjnt bd ktdgåêm d k mfdsnbkbd. Dad jmgstktmu qud, di
iîbnk, ks jrnkgåks bd < kgms drki ikns kptks k nbdgtncnjkr pdrsmgkedgs bd
qukbrnglms bm qud ërvmrds mu kgnikns bms krrdbmrds. Tik jrnkgåk pdrtm bd
jmgjaunr m dgsngm cugbkidgtka bnssd0 ‑Du emstm bd_ frngjkr bdgtrm bd jksk
daîtrnjks’. ;:; Y
pmrqud î kqun qud cnjki tmbks ks tmikbks daîtrnjks’.
Amuv rdsuinu k pdsqunsk imstrkgbm qud k dbujkåêm kifndgtka k`ubk ks
jrnkgåks k bdsdgvmavdr idalmrds lkfnanbkbds pkrk rdsmavdr prmfadiks d
tmikr bdjnsôds. D daks sd bnvdrtdi ikns. Ngcdanzidgtd, pmrîi, lë kngbk ikns
ngjdgtnvms pkrk ks jrnkgåks cnjkrdi di jksk. Xmr vmatk bd 68;3, iuntks
jrnkgåks gmrtd-kidrnjkgks cnjkvki bd jngjm k sdtd lmrks vdgbm RS, tmbms ms
bnks, _ ;:6 Y d ks jrnkgåks ngeadsks cnjkvki ktî sdns lmrks. _ ;:: Y Ks bnrdtrnzds
mcnjnkns jmgtdipmrægdks rdjmidgbki qud ks jrnkgåks sú bdvdi jmidåkr k
vdr RS kms 6 kgms bd nbkbd. Iks iuntks jmidåki kgtds. Ks jrnkgåks ‚
ngjausnvd ks qud dstêm kprdgbdgbm k kgbkr ‚ dstêm di tdrrntúrnm ngdxpamrkbm.
M iugbm krtncnjnka bk tdadvnsêm d bks iébnks smjnkns ks dstë ‑dgemangbm’ di
ui erku sdi prdjdbdgtds. Dssk î uik dxpdrnàgjnk nidgsk d gêm jmgtrmakbk
jmi m cuturm bk luikgnbkbd.
Jmgdxêm bks jrnkgåks jmi k gkturdzk
K urfkgnzkåêm, m kuidgtm bks iébnks smjnkns d ms tdimrds bms pkns
snegncnjki qud k iknmrnk bks jrnkgåks pkssk idgms tdipm cmrk bd jksk bm
qud tmbks ks mutrks bks edrkåôds qud ks kgtdjdbdrki. Iks gêm lë bðvnbk bd
qud, bkbk k mpmrtugnbkbd, iuntms tài ui sdgsm bd jmgdxêm jmi m iugbm
ikns-qud-luikgm.
K Vdanenmus Dxpdrndgjd Vdsdkrjl Tgnt di Mxcmrb, cugbkbk pdam zmúamem
dvmaujnmgnstk snr Kanstdr Lkrby gk bîjkbk bd ;>38, rdugnu iuntms inalkrds
in alkrds bd
rdaktms bd dxpdrnàgjnks dspnrntukns. K pkrtnr bdssk erkgbd kimstrk, jdrjk bd
;4% jmidåkrki jmi kaeuik rdcdràgjnk k dxpdrnàgjnks bk ngcægjnk. _ ;:2 Y
Kprmcugbkgbm-sd m qudstnmgkidgtm, k iknmrnk bms kutmrds bdssds rdaktms
kcnrimu qud dssks dxpdrnàgjnks ngckgtns drki súanbks, fdi cugbkidgtkbks d
snegncnjktnvks. K iknmrnk bnssd qud, gk îpmjk, gêm pmbnk ckakr jmi sdus
prmcdssmrds mu idifrms bk ckiéank smfrd suks dxpdrnàgjnks. Jmim bnssd
kaeuîi0 ‑Dssd jmgldjnidgtm ngtdrnmr drk ngtdrdsskgtd d prmcugbkidgtd
cksjngkgtd, iks pdrikgdjnk nipaéjntm ktî pmrqud, sd du jmgsdeunssd
dxprdssë-am, gngeuîi dgtdgbdrnk gkbk’. _ ;:4 Y
Dns ui dxdipam bk dvmjkåêm bd uik dxpdrnàgjnk bk ngcægjnk, bdssk vdz
dxtrkébk bk jmipnakåêm bk Vdanenmus Dxpdrndgjd Vdsdkrjl Tgnt0
_[ukgbm du drk jrnkgåkY pkrdjnk tdr uik rdakåêm ikns bnrdtk jmi ks camrds, ks ërvmrds d ms
kgnikns, d kngbk id adifrm bd jdrtks mjksnôds dspdjnkns di qud du drk tmikbm pmr uik
erkgbd kadernk km vdr ms prnidnrms érns sd kfrngbm, mu qukgbm jmalnk ikrekrnbks gm
erkikbm jmfdrtm bd mrvkalm kgtds bm jkcî bk ikglê. Xkrdjnk gêm lkvdr gdgluik fkrrdnrk
dgtrd ks camrds d du, d nssm drk uik cmgtd bd ngdxprniévda bdadntd. _ ;:3 Y

Bdgtrd ks pdssmks qud rdspmgbdrki, mutrms ckakvki smfrd ‑sdgtnr uik

ugnbkbd ktdipmrka jmi tmbk k vnbk’, ‑ui sdgtnidgtm kvksskakbmr bd
erktnbêm’ d ‑uik sdgskåêm bd pkz d sdeurkgåk ngcngntks qud pkrdjnki ckzdr
pkrtd bk fdadzk bk ikglê’. _ ;:5 Y
Jmgtubm, sdrë qud dssks adifrkgåks, dsjrntks gk vnbk kbuatk mu gk vdalnjd,
rdcadtdi jmi dxktnbêm ks dxpdrnàgjnks bk ngcægjnk mu sdrêm vnstks, di
rdtrmspdjtm, ktrkvîs bd adgtds bd újuams jmr-bd-rmsk= Ti prmcdssmr ngeaàs,
Injlkda Xkcckrb, tdgtmu rdspmgbdr k dssk pdreugtk pdbngbm k sdus kaugms
kbmadsjdgtds qud rdspmgbdssdi
bd suks dxpdrnàgjnks bd jmgdxêmkprkzdgtdnrk
ui qudstnmgërnm d dsjrdvdssdi
mu ngspnrkbmrk jmi k ui rdaktm
gkturdzk,
jksm sdgtnssdi qud tnglki kaeuik dxpdrnàgjnk rdadvkgtd k sdr bdsjrntk. Bd
288 kaugms, 44% tdgtkrki bdsjrdvdr dxpdrnàgjnks qud pubdssdi sdr
jakssncnjkbks jmim uik dspîjnd bd ‑iéstnjk gkturka’. Ks pkakvrks-jlkvd pkrk
bdsjrdvdr suks dxpdrnàgjnks ngjauéki kb`dtnvms jmim ‑`ufnamsm’, ‑sdrdgm’,
‑dxtksnkbm’, ‑skerkbm’, ‑krrdfktkbmr’, ‑dbncnjkgtd’, ‑ktdipmrka’ d
‑pkjécnjm’. _ ;:< Y Ms tnpms bd dxpdrnàgjnk pmr dads bdsjrntks drki iuntm
sdidalkgtds èqudaks dvmjkbks pmr pdssmks iuntm ikns vdalks.
Kaîi bd sd sdgtnrdi rkbnkgtds, kaeugs bms qud rdspmgbdrki ès pdreugtks
bd Xkcckrb tkifîi sdgtnrki idbm qukgbm jmgcrmgtkbms jmi m jîu, ks
imgtkglks, m ikr mu ms dspkåms bdskfntkbms. Ti ekrmtm bd ;3 kgms qud
vnvnk di ui ngtdrgktm dsjrdvdu0
Imrm di Dssdx, è fdnrk bd ui vkstéssnim pægtkgm skaekbm. Gms idsds bd mutmgm,
edrkaidgtd sdgtm-id di uik rmjlk è fdnrk-ikr d pkssm k gmntd malkgbm pkrk m pægtkgm.
[ukgbm dstmu amged bkan, gk dsjmak, sngtm skubkbd bk smanbêm bkqudad dstkbm sdavkedi d
bk sdgskåêm bd anfdrbkbd d cmråk qud dad id bë. Jmgtubm, suk bdsmakåêm î ktdrrkbmrk
qukgbm dsjurdjd ikns d m ikr jmidåk k sufnr d prdjnsm nr difmrk. Iks sdiprd tdglm bd
vmatkr k dssd auekr.
auek r. _ ;:> Y
Gm dstubm bd Xkcckrb, di 35% bms rdaktms ms `mvdgs dstkvki smznglms
qukgbm tnvdrki dssks dxpdrnàgjnks, d k iknmrnk bdaks kjmgtdjdu km kgmntdjdr
mu burkgtd k gmntd. _ ;28 Y K iknmrnk gêm tnglk prmjurkbm dssks dxpdrnàgjnks
pmr vmgtkbd prúprnk? daks kjmgtdjdrki bd imbm dspmgtægdm. Kaeuiks
pdssmks, pmrîi, kbqunrnrki ui lëfntm bd nr k auekrds dspdjnkns qukgbm sd
sdgtnki ngspnrkbks, jmim jnims bd jmangks, jkipngks, akems, iktks mu
prknks.
[ukgbm jrnkgåk, pkssdn iuntm tdipm km kr anvrd d sdgtnk uik cmrtd jmgdxêm
jmi
advmumk iugbm gkturka,jnàgjnks,
qudrdr dstubkr kaîi bd smfrdtubm
ui sdgtnidgtm bd Du
fnmamenk. pdrtdgjnidgtm. Nssm id
drk fmi di jnàgjnks
gk dsjmak, iks m qud du kprdgbnk gêm drk ikns fksdkbm gk dxpdrnàgjnk bnrdtk
bk vnbk bd ui mrekgnsim. Xrktnjkidgtd tmbks ks pakgtks d kgnikns qud
dstubëvkims gk dsjmak d, ikns tkrbd, gk ugnvdrsnbkbd, dstkvki imrtms.
Iktëvkims gmssms mf`dtms bd dstubm, k gêm sdr gm jksm bms kgnikns uskbms
gms dxpdrnidgtms bd vnvnssdjåêm, qud drki imrtms ikns tkrbd.
Bnssdjëvkims inglmjks, rês, jkåôds d jmdalms. Bdsidifrëvkims ks camrds
pkrk dxkingkr sdus úreêms. Sékims ms tdjnbms ktrkvîs bm injrmsjúpnm.
injrmsjúpnm. Iktkr
ms kgnikns di gmid bk jnàgjnk drk jlkikbm bd ‑skjrncéjnm’. Ms kgnikns
dstkvki sdgbm skjrncnjkbms gm katkr bk jnàgjnk.
 Dssd tnpm bd jnàgjnk tnglk pmujk rdakåêm jmi inglk dxpdrnàgjnk pdssmka.
Du tdgtkvk bdsjkrtkr idus sdgtnidgtms suf`dtnvms smfrd k vnbk bm iugbm
gkturka jmim gêm jmgbnzdgtds jmi ms iîtmbms jndgtécnjms, iks dads
pdrikgdjnki jminem. Ikns tkrbd, bdn-id jmgtk bd qud iuntks pdssmks
usucrudi bk jnàgjnk jmim kaem vdrbkbdnrkidgtd vnvm qukgbm sêm jrnkgåks, d
sêm dstniuakbks k ckzà-am pdaks lnstúrnks d anvrms ngckgtns smfrd kgnikns qud
ckaki. [ukgbm jrnkgåk, vnvn di ui iugbm kgninstk qud drk dstniuakbm
pdams kbuatms. Km jrdsjdr
jrdsjdr,, pmrîi, cnjmu fdi jakrm pkrk ini qud dssd imbm
ngckgtna bd pdgskr bdvnk sdr bdnxkbm pkrk trës. Kjrdbntkr qud ms kgnikns d ks
pakgtks sêm ikns bm qud iëqungks jmipadxks, d pdgskr k gkturdzk jmim
jmnsk vnvk, drk m idsim qud kjrdbntkr di ckbks.
Rmbk gmssk juaturk dstë bnvnbnbk dgtrd k dxpdrnàgjnk bks jmgdxôds bnrdtks
jmi m iugbm gkturka, quksd sdiprd dstkfdadjnbk gk ngcægjnk, d k tdmrnk
idjkgnjnstk bk gkturdzk qud bmingk ks jnàgjnks d k smjndbkbd sdjuakr. Zmims
tmbms ldrbdnrms bdssk rupturk. Gm iugbm mcnjnka, bks gmvd bk ikglê ès jngjm
bk tkrbd, bd sdeugbk k sdxtk-cdnrk ‚ m iugbm bm trkfkalm, bk dbujkåêm, bms
gdeújnms d bk pmaétnjk ‚ k gkturdzk î jmgjdfnbk idjkgnjkidgtd, jmim uik
cmgtd ngkgnikbk bd iktîrnk-prnik k sdr dxpamrkbk tdgbm di vnstk m
bdsdgvmavnidgtm djmgòinjm. Xmr mutrm akbm, di gmssm iugbm prnvkbm
dxtrkmcnjnka, k gkturdzk î nbdgtncnjkbk jmi m jkipm, mpmstk è jnbkbd d, kjnik
bd tubm, vnstk jmim tdrrntúrnm sdavkedi d ngtmjkbm. _ ;2; Y
Bdsbd m sîjuam \N\, d kngbk lm`d, iuntks pdssmks qudrdi cnjkr rnjks, sd
gdjdssërnm dxpamrkgbm ms rdjursms gkturkns, bd imbm qud tdglki jmgbnåôds
bd jmiprkr uik prmprndbkbd rurka d ‑kckstkr-sd bd tubm nssm’. Gm iugbm
mjnbdgtka, gms cngs bd tkrbd bks sdxtks-cdnrks, ks dstrkbks qud advki pkrk cmrk
bks jnbkbds vnvdi ktrkvkgjkbks pdam trægsntm bd inalôds bd pdssmks qud, di
sdus jkrrms d mutrms idnms bd trkgspmrtd, tdgtki nr bd dgjmgtrm è gkturdzk.
Daks sêm vnemrmskidgtd imtnvkbks k kenr kssni. Dstêm dxprdsskgbm uik
gdjdssnbkbd cugbkidgtka.
Jmim k gkturdzk sdpkrmu-sd bd Bdus
Jmim kjmgtdjdu dssk sdpkrkåêm=
Tik bd suks rkézds dstë gk rdakåêm dgtrd m pmvm `ubdu d k Rdrrk Zkgtk di
qud vnvnk. Ks rdanenôds prî-`ubknjks bk Xkadstngk drki pmantdéstks, jmi bdusks
d bdusds, d kbintnki k gkturdzk skerkbk bd iuntms auekrds, m qud ngjauék
ërvmrds, erutks, idgnrds, _ ;26 Y imgtkglks, cmgtds d rnms. Gms prnidnrms
dstëenms bd suk vnbk gk Rdrrk Zkgtk, m pmvm `ubdu jmgtngumu k vdgdrkr ms
kgtnems auekrds skerkbms. _ ;2: Y Nssm jmidåmu k iubkr jmi k jmgstruåêm bm
Rdipam bm Vdn Zkamiêm di @druskaîi, qud cmn sdeunbm pmr tdgtktnvks bd pòr
cni k tmbms ms mutrms skgtuërnms, bkgbm imgmpúanm km Rdipam. M Bdus ðgnjm
tnglk ui jdgtrm. K vdgdrkåêm gms jnims bks jmangks, gks erutks skerkbks d
di mutrms kgtnems auekrds skerkbms pkssmu k sdr trktkbk jmi bdsjmgcnkgåk,
qukgbm gêm jmi lmstnanbkbd d vnmaàgjnk.
Ks rdanenôds prî-jrnstês bk Durmpk, k dxdipam bks rdanenôds prî-`ubknjks bk
Xkadstngk, drki pmantdéstks, d lkvnk iuntms auekrds skerkbms. Xmrîi, km
jmgtrërnm bms prmcdtks d rdns `ubdus qud tdgtkrki jmgjdgtrkr tmbk k kbmrkåêm
rdanenmsk di ui auekr skerkbm, ms jrnstêms gêm nipusdrki ui imgmpúanm.
Burkgtd k jmgvdrsêm bm Mrndgtd Xrúxnim d bk Durmpk bd tmbk k vdgdrkåêm
bms kgtnems bdusds d bdusks, iuntms bms auekrds skerkbms trkbnjnmgkns d
cdstnvkns skzmgkns ikgtnvdrki uik cmrik jrnstnkgnzkbk. Gk Nerd`k Jdatk bk
Nrakgbk d bk Ngeaktdrrk, ms skgtms amjkns kajkgåkrki uik kbinrëvda lkrimgnk
dgtrd m pksskbm bruébnjm d k gmvk rdanenêm, jmim Zêm Jutdfdrtm (j.( j. 3:2-<5),
qud drk kfkbd bm imstdnrm bk nalk skerkbk bd Angbnsckrgd, iks prdcdrnu vnvdr
jmim ui drdintk. Bd kjmrbm jmi m Sdgdrëvda Fdbk (356-5:4), kutmr bd Rld
Ancd kgb Inrkjads mc Zt Jutlfdrt, Jutdfdrtm prdvnu iuntms kjmgtdjnidgtms
cuturms d bdsjrdvdu ‑qud jmnsks nrnki kjmgtdjdr di mutrks pkrtds’. Dad
tkifîi pksskvk suks gmntds `ugtm km ikr. Zdeugbm ui imged qud sd
bdsamjkvk curtnvkidgtd pkrk mfsdrvë-am di sderdbm burkgtd ks gmntds0
Km bdnxkr m imstdnrm, dad nk pkrk m ikr, qud pksskvk pmr smf k jmgstruåêm, d kan
pdrikgdjnk ktî qud k ëeuk ald kajkgåkssd ms frkåms d m pdsjmåm? kan pksskvk k gmntd tmbk
di amuvmr k Bdus. [ukgbm k ikbruekbk jmidåkvk k rknkr, dad skék bk ëeuk d, jkngbm bd
`mdalms, jmidåkvk k mrkr gmvkidgtd. Dgqukgtm dad mrkvk, buks amgtrks skéki bm ikr d,
bdntkgbm-sd km akbm bdad gk krdnk, rdspnrkvki smfrd sdus pîs d ms anipkvki jmi sdus
pdams. Bdpmns,
Jutdfdrtm rdjdfnki
vmatkvk sukk tdipm
pkrk jksk fdgåêmbdd `ugtkr-sd
vmatkvkik sdus
pkrk jmgcrkbds
sdu dadidgtm gktnvm. Mmsprúprnm
pkrk jkgtkrdi lngms
lkfntukns.

Ès vdzds, prëtnjks bks kgtneks rdanenôds drki kssninakbks jmim uik qudstêm
bd pmaétnjk pkpka bdanfdrkbk. _ ;22 Y D kms kgtnems auekrds skerkbms drki
kjrdsjdgtkbks gmvks prëtnjks kssmjnkbks kms skgtms0 auekrds mgbd dads tnglki
tnbm vnsôds, mgbd lkvnki vnvnbm d imrrnbm d mgbd suks rdaéqunks drki mf`dtm
bd juatm. _ ;24 Y Bnsjutnrdn dssd kssugtm ikns kbnkgtd, gm Jkpétuam 5, gm
jmgtdxtm bk pdrderngkåêm. K ngjmrpmrkåêm bd dadidgtms rdanenmsms krjknjms è
rdanenêm jrnstê kngbk î úfvnk gms pkésds jktúanjms-rmikgms d mrtmbmxms.

Xdgsdims
Xktrnjo, gms
_ ;23 Y mupmåms skerkbmsskgtuërnms
gms ngðidrms gk Nrakgbk,bkmu gk imgtkglk
Zkgtk skerkbk Jrmkel
Iêd bd Bdus.
 Dgqukgtm nssm, gk tdmamenk jrnstê prnintnvk, d gms dgsngkidgtms mrtmbmxms
bk Nbkbd Iîbnk fksdkbms di Krnstútdads d Zêm Rmiës bd Kqungm, k gkturdzk
dstkvk vnvk. M Zma d ms pakgdtks, k Rdrrk, ks pakgtks d ms kgnikns drki tmbms
kgnikbms pmr kaiks. M Bdus vnvm drk k cmgtd bdssd iugbm vnvm, d ngtdrkenk
jmgtngukidgtd jmi dad. Jmim kcnrimu k iéstnjk, jmipmsntmrk d kfkbdssk
Lnabdekrbk vmg Fngedg _ ;25 Y bm sîjuam \NN0 ‑K Xkakvrk î vnvk, sdr d dspérntm,
tubm bd ui vdrbd ngtdgsm, tubm jrnktnvnbkbd. Dssk Xkakvrk sd ikgncdstk di
tmbks ks jrnkturks’. _ ;2< Y K tdmamenk jrnstê idbndvka drk kgninstk, d m sdr
bnvngm suf`kznk k tmbk k gkturdzk. Bdus dstkvk gk gkturdzk d k gkturdzk
dstkvk di Bdus. _ ;2> Y K gkturdzk drk vnvk, gêm ngkgnikbk d idjægnjk. M
Bdus bk jrnstkgbkbd idbndvka, qud gms bdu ks erkgbds jktdbrkns bk Durmpk,
drk m Bdus bd ui iugbm vnvm.
Gm sîjuam \SN, k Vdcmrik Xrmtdstkgtd advmu k ui rmipnidgtm rkbnjka
gdssk rdakåêm jrnstê jmi tdipms d auekrds skerkbms, d jmi m iugbm gkturka.
Ms Vdcmrikbmrds dstkvki tdgtkgbm dstkfdadjdr uik cmrik purncnjkbk bd
jrnstnkgnsim, rd`dntkgbm m usm nimbdrkbm
n imbdrkbm bd prëtnjks qud ktdgtkvki jmgtrk ms
fmgs usms d jmstuids, k jmrrupåêm nrrdcrdëvda d ms kfusms bd tmbm tnpm bk
Nerd`k Jktúanjk Vmikgk. K cî d m krrdpdgbnidgtm pdssmka drki m qud
nipmrtkvk? ms cdstnvkns skzmgkns, ks pdrderngkåôds, k bdvmåêm è Zkgtk Iêd d
ms juatms kms skgtms cmrki bdgugjnkbms jmim supdrstnåôds pkeês. Jmim
kcnrimu @mêm Jkavngm0 ‑Ks crdnrks vndrki sufstntunr ks vnredgs vdstkns? m
Xkgtdêm vdnm sufstntunr k Nerd`k bd Rmbms ms Zkgtms? di auekr bks jdrniògnks,
ngtrmbuznrki-sd jdrniògnks gêm iuntm bncdrdgtds’. _ ;48 Y
Ms Vdcmrikbmrds dstkvki tdgtkgbm jrnkr uik iubkgåk nrrdvdrsévda bd
ktntubd, drrkbnjkgbm k nbdnk trkbnjnmgka bd pmbdr dspnrntuka qud niprdegkvk m
iugbm gkturka d dstkvk pkrtnjuakridgtd prdsdgtd gms auekrds skerkbms d gms
mf`dtms iktdrnkns dspnrntukaidgtd nikgtkbms. Dads qudrnki purncnjkr k
rdanenêm, d dssk purncnjkåêm nipanjkvk m bdsdgjkgtkidgtm bm iugbm. _ ;4; Y K
dscdrk dspnrntuka dstkvk rdstrntk kms sdrds luikgms. Xmr mutrm akbm, m iugbm
gkturka ‚ rdenbm pdaks adns bd Bdus ‚ drk ngjkpkz bd rdspmgbdr ès jdrniògnks,
ès ngvmjkåôds d kms rntukns luikgms? drk dspnrntukaidgtd gdutrm mu
ngbncdrdgtd, d gêm jmgsdeunk trkgsintnr gdglui pmbdr dspnrntuka di mu bd sn
prúprnm.
Kssni, k Vdcmrik Xrmtdstkgtd prdpkrmu m tdrrdgm pkrk k rdvmauåêm
idjkgnjnstk gk jnàgjnk bm sîjuam sdeungtd. K gkturdzk `ë dstkvk
bdsdgjkgtkbk, d m iugbm iktdrnka dstkvk sdpkrkbm bk vnbk bm dspérntm. K
nbdnk bd qud m Tgnvdrsm drk uik iëqungk bdsidbnbk di suk dxtdgsêm
k`ustkvk-sd k dssd tnpm bd tdmamenk prmtdstkgtd, kssni jmim k rdtrkåêm bm
bmiégnm bk kaik k uik pdqudgk rdenêm bm jîrdfrm luikgm. Ms bmiégnms bk
jnàgjnk d bk rdanenêm pmbnki sd sdpkrkr k pkrtnr bké. K jnàgjnk advmu k
tmtkanbkbd bk gkturdzk pkrk suk prmvégjnk, m qud ngjauék m jmrpm luikgm? k
rdanenêm cnjmu jmi ms kspdjtms imrka d dspnrntuka bk kaik luikgk.
Jmi k rdvmauåêm gk jnàgjnk gm sîjuam \SNN, k gkturdzk kssuinu ks
jkrkjtdréstnjks bd uik iëqungk, ngjmgsjndgtd, ngkgnikbk d jkrdgtd bd
qukaqudr cngkanbkbd prúprnk. K iëqungk bm iugbm cmrk jrnkbk d pmstk di
imvnidgtm pmr Bdus di prnidnrm auekr? k pkrtnr bké, pmrîi, trkfkalkvk
kutmiktnjkidgtd. M pkpda prngjnpka bd Bdus dstë gm bmiégnm smfrdgkturka, m
bmiégnm bms kg`ms, bms dspérntms d bk idgtd luikgk, iks dvdgtukaidgtd dad
kngbk ngtdrkenk jmi m bmiégnm bk gkturdzk, suspdgbdgbm ks adns bk gkturdzk
d ngtdrvngbm pmr idnm bd inakerds. Nskkj Gdwtmg kjlkvk qud, bd tdipms di
tdipms, ks úrfntks pakgdtërnks prdjnskvki qud Bdus alds cnzdssd kaeugs
k`ustds.
Km cngka bm sîjuam \SNNN, k idjægnjk jdadstnka lkvnk sd tmrgkbm ikns
smcnstnjkbk. Ms tdúrnjms gêm prdjnskvki ikns bd k`ustds inakermsms km
idjkgnsim, d Bdus tmrgmu-sd supîrcaum pkrk k jmiprddgsêm bm
cugjnmgkidgtm bk gkturdzk. Zdu pkpda rdstrngenu-sd jkbk vdz ikns km ngéjnm d
km cni bm tdipm. Gm jmidåm, dad cmrk m jrnkbmr? km cngka, tmrgkrk-sd m @unz
bm @uézm Cngka. Zdu pkpda rdanenmsm drk cugbkidgtkaidgtd imrka.
D kssni sd pkssmu qud Bdus cmn cnjkgbm jkbk vdz ikns rdimtm. Gm sîjuam
\SNNN, iuntms bms iknmrds ngtdadjtukns nauingnstks, jmim Smatknrd gk Crkgåk
d Rlmiks @dccdrsmg d Fdg`king Crkgoang gms Dstkbms Tgnbms, kbmtkrki k
cnamsmcnk bm Bdésim, di qud m bnstkgjnkidgtm bd Bdus sd tmrgmu dxpaéjntm.
Di prnidnrm auekr, Bdus lkvnk jrnkbm k ikqungkrnk bk gkturdzk sdeugbm adns
d bdséegnms rkjnmgkns, iks gêm drk jkpkz bd rdspmgbdr è vdgdrkåêm d è prdjd.
Dad gêm cmrgdjnk gdgluik fksd pkrk ks prëtnjks rdeuakrds bk rdanenêm jrnstê,
mu qukaqudr mutrk rdanenêm. K pkrtnr bdssks jmgjdpåôds, dstkvk-sd k ui
pdqudgm pkssm bm ktdésim. Xmr mfrk d erkåk bm prdssupmstm bd qud m
ugnvdrsm drk dtdrgm d gêm prdjnskvk bd gdglui jrnkbmr, m Bdus rdsnbuka bm
Bdésim tmrgmu-sd rdbugbkgtd.
K rdkåêm
rdkåêm rmiægtnjk
rmiægtnjk
Xkrk jmidåkr, k vnsêm idjkgnjnstk bk gkturdzk cmn kprdsdgtkbk jmim ui
tdik bnegm
drk ui bd jdadfrkåêm.
snstdik rkjnmgka Xkrk ms rkjnmgkanstks
bd mrbdi, kipak dbmjakrkidgtd
sîjuam \SNNN, k gkturdzk
rdcadtnbm gms
imvnidgtms gdwtmgnkgms bms jmrpms jdadstds. K gkturdzk drk ugncmrid,
sniîtrnjk d lkrimgnmsk, d pmbnk sdr jmgldjnbk pmr idnm bk rkzêm? drk, bd
cktm, k fksd idsik bk rkzêm d bm `uézm dstîtnjm0
Zdeun prnidnrm k gkturdzk, d dstruturkn m vmssm imbdam
Xdam sdu `ustm pkbrêm, qud gugjk bdnxk bd sdr m idsim0
K Gkturdzk
Tik qudniutëvda
auz jakrk, gugjk drrk, sdiprd bnvngk di sdu rdspadgbmr,
d ugnvdrska.
Kadxkgbdr Xmpd, ;5;;

Jmgtubm, km cni bm sîjuam \SNNN, k gkturdzk pkssmu k sdr jmiprddgbnbk di

ui sdgtnbm quksd mpmstm. Imvnbk pmr cmråks ès vdzds mfsjurks d
bdsjmgjdrtkgtds imbms bd sdr, dak drk nrrdeuakr, kssniîtrnjk d
ngdsemtkvdaidgtd bnvdrsk. Gk Ngeaktdrrk, dssk iubkgåk bd imbms bd sdr
dxprdssmu-sd pmr idnm bm pknskensim. Di vdz bd `krbngs cmrikns, kpkrkbms
jmi tdsmurks d bd jmrtd ingujnmsm, k pknskedi prmjurmu nintkr ui nbdka bd
vnbk camrdstka mu sdavkedi gkturka. Ti imbdam pkrk m gmvm dstnam cmn
dgjmgtrkbm di pngturks bd jdgks pkstmrns? mutrm cmn k `krbngkedi `kpmgdsk.
Ks ktntubds pkrk jmi ms auekrds sdavkedgs iubkrki rkbnjkaidgtd. Xkrk k
iknmrnk bd gmssms kgjdstrkns, camrdstks, imgtkglks d rdenôds sdavkedgs drki
kifndgtds pdrnemsms. Gm sîjuam \SNN, ms vnk`kgtds sd rdcdrnki iuntks vdzds
ès imgtkglks jmim ‑tdrrévdns’, ‑kfmingëvdns’ d ‑frutkns’. _ ;46 Y Idsim gm
cni bm sîjuam \SNNN, k iknmrnk bms durmpdus vnk jmi kfsmautm bdskerkbm
dssds tnpms bd rdenôds ngúspntks, sdavkedgs d ngjuatks. ‑Lë pmujms qud gêm
prdcdrdi ks jdgks fuanåmsks bks rdenôds juatnvkbks ès ikns erkgbnmsks bks
rubds prmbuåôds bk gkturdzk’, dsjrdvdu Unaanki Enapng, di ;5>;. _ ;4: Y M
bmutmr Zkiuda @mlgsmg jmipkrtnalkvk m pmgtm bd vnstk bk iknmrnk d kcnrimu,

smfrd ks Rdrrks
d km mgbuakr bksKatks bk Dsjújnk0
jmaldntks ‑Tid sdgtd-sd
kssustk-sd malkr lkfntukbm
rdpdanbmèspmr
pkstkedgs camrnbks
dssks dxtdgsôds
ngcngbëvdns bd krnbdz d dstdrnanbkbd nrrdidbnëvdns’. _ ;42 Y
M gmvm emstm pdak gkturdzk sdavkedi drk smcnstnjkbm, ngspnrkbm pmr
imbdams antdrërnms d krtéstnjms. Ks jdgks drki pntmrdsjks pmrqud pkrdjnki
pngturks? drki rmiægtnjks pmrqud dvmjkvki m iugbm nikengërnm bms
rmikgjds, bnstkgtds d pdrbnbms gm tdipm.
Gms prniúrbnms bm sîjuam \N\, m emstm rmiægtnjm pdak gkturdzk sdavkedi
advmu km bdskprdåm pdak ngtdrcdràgjnk luikgk. M pngtmr @mlg Jmgstkfad
dsjrdvdu di ;<660 ‑M pkrqud bd ui jkvkaldnrm î inglk kvdrsêm. Gêm î
_ ;44 Y
fdadzk,
jmi pmrqud
ikns gêm lë kan
prmcugbnbkbd gkgkturdzk’. K ktrkåêm
smanbêm, d pkrtd bk gkturdzkbks
rmiægtnjk vnvdgjnkbk
rdenôds ngjuatks drk
sdu bnstkgjnkidgtm bm kavmrmåm bks jnbkbds d bk ktnvnbkbd ngbustrnka. Jmim
ks vnkedgs sd tmrgkrki ikns cëjdns, iuntks pdssmks kfkstkbks ktrnfuérki uik
nipmrtægjnk ktî dgtêm ngîbntk ès vnsntks kms vkstms drims bd rdenôds
ngtmjkbks, amged bms keamidrkbms urfkgms. Jmim Vmfdrt Zmutldy dsjrdvdu
di ;<850
Gms ðatnims trngtk kgms, ui emstm pdam pntmrdsjm nrrmipdu jmi erkgbd cmråk? d ui
pdrjursm pmr jkinglkbks dstnvkns pkssmu k sdr vnstm jmim dssdgjnka. _...Y Dgqukgtm kaeugs
bdssds erupms inerki pkrk k jmstk ikrnglk, mutrms prmjurki ks imgtkglks bm Xkés bd
Ekads, ms akems gks prmvégjnks km gmrtd mu k Dsjújnk? _...Y tubm nssm pkrk dstubkr m
pntmrdsjm, uik gmvk jnàgjnk pkrk k quka uik gmvk angeukedi cmn jrnkbk, d pkrk m quka
quk a ms
ngeadsds bdsjmfrnrki ui gmvm sdgtnbm pkrk suks vnbks ‚ kaem qud, jmi jdrtdzk kfsmautk,
drk bdsjmgldjnbm pmr sdus pkns. _ ;43 Y
Di idkbms bm sîjuam \N\, iuntks pdssmks kjlkvki qud k smanbêm bms
dspkåms gkturkns drk dssdgjnka pkrk k rdedgdrkåêm dspnrntuka bms imrkbmrds
urfkgms. Kaeuiks ërdks bd kifndgtds sdavkedgs mu camrdstkns bdvdrnki sdr
prdsdrvkbks, tkgtm pkrk ks pdssmks qukgtm pkrk k skðbd idgtka bm jmg`ugtm
bk Unaanki
smjndbkbd.
Umrbswmrtl (;558-;<48) drk m ikns ngcaudgtd. Dad gêm sd jkgskvk
Umrbswmrtl
bd akidgtkr k pdrbk bd jmgdxêm jmi m bmiégnm trkgsjdgbdgtka d bnvngm km
quka ks jrnkgåks sd imstrki têm kfdrtks bdsbd iuntm pdqudgks. Zuk mbd
Ngtniktnmgs mc Niimrtkanty crmi Vdjmaadjtnmgs mc Dkray Jlnablmmb jmidåk
jmi ks sdeungtds pkakvrks0
Lmuvd ui tdipm di qud k rdavk, m krvmrdbm, m rnm,
k Rdrrk,
Rdrrk, d m qud qudr qud gdak
gd ak lmuvdssd,
K ini pkrdjnki
Kbmrgkbms pmr uik auz jdadstnka...

Î m jîu qud gms jnrjugbk d k gmssk ngcægjnk!

Ks smifrks bk prnsêm jmidåki k sd cdjlkr
Zmfrd m Idgngm qud jrdsjd,
Iks dad và k auz, skfd kmgbd dak vkn bkr
Dad k và di suk kadernk?
M @mvdi, qud k jkbk bnk bm Advkgtd
Bdvd sd kckstkr,
kckstkr, kngbk î m Zkjdrbmtd bk Gkturdzk,
D pdak vnsêm dspaàgbnbk
Rdi suk vnkedi
v nkedi nauingkbk?
Dgcni, m Lmidi prdsdgjnk suk dxtngåêm
D sdu dsvknidgtm è auz jmiui bm bnk.

Gms Dstkbms Tgnbms, kssni jmim gk Durmpk, uik sdgsnfnanbkbd rmiægtnjk

pkrkpkrtnjuakr,
Di k gkturdzkdi
bdsdgvmavdu-sd
;<:5 m dgsknmpmr jmgtk, bd
Gkturd,
Gkturd bd Vkapl
ngcauàgjnks
Ukabmantdrërnks
Didrsmg,d krtéstnjks.
k`ubmu k
trkgsintnr uik gmvk vnsêm bk rdakåêm luikgk jmi m iugbm gkturka. Di vdz
bd ms gmrtd-kidrnjkgms tdgtkrdi nipmr suk jmgsjnàgjnk lnstmrnjkidgtd
bdtdringkbk smfrd k vnbk sdavkedi, m qud mjmrrdu cmn qud dads jmgsdeunrki
rdjmgldjdr suk rdakåêm vdrbkbdnrk d vnvk jmi k Rdrrk. Didrsmg pdrjdfdu qud
dssk ktntubd rdvdrdgjnka pkrk jmi k gkturdzk drk rkrk0
Xkrk bnzdr k vdrbkbd, pmujms kbuatms sêm jkpkzds bd vdr k gkturdzk. _...Y M kikgtd bk
gkturdzk î kqudad ju`ms sdgtnbms ngtdrnmrds d dxtdrnmrds sêm vdrbkbdnrkidgtd k`ustkbms ugs
kms mutrms? qud jmgsdrvkrki m dspérntm bk ngcægjnk idsim qukgbm `ë jldekrki è vnbk
kbuatk. _...Y Gks camrdstks _...Y ui lmidi sd bdsprdgbd bd sdus kgms kssni jmim k
sdrpdgtd kfkgbmgk suk pdad, d qud, di qukaqudr pdrémbm bd suk vnbk, jmgtnguk k sdr uik
jrnkgåk. Gks camrdstks, k `uvdgtubd î dtdrgk. Bd pî, di jmgtktm jmi m smam _...Y, ks
jmrrdgtds bm Zdr Tgnvdrska jnrjuaki pmr ini? smu uik pkrtd ngtderkgtd bd Bdus. _ ;45 Y

Di idkbms bk bîjkbk bd ;>48, k kfdrturk bd dstrkbks bd cdrrm d k kjdadrkåêm

bm bdsdgvmavnidgtm djmgòinjm lkvnki tmrgkbm ks tdrrks gêm jmamgnzkbks bk
Kiîrnjk jkbk vdz ikns kjdssévdns. Ks vkstnbôds ngjuatks gêm pmbnki ikns
sdr jmgsnbdrkbks jmim kaem qud dxnstnrnk pkrk sdiprd. Ldgry Bkvnb Rlmrdku,
ui bnsjépuam bd Didrsmg, cmn ui bms prnidnrms k pdrjdfdr k kidkåk è
gkturdzk vnredi. Dad prmpòs, di vêm, qud jkbk jnbkbd bm dstkbm bd
Iksskjlusdtts ikgtnvdssd ui pdbkåm bd rdenêm camrdstka bd 686,:2 ldjtkrds
sdavkedi pkrk sdiprd. M iknmr bms bdcdgsmrds d kikgtds didrsmgnkgm bk
gkturdzk sdavkedi cmn @mlg Iunr (;<:<-;>;2), cugbkbmr bm Zndrrk Jauf d
prngjnpka prmtdtmr bm ^msdintd
^msdintd Gktnmgka Xkro (vdr Jkpétuam 2).
Tik jkrkjtdréstnjk jdgtrka bm Vmikgtnsim cmn suk rd`dnåêm bks idtëcmrks
idjkgnjnstks. K gkturdzk drk vnvk d mreægnjk, di vdz bd imrtk d idjægnjk. M
pmdtk Xdrjy Zldaady (;5>6-;<66) cmn ui ktdu rmiægtnjm, jmgtrk k rdanenêm,
iks gêm kgtndspnrntuka? dad gêm tnglk gdgluik bðvnbk smfrd ui pmbdr vnvm
gk gkturdzk, qud jlkikvk bd Kaik bm Tgnvdrsm mu Xmbdr Kutmssucnjndgtd,
mu Dspérntm bk Gkturdzk. Dad tkifîi cmn ui ktnvnstk pnmgdnrm di bdcdsk bm
vdedtkrnkgnsim, pmns jmgsnbdrkvk ms kgnikns jmim sdrds sdgjndgtds. _ ;4< Y
Rkifîi lmuvd bdéstks rmiægtnjms, qud ngjauérki ms prngjnpkns pnmgdnrms
bk tdmrnk dvmaujnmgnstk. M kvò bd Jlkrads Bkrwng, Drksius Bkrwng, suedrnu
qud Bdus prmvdu k vnbk mu k gkturdzk jmi uik jkpkjnbkbd jrnkbmrk qud, k
pkrtnr bd dgtêm, pkssmu k dxprdsskr-sd sdi k gdjdssnbkbd bd mrndgtkåêm mu
ngtdrvdgåêm bnvngks. Di sdu anvrm Pmmgmink
Pmmgmink,, bd ;5>2, dad ckznk uik
pdreugtk rdtúrnjk0
Zdrnk iuntk muskbnk nikengkr qud tmbms ms kgnikns bd skgeud qudgtd sd mrnengkrki bd
ui cnakidgtm vnvm, qud k erkgbd Xrnidnrk Jkusk bmtmu bd kgnikanbkbd, jmi m pmbdr bd
kbqunrnr gmvks pkrtds, jkpkjntmu jmi gmvks kptnbôds, bnrnenbks pmr nrrntkåôds, sdgskåôds,
 vmanåôds d kssmjnkåôds, m qud alds bdu, dgtêm, k ckjuabkbd bd sd kpdrcdnåmkrdi pmr suk
prúprnk ktnvnbkbd ngdrdgtd d trkgscdrnrdi dssds kvkgåms, edrkåêm kpús edrkåêm, k suk
pmstdrnbkbd dgqukgtm dxnstnssd m iugbm! _ ;4> Y

Xkrk Drksius Bkrwng, ms sdrds vnvms drki jkpkzds bd kutmkpdrcdnåmkidgtm,

d ms rdsuatkbms bms dipdglms bd iêds d pkns cmrki ldrbkbms pmr suks prmads.
Bk idsik ikgdnrk, @dkg-Fkptnstd Akikrjo, di suk Pmmamenjka Xlnamsmply
bd ;<8>, suedrd qud ms kgnikns bdsdgvmavdrki gmvms lëfntms jmim rdspmstk
k sdu idnm kifndgtd, d suks kbkptkåôds cmrki trkgsintnbks k sdus
bdsjdgbdgtds. Ti pmbdr ngdrdgtd è vnbk prmbuznu mrekgnsims ngjrnvdaidgtd
jmipadxms, ckzdgbm-ms dsjkakr uik dsjkbk bd prmerdssms. Akikrjo ktrnfuék
k mrnedi bm pmbdr bk vnbk km ‑Kutmr Zuprdim’, qud jrnkrk ‑uik mrbdi bks
jmnsks qud sujdssnvkidgtd ckznk dxnstnr tubm m qud vdims’. _ ;38 Y Jmim
Drksius Bkrwng, dad drk ui bdéstk rmiægtnjm. D m idsim sd pmbd bnzdr bd
Vmfdrt Jlkifdrs, qud pmpuakrnzmu k nbdnk bd dvmauåêm prmerdssnvk di sdu
fdst-sdaadr pufanjkbm kgmgnikidgtd di ;<22, Sdstneds mc tld Gkturka
Lnstmry mc Jrdktnmg
Jrdktnmg.. Dad kreuidgtkvk qud tubm gk gkturdzk sd dgjmgtrk di
dstkbm prmerdssnvm jmim rdsuatkbm bd uik ‑adn bd jrnkåêm’ bkbk pmr Bdus’. _
;3; Y Zuk mfrk drk pmaàinjk bd ui pmgtm bd vnstk km idsim tdipm rdanenmsm d
jndgtécnjm, iks, jmim k tdmrnk bd Akikrjo, drk ktrkdgtd pkrk ms ktdus pmrqud
daningkvk k gdjdssnbkbd bd ui jrnkbmr bnvngm.
Dssks bnstngtks vnsôds bd iugbm pmbdi sdr dsqudiktnzkbks jmim sd
imstrk k sdeunr0

Snsêm bd Bdus Gkturdzk Dvmauåêm

Iugbm

Idbndvka Jrnstê Ngtdrktnvm Mrekgnsim Snvm Gêm

Idjkgnjnstk Xrnintnvk Ngtdrktnvm Iëqungk Gêm

Bdésim Nauingnstk Zú m Jrnkbmr Iëqungk Gêm

Bdésim Vmiægtnjm Zú m Jrnkbmr Mrekgnsim Snvm Zni

Ktdésim Vmiægtnjm Gdglui Bdus Mrekgnsim Snvm Zni

 Iktdrnkansim Gdglui Bdus Iëqungk Zni

Xkgdgtdésim Ngtdrktnvm Mrekgnsim Snvm Zni

Kaeuiks pdssmks nbdgtncnjki suk dxpdrnàgjnk bk gkturdzk ikns-qud-luikgk
jmi Bdus? mutrks k nbdgtncnjki jmi k gkturdzk, pmr mpmsnåêm k Bdus,
dgqukgtm mutrks (ngjausnvd du) vddi Bdus gk gkturdzk d k gkturdzk di Bdus,
uik vnsêm bd iugbm jlkikbk pkgdgtdésim.
Ks bdusks mjuatks bm iktdrnkansim
K gkturdzk î cdingngk. Di aktni, gkturk î ui sufstkgtnvm cdingngm qud
snegncnjk ‑gksjnidgtm’. [ukgbm pdrsmgncnjkbk, k gkturdzk î k Iêd Gkturdzk.
Iuntks pdssmks qud tài uik nikedi gdektnvk bd ui Bdus Xkn trkgscdrdi
sdu jmiprminssm bd cnbdanbkbd è Iêd Gkturdzk. Di vdz bd sd sdgtnrdi
jmgdjtkbms k Bdus Xkn, sdgtdi-sd jmgdjtkbks è Erkgbd Iêd. Mutrms, bdgtrd
ms qukns id ngjaum, gêm vddi gdjdssnbkbd bd dsjmaldr dgtrd m Xkn d k Iêd. M
prúprnm usm bdssks idtëcmrks bd eàgdrm nipanjk qud kifks sêm gdjdssërnks.
Xkn d Iêd sêm tdrims jmrrdaktms0 ms bmns sd gdjdssntki iutukidgtd.
Zd k gkturdzk cmssd k ðgnjk cmgtd bd tmbk vnbk, d sd k vnbk tnvdssd dvmauébm,
dgtêm tdrékims bd ktrnfunr ui gðidrm jkbk vdz iknmr bd anfdrbkbd d
jrnktnvnbkbd. Jlkrads Bkrwng, gdtm bd Drksius, jmgsdeunu trkgscmrikr dssk
vnsêm rmiægtnjk bm pmbdr jrnktnvm bk gkturdzk, advkgbm-k bk pmdsnk è tdmrnk
jndgtécnjk. Jmim ms rmiægtnjms, Jlkrads Bkrwng vnk k Iêd Gkturdzk jmim k
cmgtd bd tmbks ks cmriks bd vnbk. Erkåks k suk prmbnenmsk cdrtnanbkbd, sdus
pmbdrds bd vkrnkåêm dspmgtægdk d sdus pmbdrds bd sdadåêm, dak pòbd jrnkr k
vnbk sdi k gdjdssnbkbd bm ‑bdsdglm ngtdanedgtd’ bd ui Bdus ckzdbmr bd
iëqungks. Jmi suk lmgdstnbkbd lkfntuka, dad mfsdrvmu0 ‑Xkrk sdr frdvd, ès
vdzds ckam smfrd k sdadåêm gkturka jmim ui pmbdr ngtdanedgtd. _...Y Iuntks
vdzds, tkifîi, pdrsmgncnqudn k pkakvrk Gkturdzk? pmrqud kjldn bncéjna dvntkr
dssk kifneunbkbd’. _ ;36 Y Dad kbvdrtnu sdus adntmrds k dsqudjdrdi ks
nipanjkåôds bdssds imbms bd bnzdr
bnzdr..
Di vdz bnssm, sd gms adifrkrims bm qud k pdrsmgncnjkåêm bk Gkturdzk
nipanjk, nrdims và-ak jmim k Iêd bd ju`m ðtdrm tmbk k vnbk prmvîi, d pkrk
qudi tmbk k vnbk rdtmrgk. Dak î prmbnenmskidgtd cîrtna, iks tkifîi î jruda d
tdrrévda, k bdvmrkbmrk bd suk prúprnk prmad. Zuk cdrtnanbkbd niprdssnmgmu
Bkrwng bd ikgdnrk prmcugbk, iks dad cdz bd sdu kspdjtm bdstrutnvm m pmbdr
jrnkbmr cugbkidgtka. K sdadåêm gkturka, trkfkalkgbm pmr idnm bk imrtd, drk
‑ui pmbdr ngjdsskgtdidgtd bnspmstm k kenr’. _ ;3: Y Gk Égbnk, k bdusk gderk
Okan pdrsmgncnjk dssd kspdjtm bdstrutnvm bk Erkgbd Iêd.
Xkrk ms iktdrnkanstks imbdrgms, k gkturdzk ‚ mu iktîrnk ‚ î k cmgtd bd
tmbks ks jmnsks0 tmbk vnbk prmvîi bdak, d î pkrk dak qud tmbk vnbk rdtmrgk. Gk
vdrbkbd, k prúprnk pkakvrk ‑iktîrnk’, gk quka m iktdrnkansim sd fksdnk, vdi
bm aktni iktdrnk
iktdrnk,, bk pkakvrk pkrk ‑iêd’, iktdr. K gkturdzk gms trkz km
iugbm, gms dgvmavd d jmgtîi? dak prmvà gmssk gutrnåêm, gms bë jkamr d
prmtdåêm, iks dstkims ngjmgbnjnmgkaidgtd è suk idrjà, pmns dak î tkifîi
ktdrrmrnzkgtd, bdsngtdrdsskbk d nipakjëvda? dak bdvmrk d bdstrún. M
iktdrnkansim gêm î kpdgks uik tdmrnk cnamsúcnjk. Zmf k supdrcéjnd, î ui juatm
ngjmgsjndgtd è Erkgbd Iêd.
K rdtmikbk
rdtmikbk rdjdgtd
rdjdgtd bm kgninsim
Di uik rdvnrkvmatk bk dspnrka, kaeugs cnaúsmcms ktdus dstêm, dads prúprnms,
jmgtdstkgbm k tdmrnk iktdrnkanstk bk gkturdzk. Dssk tdmrnk prdssupôd qud k
iktîrnk î ngjmgsjndgtd d qud î k ðgnjk rdkanbkbd ‚ mu, di tdrims ikns edrkns,
di uik vkrnkgtd bm iktdrnkansim jlkikbk cnsnjkansim, _ ;32 Y qud m iugbm
césnjm î ngjmgsjndgtd d k ðgnjk rdkanbkbd.
Xkrtngbm bdssds prdssupmstms, k dxnstàgjnk idsik bk jmgsjnàgjnk luikgk
î quksd nipmssévda bd dxpanjkr. Jmim pmbd k iktîrnk ngjmgsjndgtd, gm
ngtdrnmr bm jîrdfrm, edrkr jmgsjnàgjnk= Ms imbdrgms cnaúsmcms bk idgtd
jlkiki k dxnstàgjnk idsik bk jmgsjnàgjnk bd ‑m prmfadik bncéjna’. Kaeugs
bdsjkrtki k jmgsjnàgjnk jmim ui ‑dpncdgòidgm’ bk ktnvnbkbd jdrdfrka,
ikns mu idgms jmim uik smifrk qud gkbk ckz. Mutrms jldeki km pmgtm bd
gdekr qud k jmgsjnàgjnk dxnstd, mu rd`dntki-gk jmim uik nausêm. _ ;34 Y Xmr
mutrm akbm, uik ingmrnk kssuid uik vnsêm bukanstk trkbnjnmgka, trktkgbm k
iktîrnk d k jmgsjnàgjnk jmim jmnsks tmtkaidgtd bnstngtks, vdgbm k
jmgsjnàgjnk jmim niktdrnka d cmrk bm dspkåm d bm tdipm. Iks, dgtêm, dads
cnjki jmi m prmfadik bd dxpanjkr jmim daks sd rdakjnmgki iutukidgtd d
jmim ngtdrkedi.
Ti gðidrm jrdsjdgtd bd cnaúsmcms, ngjausnvd m ngeaàs Ekadg Ztrkwsmg _ ;33
Y d m gmrtd-kidrnjkgm Rlmiks Gkeda, _ ;35 Y jldekrki è jmgjausêm bd qud sú
dxnstd uik smauåêm pkrk m bnadik iktdrnkanstk-bukanstk, k skfdr, m
pkipsnqunsim,, k nbdnk bd qud ktî ëtmims d imaîjuaks tài ui tnpm prnintnvm
pkipsnqunsim
bd idgtkanbkbd mu dxpdrnàgjnk. (M tdrim erdem pkg snegncnjk ‑tmbms’,
‑tmtkanbkbd’ d psyjld (‑psnqud’) snegncnjk ‑kaik’, ‑dspérntm’, ‑idgtd’.)
Xkipsnqunsim _ ;3< Y gêm snegncnjk qud ms ëtmims sd`ki jmgsjndgtds gm
sdgtnbm di qud smims, iks kpdgks qud dads tài kaeugs kspdjtms bd
idgtkanbkbd mu dxpdrnàgjnk. Cmriks ikns jmipadxks bk idgtd mu bk
dxpdrnàgjnk didredi di snstdiks ikns jmipadxms. _ ;3> Y

Dssdsd cnaúsmcms
idsks gêmidgtd,
jkrrms, tài dstêm kcnrikgbm qudmutmbms
dxpdrnàgjnks ms mf`dtms
mf`dtnvms. iktdrnkns,
Idsks d jkrrmsjmim
gêm
cmriki, mrekgnzki d ikgtài k sn prúprnms, kssni jmim gêm tài mf`dtnvms
prúprnms? sêm cdntms pdaks pdssmks di cëfrnjks pkrk sdrvnr k cngkanbkbds
luikgks. Zmidgtd ms snstdiks kutm-mrekgnzkjnmgkns ‚ di mutrks pkakvrks,
snstdiks qud cmriki, mrekgnzki d ikgtài k sn prúprnms ‚ tài prmprndbkbds
mu dxpdrnàgjnks sdidalkgtds ès idgtkns, ngjausnvd ëtmims, imaîjuaks,
jrnstkns, jîauaks, pakgtks d kgnikns. D suks pdrspdjtnvks idgtkns gêm sêm
gdjdsskrnkidgtd jmgsjndgtds. Kcngka, fmk pkrtd bd gmssk prúprnk ktnvnbkbd
idgtka î ngjmgsjndgtd, m qud dxpanjk pmr qud ckakims bd gmssk ‑idgtd
ngjmgsjndgtd’.
Zdeugbm k cnamsmcnk pkipsnqunstk, gms snstdiks kutm-mrekgnzkjnmgkns
cmriks jmipadxks bd dxpdrnàgjnks suredi bd ikgdnrk dspmgtægdk. Dssds
snstdiks sêm km idsim tdipm césnjms (gêm dxpdrndgjnkns) d dxpdrndgjnkns ‚
di mutrks pkakvrks, dads tài dxpdrnàgjnks.
Jmim kcnrimu Ztrkwsmg0 ‑Drk uik vdz... Lkvnk uik iktîrnk
rdaktnvkidgtd ngmrekgnzkbk qud pmssuék jkrkjtdréstnjks tkgtm dxpdrndgjnkns
jmim gêm dxpdrndgjnkns. Dak sd mrekgnzkvk di cmriks jkbk vdz ikns
jmipadxks, tkgtm dxpdrndgjnkns jmim gêm dxpdrndgjnkns, idbnkgtd iuntms
pmr idnm bk sdadåêm gkturka’. _ ;58 Y
prmjdssms, ngjausnvd k dvmauåêm pmr

Km jmgtrërnm
kcnrikgbm bk didred
qud dak tdgtktnvkjmim
iktdrnkanstk lkfntuka bd
ui dpncdgòidgm mu dxpanjkr k jmgsjnàgjnk
uik nausêm bk iktîrnk
tmtkaidgtd ngjmgsjndgtd, ks prmpmstks bd Ztrkwsmg d Gkeda kpmgtki pkrk m
cktm bd qud cmriks ikns jmipadxks bd dxpdrnàgjnk bdjmrrdi bks idgms
jmipadxks. Lë uik bncdrdgåk bd erku, iks gêm bd eàgdrm.
M pkipsnqunsim gêm î uik nbdnk gmvk. Î mutrk pkakvrk pkrk bdsnegkr
kgninsim. K iknmrnk bks pdssmks jmstuikvk kjrdbntkr gdad, d iuntks kngbk m
ckzdi. Gk Durmpk idbndvka, cnaúsmcms d tdúamems kbintnki, sdi gdglui
qudstnmgkidgtm, qud m iugbm drk jldnm bd sdrds kgnikbms. Xakgtks d
kgnikns tnglki kaik, d dstrdaks d pakgdtks drki rdenbms pdak ngtdaneàgjnk. Bd
imbm jmgcusm, pmrîi, Ztrkwsmg và m pkipsnqunsim jmim uik vdrsêm
ktukanzkbk bm iktdrnkansim. Kssni jmim Gkeda, dad jmgtnguk ktdu d kngbk
kjlk qud k iktîrnk î k ðgnjk rdkanbkbd, iks kipanmu k bdcngnåêm bd iktîrnk
bd imbm k ngjaunr k dxpdrnàgjnk, mu idgtd. Xmrîi, dssd iktdrnkansim
dxpkgbnbm d kgninstk amem gms advk pkrk iuntm kaîi bms bmiégnms bk vdalk
dsjmak iktdrnkanstk.
Zd k gkturdzk dstë vnvk, sd m Tgnvdrsm sd kssdidalk ikns k ui mrekgnsim
bm qud k uik iëqungk, dgtêm bdvd lkvdr snstdiks kutm-mrekgnzkjnmgkns jmi
idgtds di tmbms ms gévdns, m qud ngjaun k Rdrrk, m Znstdik Zmakr d k Ekaëxnk
‚ d, di ðatnik kgëansd, tmbm m Jmsims. M iugbm ikns-qud-luikgm ngjaun
tmbms ms gévdns bd jmgsjnàgjnk.
Km vmatkrims gmssk ktdgåêm bk Rdrrk pkrk m jîu, m ikns nipmrtkgtd bd
tmbms ms jmrpms jdadstds î m Zma. M Zma ikgtîi tmbk vnbk dxnstdgtd gk Rdrrk.
Zd advkrims m pkipsnqunsim k sîrnm, gmvks pdreugtks surenrêm bd imbm
ngdvntëvda. M Zma dstë vnvm= Dad tdi jmgsjnàgjnk=
M Zma jmgsjndgtd
Rêm amem pdreugtd sd m Zma î jmgsjndgtd, vmjà sd bë jmgtk bd dstkr vnmakgbm
ui tkfu jndgtécnjm ju`k cngkanbkbd î nipdbnr qud jmgtngudims k advkr k sîrnm
kqunam di qud gmssms kgjdstrkns kjrdbntkvki. Gm bdjursm bk iknmr pkrtd bk
lnstúrnk luikgk, k iknmrnk bks pdssmks kjrdbntkvk qud m Zma cmssd
jmgsjndgtd. Xkrk kaeugs pmvms, jmim ms lngbus d ms erdems jaëssnjms, m Zma
drk ui bdus? pkrk mutrms, jmim ms `kpmgdsds, drk uik bdusk. Gm Gmrtd bk
Durmpk, m Zma tkifîi drk uik bdusk? gks intmamenks adtê d antukgk, drk
jlkikbm bd Zkuaĕ.
Dssd sdeugbm pakgm intmaúenjm rdcadtd-sd gm eàgdrm bks pkakvrks uskbks
pkrk bdsnegkr m Zma. Gks aégeuks edriægnjks, dak î cdingngk ‚ gm kadiêm
imbdrgm, bnd Zmggd.
Zmggd. Gk intmamenk bm Zua bk Durmpk d gks aégeuks fksdkbks
gm aktni, î iksjuangm ‚ gm crkgjàs imbdrgm, ad smadna. Ks jrnkgåks pdgski
nipanjntkidgtd qud m sma tdi jmgsjnàgjnk, d bdsdglki-gm jmi rmstm
smrrnbdgtd.
Bm imbdrgm pmgtm bd vnstk iktdrnkanstk, m cktm bd qud pdssmks bd tmbks ks
pkrtds bm iugbm pdgskssdi qud m Zma drk vnvm, bnvngm d jmgsjndgtd nipdbd
qud dssk nbdnk sd`k advkbk k sîrnm. Gkbk ikns î qud uik supdrstnåêm ngckgtna,
uik prm`dåêm kgninstk smfrd mf`dtms ngkgnikbms. M cktm bd ks jrnkgåks
pdgskrdi kssni snipadsidgtd jmiprmvk dssk dssk jmgjdpåêm.
Gêm mfstkgtd, bdsbd prniúrbnms bm sîjuam \\ tdims tdstdiuglkbm ui
dxtrkmrbngërnm kuidgtm bd uik kbmrkåêm ngjmgsjndgtd bm Zma, k fksd bd uik
ngbðstrnk turéstnjk iuatnfnanmgërnk. Ks prknks fkglkbks bd sma tmrgkrki-sd
rdsmrts bd turnsim di ikssk, d ks pdssmks qud prmjurki dssds auekrds sêm
jlkikbks bd ‑kbmrkbmrds bm Zma’. Dssd kspdjtm bk vnbk imbdrgk kjmgtdjd
di cîrnks, cdrnkbms d cngs bd sdikgk? ckz pkrtd bk vdrtdgtd rmiægtnjk bd
gmssm bnssdgsm juaturka.
K bmutrngk bd qud m Zma î ngjmgsjndgtd kbqunrnu m stktus bd jnàgjnk bdsbd
m sîjuam \SNN. M cnaúsmcm Vdgî Bdsjkrtds bdcngnu k iktîrnk jmim
ngjmgsjndgtd. Dad sdpkrmu k jmgsjnàgjnk jmim pdrtdgjdgtd km bmiégnm bm
dspérntm, bdcngnbm jmim niktdrnka. M bmiégnm niktdrnka drk cmrikbm pmr
Bdus, pdams kg`ms d pdak idgtd luikgk. Rubm m ikns gk gkturdzk, ngjausnvd
m Zma, ks dstrdaks, ms pakgdtks, k Rdrrk, tmbms ms jmrpms kgnikns d luikgms,
drk idjægnjm d ngjmgsjndgtd. M Zma d mutrks dstrdaks drki ngjmgsjndgtds pmr
bdcngnåêm d, bd ui pmgtm bd vnstk jndgtécnjm, kssni pdrikgdjdrki bdsbd
dgtêm.
Xmrîi, sd m Tgnvdrsm î ikns sdidalkgtd k ui mrekgnsim bm qud k uik
iëqungk, dgtêm m idsim sd pmbd bnzdr bd gmssk Ekaëxnk d gmssm Zma. M Zma
tdi pkbrôds dxtrdikidgtd jmipadxms bd ktnvnbkbd dadtrmikegîtnjk di sdu
ngtdrnmr d suk supdrcéjnd. Zdus pkbrôds bd ktnvnbkbd sêm iuntm ikns vkstms d
jmipadxms bm qud k ktnvnbkbd dadtrmikegîtnjk bd gmssm jîrdfrm. K iknmrnk
bms jndgtnstks kjrdbntk qud k ktnvnbkbd dadtrmikegîtnjk bd gmssm jîrdfrm sd`k
k ngtdrckjd dgtrd m jmrpm d k idgtd. Bk idsik ikgdnrk, ms jmipadxms
pkbrôds dadtrmikegîtnjms bd ktnvnbkbd gm ngtdrnmr bm Zma d di sdu rdbmr
pmbdrnki sdr k ngtdrckjd dgtrd sdu jmrpm d suk idgtd.
Rkavdz m Zma sd`k jmgsjndgtd, d kspdjtms césnjms bd suk ktnvnbkbd idgtka
sd`ki idgsurëvdns, kssni jmim ms pkbrôds daîtrnjms bd ktnvnbkbd gm jîrdfrm
sêm idgsurëvdns.
Gêm pmssm prmvkr qud m Zma î jmgsjndgtd, iks ui jîtnjm gêm jmgsdeud
prmvkr qud dad î ngjmgsjndgtd. Bd ui pmgtm bd vnstk gêm bmeiëtnjm, k
jmgsjnàgjnk bm Zma î uik qudstêm di kfdrtm.
Dssk pdreugtk advk k iuntks mutrks. Zd m Zma î jmgsjndgtd, pmr qud tmbks ks
dstrdaks gêm sêm= D, sd ks dstrdaks sêm jmgsjndgtds, m qud bnzdr bks ekaëxnks
ngtdnrks= Ks ekaëxnks sêm snstdiks dadtrmikegîtnjms jmipadxms, jmi vkstks
jmrrdgtds daîtrnjks caungbm ktrkvîs bm paksik bms frkåms ekaëjtnjms, anekbks k
anglks bd cmråk ikegîtnjks bd inalôds bd kgms-auz bd dxtdgsêm. M jdgtrm
ekaëjtnjm pmbd sdr jmim m jîrdfrm bk ekaëxnk, d ks dstrdaks jmim jîauaks gm
jmrpm bks ekaëxnks. Xmbd lkvdr uik vkstk idgtd ekaëjtnjk, dxjdbdgbm di
iuntm k kfrkgeàgjnk bk idgtd ikns anintkbk bm gmssm Zma, jmi nidgsks
dxtdgsôds bd suk ktnvnbkbd pksskgbm ktrkvîs bms frkåms ekaëjtnjms di
dspnrka.
Di ;>>5, k`ubdn k mrekgnzkr ui snipúsnm jlkikbm ‑M Zma î Jmgsjndgtd=’
gk Lkzdawmmb Lmusd, di Bdvmg, burkgtd m smastéjnm bd vdrêm. _ ;5; Y
Vdugnims ui pdqudgm erupm bd pdssmks, ngjausnvd ui jmsiúamem, ui
césnjm, ui dspdjnkanstk di intmamenk, ui cnaúsmcm lngbu d kaeugs psnjúamems.
Gm bnk dxktm bm smastéjnm bd vdrêm, 6; bd `uglm, advkgtkim-gms jdbm d cmims
mfsdrvkr m gksjdr bm Zma di Bkrtimmr. M tdipm dstkvk gufakbm d jluvmsm
ktî m kikgldjdr, qukgbm m Zma surenu pmr dgtrd ks guvdgs d ui krjm-érns
pdrcdntm kpkrdjdu pmr trës bd gús.
Zd m Zma î jmgsjndgtd, smfrd m qud sdrë qud dad pdgsk= [ud tnpms bd
bdjnsôds dad pmbd tmikr= Jmgjauéims qud ui erupm bd bdjnsôds pmbdrnk
bnzdr rdspdntm k sdu ‑jmrpm’ ikns vkstm, m Znstdik Zmakr. K auz bm Zma
pdridnk m Znstdik Zmakr, d m idsim ckz m vdgtm smakr ‚ cauxms dgdreîtnjms
bd pkrtéjuaks imvdgbm-sd pkrk cmrk bm Zma. Ks cautukåôds gk ktnvnbkbd smakr
katdrki k ngtdgsnbkbd bm vdgtm smakr? daks ngcaudgjnki ks Auzds bm Gmrtd d ks
Auzds bm Zua, kcdtki k nmgmscdrk d ks trkgsinssôds bd rëbnm d imbuaki k
crdquàgjnk bd rknms d rdaæipkems. [ukgbm dxpamsôds ngtdgsks bd ktnvnbkbd
smakr sd bnrnedi pkrk k Rdrrk, ks enekgtdsjks mgbks bd pkrtéjuaks jkrrdekbks
pmbdi jkuskr pdrémbms bd ngtdrrupåêm bd jmrrdgtds daîtrnjks d jmakpsms
jktkstrúcnjms bd tdjgmamenks dadtrmikegîtnjks. K Gktnmgka Kdrmg
Kdrmgkutnjs
kutnjs kgb
Zpkjd Kbingnstrktnmg (GKZK, Kbingnstrkåêm Gkjnmgka bk Kdrmgëutnjk d bm
Dspkåm) dintd rdeuakridgtd prdvnsôds idtdmrmaúenjks bm dspkåm, m qud gms
pdrintd sdr kvnskbms smfrd dvdgtms smakrds jkpkzds bd pdrturfkr gmssk vnbk
gk Rdrrk. _ ;56 Y
Zd m Zma cmssd jmgsjndgtd d tnvdssd jmgtrmad smfrd sdu prúprnm jmrpm, dad
jmgsdeunrnk ngcaudgjnkr tmbm m Znstdik Zmakr, ngjausnvd k vnbk gk Rdrrk, km
dsjmaldr qukgbm d mgbd bnspkrkr ks drupåôds bd suk ktimscdrk d ks d`dåôds
bd suk ikssk jmrmgka. Zd qunsdssd, m Zma pmbdrnk jkuskr erkgbds bkgms k
gmssks tdjgmamenks idbnkgtd uik d`dåêm vmatkbk bnrdtkidgtd pkrk k Rdrrk, m
qud jkuskrnk nidgsks ngtdrrupåôds bd dgdrenk. Jrnkims snstdiks bd
trkgsinssêm bd dgdrenk daîtrnjk k amgek bnstægjnk, jmim m Frntnsl Gktnmgka
Ernb, qud pmbd cugjnmgkr jmim kgtdgks pkrk dssks puasôds smakrds. Tik
dxpamsêm jmamsska bd ktnvnbkbd smakr pmbdrnk bdrrdtdr ms trkgscmrikbmrds, m
qud prmvmjkrnk k ckalk tmtka bd rdbds daîtrnjks? suk rdpkrkåêm pmbdrnk
bdimrkr idsds. M Zma tkifîi ngcaudgjnk k vnbk gk Rdrrk bd ikgdnrk ikns
sutna, m qud ngjaun ks ngcauàgjnks bd sdus jnjams bd mgzd kgms di qud k
ktnvnbkbd bks ikgjlks smakrds kuidgtk d bningun, advkgbm ms pmams
ikegîtnjms bm Zma k jmamjkr-sd di mrbdi ngvdrsk.
M Zma tkifîi pmbdrnk prdmjupkr-sd jmi sdu prúprnm erupm bd pkrds, ks
mutrks ekaëxnks gm ngtdrnmr bd gmssk ekaëxnk, k Snk Aëjtdk. Gêm skfdims
quksd gkbk smfrd k jmiugnjkåêm ngtdrdstdakr, mu bd qud ikgdnrk k ekaëxnk
ngtdnrk imbncnjk m pkræidtrm bks mgbks dstdakrds. Iks dssd î mutrm bmiégnm
di qud prmvkvdaidgtd k jmgsjnàgjnk bm Zma dgtrd di kåêm.
Gêm skfdims quka î m gévda bd jmgsjnàgjnk bm Zma. Zdrë qud sú bnz
rdspdntm k sdu prúprnm cugjnmgkidgtm jmrpmrka= Mu sdrë ikns sdidalkgtd k
uik idgtd qud skfd m qud dstë kjmgtdjdgbm gm Znstdik Zmakr, ngjausnvd m
qud gús idsims dstkims ckzdgbm gdstd dxktm imidgtm= Rkavdz m Zma pmssk
ngtdnrkr-sd bnrdtkidgtd bm qud dstë kjmgtdjdgbm gk Rdrrk idbnkgtd m usm bd
sdu jkipm dadtrmikegîtnjm. Ks iubkgåks daîtrnjks di gmssks trkgsinssôds
bd rëbnm d RS, di gmssms jdauakrds d jmiputkbmrds, di gmssm jîrdfrm d di
tmbm m gmssm jmrpm dstêm tmbks ngsdrnbks gm jkipm dadtrmikegîtnjm bm Zma, m
jkipm kifndgtka di qud tubm gk Rdrrk kjmgtdjd. Zd k idgtd bm Zma pmbd tdr
jmgsjnàgjnk bm qud dstë kjmgtdjdgbm di tmbm dssd jkipm, m ikns prmvëvda î
qud tkifîi tnvdssd jmgldjnidgtm bm qud dstë kjmgtdjdgbm gk Rdrrk d di
tmbk pkrtd bm Znstdik
Zn stdik Zmakr.
Xmbdrdims gms jmiugnjkr jmi m Zma= Zdi bðvnbk, iuntks pdssmks
vdgdrki dssk dstrdak d ald ckzdi mcdrdgbks d prdjds, mu pmr suk prúprnk
jmgtk mu jmim ui jkgka bk auz bd Bdus, mu pmr idnm bd kifms.
Dgtrd ks prëtnjks bm ymek dgjmgtrk-sd k suryk gkiksokr, uik skubkåêm km
Zma. Xrktnqudn-k quksd tmbks ks ikglês burkgtd ikns bd qukrdgtk kgms, m qud
dxpanjk, di pkrtd, m dgmrid ngtdrdssd qud tdglm pdam Zma. Mutrk prëtnjk smakr
lngbu î m ikgtrk Ekyktrn
Ekyktrn,, qud gugjk bdnxm bd dgtmkr d qud î tkifîi uik
prdjd pkrk qud k bnvngk auz bm Zma nauingd sdiprd gmssks
gmssks idbntkåôds.
Bd ui pmgtm bd vnstk dspnrntuka, k auz bm Zma î k auz bm Dspérntm, qud frnalk
ktrkvîs bdstk d bd mutrks dstrdaks. Dxjdtm gm gksjdgtd d gm pmdgtd, mu qukgbm
vnstk ktrkvîs bd uik fkrrdnrk jkpkz bd kfsmrvdr k auz, dssk auz gms mcusjk d
gms bmingk. Zdeugbm iuntms kutmrds dspnrntukanstks, ngjausnvd Zkgtm
Kgsdaim _bd JkgtuërnkY (j. (j. ;8::-;;8>), m Zma î jmim Bdus, d Bdus î jmim
m Zma0
Gk vdrbkbd, ú Zdglmr, dstk î k auz ngkjdssévda di qud lkfntks? neukaidgtd ngqudstnmgëvda
î m cktm bd qud gngeuîi id ngtrmbuznrë gdak pkrk qud gdak Rd pmssk vdr. _...Y Idu
dgtdgbnidgtm
auz ngkjdssévda.gêm
Dadjmgsdeud kajkgåkr dssk
gêm k jmiprddgbd rkbnægjnk,
d sd bnspôd kpmns î ngbufntëvda
prmjurë-ak, iks mqud lkfntks
malm uik
bd inglk
kaik gêm supmrtk jmgtdipaë-ak jmi k ngtdgsnbkbd bd dspérntm gdjdssërnk è jmgtdipakåêm
 bks jmnsks bnvngks. Mcusjk-m suk rkbnægjnk, supdrk-m suk erkgbdzk, krrdfktk-m suk
ngcngntubd, mcusjk-m k erkgbdzk d kipanbêm bd suk auz. _ ;5: Y

Gmssk gmvk sntukåêm

Dstkims di uik sntukåêm sdi prdjdbdgtds. Jmi k suprdssêm bd Bdus, k
jmgsjnàgjnk d k cngkanbkbd bm ugnvdrsm bk jnàgjnk idjkgnjnstk cmrki
kjmipkglkbks pmr uik vkstk dxpkgsêm bd gmssk vnsêm bk gkturdzk gm dspkåm
d gm tdipm, bdsbd m cuenbnm kpkrdjnidgtm bks dvkgdsjdgtds pkrtéjuaks
sufktòinjks gm Erkgbd Jmansmr bd Lëbrmgs ktî k bdsjmfdrtk bd trnalôds bd
ekaëxnks pkrk kaîi bk gmssk, di ui Tgnvdrsm qud vdi dvmaungbm lë ikns bd
;: fnalôds bd kgms. Kemrk, jmi m rdssurenidgtm bm pkipsnqunsim, dssd
Tgnvdrsm dgmrididgtd dxpkgbnbm pmbd kssuinr uik gmvk vnbk d ui gmvm
snegncnjkbm. Gmssk dxpdrnàgjnk bnrdtk bk gkturdzk gêm luikgk pmbd uik vdz
ikns gms advkr pkrk kaîi bd gmssms dus anintkbms, ktî uik jmgdxêm bnrdtk
jmi m iugbm ikns-qud-luikgm d k jmgsjnàgjnk ikns-qud-luikgk qud k dad
suf`kz.
Xmrîi, kgtds bd pkrtnr pkrk ks ekaëxnks bnstkgtds mu ms dadidgtms
uatrkinjrmsjúpnjms, î idalmr jmidåkr ikns pdrtm bd jksk.
Buks prëtnjks pkrk k rdj
rdjmgdxêm
mgdxêm jmi k gkturdzk
gkturdzk ikns-qud-luikgk
TI ATEKV XKVK ZDGRKV-ZD
Gms krrdbmrds bd suk jksk, dgjmgtrd ui auekr mgbd vmjà pmssk sd sdgtkr jmi
jkaik d sdeurkgåk, d mgbd pmssk cnjkr k sús. Zd vmjà imrk pdrtm bd uik
camrdstk, bd uik jkipngk mu è fdnrk bd ui rnm, dgjmgtrd ui auekr pkrk sd
sdgtkr di ui bdssds auekrds. Mu dgjmgtrd ui auekr fdi pdrtm bd mgbd vmjà
imrk, idsim qud sd`k m sdu `krbni mu ui tdalkbm. K idgms qud m auekr
dgjmgtrkbm gêm cnqud gks nidbnkåôds, vmjà kjkfkrë sd bkgbm jmgtk bd qud î
iuntm bncéjna vnsntë-am rdeuakridgtd d pksskr kaeui tdipm kan.
K prëtnjk î snipads. Cnqud kan. Jmgldåk m auekr di bncdrdgtds imidgtms
bm bnk d bk gmntd, di jmgbnåôds ktimscîrnjks bnstngtks, di bncdrdgtds
dstkåôds. Rdglk
Rdglk jmgsjnàgjnk bms quktrm pmgtms jkrbdkns, d bm pdrjursm bm Zma
gm jîu. Jmgldåk ks pakgtks qud jrdsjdi kan, ms kgnikns qud vnvdi kan d ms
qud kpdgks pksski pmr kan. Dsjutd m vdgtm. Muåk ms pësskrms d kprdgbk k
nbdgtncnjë-ams k pkrtnr bd sdus jkgtms.
M rkstrdkbmr @mg ^muge bnz qud sd uik pdssmk cnjkr sdgtkbk di snaàgjnm
pmr jdrjk bd 68 ingutms, ms kgnikns km sdu rdbmr sd kjmstuikrêm jmi dak d
bdnxkrêm bd và-ak jmim uik cmgtd bd pdrnem. Dak, dgtêm, pmbdrë pdrjdfdr ms
sngkns bd kadrtk bdssds kgnikns, prngjnpkaidgtd ms bms pësskrms. Zd vmjà
dstnvdr di ui `krbni, ms smgs bms pësskrms pmbdi kadrtë-am smfrd k
kprmxnikåêm bd ui ektm. Gk camrdstk, ms kakrids ald bnrêm qukgbm uik
pdssmk mu mutrm kgnika dstë sd imvdgbm gms krrdbmrds, d mgbd dxktkidgtd
dads sd dgjmgtrki. _ ;52 Y
Km dxpdrndgjnkr k vnbk di sdu auekr dsjmalnbm, vmjà anekrë suk prúprnk
vnbk km iugbm ikns-qud-luikgm, d gêm bdimrkrë k tdr ui iknmr sdgtnidgtm
bd jmgdxêm d pdrtdgjnidgtm.
M ZMA
Zkðbd m Zma km rknkr bm bnk. Mu, sd m tdipm dstnvdr gufakbm, vnrd-sd pkrk k
bnrdåêm di qud m Zma dstë mjuatm. Zd suk jksk mu sdu `krbni gêm tnvdr uik
vnsêm di bnrdåêm bm adstd, dgtêm kerkbdåk k auz bm bnk qukgbm dak, mrnengërnk
bm Zma, jmidåkr k ktrkvdsskr suk `kgdak.
Burkgtd m bnk, sdiprd qud lmuvdr uik mpmrtugnbkbd, cnqud bd crdgtd pkrk
m Zma. Gêm mald bnrdtkidgtd pkrk dad. Jmgtubm, km Zma gksjdgtd mu pmdgtd,
qukgbm suk rkbnægjnk kngbk gêm cmr bdiksnkbk, mald pkrk dad bnrdtkidgtd d
bà erkåks pmr suk auz, pdak cmgtd bd tmbk auz, ju`k auz frnalk ktrkvîs bdad.
Xdåk qud m bnvngm dspadgbmr bm Zma nauingd suk idbntkåêm.
 2
Vdakåêm jmi ks Xakgtks
]
Idu pkn, ldrfmrnstk d ckrikjàutnjm, kprdsdgtmu-id k iuntks dspîjnds bd
pakgtks. [ukgbm jrnkgåk, idu prnidnrm trkfkalm cmn pdskr drvks d jmamjë-aks
di pkjmtds. Erkåks k idu pkn, kngbk idgngm du skfnk gmidkr k iknmrnk bks
dspîjnds bd ërvmrds d nbdgtncnjkr ks camrds snavdstrds jmiugs.

Kaîisdjrdtms.
`krbngs bnssm, tnvd k smrtd bd
M prnidnrm jmgtkr
rdidtd gêm kpdgks
k idus jmikgms.
prnidnrms ui,Xdrtm
iks bmjmijdgtrm
bmns
bd inglk jnbkbd gktka Gdwkro-mg-Rrdgt, di Gmttngelkislnrd, Ngeaktdrrk,
lkvnk ui erkgbd dspkåm iurkbm qud jmgtnglk jdrjk bd sdns `krbngs.
Kauekims ui bdads, bdikrjkbm bd ui akbm pmr ui erkgbd iurm bd pdbrk
dgtrd m `krbni d k ruk, d bms mutrms akbms pmr jdrjks vnvks katks d dspdssks.
Bdgtrm bm `krbni lkvnk ui pmikr qud gms bkvk ikåês, pdrks d pdqudgks
kidnxks dsjurks. Rkifîi téglkims crkifmdsks d ermsdaldnrks, ui dspkåm
pkrk adeuids d jkgtdnrms. Tik jksk bd vdrkgdnm enrktúrnk, bd ikbdnrk, jmi
uik vkrkgbk qud enrkvk km sdr nipuasnmgkbk smfrd trnalms jnrjuakrds,
pmbdgbm sdr jmamjkbk bd crdgtd pkrk m Zma sdiprd qud qunsîssdims. M
`krbni drk jldnm bd fmrfmadtks d bd jkgtm bd pësskrms gk prnikvdrk d gm
vdrêm. D, km jmgtrërnm bm `krbni di vmatk bd gmssk jksk, dssd `krbni sdjrdtm
cnjkvk iuntm bnstkgtd bks prdmjupkåôds bmiîstnjks bd gmssm jmtnbnkgm? drk
mutrm iugbm, kngbk qud pmujm ikns bd kaeugs ingutms m sdpkrkssdi bd jksk.
Du pksskvk iuntks lmrks kan jmi idu pkn d idu nriêm, d, tdipms bdpmns,
sdi jmipkglnk gdgluik. Du pmbnk trkfkalkr gm `krbni, frngjkr, cnjkr
malkgbm ks pakgtks, mfsdrvkr ms pësskrms, adr d bdvkgdkr. Di edrka, sdgtnk-id
iuntm cdanz kan. Rubm jmrrnk iuntm fdi, ktî qud ui bnk k tdrrk prdjnsmu sdr
uskbk pkrk k jmgstruåêm bd ui dstëbnm pkrk uik dsjmak bms krrdbmrds. Ms
`krbngs cmrki sufstntuébms pmr erkik trktkbk d kprnsnmgkbms pmr jdrjks bd
tdak idtëanjk.
 Xmujm bdpmns, uik tnk-kvú imrrdu d gms bdnxmu suk jksk di Gdwkro, qud
tnglk ui `krbni k jdrjk bd >; idtrms bkan. Mutrk vdz, m `krbni cnjkvk ktrës
bd ui erkgbd iurm bd pdbrks d drk cdjlkbm, gms mutrms tràs akbms, pmr
tkpuids d jdrjks vnvks. Drk iknmr bm qud gmssm `krbni kgtdrnmr, ikns mu
idgms 688 i¶, d tnglk suk prúprnk d pmbdrmsk jkaik. Lkvnk ui pmikr,
krfustms crutécdrms, uik lmrtk, jkgtdnrms d ui erkgbd erkikbm qud usëvkims
pkrk prktnjkr tàgns d jrmquî. _ ;54 Y Du kbmrkvk cnjkr gdssds `krbngs, d tkifîi
pksskvk iuntks lmrks gks camrdstks d `ugtm kms rnkjlms d pdqudgms akems gk
rdenêm rurka gms krrdbmrds bd Gdwkro, kgbkgbm sdi bdstngm di inglk
fnjnjadtk. Idus kinems d du téglkims uik anfdrbkbd bk quka pmujks jrnkgåks
bdscrutki ktukaidgtd.
Jmim jmstuim bnzdr, sdiprd tnvd uik dstrdntk anekåêm jmi ks pakgtks.
Dstubdn jnàgjnks gk dsjmak, d fmtægnjk d fnmquéinjk gk Tgnvdrsnbkbd bd
Jkifrnbed, mgbd rdjdfn m Xràinm bd Fmtægnjk _ ;53 Y mcdrdjnbm pdak
Tgnvdrsnbkbd. Xkssdn bdz kgms di Jkifrnbed ckzdgbm pdsqunsks smfrd m
bdsdgvmavnidgtm bks pakgtks. Rrkfkaldn gks camrdstks trmpnjkns gk Ikaësnk,
mgbd cnjkvk sdbnkbm gm Bdpkrtkidgtm bd Fmtægnjk bk Tgnvdrsnbkbd bk
Ikaësnk. Bd ;>52 k ;><4, trkfkaldn di ui ngstntutm keréjmak ngtdrgkjnmgka gk
Égbnk, m Ngstntutm Ngtdrgkjnmgka bd Xdsqunsk di Jmaldntks pkrk ms Rrúpnjms
Zdinërnbms (NJVNZKR), pdrtm bd Lybdrkfkb, mgbd cun cnsnmamenstk-jldcd bm
dstubm bd pakgtks. Rkifîi smu `krbngdnrm. Dsjrdvn bdzdgks bd tdxtms
kjkbàinjm-jndgtécnjms smfrd pakgtks. _ ;55 Y Gdstd jkpétuam, anintkrdn inglk
bnsjussêm bdssds tdiks k camrds d ërvmrds.
K rdakåêm jmi ks pakgtks pkrdjd sdr uik pmbdrmsk gdjdssnbkbd luikgk,
cugbkidgtkbk di inalôds bd kgms bd lnstúrnk dvmautnvk _ ;5< Y d juaturka. Gk
iknmr pkrtd bm tdipm, k prmjurk bd kanidgtms d k ikgutdgåêm bks pakgtks
pdams sdrds luikgms î uik ktnvnbkbd prëtnjk d iugbkgk, d gêm
trkgsjdgbdgtka. Jmgtubm, ks pakgtks pmbdi kfrnr uik `kgdak pkrk mutrm imbm
bd sdr. Zuk fdadzk gms jmgdjtk jmi k rnqudzk d bnvdrsnbkbd bm iugbm
gkturka, adifrkgbm-gms bk jrnktnvnbkbd bk vnbk. Zd qunsdrims, pmbdims gms
jmgvdgjdr bd qud tubm nssm î uik qudstêm bd idjkgnsims dvmautnvms
ngjmgsjndgtds. K dxpdrnàgjnk bnrdtk jmi ks cmriks bks pakgtks, pmrîi, pmbd
gms advkr bk dscdrk bm pdgskidgtm pkrk uik jmgdxêm bnrdtk jmi m iugbm
ikns-qud-luikgm.
Ks camrds sd bdsdgvmavdrki ikns mu idgms ;88 inalôds bd kgms kgtds bm
kpkrdjnidgtm bms sdrds luikgms. Ms ngsdtms cmrki ms prnidnrms k kprdjnkr
suk fdadzk. Jmgtubm, sdrë qud dssk pdrjdpåêm bk fdadzk surenu di snstdiks
gdrvmsms snipads jmim uik kbkptkåêm ngjmgsjndgtd d idjkgnjnstk ès cmråks
bk sdadåêm gkturka= Mu k idgtd bd kgnikns d camrds dstë dxpamrkgbm uik
cmgtd bd fdadzk qud km idsim tdipm niprdegk d trkgsjdgbd m iugbm
gkturka=

Camrds
K iknmrnk bks pdssmks sd bdadntk jmi ks camrds, d burkgtd inaàgnms iuntks
juaturks kssuinrki qud bdusds, bdusks d Bdus tkifîi sd bdadntkvki jmi
daks.
Gm Dentm, ks jmaugks bd iuntms tdipams bd Auxmr sêm dgjnikbks pmr
dgtkalds bd camrds bd aútus. Kpdskr bk prmnfnåêm bks nikedgs dsjuapnbks gms
Bdz Ikgbkidgtms, m Rdipam bd Zkamiêm drk bdjmrkbm jmi dgtkalds qud
ngjauéki pakgtks d camrds0 ‑Ikgbmu dsjuapnr di rdadvm di tmbks ks pkrdbds
bk jksk, km rdbmr, gm skgtuërnm jmim gm tdipam, qudrufngs, pkaiks d camrds
(; Vdns, 3,6>). Kssni tkifîi, k prmnfnåêm bd nikedgs gk krtd
kfdrtks’ (;
nsaæinjk gêm ngjaun ks camrds, d iuntms tðiuams, idsquntks d mutrks
jmgstruåôds skerkbks sêm bdjmrkbms jmi imbdams camrkns, ngjausnvd m Rk`
Iklka.
Iuntms tdipams fubnstks jmgtài nikedgs bk camr bd aútus d, di suk
nikedi ikns jmgldjnbk, m Fubk iuntks vdzds dstë sdgtkbm smfrd uik bdaks.
Ms aútus d mutrks camrds sêm advkbms kms tdipams fubnstks jmim mcdrdgbks. Ms
lngbus mcdrdjdi camrds kms bdusds d bdusks jmim pkrtd bd suk kbmrkåêm gms
tdipams. Camrds sêm lkfntukaidgtd uskbks pkrk bdjmrkr ks nerd`ks jrnstês. Gms
pëtnms bd iuntks nerd`ks bd vnakrd`ms ngeadsds, ui bms kvnsms ikns
prmdingdgtds î k Camwdr Vmtk, _ ;5> Y*** imstrkgbm qudi dstë dgjkrrdekbm
bd advkr ks camrds d ckzdr ms krrkg`ms
krr kg`ms camrkns pkrk m bmingem.
Di sdu Zdriêm bk Imgtkglk, @dsus bnssd0 ‑Jmgsnbdrkn jmim jrdsjdi ms
aérnms bm jkipm? gêm trkfkalki gdi cnki. Dgtrdtkgtm, du vms bnem qud m
prúprnm Zkamiêm, gm kued bd suk eaúrnk, gêm sd vdstnu jmim ui bdads’
(Iktdus, 3, 6<->). Dssks pkakvrks kpkrdjdi jmiuidgtd di uik sîrnd bd
kcmrnsims smfrd jmgcnkr di Bdus pkrk qud vmjà pmssk vnvdr gm prdsdgtd, di
vdz bd sd prdmjupkr jmi m qud vkn kjmgtdjdr kikglê.
Iuntms dstubnmsms jmgjmrbki qud @dsus dstë sd rdcdrngbm ès camrds
snavdstrds di edrka, d gêm kpdgks kms aérnms. M trkåm jkrkjtdréstnjm bks camrds
snavdstrds î qud daks jrdsjdi pmr sn prúprnks, dspmgtkgdkidgtd, jmim `ë vài
ckzdgbm lë inalôds bd kgms. Xmr mutrm akbm, k iknmrnk bks camrds bd `krbni
rdsuatk bk rdprmbuåêm bd pakgtks. Daks rdvdaki pmtdgjnkns mjuatms di sdus
kgjdstrkns snavdstrds. Difmrk sd`ki quksd sdiprd ikns dspdtkjuakrds bm qud
sdus prmedgntmrds, daks sêm prmbutm bk sdadåêm cdntk pdams sdrds luikgms, d
sdu juatnvm rdqudr k ktnvnbkbd luikgk. Idsim gk îpmjk bd @dsus, ms jkipms
bd juatnvm, ks cneudnrks d ks vnbdnrks `ë rdsuatkvki bd inalkrds bd kgms bd
juatnvm d sdadåêm luikgms.
Tik vkgtkedi k sdr jmgsnbdrkbk di rdakåêm ès camrds snavdstrds î qud daks
gms advki nidbnktkidgtd pkrk cmrk bm iugbm bm trkfkalm luikgm ‚ bm
trkfkalm burm d jéjanjm ‚, dgqukgtm ks camrds juatnvkbks gêm m ckzdi. Jmim
`krbngdnrm qud smu, kprdjnm iuntm k fdadzk bks camrds bd `krbni, d bdbnjm
lmrks k sdu juatnvm. Jmgtubm, kjlm ikns cëjna id bdnxkr kfsmrvdr pdak
jmgtdipakåêm bks camrds snavdstrds, pmrqud, di idu `krbni, id bmu jmgtk bd
jmnsks qud du bdvdrnk dstkr ckzdgbm, jmim krrkgjkr ks drvks bkgnglks. Dssks
drvks sêm pakgtks gm auekr drrkbm, iks ks camrds snavdstrds dstêm gm auekr
jdrtm? daks gêm id advki k pdgskr qud du bdvdrnk dstkr ckzdgbm
c kzdgbm kaeuik jmnsk.
Kbinrkr ks camrds gêm snegncnjk kpdgks cnjkr malkgbm pkrk daks
pkssnvkidgtd. Daks gms k`ubki k kprdgbdr
kprdgbdr kaeuik jmnsk smfrd suk dxnstàgjnk.
dxnstàgjnk.
Km jmidåkr k dxkingë-aks, vmjà pdrjdfd qud jkbk dspîjnd tdi sdu prúprnm
tnpm bd camr. [ukgbm m gkturkanstk sudjm Jkrams Angdu _ ;<8 Y jrnmu ms
cugbkidgtms bk jakssncnjkåêm imbdrgk bks pakgtks gm sîjuam \SNNN, dad
pdrjdfdu qud ks camrds mcdrdjnki uik ikgdnrk bd mrekgnzkr ks pakgtks di
ckiéanks. Dad jakssncnjmu ks pakgtks bd kjmrbm jmi m qud jlkimu bd ‑snstdik
sdxuka’, pmrqud ks camrds jmgtài ms úreêms sdxukns bks pakgtks ‚ ks kgtdrks
iksjuangks qud prmbuzdi m púadg, d ms jkrpdams qud jmgtài ms úvuams. Km
rdbmr bdssds úreêms sdxukns cnjki ks pîtkaks d ks sîpkaks. Dssd snstdik
pkrdjd surprddgbdgtd è prnidnrk vnstk, pmrqud kerupk pakgtks qud pkrdjdi
iuntm bncdrdgtds. Xmr dxdipam, k ckiéank bk drvnalk d bm cdn`êm, ks
adeuingmsks mu ckfëjdks, jmgtài pakgtks jmi iuntks cmalks bd jmgcneurkåêm
bncdrdgtd, kaîi bd uik erkgbd vkrndbkbd bd cmriktms d tkikglms. Kaeuiks
sêm ldrfëjdks kgukns, jmim m erêm-bd-fnjm? kaeuiks sêm trdpkbdnrks, jmim m
cdn`êm-trdpkbmr? mutrks sêm krfustms, jmim m eukgbu, d kaeuiks sêm ërvmrds,
jmim m akfurgm d k kjëjnk. Iks tmbks tài cmalks pkrdjnbks, d tmbks
prmbuzdi sdidgtds di vkedgs.
vkedgs.

Ks dstruturks bks camrds dgqukbrki-sd di ui pdqudgm

gðidrm bd jktdemrnks fësnjks.
 Ti erkgbd erupm bd pakgtks jlkikbks bd imgmjmtnadbògdks, mu kfrdvnkbks jmim
imgmjmts,*
imgmjmts ,* ngjaun k rdavk, ms fkifus, ks pkaidnrks, ks mrquébdks, ms aérnms d
`kjngtms, ks jkipknglks d érns. Kpdskr bd suks cmriks iuntm bnstngtks, suks camrds
sdeudi ui pkbrêm fksnjkidgtd trépanjd, jmi pîtkaks di cmrikåêm bd tràs mu
iðatnpams bd tràs. Xmr dxdipam, ms aérnms tài sdns pîtkaks, tràs ikns tràs.
( bnjmts).
Mutrm erkgbd erupm bd pakgtks camrécdrks î m bks bnjmtnadbògdks (bnjmts ). Di
kaeuiks ckiéanks, ks camrds tài ui pkbrêm fksnjkidgtd quëbrupam, jmi pîtkaks di
cmrikåêm bd quktrm mu iðatnpams bd quktrm ‚ jmim k ckiéank bms rdpmalms, ks
jrujécdrks mu frkssnjëjdks, m qud ngjaun ms emnvdnrms-kikrdams, ks imstkrbks d ms
rdpmalms. Mutrks ckiéanks bnjmtnadbògdks tài uik dstruturk fksnjkidgtd quégtupak,
jmi jngjm pîtkaks, mu bd iðatnpams bd jngjm, jmim k ckiéank bks rmsks, ks rmsëjdks,
qud ngjaun ikåês, imrkgems d kimrks-prdtks. Di kaeuiks ckiéanks, ks camrds sêm
jmipmstks bd iuntks pdqudgks camrds qud, `ugtks, jmgstntudi uik idtkcamr, jmim
gk ckiéank bks jmipúsntks mu kstdrëjdks, qud ngjaun ks ikrekrnbks d ms enrkssúns. _
;<; Y

Cdanzidgtd, ms `krbngs fmtægnjms ckjnantki k tmbms k nbdgtncnjkåêm bk

vkrndbkbd bd cmriks di uik ckiéank, kaîi bd tkifîi ckjnantkrdi k
vdrncnjkåêm bd suks sdidalkgåks ckinankrds. K iknmrnk bdssds `krbngs tdi
kqunam qud bdgmingkims jkgtdnrms snstdiëtnjms, mgbd pakgtks bd bncdrdgtds
dspîjnds bdgtrm bk idsik ckiéank sêm pakgtkbks `ugtm ‚ di ui jkgtdnrm,
idifrms bks ckfëjdks, di mutrm, idifrms bk ckiéank bks pdògnks, ks
pdmgnëjdks, di mutrm, idifrms bk ckiéank skxécrkek, ks skxncrkeëjdks, d
kssni pmr bnkgtd. Difmrk dssds jkgtdnrms sd`ki juatnvkbms, k iknmrnk bd suks
pakgtks cmn trkznbk bd rdenôds kerdstds d camrdstkns. Xkssdn iuntks lmrks
malkgbm pkrk dssk dxufdrægjnk vdedtka di idus `krbngs fmtægnjms ckvmrntms0
m Vmyka Fmtkgnj Ekrbdg bd Odw, k mdstd bd Amgbrds, d ms Tgnvdrsnty Fmtkgnj
Ekrbdgs bd Jkifrnbed d Mxcmrb.
Jmim kcnrimu Jlkrads Bnjodgs di K Mrnedi bks Dspîjnds0
Dspîjnds0
Zd ks jmnsks fdaks cmrki jrnkbks ugnjkidgtd pkrk k sktnsckåêm bm lmidi, î prdjnsm
imstrkr qud kgtds bm surenidgtm bm lmidi lkvnk idgms fdadzk gk ckjd bk Rdrrk bm qud
k pkrtnr bm imidgtm di qud dad dgtrmu di jdgk. _...Y Ks camrds dstêm dgtrd ks ikns fdaks
prmbuåôds bk gkturdzk? jmgtubm, daks sd tmrgkrki jakrkidgtd vnsévdns di d i jmgtrkstd jmi
ks cmalks vdrbds d, pmr jmgsdeungtd, km idsim tdipm fdaks, pkrk qud ms ngsdtms
pubdssdi và-aks jmi ikns ckjnanbkbd.
c kjnanbkbd. Jldeudn k dstk jmgjausêm km bdsjmfrnr uik rderk
ngvkrnëvda0 qukgbm uik camr î cdrtnanzkbk pdam vdgtm, dak gugjk tdi uik jmrmak jmi jmrds
fdaks d vnfrkgtds. _...Y Kssni, pmbdims jmgjaunr qud, sd ms ngsdtms gêm tnvdssdi sd
bdsdgvmavnbm gk Rdrrk, gmssks pakgtks gugjk tdrnki snbm bdjmrkbks jmi fdaks camrds? gk
vdrbkbd, sú tdrnki prmbuznbm camrds ngsnegncnjkgtds jmim ks qud vdims di gmssms kfdtms,
jkrvkalms, gmeudnrks d crdnxms, gms erkikbms, gm dspngkcrd, gk akfkåk d gks urtneks, tmbks
daks cdrtnanzkbks pdak kåêm bm vdgtm. _ ;<6 Y
Zdi bðvnbk, Bkrwng dstkvk jdrtm. Burkgtd k iknmr pkrtd bd suk vkstk
lnstúrnk, ks camrds gêm tnvdrki gkbk k vdr jmi ms sdrds luikgms. Zdu
surenidgtm mjmrrdu lë ikns bd ;88 inalôds bd kgms, gk drk bms bngmsskurms.
Daks bdvdi tdr-sd bdsdgvmavnbm pmrqud ms ngsdtms d mutrms kgnikns emstkvki
bd malkr pkrk daks. K fdadzk bks camrds bdpdgbd bms malms bms kgnikns, m qud
snegncnjk qud dads bdvdi tdr uik jkpkjnbkbd bd kprdjnkr jmrds d cmriks.
Bdvdi tdr ui sdgsm bd fdadzk. Bd qud mutrk ikgdnrk pmbdrékims dxpanjkr k
dvmauåêm bks camrds=
K dvmauåêm bm sdgsm
sdgsm bd fdadzk
M sdgsm bd fdadzk bms kgnikns pmbd iuntm fdi tdr dvmauébm ngnjnkaidgtd gk
rdakåêm jmi mutrms kgnikns bd suk prúprnk dspîjnd. K iknmrnk bks dspîjnds
bdimgstrk pmujm ngtdrdssd pmr camrds? d ms idifrms bm sdxm mpmstm sêm m
cmjm prnmrntërnm bd sdu ngtdrdssd dstîtnjm. Xdgsdims di ui pkvêm. K jkubk
bm pkvêm bdsdgvmavdu-sd iuntm kgtds bm surenidgtm bms sdrds luikgms gk
Rdrrk. Dak dxnstd pmrqud ks pkvmks k jmgsnbdrki fmgntks, d pmrqud ms pkvôds
jmipdtdi pmr jmipkgldnrks. Di mutrms sdgtnbms, trktk-sd bd uik erkgbd
bdsvkgtkedi. [ukgbm du imrkvk gk Égbnk, vn ui jkjlmrrm tdgtkgbm pdekr
ui pkvêm vdzds sdi jmgtk? m pkvêm jmrrnk d, bdsk`dntkbkidgtd, advkgtkvk
vmm, m qud ald pdrintnu dsjkpkr pmr vërnms bnks. Iks lmuvd ui bnk di qud m
jkjlmrrm jmgsdeunu kfmjkglkr ui puglkbm bd suks pdgks. K jkubk bms
pkvôds sêm uik bdsvkgtkedi qukgbm dads dstêm cuengbm bd jkjlmrrms d
mutrms prdbkbmrds pmtdgjnkns, iks cugjnmgki iuntm fdi pkrk ktrknr
jmipkgldnrks.
Bkrwng jlkimu dssd cdgòidgm bd sdadåêm sdxuka, d dxpanjmu-m di tdrims
utnantkrnstks0
Kbintm bd fmi erkbm qud ui erkgbd gðidrm bd kgnikns ikjlms, jmim tmbms ms gmssms
ikns fdams pësskrms, kaeugs pdnxds, rîptdns d ikiécdrms, kaîi bd uik adenêm bd
fmrfmadtks bd jmrds ikegécnjks, tmrgkrki-sd fdams pdak fdadzk di sn? iks nssm vdnm k
jmgjrdtnzkr-sd pmr idnm bk sdadåêm sdxuka, nstm î, pdam cktm bd ms ikns fdams ikjlms
tdrdi snbm jmgtngukidgtd prdcdrnbms pdaks càidks, d gêm pkrk m bdadntd luikgm. M
idsim kjmgtdjd jmi m jkgtm bms pësskrms. _ ;<: Y

Xmrîi, difmrk k tdmrnk dvmaujnmgnstk bd Bkrwng pmssk dxpanjkr m vkamr bk

smfrdvnvàgjnk, dak gêm dxpanjk k jmgjdpåêm dstîtnjk di sn.
M qud î dssd sdgsm bd fdadzk qud ms luikgms jmipkrtnalki jmi iuntks
mutrks dspîjnds kgnikns= Bd mgbd dak vdi= K rdspmstk qud m sktnscnzdr
bdpdgbdrë bd sdu pmgtm bd pkrtnbk.
 Zd vmjà cmr iktdrnkanstk, sdu prdssupmstm sdrë m bd qud m Tgnvdrsm î
ngjmgsjndgtd. Gêm lë gdglui prmpúsntm gdad, gdgluik idgtd d gdglui
kprdjnkbmr bk fdadzk, k gêm sdr ms idjkgnsims gdurkns gm jîrdfrm bms
kgnikns, kaem qud, gm jksm bd kfdalks d fmrfmadtks, î iuntm pdqudgm.
Nssm, pmr suk vdz, bë mrnedi km prmfadik bk dvmauåêm bks qukanbkbds. Ks
rdspmstks bms kgnikns k jmrds, cmriks d jldnrms gêm sdrêm têm smidgtd ui
rdsuatkbm bd iutkåôds edgîtnjks kadktúrnks d bk sdadåêm gkturka= Gm cni bks
jmgtks, k ktrkåêm kms dstéiuams sdgsmrnkns ‚ mu k rdpuask k dads ‚ gêm sdrë
gkbk ikns qud ui rdsuatkbm bks iutkåôds edgîtnjks kadktúrnks d bk sdadåêm
gkturka= K rdspmstk bms iktdrnkanstks k dssks pdreugtks î ‑sni’.
Xmr mutrm akbm, sd vmjà kjrdbntkr qud k jmgsjnàgjnk î ngdrdgtd è gkturdzk,
sdu pmgtm bd pkrtnbk sdrë bncdrdgtd. Bd ui pmgtm bd vnstk pkipsnqunstk, ms
ngsdtms d mutrms kgnikns pmssudi idjkgnsims gdrvmsms qud rdspmgbdi k
quknsqudr dstéiuams, d tài idgtds jkpkzds bd kprdjnkr k fdadzk. Gmssk
prúprnk idgtd jmipkrtnalk uik jmgjdpåêm bd fdadzk bncugbnbk gm rdngm
kgnika, d iuntks bks cmriks d jmrds qud ktrkdi ms mutrms kgnikns tkifîi
gms ktrkdi. Ks camrds d iuntms kgnikns sêm fdams pdak fdadzk di sn, jmim
kcnrik Bkrwng. Iks m qud î k fdadzk di sn= sn=
K cmgtd bk fdadzk dstë smidgtd gk gkturdzk, mu dak trkgsjdgbd k gkturdzk=
Lkvdrë uik idgtd trkgsjdgbdgtka pkrk kaîi bm tdipm d bm dspkåm= Gk
trkbnåêm ngspnrkbk pdam cnaúsmcm erdem Xaktêm, dssk rdkanbkbd ðatnik jmgtnglk
k cmgtd krqudtépnjk bk vdrbkbd, fmgbkbd d fdadzk. Gk gkturdzk, tmbk fdadzk
bdrnvkvk bdssk idgtd trkgsjdgbdgtka, k cmgtd ðatnik bd tmbks ks cmriks. Gk
tdmamenk jrnstê, dssk idgtd trkgsjdgbdgtka î k idgtd bd Bdus. Zdeugbm k
jktdqudsd jktúanjm-rmikgk, ‑ks iðatnpaks pdrcdnåôds bks jrnkturks ‚ suk
vdrbkbd, suk fdadzk, suk fmgbkbd ‚ rdcadtdi, tmbks, k ngcngntk pdrcdnåêm bd
Bdus’. _ ;<2 Y
Gêm sú gm jktmanjnsim rmikgm, iks gk iknmrnk bks trkbnåôds rdanenmsks
(tkavdz di tmbks), ks idgtds kgnika d luikgk sêm, di ðatnik kgëansd,
bdrnvkbks bk jmgsjnàgjnk qud suf`kz km Tgnvdrsm d dstë prdsdgtd di tmbk k
gkturdzk. Di ðatnik ngstægjnk, k idgtd bd ui ngsdtm bdrnvk bk cmgtd bd tmbk
jmgsjnàgjnk, d m idsim sd pmbd bnzdr bd gmssk idgtd, gm jkinglm iuntm
bnstngtm qud jkbk uik mptmu pmr sdeunr
sdeunr.. Rmbk gkturdzk î ui rdcadxm bk idgtd
jrnktnvk qud suf`kz k tmbks ks jmnsks. Dssk î uik jmgjdpåêm jrnstê
trkbnjnmgka, uik jmgjdpåêm iuåuaikgk trkbnjnmgka d uik jmgjdpåêm lngbu
trkbnjnmgka. _ ;<4 Y Rmbks ks qukanbkbds qud vnvdgjnkims ‚ jmrds, jmim m
vdrbd, d jldnrms, jmim m bd akvkgbk ‚ dstêm prdsdgtds gk idgtd bd Bdus.
Xkrtnjnpkims bk dxpdrnàgjnk bnvngk bks qukanbkbds.
Zkgtm Kgsdaim, tdúamem, iéstnjm d krjdfnspm bd Jkgtuërnk bd ;8>: k ;;8>,
pdgskvk di Bdus jmim ‑kqunam qud supdrk tubm bd iknmr qud sd pmssk
nikengkr’. Bdus jmgtîi tmbks ks pmssnfnanbkbds jmgjdfévdns. Ti Bdus qud
gêm jmgsdeunssd sdgtnr m pdrcuid bd uik rmsk sdrnk idgms qud ui Bdus qud
jmgsdeunssd sdgtn-am. Bdus ngjaun m pdrcuid bks rmsks, d tmbks ks jmrds d
tmbks ks cmriks, d tmbks ks mutrks qukanbkbds vnvdgjnkbks pdams sdrds
luikgms d mutrms kgnikns. Rmbks ks qukanbkbds dgjmgtrki-sd gk idgtd
bnvngk. _ ;<3 Y
Zdeugbm dssd imbm bd pdgskr, k idgtd kgnika, qud ngjaun k idgtd bms
ngsdtms, î m sufstrktm bk fdadzk bks camrds, d suk idgtd pkrtnjnpk bm sdr
bnvngm. Dstd î m imtnvm pdam quka daks k`ubki k trkzdr è dxnstàgjnk k fdadzk
bks camrds. Zuk idgtd d suk pdrjdpåêm bk fdadzk pkrtnjnpki bk gkturdzk
bnvngk jmim k cmgtd ðatnik bk Sdrbkbd, bk Fdadzk d bm Fdi. Bdus gêm î
jmim ui dgedgldnrm qud jrnk ui iugbm sdpkrkbm d idjægnjm, jmim kaeugs
tdúamems idjkgnjnstks suedrnrki. Bdus dstë bdgtrm bm iugbm gkturka, di
jkbk pkrtd bdad? d m iugbm gkturka dstë di Bdus d pkrtnjnpk bd sdu sdr d suk
jmgsjnàgjnk.
[ukgbm @dsus suedrnu qud ‑malkn ms aérnms bms jkipms’, dad gms jmgvnbmu
k vnvdr gk bnvngk prdsdgåk pmr idnm bks camrds snavdstrds. Xmr idnm bdaks,
pmbdims vnvdgjnkr bnrdtkidgtd Bdus gk gkturdzk
gkturdzk d k gkturdzk di Bdus.
Fmsquds skerkbms d pkr
pkrquds
quds gkjnmgkns
Iuntm kgtds bd ks pdssmks juatnvkrdi `krbngs, ms fmsquds skerkbms
jmgsdrvkvki kaeuik jmnsk bks qukanbkbds prnimrbnkns bm pkrkésm. Dads kngbk
smfrdvnvdi di iuntks pkrtds bm iugbm. [ukgbm k tdrrk vnglk sdgbm
bdsnipdbnbk pkrk ms kssdgtkidgtms mu k kernjuaturk, kaeuiks ërdks cmrki
bdnxkbks ngtmjkbks d prmtdenbks jmim skgtuërnms pkrk ks dspîjnds d ms
lkfntkts sdavkedgs, d tkifîi pkrk dspérntms, bdusds d bdusks. Gk Égbnk, lë
kngbk inalkrds bd fmsquds skerkbms, edrkaidgtd jdrjkbms pmr tdipams mu
skgtuërnms. Kaeugs bdads pkrdjdi sdr têm kgtnems qukgtm k Jnvnanzkåêm bm
Skad bm Vnm Ngbm (::88-;588 k.J.). _ ;<5 Y Mutrms, di ërdks trnfkns, bktki bk
îpmjk bks prnidnrks jmamgnzkåôds gk ërdk. _ ;<< Y Iuntms bdssds fmsquds sêm
rnjms di camrk d ckugk d, di kaeugs jksms, dstêm dgtrd ms ðatnims rdcðenms bks
dspîjnds kidkåkbks bd dxtngåêm. Rkifîi lë iuntms bdssds fmsquds gk
Durmpk. Di kaeugs jksms, nerd`ks
ner d`ks cmrki jmgstruébks di sdu ngtdrnmr.
 Gk Rdrrk Zkgtk, fmsquds skerkbms, qud di edrka cnjki gm tmpm bd jmangks,
tnglki skgtuërnms ‑smifrdkbms pdak dspdssk vdedtkåêm bd ërvmrds
vdgdrëvdns’ mgbd, pmr iuntks edrkåôds bdpmns qud ms nsrkdantks lkvnki sd
dstkfdadjnbm gk Xkadstngk, ks pdssmks rdjmrrdrki è mcdrtk bd skjrncéjnms, d kan,
smf k smifrk bd kgtnems jkrvkalms mu tdrdfngtms _uik cmrik bd pnstkjldnrmY,
suks bdvmåôds rdanenmsks drki jmgbuznbks pmr prmcdtks d rdns pndbmsms, gêm
kpdgks sdi bdantms, iks jmi ui jmgvdgjnidgtm ngtdrnmr bk bnvngk
kprmvkåêm d fàgåêm, jmim kcnrik @kids Crkzdr di sdu cksjngkgtd anvrm Cmao-
Amrd ng tld Mab Rdstkidgt _M Cmajamrd gm Kgtnem RdstkidgtmY. _ ;<> Y Dssk
vdgdrkåêm kngbk prmssdeunu bdpmns bk jmgstruåêm bm tdipam di @druskaîi
gm sîjuam \ k.J. jmgtubm, pmr vmatk bm sîjuam SNN k.J., ms prmcdtks ldfrdus
`ë vnglki bdgugjnkgbm k vdgdrkåêm gdssds fmsquds, d tdgtkgbm jdgtrkanzkr k
rdanenêm `ubknjk gm tdipam bk jnbkbd.
Gk Durmpk, k erutk skerkbk qud ikns kprdjnm î m skgtuërnm bk Zkngtd-
Fkuid, gm Zua bk Crkgåk. Bm akbm bd uik erkgbd jmangk lë uik jkvdrgk
prmcugbk, mgbd kjrdbntk-sd qud Zkgtk Ikrnk Ikbkadgk pkssmu ms ðatnims
trngtk kgms bd suk vnbk. Km akbm bk jkvdrgk lë ui pdqudgm imstdnrm, d
bdgtrm bk jkvdrgk lë uik cmgtd, m rdanjërnm bk skgtk, d ui katkr. Km rdbmr
bdssk erutk lë uik kgtnek camrdstk bdjébuk, jmi cknks, jkrvkalms d mutrks
dspîjnds jrnkgbm ui injrmjanik lðinbm, crdsjm, iusemsm, iuntm bncdrdgtd
bk vdedtkåêm bk Xrmvdgåk qud k jdrjk, sdjk, ktrmcnkbk d rkquétnjk. Dssk erutk
skerkbk bdvd kgtdbktkr di iuntm sdu pkpda bd skgtuërnm jrnstêm, iks m cktm
bd dak tdr snbm jrnstnkgnzkbk ekrkgtnu suk prdsdrvkåêm, d dak kngbk î ui
dxtrkmrbngërnm auekr pkrk ks pdrderngkåôds.
K cmrik iégnik bd uik erutk skerkbk î uik ërvmrd. Gk Égbnk, iuntms
vnakrd`ms d tdipams jmgtài ërvmrds skerkbks, edrkaidgtd ui pnpka (Cnjus
rdanenmsk),
rdanenmsk ), tkifîi jmgldjnbm jmim Ërvmrd FmblnFmbln,, k Ërvmrd smf k quka m
Fubk sd tmrgmu nauingkbm, mu uik fægnk (Cnjus fdgelkadgsns ), _ ;>8 Y mutrk
fdgelkadgsns),
dspîjnd bd cnem, qud î k ërvmrd gkjnmgka bk Égbnk. Gm @kpêm, ks jdrd`dnrks sêm
lkgkin,, _ ;>; Y mu kprdjnkåêm bks camrds, qukgbm jmidåki k
m cmjm bm lkgkin
camrdsjdr.
Gk Rdrrk Zkgtk, ks ërvmrds skerkbks ngjauéki ms jkrvkalms d tdrdfngtms. K
prnidnrk kpkrnåêm rdenstrkbk bd Bdus k Kfrkêm kjmgtdjdu di ui jkrvkalm mu
tdrdfngtm mrkjuakr di Zldjldi, mgbd Kfrkêm jmgstrunu ui katkr (Eàgdsns( Eàgdsns
;6,3->). Ikns tkrbd, Kfrkêm vnvdu km akbm bms jkrvkalms mu tdrdfngtms bd
(Eàgdsns ;:,;<), d cmn smf dssks ërvmrds
Ikird, mgbd jmgstrunu mutrm katkr (Eàgdsns
qud Bdus ald kpkrdjdu d prmidtdu qud suk dspmsk Zkrk, `ë nbmsk, ald bkrnk
 (Eàgdsns ;<,;-;8). Ks rdanenôds kfrkæinjks tài rkézds gks erutks
ui cnalm (Eàgdsns
skerkbks.
Gk Erê-Frdtkglk, ms jkrvkalms cmrki mutrmrk uik bks ërvmrds skerkbks bk
rdanenêm bruébnjk prî-jrnstê, d iuntms jkrvkalms kgtnems kngbk sêm
rdvdrdgjnkbms. Ks ërvmrds bd vnbk ikns amgek gk Erê-Frdtkglk sêm ms tdnxms,
tkifîi skerkbms gms tdipms brunbks, d ks ikns vdgdrëvdns bdssks ërvmrds
sêm dgjmgtrkbks di kbrms d jdintîrnms bd kgtneks nerd`ks. Gm vnakrd`m bd
Jmiptmg Bugbmg, di Zmidrsdt, m erkgbd tdnxm tdi kprmxnikbkidgtd ;.588
kgms bd nbkbd. K prúprnk nerd`k tdi jdrjk bd 548 kgms, m qud snegncnjk qud m
tdnxm `ë tnglk quksd ina kgms qukgbm k nerd`k cmn jmgstruébk k sdu akbm.
Ms tdipams erdems ikns kgtnems cmrki cdntms bd ikbdnrk, d ks jmaugks
drki trmgjms bd ërvmrds. Ikns tkrbd, qukgbm ms pnakrds pksskrki k sdr cdntms
bd pdbrks, ms jkpntîns ‚ ms krrdiktds supdrnmrds bks jmaugks jmrégtnks ‚ drki
dsjuapnbms tdgbm pmr imbdam k rdprdsdgtkåêm bd cmalks. Ks jmaugks rmikgks,
fnzkgtngks d eútnjks drki quksd sdiprd dgjnikbks pmr dgtkalds bd cmalkedi,
adifrkgbm-gms bks mrnedgs bks jmaugks jmim trmgjms bd ërvmrds. D, jmim
di iuntks jktdbrkns eútnjks, gêm sú ks jmaugks d k jmgstruåêm bks kfúfkbks
qud ks dgjniki dvmjki ks erutks skerkbks, kssni tkifîi, mjuatms dgtrd ms
dgtkalds, dgjmgtrki-sd instdrnmsms Lmidgs Sdrbds, jmi rmstms cdntms bd
cmalkedi ju`ks cmalks alds skdi pdak fmjk, bkgbm-alds m kspdjtm bd dspérntms
bk vdedtkåêm. _ ;>6 Y K idtëcmrk tnglk uik bupak cugåêm0 fmsquds skerkbms
jmim jktdbrkns d jktdbrkns jmim fmsquds skerkbms.
Difmrk k Kiîrnjk bm Gmrtd tdglk snbm bdsskjrkanzkbk pdams jmamgnzkbmrds
prmtdstkgtds, pmr vmatk bm sîjuam \N\ uik ingmrnk jkbk vdz ikns ngcaudgtd
bdcdgbnk k prdsdrvkåêm bd auekrds amged bms keamidrkbms urfkgms jmim
rdsdrvks gkturkns. Ms fmsquds skerkbms cmrki rdngvdgtkbms. Ldgry Bkvnb
Rlmrdku (;<;5-;<36), qud `ë idgjnmgdn kgtds, dsjrdvdu di sdu anvrm Ukabdg
smfrd suks dxpdrnàgjnks dstrdntks jmi ks camrdstks d k vnbk sdavkedi qud
jdrjkvki m akem Xmgb, di Iksskjlusdtts. Dad dstkvk jmgvdgjnbm bd qud
‑prdjnskims bk dgdrenk d bm vnemr bk vnbk sdavkedi’. [ukgbm ui vnakrd`m
pdrtm bd Jmgjmrb jmidåmu k jrdsjdr jrdsjdr,, d è idbnbk qud ks camrdstks
jnrjugbkgtds jmidåkrki k sdr bdrrufkbks pkrk jdbdr dspkåm k tdrrks
keréjmaks, dad prdvnu k gdjdssnbkbd bd jmgsdrvkåêm0 ‑Jkbk jnbkbd bdvd tdr
ui pkrqud mu, idalmr bnzdgbm, uik camrdstk prnintnvk, bd 686 mu 282
ldjtkrds, bk quka gdi idsim ui pdqudgm ekalm sdrnk jmrtkbm pkrk sdrvnr bd
jmifustévda? di ségtdsd, uik pmssd jmiui pkrk tmbm m sdiprd, bdbnjkbk è
ngstruåêm d rdjrdkåêm’.
 Dssk nbdnk cmn negmrkbk di sdu tdipm bd vnbk, iks dad k`ubmu k ngspnrkr m
imvnidgtm kifndgtkanstk gms Dstkbms Tgnbms, d bdu uik bnidgsêm rdanenmsk
k suks dxpdrnàgjnks km kr anvrd0 ‑Inglk prmcnssêm î dstkr sdiprd kadrtk pkrk
dgjmgtrkr Bdus gk Gkturdzk, jmgldjdr sdus dsjmgbdrn`ms, kssnstnr k tmbms ms
mrktúrnms, ks úpdrks bk gkturdzk’. _ ;>: Y
@mlg Iunr (;<:<-;>;2) cmn bnsjépuam bd Rlmrdku, d jldemu k pdgskr gk
gkturdzk ngtmjkbk jmim rdvdakbmrk bk idgtd bd Bdus. Dad ckznk uik
prmcugbk bnstngåêm dgtrd gkturdzk d jnvnanzkåêm, d pdgskvk qud ‑k gkturdzk
sdavkedi î supdrnmr’. _ ;>2 Y Iunr tmrgmu-sd ui ktnvnstk rkbnjka di suk autk
pdak prdsdrvkåêm bms auekrds kerdstds. Dad î jmcugbkbmr bm Zndrrk Jauf d
autmu jmi sujdssm pkrk dstkfdadjdr m prnidnrm pkrqud gkjnmgka, m ^msdintd,
di ;<>8, d m Zdqumnk Gktnmgka Xkro d mutrks ërdks sdavkedgs. Gk vdrbkbd,
cmn m pnmgdnrm bm snstdik bd Xkrquds Gkjnmgkns bms Dstkbms Tgnbms, d iuntms
pkrquds advki sdu gmid, jmim Iunr Ummbs d Iunr Fdkjl, gk Jkancúrgnk. K
Rrnalk @mlg Iunr, ui trk`dtm bd ::5 qunaòidtrms gk Jmrbnaldnrk Zdrrk
Gdvkbk, gk Jkancúrgnk, ktrkvdssk vërnms pkrquds gkjnmgkns, d quksd tmbk dak
sd dgjmgtrk gm ngtdrnmr bd rdenôds jmgsnbdrkbks sdavkedgs.
Rkgtm Rlmrdku qukgtm Iunr jmipkrkrki dxpanjntkidgtd ms auekrds
sdavkedgs qud tkgtm kbinrkvki ès dstruturks rdanenmsks. Di sdu @murgka,
Rlmrdku bdsjrdvdu ‑ks sdrdgks d ui tkgtm smifrnks gkvds aktdrkns bd uik
jktdbrka snavdstrd’, d Iunr pdgsmu gm Xkrqud Gkjnmgka ^msdintd jmim ‑uik
jktdbrka gkturka’. Gk vdrbkbd, uik bks imgtkglks î jlkikbk bd Xnjm bk
Jktdbrka, d Iunr k bdsjrdvdu jmim ‑ui tdipam ik`dstmsm, kbmrgkbm jmi
cadjlks bd tmrrds d pngëjuams, gm dstnam rdeuakr bks jktdbrkns.’ _ ;>4 Y Xkrk
Iunr, ks pknskedgs imgtkglmsks drki m idalmr trkfkalm bd Bdus0 ‑M
prúprnm Bdus pkrdjd dstkr sdiprd rdkanzkgbm sdu idalmr trkfkalm kqun,
trkfkalkgbm jmim ui lmidi di ui krrmufm bd dgtusnksim’. _ ;>3 Y
Ms pkrquds gkjnmgkns cmrki uik gmvk vdrsêm bms fmsquds skerkbms di
uik dsjkak sdi prdjdbdgtds, d Iunr bd cktm pdgsmu gdads jmim skgtuërnms
rdjmgskerkbms. M Xkrqud ^msdintd drk ui pkrkésm qud ktî ckznk jmi qud k
pdrbk bm Îbdg pkrdjdssd ngsnegncnjkgtd. _ ;>5 Y Gms bnks bd lm`d lë iuntms
pkrquds gkjnmgkns d amjkns di tmbm m tdrrntúrnm
tdrr ntúrnm gmrtd-kidrnjkgm d di iuntms
mutrms pkésds. Kaeugs bdads sêm dstubkbms jmi kcngjm pdams djmamenstks, d
sêm auekrds gms qukns ngtdrdssds dspnrntukns, dstîtnjms d jndgtécnjms sd
smfrdpôdi. Kaeugs sêm iuntm erkgbds, mutrms pdqudgms. Gk Ngeaktdrrk,
kaeuiks bks idgmrds ërdks bd jmgsdrvkåêm sêm mcnjnkaidgtd bdsnegkbks
jmim Auekrds bd Ngtdrdssd Jndgtécnjm Dspdjnka, bms qukns dxnstdi ikns bd
2.488. _ ;>< Y Kaeugs sêm edmaúenjms, bdstngkbms k prdsdrvkr jkrkjtdréstnjks
edmaúenjks dspdjécnjks, iks k iknmrnk î bd gkturdzk fnmaúenjk, kaeugs
bdstngkbms k prdsdrvkr ms lkfntkts bd erupms dspdjécnjms bd kgnikns, jmim
trntôds, anfîauaks mu pësskrms, kaîi bd mutrms pkrk jmgsdrvkr ms djmssnstdiks
vdedtkns qud, bd mutrk cmrik, pmbdrnki sdr bdstruébms pdam bdsdgvmavnidgtm
bk kernjuaturk, jmim ms pægtkgms, ms prkbms jkajërnms d ms júrrdems bks
camrdstks.
Xmrtkgtm, ms fmsquds skerkbms kngbk pdrsnstdi gm imbdrgm iugbm sdjuakr
jmim pkrquds gkjnmgkns d amjkns, skgtuërnms bd vnbk sdavkedi, rdsdrvks
gkturkns d auekrds bd ngtdrdssd jndgtécnjm. Iuntms bd gús rdjmrrdims k dads di
fusjk bd ngspnrkåêm d rdvnemrkidgtm dspnrntuka.
dspnrntuka.
Gêm prdjnskims, pmrîi, rdjmrrdr k jkipms, camrdstks d iktks pkrk
dgjmgtrkr ërvmrds. Lë iuntks bdaks gms `krbngs d pkrquds urfkgms, d iuntks
pdssmks (ngjausnvd du) emstki bd pdrkifuakr pmr dssds auekrds. Ks ërvmrds
di edrka sêm ikns vdalks bm qud gús, d suk prdsdgåk pôd gmssk vnbk di uik
pdrspdjtnvk qud bdsjmgldjdims di gmssks ngtdrkåôds luikgms-jmi-
luikgms. Ks ërvmrds sêm antdrkaidgtd iknmrds bm qud gús. Daks kedi jmim
uik pmgtd dgtrd m jîu d k Rdrrk, akgåki rkézds gk supdrcéjnd bk jrmstk
tdrrdstrd, jmgdjtkbks jmi k vnbk cîrtna bm smam d ngtdrjmgdjtkbks jmi mutrks
pakgtks pmr idnm bk cdjugbnbkbd bk rdbd cðgenjk bd injmrrnzk, _ ;>> Y jmi
sdus rkims akgåkgbm-sd kms jîus d k auz smakr, sdgsévda k jkbk auckbk bd
vdgtm, ui akr pkrk ms pësskrms d ngsdtms d iuntms mutrms mrekgnsims vnvms.
Ks ërvmrds gms jmgdjtki bnrdtkidgtd jmi k vnbk bk gkturdzk ikns-qud-
luikgk.

Buks prëtnjks jmi pakgtks

pakgtks
CAMVDZ
Dssk prëtnjk rdqudr ui jmg`ugtm pdqudgm d fkrktm bd nipadidgtms d
cdrrkidgtks, uik adgtd ikguka, mu aupk. M idalmr tnpm î tkifîi m ikns
fkrktm, d bë uik kipankåêm bd ;8 vdzds (x;8).
(x;8).
Xkrk malkr ktrkvîs bk adgtd, jmamqud-k è katurk bd ui bd sdus malms, bd
imbm qud dak cnqud k kpdgks ;,:8 ji bm malm. M mf`dtm pkrk m quka vmjà dstë
malkgbm cnjkrë k ikns mu idgms 6,42 ji bk adgtd gm mutrm akbm. Smjà tdi
qud mfsdrvkr bd pdrtm. Ti `dntm cëjna bd prktnjkr nssm jmgsnstd di malkr pkrk
k pdad bms sdus frkåms, mgbd vdrë ms pmrms d pdams jmi iuntm ikns bdtkalds
bm qud `kikns ms vnu kgtds, k idgms qud vmjà tdglk iuntk dxpdrnàgjnk jmi m
usm bd adgtds ikgukns.
Dssk prëtnjk nipanjk vdr camrds k pkrtnr bm pmgtm bd vnstk bd uik kfdalk.
Ks kfdalks jmgsdeudi vdr camrds k bnstægjnk, d sêm ktrkébks pmr daks, kaeuiks

ikns
ckzdr bm
nssm,qud mutrks.
dgtrki diDaks
uikktdrrnsski
pknskedi gk camr d rkstd`ki
jrmiëtnjk pkrkZd
dgvmavdgtd. bdgtrm
vmjà bdak. Km
uskr suk
adgtd pkrk nidrenr gk camr, dstkrë dgtrkgbm di gmvms bmiégnms bd dxpdrnàgjnk
k pkrtnr bm pmgtm bd vnstk bd uik kfdalk. Dssd prmjdssm cugjnmgk idalmr jmi
camrds qud tài tðgdns pdams qukns ks kfdalks pksski, jmim k jkpujlnglk d k
bdbkadnrk.
TIK ËVSMVD
Dsjmalk uik ërvmrd dspdjécnjk, bd prdcdràgjnk uik qud cnqud pdrtm bd suk
jksk, pkrk qud vmjà pmssk vnsntë-ak jmi crdquàgjnk d mfsdrvë-ak di
bncdrdgtds imidgtms bm bnk d bk gmntd, d di bncdrdgtds dstkåôds bm kgm. Zd
cmr uik ërvmrd camrécdrk, ckåk m pmssévda pkrk pksskr ikns tdipm jmi dak
qukgbm dak dstnvdr camrnbk, di sdu imidgtm bd iknmr eaúrnk. [ukgbm lmuvdr
tdipm pkrk nssm, sdgtd-sd smf k ërvmrd d muåk m vdgtm pksskgbm pmr dgtrd
suks cmalks. Nikengd suks rkézds dspkalkgbm-sd gk tdrrk, pdam idgms têm
bnstkgtds bm trmgjm qukgtm ms ekalms, d tkavdz jldekgbm kngbk ikns amged.
Zdu snstdik bd rkézds anek-sd k rdbds cðgenjks snifnútnjks bd injmrrnzk, qud k
pakgtk kanidgtk jmi kåðjkrds d qud, pmr suk vdz, kfsmrvdi ingdrkns bm smam
d ms pksski pkrk k pakgtk. Ks rkézds ckzdi k ëeuk sufnr pdam trmgjm, qud
jrdsjd ktî suk katurk iëxnik, d suks cmalks sd kfrdi pkrk k auz bm sma. Gk
vdrbkbd, trktk-sd bd ui jmgdjtmr bks dscdrks bm jîu d bk tdrrk. Zd vmjà
kfrkåkr m trmgjm, pmbdrë tdr jmgsjnàgjnk bk sdnvk sufngbm pdak ikbdnrk d bms
kåðjkrds bdsjdgbm pdak jksjk pkrk kanidgtkr ks rkézds ‚ ui cauxm
fnbnrdjnmgka. Dssd î ui cauxm qud rdcadtd ks pmakrnbkbds cugbkidgtkns bk
ërvmrd, bks rkézds d bms frmtms, d bm jakrm d bm dsjurm. K sdnvk caun pkrk jnik
bdsbd m dsjurm bks rkézds ktî ks cmalks d camrds, gk bnrdåêm bk auz. Ms
kåðjkrds caudi pkrk fknxm k pkrtnr bks cmalks, pkrk kanidgtkr ks rkézds.
Zd vmjà cnzdr uik pdreugtk è ërvmrd, pmbdrë rdjdfdr uik rdspmstk ‚ gêm
gk cmrik bd uik vmz, iks gkqunam qud vmjà và, sdgtd mu dsjutk. Zd vmjà
dstnvdr zkgekbm mu kfmrrdjnbm, pmbdrë pdbnr è ërvmrd qud trkgscmrid suks
dimåôds, kfsmrvdgbm suk rknvk, prdmjupkåêm mu trnstdzk. Kjnik bd tubm, sd
vmjà
kgtnekjrnkr uivmjà,
bm qud rdakjnmgkidgtm jmi uik vnvk
d qud pmbd jmgtngukr cmrikktîbdiuntm
vnbk bdpmns
qud î iknmr
bd suk dimrtd,
ikns
imrt d,
dak m k`ubkrë k pòr suk vnbk d sdus prmfadiks di uik pdrspdjtnvk ikns
kipak.

Kpàgbnjd km Jkpétuam 2
]
Lmrtks di ckiéank
M Xkrkésm, ui auekr bd lkrimgnk ktdipmrka, drk ui `krbni. Gks rdanenôds
kfrkæinjks, drk m @krbni bm Îbdg. Ms sdrds luikgms vnvdrki di lkrimgnk
jmi Bdus, jmi ks pakgtks d ms kgnikns qud ms jdrjkvki, ktî jkérdi di
bdserkåk.
Ms `krbngs kngbk sêm nikedgs mu rdcadxms bm Xkrkésm, tdgtktnvks bd rdjrnkr
kaeuik jmnsk bdssd iugbm pdrbnbm bd fmgbkbd d fdadzk, dspdjnkaidgtd gks
jnbkbds. Fdams bd
iuntms inalôds `krbngs, tkgtm pðfanjms jmim prnvkbms, trkzdi kadernk k
pdssmks.
Di ui gévda ikns imbdstm, k `krbngkedi î uik bks ikgdnrks ikns
crdqudgtds bd rdakjnmgkr-sd jmi m iugbm gêm luikgm, m qud vdi
kjmgtdjdgbm jkbk vdz ikns. Di 68;2, gms Dstkbms Tgnbms, :4% bms akrds
dstkvki juatnvkgbm kanidgtms di jksk, mu di uik lmrtk jmiugntërnk. _ 688 Y
Gm Vdngm Tgnbm, k `krbngkedi î k ktnvnbkbd km kr anvrd ikns pmpuakr,
dgvmavdgbm jdrjk bd 48% bk pmpuakåêm. _ 68; Y Kaîi bnssm, iuntks pdssmks
ikgtài pakgtks jksdnrks, idsim qud gêm tdglki ui `krbni. D iuntks
jmiprki camrds di vksms pkrk dgcdntkr suks jksks.
Gk Ngeaktdrrk, `krbngs bd bnvdrsms tkikglms sêm edrkaidgtd kjmpakbms ès
jksks. Kaîi bnssm, iuntms tài lmrtks k kaeuik bnstægjnk bd suks jksks, di
cmrik bd amtdkidgtm. Dads tkifîi sêm iuntm cugjnmgkns, d gêm tài
kfsmautkidgtd gkbk bd sdjrdtms.
Rnvd k erkgbd smrtd bd jmgvnvdr jmi `krbngs sdjrdtms jmi ërvmrds
crutécdrks qukgbm drk jrnkgåk, d pmr kgms pdgsdn gnssm jmim kaem nipmssévda
gm iugbm imbdrgm. K tdrrk urfkgk jkpkz bd sdr trkfkalkbk î jkréssnik, d ks
tdrrks juatnvëvdns di edrka iubki bd iêms m tdipm tmbm d di vkrnkbks
dxtdgsôds. Lm`d, pmrîi, pdgsm qud k lmrtk ckinankr gêm î kpdgks pmssévda,
iks pmbd vnr k sd tmrgkr kipakidgtd vkgtk`msk d kjdssévda.
Dxkingd dssk sntukåêm bm pmgtm bd vnstk bd ui prmprndtërnm bd tdrrks.
Nikengd qud vmjà tdi suk prúprnk tdrrk juatnvëvda pdrtm bd ui vnakrd`m mu
uik jnbkbd, d qud dssk tdrrk î dxjausnvkidgtd bdanintkbk pkrk k ktnvnbkbd
keréjmak. Nikengd qud vmjà pdeud kpdgks uik pdqudgk ërdk d k bnvnbk di
ikns mu idgms jngjm dspkåms pkrk lmrtks mu pmikrds, jkbk ui jmi jdrjk bd
ui qungtm bk ërdk. Tik idbnbk bd 568 i¶ sdrnk erkgbd m fkstkgtd pkrk
jmgtdr ui pmikr, uik lmrtk d ërdks erkiégdks, kssni jmim jkgtdnrms bd
camrds. Ti dspkåm bdssds pmbdrnk tdr uik cmrik ikns mu idgms rdtkgeuakr
bd 62 x :8 idtrms. Zdrnk jdrjkbm pmr sdfds d prmvnbm pmr trnalks bd kjdssm,
ui dstkjnmgkidgtm pkrk jkrrms d fnjnjadtks d, tkavdz, uik ërdk jmiugntërnk
pkrk pnqudgnquds jmi ui frksdnrm k adglk pkrkpkrk jlurrksjms.
[ukgtm justkrnki dssks lmrtks ckinankrds= Di 68;3, ks tdrrks keréjmaks, gk
Ngeaktdrrk, justkvki ktî £>,888 m ldjtkrd
ldjtkrd.. Xkrk snipancnjkr k iktdiëtnjk,
supmglk qud m vkamr bdssd ldjtkrd sd`k £;8,888. [ukgbm bnvnbnbm pmr jngjm,
m justm bk tdrrk bd jkbk lmrtk sdrnk bd ikns mu idgms £6,888. Kbnjnmgd m
justm bk jmamjkåêm bms jkinglms d sdfds, k jrnkåêm bd dspkåms jmiugntërnms,
tkavdz k ngstkakåêm bd fmifks ikgukns mu anekåôds jmi ui kfkstdjnidgtm
£ :,888 pmr lmrtk. Xmrtkgtm, jkbk uik bdssks
bd ëeuk ‚ bnekims, jdrjk bd £:,888
lmrtks ckinankrds tdrnk ui justm bd kprmxnikbkidgtd £4,888. Xmr qukgtm
pmbdrnki sdr vdgbnbks= Nikengm qud pmr gêm idgms bd £;4,888 ;4,888.. Rkavdz
iuntm ikns, sd lmuvdr fknxk mcdrtk d katk bdikgbk. Di mutrks pkakvrks, î
pmssévda qud dssd prm`dtm sd tmrgkssd aujrktnvm bm pmgtm bd vnstk cngkgjdnrm, _
686 Y d gêm dxnenrnk sufsébnms.

Kernjuatmrds mu prmprndtërnms bd tdrrks qud `ë pmssudi tdrrks pdrtm bd

pdqudgks jnbkbds tkavdz rdautkssdi di vdgbdr? km jmgtrërnm, pmbdrnki
qudrdr kauekr mu krrdgbkr suks tdrrks. [ukgtm dads pmbdrnki ekglkr sd
kauekssdi= Nikengm qud, pmr jkbk lmrtk, pdam idgms £68 £68 pmr sdikgk, mu,
ikns mu idgms £;,888 pmr kgm. D, bdpdgbdgbm bk mcdrtk d bdikgbk, ms
gévdns iîbnms bm kaueuda bd tdrrk keréjmak krëvda sêm lm`d bd £;88 pmr
ldjtkrd pmr kgm. Ti ldjtkrd kauekbm jmim jngjm lmrtks rdsuatkrnk di pdam
idgms £4,888 pmr kgm, jngqudgtk vdzds ikns.
Zdi bðvnbk, sdrnk gdjdssërnm prmvnbdgjnkr bnspmsnåôds adekns qud
mcdrdjdssdi kms bmgms bks lmrtks jmgbnåôds bd nipdbnr qud sdus vnznglms
uskssdi m dspkåm jmim imrkbnk, bdpúsntm bd cdrrm-vdalm mu auekr mgbd
cnzdssdi iuntk bdsmrbdi, jmgcusêm d fkrualm. Xmbdrnk lkvdr uik kssmjnkåêm
bd prmprndtërnms bd lmrtks jmiugntërnks, jmgsnbdrkgbm ks pkrtds jmiugs,
jmim trnalks, dstkjnmgkidgtms, kfkstdjnidgtm bd ëeuk d dspkåm pkrk
jlurrksjms jmadtnvms. Di mutrks pkakvrks, m jmipadxm bk lmrtk ckinankr
pmbdrnk sdr edrnbm bk idsik ikgdnrk qud iuntms jmgbmiégnms bd
kpkrtkidgtms.
Gk Vðssnk bk drk smvnîtnjk, inalôds bd pdssmks tnglki (d ktî lm`d tài)
bkjlks cmrk bk jnbkbd, mgbd pksskvki ms cngs bd sdikgk d ms vdrôds, d mgbd

uskvki
ërdk sdus `krbngs
bd uik pkrk juatnvkr
bkjlk tépnjk crutks d adeuids,388
î bd kprmxnikbkidgtd kaîii¶,
bdui
jrnkrpmujm
ekanglks.
idgmrK
bm qud k lmrtk kjnik prmpmstk.
K lmrtk jmiugntërnk sdrnk bncdrdgtd bks bkjlks gm sdgtnbm bd qud dssds
tdrrdgms gêm pmbdi d gêm bdvdi sdr uskbms jmim rdsnbàgjnks, pmns, sdi
dssk prmnfnåêm, dads amem sd trkgscmrikrnki di jmg`ugtms lkfntkjnmgkns.
M dsqudik bk lmrtk gêm bdvd jmamjkr iknmrds bncnjuabkbds pkrk
kutmrnzkåôds bd pakgd`kidgtm, uik vdz qud dssd dsqudik gêm nipanjk k
jmgstruåêm bd jksks mu mutrks dstruturks pkrk sdrvnrdi bd imrkbnk. K tdrrk
keréjmak sd trkgscmrikrnk di tdrrk lmrtéjmak d, di kifms ms jksms, bdbnjkbk
km Nikengd
juatnvm bdm pakgtks.
qud kjmgtdjdrnk sd ui prm`dtm dxpdrnidgtka imstrkssd sdr ui
sujdssm. K bdikgbk pmr lmrtks jmiugntërnks kuidgtkrnk rkpnbkidgtd.
Lkvdrnk ui cmrtd ngjdgtnvm pkrk sd ngvdstnr gdaks. D iuntks ckiéanks, pmr cni,
tdrnki lmrtks mgbd sdus cnalms pmbdrnki frngjkr, mgbd pmbdrnki pakgtkr suks
crutks d adeuids d bdscrutkr bd ui mësns bd trkgqunanbkbd. K fnmbnvdrsnbkbd
sdrnk iuntm iknmr, pmns ks lmrtks jmi jdrjks vnvks, ërvmrds crutécdrks,
jkgtdnrms bd camrds d pmikrds jmgtài iuntm ikns tnpms bd pakgtks d kgnikns
bm qud imgmjuaturks. Rubm nssm î pmssévda, vnëvda d bdsd`ëvda.
 4
Vntukns d k Xrdsdgåk bm Xksskbm
]
Rmbks ks smjndbkbds luikgks tài rntukns. Vntukns d skjrkidgtms rdanenmsms,
rntukns gkjnmgkns, cdstnvkns skzmgkns d rntms bd pksskedi d bd ngnjnkåêm, jmim
ms rntukns qud jmgstntudi ui jmg`ugtm bd ktms d prëtnjks prúprnms bd
gksjnidgtms, jkskidgtms d imrtds. Di edrka, dssds rntukns sêm jdgtrkbms gk
jmiugnbkbd
uik dspîjndd bd
sdeudi ui pkbrêmuik
jmgtngunbkbd, trkbnjnmgka d cmrika.
adifrkgåk Ms rntukns
trkgsintnbk bd nipanjki
edrkåôds
pksskbks è edrkåêm ktuka idbnkgtd k prëtnjk bd bdtdringkbm rntm. Rdrdims ké
uik idrk qudstêm bd ldrkgåk juaturka d m rdspdntm jdem k prdjdbdgtds, mu
sdrë dssd ui prmjdssm iuntm ikns prmcugbm=
Gdstd jkpétuam, bnsjutnrdn uik sîrnd bd prëtnjks rntukns. Di sdeunbk,
imstrkrdn jmim daks sêm nauingkbks pdak lnpútdsd bd rdssmgægjnk iúrcnjk, k
nbdnk bd qud k idiúrnk î ngdrdgtd è gkturdzk. Zdeugbm dssk lnpútdsd, tmbms
ms mrekgnsims, ngjausnvd m luikgm, rdjmrrdi k uik idiúrnk jmadtnvk d, pmr
suk vdz, bêm-ald uik jmgtrnfunåêm.

Mrnedgs, intms d rntukns

Di iuntks smjndbkbds, prdssupôd-sd k dxnstàgjnk bd ui tnpm bd idiúrnk gms
intms di qud k smjndbkbd sd fksdnk. Intms sêm lnstúrnks bd mrnedgs. Dads
bnzdi rdspdntm kms cdntms bd bdusds, ldrúns d sdrds smfrd-luikgms. Dads
prmpôdi qud k rkzêm pdak quka ks jmnsks sêm jmim sêm dstë gm cktm bd daks
sdrdi jmim drki. M prdsdgtd rdpdtd m pksskbm. Dssk rdpdtnåêm rdimgtk
ngdvntkvdaidgtd è prnidnrk vdz di qud kaeuik jmnsk kjmgtdjdu.
Di gmssk drk imbdrgk, jkrkjtdrnzkbk pdak tdjgmamenk, lkfntukim-gms ès
iubkgåks rëpnbks, d lm`d pdssmks bd tmbks ks juaturks dstêm jmgsjndgtds
bdssks iubkgåks, bdsbd m kbvdgtm bms sikrtplmgds
sikrtplmgds.. Rmbms skfdi qud ckzdi
pkrtd bd ui gmvm iugbm, ui iugbm qud sdus kgjdstrkns gêm jldekrki k
jmgldjdr. Xrktnjkidgtd tmbms ms emvdrgms bm iugbm dstêm jmiprmidtnbms
jmi m bdsdgvmavnidgtm djmgòinjm pmr idnm bk jnàgjnk d tdjgmamenk. K
nbdmamenk bm prmerdssm î uik mrtmbmxnk imbdrgk mgnprdsdgtd. Dssk
nbdmamenk, pmrîi, gêm dxnstnk gks smjndbkbds trkbnjnmgkns. M prdsdgtd rdpdtnk
m pksskbm. Idsim gks smjndbkbds imbdrgks, ms rntukns sêm jmgsdrvkbmrds d
sdeudi cmriks dstkfdadjnbks.
Rdb Ztrdlamw (;>8<-;>5<), ui kgtrmpúamem kustrkankgm qud pkssmu iuntms
kgms dgtrd ms kfmréedgds bd Krkgbk, gm Gmrtd bk Kustrëank, rdsuinu ms
prngjépnms fësnjms bk sdeungtd ikgdnrk0
Ms eurrks kgjdstrkns jkåki, iktki d jmidi rktkzkgks, qud tkifîi sêm bnkrnkidgtd
jkåkbks pmr sdus cnalms. Ms jmidbmrds bd euskgms d vdrids pksski tmbms ms bnks bd suk
vnbk prmjurkgbm dssd tnpm bd kanidgtm gks rkézds bd vërnks ërvmrds, smfrdtubm gks bk
kjëjnk. _...Y M kgjdstrka bk rkenk (kidnxdnrk-frkvk) vnvd bks fkeks bdssk ërvmrd, qud dad
jmald jmgtngukidgtd d ks jmamjk di ui rdjnpndgtd bd ikbdnrk. M kgjdstrka bm jkikrêm-
bd-ëeuk-bmjd dstë sdiprd jmgstrungbm gmvms bnquds gms jursms b„ëeuk di imvnidgtm? d
pkssk m tdipm tmbm jmgjdgtrkbm di cnsekr jmi suk akgåk ms pdnxds
pd nxds qud pmr kan pksski.
Zd ms intms rdugnbms gm Gmrtd bd Krkgbk cmrdi kfmrbkbms bd imbm jmadtnvm, dgjmgtrkr-
sd-ë uik gkrrktnvk jmipadtk d iuntm ingujnmsk bd tmbks ks mjupkåôds qud kngbk sêm
prktnjkbks gk Kustrëank Jdgtrka. _ 68: Y

Dssk nbdnk bm pksskbm jmim ui imbdam ktdipmrka î kaldnk km pdgskidgtm

imbdrgm, iks k ktntubd iétnjk prdbmingkvk gks smjndbkbds trkbnjnmgkns bm
iugbm tmbm. Ms intms jmgtkvki lnstúrnks bd mrnedgs qud kjmgtdjdrki di
mutrm tdipm, m ‑tdipm bms smglms’, iks qud kngbk sêm dgjdgkbks gm
prdsdgtd. Jkbk tîjgnjk, jkbk rderk mu jmstuid drk sdeunbm pmrqud ‑gms
cmrki dgsngkbms pdams kgjdstrkns’. _ 682 Y
M mf`dtnvm bd iuntms rntukns jmgsnstd di jmgdjtkr ms pkrtnjnpkgtds jmi m
kjmgtdjnidgtm mrnengka qud m rntuka jmidimrk, d tkifîi aneë-ams jmi tmbms
kqudads qud mfsdrvkrki
tdipms, trkzdgbm m pksskbmm pkrk
jmstuid gm pksskbm. Ms rntukns ktrkvdsski ms
m prdsdgtd.
Di tmbks ks juaturks, kjrdbntk-sd qud k dcnjëjnk bms rntukns bdpdgbd bk
kbkptkåêm kms pkbrôds trkgsintnbms pdams kgjdstrkns ès trkbnåôds sdeungtds.
Ms rntukns sêm trkbnjnmgkns pmr suk prúprnk gkturdzk. Edstms d kåôds bdvdi
sdr prktnjkbms bk ikgdnrk jdrtk? d ks cmriks rntukns bk aégeuk bdvdi sdr
prdsdrvkbks idsim qukgbm dak gêm dstnvdr ikns di usm jmrrdgtd. Xmr
dxdipam, k anturenk bk Nerd`k Jmptk gm Dentm î prmcdsskbk gk aégeuk dxtngtk
bm Dentm kgtnem, ms rntukns bk Nerd`k Mrtmbmxk Vussk sêm prmcdsskbms gm
dsakvm kgtnem, d ms rntukns frkikgnstks bk Égbnk sêm cdntms di sægsjrntm.
Vntukns bd adifrkgåk
Gms rntukns bd adifrkgåk, ms pkrtnjnpkgtds prdsdgtds dstêm anekbms km
imidgtm jrnkbmr prnika qud m jmstuid jdadfrk, d ‚ uik vdz ikns ‚ k tmbms
kqudads qud pkrtnjnpkrki bdssd rntuka kgtds bdads. K jdadfrkåêm bk Xësjmk
`ubknjk rdidimrk k Zkgtk Jdnk mrnengka uik gmntd kgtds bd ms `ubdus,
` ubdus, kemrk
anvrds bk dsjrkvnbêm, tdrdi ngnjnkbm gm Dentm k vnkedi qud, bdpmns bk
trkvdssnk bm bdsdrtm, ms ckrnk jldekr è Rdrrk Xrmidtnbk. Gkqudak gmntd, bdpmns
bd uik sîrnd bd gmvd tdrrévdns jkakinbkbds, gk bîjnik d ðatnik niprdjkåêm
smfrd m Dentm, ms prnimeàgntms d m ekbm bdssd pkés cmrki bdstruébms,
dgqukgtm m pmvm `ubdu cmn negmrkbm, pmrqud di jkbk jksk dads lkvnki
skjrncnjkbm ui jkrgdnrm mu ui fmbd, d fmrrnckbm sdu skgeud gms fktdgtds bks
pmrtks bd suks jksks. Dads jmznglkrki d jmidrki m kgnika mcdrdjnbm di
skjrncéjnm jmi drvks kikreks, d m cnzdrki jmi prdssk, prdpkrkgbm-sd pkrk k
pkrtnbk gk ikglê sdeungtd. Km pkrtnjnpkr bdssd rntuka d muvnr k lnstúrnk qud m
kjmipkglk, ms pkrtnjnpkgtds ktukns kcnriki suk nbdgtnbkbd jmim `ubdus d
suk jmgdxêm jmi tmbm m pmvm `ubdu qud pkrtnjnpmu bdssk trkbnåêm gm
pksskbm qud rdimgtk è prnidnrk Xësjmk. Dads tkifîi dstêm jmgdjtkbms jmi
tmbms kqudads qud vnrêm bdpmns bdads.
Bk idsik ikgdnrk, k Zkerkbk Jmiuglêm Jrnstê jmgdjtk ms pkrtnjnpkgtds
jmi k Ðatnik Jdnk mrnengka bd @dsus jmi sdus bnsjépuams, dak prúprnk uik
jdnk pksjka, d jmi tmbms kqudads qud pkrtnjnpkrki bdsbd dgtêm. Dssk î k fksd
bk bmutrngk bk Jmiuglêm bms Zkgtms. M imidgtm skerkbm bk Inssk
jmgdjtk-sd jmi ks ngðidrks Inssks qud k prdjdbdrki, d k bd kemrk, pmr suk
vdz, dstkrë jmgdjtkbk jmi ks Inssks qud k sdeunrêm. Gks pkakvrks bd Inrjdk
Dankbd, ui lnstmrnkbmr bk rdanenêm0
‑_K InsskY tkifîi pmbd sdr vnstk jmim uik jmgtngukåêm bd tmbks ks Inssks qud
mjmrrdrki
vdrbkbd qudbdsbd m imidgtm
sd kpanjk km tdipmbd gm
sukjuatm
jmgjdpåêm
jrnstêm ngnjnka
î uik ktî m imidgtm
vdrbkbd prdsdgtd.
neukaidgtd _...Y gm
prdsdgtd K
tdipm di tmbks ks rdanenôds, gk ikenk, gm intm d gk adgbk. Ti rntuka gêm rdpdtd
snipadsidgtd kqudad qud vdnm kgtds bdad (sdgbm dad idsim k rdpdtnåêm bd ui krquîtnpm),
iks dstë anekbm k dad d ald bë jmgtngunbkbd.’ _ 684 Y

K adifrkgåk dstë gm æikem bm jmg`ugtm bk anturenk d bm rntuka `ubknjms.

[ukgbm @dsus bnssd, gk Ðatnik Jdnk0 ‑Ckzdn nstm di idiúrnk bd ini’
(Aujks
Aujks,, 66, ;>), dad dstkvk dxprningbm uik kcnrikåêm tmtkaidgtd `ubknjk.
Jmim kcnrimu m tdúamem Ikttldw Cmx0 ‑K dssàgjnk bk rdanenêm d k dssàgjnk
bm rntuka jmgsnstdi di tdr uik adifrkgåk skubëvda. Jmgtubm, gêm sd trktk
kpdgks bd adifrkr kjmgtdjnidgtms luikgms jmim k Xësjmk, m Àxmbm d k
anfdrtkåêm luikgk. Rkifîi bnz rdspdntm k tdr adifrkgåk bd cktms bk jrnkåêm
‚ k auk gmvk, m dqungújnm, m smastéjnm, ks dstkåôds bm kgm’. _ 683 Y Dssds rntukns
rdanenmsms jmgtài ui dadidgtm bd adifrkgåk d bd rddgjdgkåêm bk Jrnkåêm.
Ms prngjépnms bd adifrkgåk d dspdrkgåk cuturk kpanjki-sd tkifîi k
iuntms rntukns sdjuakrds d gkjnmgkns. Xmr dxdipam, m Bnk bd Kåêm bd Erkåks
gms Dstkbms Tgnbms
jmamgnzkbmrds dvmjk
pdrderngms bk kGmvk
adifrkgåk bm cdstnvka
Ngeaktdrrk, bdsuk
bdpmns bd kåêm bd erkåks
prnidnrk bms
jmaldntk
di ;36;. Dssks bktks cdstnvks sdeunki k trkbnåêm bms bnks bd Kåêm bd Erkåks
dstkfdadjnbms gk Ngeaktdrrk pdams Vdcmrikbmrds Xrmtdstkgtds, pkrk sufstntunr
ui gðidrm iuntm erkgbd bd cdstnvkns rdanenmsms bk Nerd`k Jktúanjk Vmikgk.
Iuntms mutrms pkésds jmidimrki ms bnks di qud mjmrrdrki cktms
lnstúrnjms bdjnsnvms, mu jdadfrki m kgnvdrsërnm bd jkbk dstkbm. Gk Crkgåk, m
Bnk bk Fkstnalk, di ;2 bd `ualm, jmidimrk k tmikbk bdssk cmrtkadzk d prnsêm
di Xkrns gdssd bnk bd ;5<>, qud sd tmrgmu ui imidgtm bdjnsnvm gk
Vdvmauåêm Crkgjdsk. Gk Égbnk, m Bnk bk Ngbdpdgbàgjnk di ;4 bd kemstm

jmidimrk
Ngbdpdgbàgjnkk ngbdpdgbàgjnk
gm Iîxnjm, bm dipkés bm Nipîrnm
;3 bd sdtdifrm,Frntægnjm di ;>25.
î jdadfrkbm jmi M Bnk bk
cmems bd
krtncéjnm, cdstks d iðsnjk, pkrk adifrkr m ‑erntm bd ngbdpdgbàgjnk’ bkbm pmr
Ineuda Lnbkaem gkqudad bnk, qud k`ubmu k bdcakerkr uik rdvmatk jmgtrk ms
dspkglúns. Gk Tgnêm Zmvnîtnjk, > bd gmvdifrm jmidimrkvk k Vdvmauåêm bd
;>;5, qud dstkfdadjdu m prnidnrm emvdrgm jmiugnstk gk Vðssnk. Gk Vðssnk
pús-smvnîtnjk, m Bnk bk Sntúrnk, > bd iknm, rdidimrk k vntúrnk jmgtrk k
Kadikglk Gkznstk di ;>24. Dssds rntukns sdjuakrds bd jkbk pkés, jmim ms
rntukns rdanenmsms d trnfkns, bdcngdi k nbdgtnbkbd bms qud bdads pkrtnjnpkrki, d
jmgdjtki ms pkrtnjnpkgtds jmi kqudads qud `ë sd cmrki bdstd iugbm d
kqudads qud kngbk dstêm pmr vnr.
Ngnjnkåôds d rntms bd pksskedi
pksskedi
Ms rntukns bd ngnjnkåêm bnzdi rdspdntm è trkgspmsnåêm bd crmgtdnrks, jmim
kqudaks dgtrd m cni bk kbmadsjàgjnk d ngéjnm bk nbkbd kbuatk, mu dgtrd k
jmgbnåêm bd smatdnrm d k bd jkskbm. Zêm rntms bd pksskedi. M idsim sd pmbd
bnzdr smfrd ms rntukns kssmjnkbms è trkgspmsnåêm bd crmgtdnrks gm dspkåm d gm
tdipm, bd ui pkés pkrk mutrm, mu bd ui kgm pkrk mutrm. Kssni tkifîi sêm
ms rntukns bd gksjnidgtm d imrtd.
Di ui dstubm bd ui kipam dspdjtrm bd rntms bd pksskedi di bncdrdgtds
juaturks, m kgtrmpúamem Krgmab vkg Edggdp imstrmu qud edrkaidgtd dads tài
tràs cksds. _ 685 Y Gk prnidnrk, m dstkbm ngnjnka î daningkbm. Gms rntms bd
ikturnbkbd, m dstkbm bd kbmadsjàgjnk î suprninbm? di iuntms jmstuids
cugdrërnms, k pdssmk qud imrrdu dstë anvrd bks rdspmgskfnanbkbds bk vnbk0 dad
mu dak gêm tdi ikns ms bdvdrds bd uik pdssmk vnvk, d gêm prdjnsk ikns
bdsdipdglkr ms pkpîns smjnkns jmstuidnrms. M ngbnvébum î sdpkrkbm bd sdu
dstkbm ngnjnka d pdrikgdjd di trkgsnåêm.

M dstkbm
dstkbm aniétrmcd
pmbd sdr î pdrnemsm
snifmanzkbm d kiféeum.
pdam dgvnm Gms rntms
bm ngnjnkgbm k uibdamjka
ikturnbkbd, dssd
bd vdedtkåêm
idgmr d idgms bdgsk, mu k uik camrdstk bnstkgtd bk vnbk gmrika, mu pdak
sufinssêm k pdrnemsks prmvkåôds d dxpdrnàgjnks pdgmsks. Xmr cni, ui rntuka
bd ngtderkåêm tdringk dssk cksd d dgcktnzk k ngtderkåêm bk pdssmk di sdu
gmvm dstkbm. Dssds rntukns tài iuntk sdidalkgåk dgtrd ks bncdrdgtds juaturks.
Fkglkr m jmrpm, rkspkr k jkfdåk, ckzdr k jnrjugjnsêm d mutrks iutnakåôds bm
jmrpm ngbnjki bncdrdgjnkåêm, bnstngåêm, kckstkidgtm, kssni jmim k trkvdssnk
bd rnms d mutrms mfstëjuams mu k pdrikgàgjnk smantërnk gk sdavk. Xkrtnjnpkr bk
jdrniògnk bd ugåêm, jmidr d uskr rmupks gmvks ngbnjki ngtderkåêm. _ 68< Y

Ms rntukns
rdanenmsms bdidsim
d, km ngnjnkåêm advki
tdipm, uik pdssmk
bdcngdi k trkgspmr
dssds anintds anintds ikgncdstms.
d ms tmrgki smjnkns mu
M pmvm ensu bd Tekgbk bnz qud ms idgngms sêm ngnjnkbms pkrk sd tmrgkrdi
lmidgs, bd imbm qud gêm jmgtngudi k sdr idgngms gêm ngnjnkbms. Dssds
rntukns gêm sêm kpdgks uik ikgdnrk bd ikrjkr ikturnbkbd fnmaúenjk, uik
vdz qud sêm prktnjkbms di idgngms di bncdrdgtds dstëenms bd ikturnbkbd?
dads bnzdi rdspdntm k qudstôds bd gkturdzk ngtdrjuaturka. K ngnjnkåêm bdcngd
ks jktdemrnks qud daks prdssupôdi.
Gms rntms bd pksskedi trkbnjnmgkns pkrk ms idgngms bd kaeugs erupms
gktnvms kidrnjkgms, ms ngnjnkbms pksski m tdipm smznglms di rdenôds
bdsîrtnjks, sdi jminbk, ëeuk mu kfrnem, quksd sdiprd dgcrdgtkgbm pdrnems
mu smcrnidgtms césnjms. Gdssd dstkbm bd sdpkrkåêm, dads kgsdnki pmr sngkns,
smglms mu vnsôds qud pmsski k`ubë-ams d k suk jmiugnbkbd qukgbm
rdtmrgkrdi, `ë kemrk lmidgs. Di edrka, dssds rntms bd pksskedi sêm
jlkikbms bd ‑fusjk bd vnsôds’, ktukaidgtd vërnks mrekgnzkåôds mrndgtki
pdssmks bm iugbm mjnbdgtka imbdrgm di uik fusjk bd vnsôds imabkbks
gdssks prëtnjks trkbnjnmgkns. _ 68> Y
Ngjausnvd, iuntks prëtnjks sdjuakrds rdcadtdi jkrkjtdréstnjks bms rntms bd
ngnjnkåêm, jmim k kpanjkåêm bd tdstds d k jmgjdssêm bd jdrtncnjkbms dsjmakrds
mu kjkbàinjms? pksskr gms dxkids d tmrgkr-sd ugnvdrsntërnm di jdrniògnks
bd erkbukåêm? sdr kbintnbm di mrekgnzkåôds prmcnssnmgkns bdpmns bk
kprmvkåêm gms tdstds prmcnssnmgkns? k pktdgtd bd mcnjnka bm Dxîrjntm bdpmns bd
sdu trdngkidgtm inantkr dtj.
 Du dstkvk gk prnidnrk cknxk dtërnk qud, bdpmns bk Zdeugbk Eudrrk
Iugbnka, gêm lkvnk snbm rdjrutkbk pkrk prdstkr m Zdrvnåm Gkjnmgka _ 6;8 Y gks
Cmråks Krikbks bm Vdngm Tgnbm. Xkrk iuntms bms `mvdgs ikns vdalms bm qud
du, m cktm bd dstkr gks Cmråks Krikbks drk ui rntm bd pksskedi. [ukgbm cun
pkrk Jkifrnbed, ikns mu idgms idtkbd bms ugnvdrsntërnms bm idu kgm lkvnk
jmgjauébm sdu Zdrvnåm Gkjnmgka, d iuntms lkvnki dstkbm di jmifktd mu
sdrvnbm di auekrds dxtrdikidgtd pdrnemsms ‚ gk Ikaësnk, gk Vdpðfanjk bm
[uàgnk mu di Jlnprd. Jmrrdrki m rnsjm bd pdrbdr k vnbk, gêm snifúanjk,
pmrîi antdrkaidgtd. Gk iknmrnk bks smjndbkbds imbdrgks gêm lë ikns rntms
bd pksskedi di qud `mvdgs sd vddi crdgtd k crdgtd jmi k imrtd. Dssds rntms,
pmrîi, gêm pkrki bd sdr rdngvdgtkbms. Ks ekgeuds di edrka mfrneki sdus
gmvms idifrms k dgcrdgtkr rntms bd pksskedi pdrnemsms, dgvmavdgbm
`uaekidgtms pmr prmvkåôds.
Ti bms imtnvms pdams qukns ms `mvdgs bks smjndbkbds imbdrgks uski
brmeks psnjmbîanjks dstë gm cktm bd daks sdrvnrdi bd rntm bd pksskedi. Ks
fkb trnps _ 6;; Y pmbdi sdr ktdrrkbmrks, d kaeuiks brmeks ngbuzdi sdus
usuërnms k uik dxpdrnàgjnk bd quksd imrtd (D[I), prngjnpkaidgtd k
bnidtnatrnptkingk (BIR), _ 6;6 Y uik bks sufstægjnks psnjmbîanjks ikns
ngtdgsks. Dssks ngnjnkåôds, pmrîi, sêm quksd sdiprd gêm eunkbks, km
jmgtrërnm bms rntms bd pksskedi trkbnjnmgkns, d pmbdi sdr pdrnemsks d
bdsmrndgtkbmrks sdi ui rntuka bd rdngtderkåêm. Gks smjndbkbds trkbnjnmgkns,
ms idgngms qud tnvdrki ui rntm bd pksskedi bm cni bk kbmadsjàgjnk pkrk k
nbkbd kbuatk di edrka sêm fdi kjmalnbms gm jérjuam bms lmidgs ngnjnkbms.
Bk idsik ikgdnrk, ks idgngks qud sd sufidtdrki k ui rntm bd pksskedi
kssmjnkbm è suk dgtrkbk gk ikturnbkbd sdxuka sêm fdi kjmalnbks gm jérjuam
bks iualdrds. M idsim kngbk kjmgtdjd gms rntms bd pksskedi rdanenmsms,
jmim k jdrniògnk bd jrnsik jrnstê d, gm `ubkésim, m fkr intzvkl pkrk ms
`mvdgs qud jmipadtki ;: kgms, mu m fkt intzvkl pkrk ks `mvdgs qud
jmipadtki ;6 kgms.
Xmrîi, ks pdssmks qud tmiki brmeks psnjmbîanjks d pksski pmr uik
dxpdrnàgjnk trkgscmrikbmrk bncnjnaidgtd sdrêm fdi kjmalnbks mu rdngtderkbks
gms sdeidgtms ikns kipams bk smjndbkbd, uik vdz qud ks brmeks sêm nadekns
gk iknmrnk bms pkésds d iuntks pdssmks ks bdskprmvki. Jmgtubm, dxnstdi
lm`d vërnms erupms rdanenmsms, jmim k Nerd`k bm Zkgtm Bknid gm Frksna, uik
nerd`k jrnstê psnjmbîanjk gk quka k ngedstêm bd uik fdfdrkedi qud prmbuz
dcdntms kaujngúedgms ‚ gdstd jksm, k kykluksjk ‚ kjmgtdjd burkgtd ui rntuka,
d ms pkrtnjnpkgtds sêm eunkbms d kuxnankbms pmr mrndgtkbmrds ikns vdalms d
dxpdrndgtds. (Xrdtdgbm bnsjutnr m pkpda dspnrntuka bm psnjmbdansim di uik
sdquàgjnk bdstd anvrm.)
Dxpdrnàgjnks bd quksd
quksd imrtd d kcmekidgtm rntuka
Iuntks pdssmks `ë tnvdrki uik dxpdrnàgjnk bd quksd imrtd bd imbm
dspmgtægdm? gk vdrbkbd, nssm mjmrrd jmi iuntm ikns crdquàgjnk, erkåks è
rdssusjntkåêm jmrmgkrnkgk d è idbnjngk imbdrgk. Iuntms qud tdrnki imrrnbm
gm pksskbm, dstêm vnvms ktî lm`d. Cnzdrki-sd iuntks pdsqunsks smfrd k D[I,
d lë iuntms anvrms smfrd dstd kssugtm, ngjausnvd m fdst-sdaadr Xrmmc mc
Ldkvdg0 K Gdurmsuredmg„s @murgdy ngtm tld Kctdrancd, bd Dfdg Kadxkgbdr,
gm quka m kutmr bdsjrdvd suk prúprnk D[I dgqukgtm dstdvd di jmik bdvnbm
k uik idgngentd.
Gdi tmbks ks pdssmks qud quksd imrrdi tài uik D[I? kpdgks uik
ingmrnk pkssk pmr dssk dxpdrnàgjnk, jdrjk bd ;6 k 28%? iks nssm kngbk
snegncnjk qud iuntms inalôds bd pdssmks pksskrki pmr dak. D, kngbk qud k
iknmrnk bks D[I sd`k dxtrdikidgtd prkzdrmsk, pkrk uik ingmrnk ks jmnsks
gêm sêm fdi kssni. Kaeugs jmgsnbdrki m idsim tnpm bd dxpdrnàgjnks jmim
D[Is pmsntnvks, iks rdsnstdi k daks d sdgtdi-sd nipmtdgtds, nrrntkbms mu
jmi idbm. Mutrks pdssmks sdgtdi-sd tmtkaidgtd smznglks di ui vkznm? d
mutrks sd vddi di jdgërnms bdvkstkbmrds, `ugtm jmi mutrms dspérntms
luikgms di tmtka bdsdspdrm. _ 6;: Y
Iuntks D[I pmsntnvks tài jkrkjtdréstnjks dssdgjnkns di jmiui. Di
edrka, jmidåki jmi ks pdssmks qud sd vddi di tka sntukåêm cautukgbm kjnik
bm prúprnm jmrpm, mfsdrvkgbm sdu jmrpm césnjm k pkrtnr bd jnik, vdgbm-sd k sn
idsiks bdntkbks, smf ms junbkbms bd dgcdridnrks d iîbnjms. [uksd sdiprd
sdeudi pmr ui tðgda di ju`m cngka frnalk uik auz, d sdgtdi-sd kjmalnbks pmr
uik prdsdgåk kimrmsk. Xmbdi dgjmgtrkr idifrms `ë ckadjnbms bd suks
ckiéanks, mu sdrds bd auz. Kaeuiks tài kaem jmim k dxpdrnàgjnk bd uik
rdtrmspdjtnvk bd suks vnbks, qukgbm nikedgs auingmsks, frdvds d ngtdgsks,
vêm pksskgbm pmr daks jmim uik sujdssêm bd cmtmerkiks. Iuntks bdsjrdvdi
dssk dxpdrnàgjnk jmim dgadvm d krrdfktkidgtm iéstnjm. Iks, dgtêm, jmim sd
trktk bd uik dxpdrnàgjnk bd quksd imrtd, d gêm bd uik dxpdrnàgjnk bd imrtd,
daks sêm trkznbks bd vmatk k sdus jmrpms césnjms. Kaeuiks bnzdi qud
imrrdrki d rdgksjdrki. _ 6;2 Y
Ks D[I iuntks vdzds prmvmjki iubkgåks pmsntnvks, ngjausnvd idgms
idbm bk imrtd d ikns ktntubds dspnrntukns d kcdtumsks. Ks pdssmks qud
vnvdgjnkrki dssks iubkgåks quksd sdiprd bnzdi qud suk D[I cmn k
dxpdrnàgjnk ikns prmcugbk d rdadvkgtd bd suks vnbks. _ 6;4 Y
Difmrk tmbms jmgjmrbdi qud ks D[I kjmgtdjdi, suk ngtdrprdtkåêm î
rkbnjkaidgtd jmgtdstkbk gm iugbm kjkbàinjm. Xkrk ms iktdrnkanstks, î
ngjmgjdfévda qud k bkjmgsjnàgjnk
jmgsjndgtd bdpmns pmsskî nipmssévda,
imrtd césnjk sdpkrkr-sd bmgkbk
jîrdfrm,
kaîi dbdk uik
vnbk
supdrstnåêm. Xmr jmgsdeungtd, ks D[I bdvdi sdr kaujngkåôds prmbuznbks
pdaks ktnvnbkbds bdsdspdrkbks bm jîrdfrm imrnfugbm, smcrdgbm pdak ckatk bd
mxneàgnm. Jmgtubm, kaeuiks pdssmks tnvdrki D[I dgqukgtm sdu jîrdfrm
dstkvk sdgbm imgntmrkbm di skaks bd mpdrkåôds, d gêm bdimgstrkrki
gdgluik ktnvnbkbd daîtrnjk kpkrdgtd? daks dstkvki ‑ikns pkrk aë bm qud pkrk
jë’. _ 6;3 Y Gêm mfstkgtd, ms iktdrnkanstks kcnriki qud pdam snipads cktm bd
tdrdi tnbm dssks D[I, bdvd tdr lkvnbm ktnvnbkbd jdrdfrka pkrk bkr mrnedi k
daks, kngbk qud dssk ktnvnbkbd sd`k ngbdtdjtëvda.

iksGêmsni
tdims
uikkqun uik bnsputk
qudstêm rdkaidgtd
bd snstdiks bd vdrbkbdnrk smfrd ui
jrdgåks. Xkrk cktmsiktdrnkanstk
dipérnjms,
ngvdtdrkbm, gdgluik qukgtnbkbd bd prmvks `kikns imstrkrë qud k
dxpdrnàgjnk jmgsjndgtd î sdpkrëvda bm jîrdfrm, pmns dak nrë jmgtrkpmr-sd è
cnamsmcnk iktdrnkanstk. Xmr suk vdz, ms kbdptms bd jrdgåks rdanenmsks
jmstuiki sdr iuntm rdjdptnvms
r djdptnvms k dssks dvnbàgjnks.
Kaeugs rntms bd pksskedi trkbnjnmgkns pmbdi iuntm fdi ngjaunr ks D[I,
d k pdsqunsk ktuka smfrd dssd cdgòidgm pmbd akgåkr iuntk auz smfrd dssds
rntukns. Xmr dxdipam, m cdgòidgm D[I pdrintd-gms rdngtdrprdtkr uik
prëtnjk dssdgjnka bd ngnjnkåêm bdsjrntk gm Gmvm Rdstkidgtm d prktnjkbk gms

prniúrbnms bdssd
ingnstrkbmr bk Nerd`k0 m fktnsim
skjrkidgtm pmr Fktnstk.
cmn Zêm @mêm nidrsêm tmtka. M prdjursmr bm
D sd @mêm Fktnstk cmssd ui kcmekbmr= Dad fktnzkvk ks pdssmks nidrengbm-
ks gm rnm @mrbêm, m qud cdz, ngjausnvd, jmi m prúprnm @dsus. D sd @mêm Fktnstk
ikgtnvdssd ks pdssmks nidrsks pmr tdipm sucnjndgtd pkrk qud daks tnvdssdi
uik D[I pmr kcmekidgtm= Km sd rdjupdrkrdi bdssk dxpdrnàgjnk bd quksd
kcmekidgtm, iuntks bdaks bnrnki qud lkvnki imrrnbm d rdssusjntkbm? qud
tnglki vnstm k auz? d qud tnglki pdrbnbm m idbm bk imrtd. Rubm nssm tdrnk
snbm uik ikgdnrk fkrktk, snipads, rëpnbk d dcnjkz bd ngbuznr kaeuîi k uik
dxpdrnàgjnk bd imrtd d rdgksjnidgtm trkgscmrikbmrk. Nikengm qud ks
pdssmks bdvnbkidgtd prdpkrkbks sd kanglkvki ès ikredgs bm rnm @mrbêm, d
qud @mêm fktnzkrnk uik bdpmns bk mutrk, jmi kuxnankrds qud ks k`ubkssdi k sd
rdjupdrkr
rdjupdrkr.. Rkavdz
Rkavdz dad tdglk pdrbnbm kaeuiks. Iks nssm cmn kgtds bk kprmvkåêm
bks Adns bd Zkðbd d Zdeurkgåk, d bms antéenms bd rdspmgskfnanbkbd jnvna.
Rubm qud m Gmvm Rdstkidgtm kcnrik smfrd k dxpdrnàgjnk bm fktnsim ckz
sdgtnbm sd, burkgtd m fktnsim, ks pdssmks dstnvdssdi tdgbm uik D[I. K
katdrgktnvk
rdgksjnidgtmjmgsnstd di kreuidgtkr
cmssd snifúanjk. Jmgtubm,qud
pkrk dssk dxpdrnàgjnk
sdr snifúanjk, bd imrtdsdrd
dak prdjnskrnk
snifúanjk bd uik dxpdrnàgjnk bd quksd imrtd pmr kcmekidgtm. Xmr qud ckzdr
kaeuik jmnsk snifúanjk qukgbm ks pdssmks pmbdrnki dxpdrnidgtkr k jmnsk
rdka=
Ms jrnstêms prnintnvms prktnjkvki m fktnsim kbuatm sdeugbm k trkbnåêm bd
Zêm @mêm Fktnstk, iks m fktnsim bd jrnkgåks `ë dstkvk kipakidgtd bncugbnbm
pmr vmatk bm sîjuam NN b.J., d, gm sîjuam NNN,
N NN, drk uik prëtnjk jmrrdgtd, difmrk
ms kbuatms kngbk pubdssdi sdr fktnzkbms qukgbm ëeuk alds cmssd vdrtnbk tràs
vdzds smfrd k jkfdåk, jmim kjmgtdjd kngbk lm`d.

Ti kspdjtm
fktnsim surprddgbdgtd
pmr nidrsêm bk prëtnjk
tmtka. Gk Vdcmrikrdanenmsk
Xrmtdstkgtd cmn uik
jmrrdgtd gk rdtmikbk
Ngeaktdrrkbmd
Kadikglk bm sîjuam \SN, erupms bd rdcmrikbmrds rkbnjkns rdstkfdadjdrki m
fktnsim bd kbuatms pmr nidrsêm tmtka. Dads drki jlkikbms bd kgkfktnstks0 m
prdcnxm erdem kgk snegncnjk ‑mutrk vdz’ mu ‑bd vmatk k’. M imvnidgtm
kgkfktnstk prnintnvm bdu mrnedi k ui erkgbd gðidrm bd nerd`ks d
jmiugnbkbds rdanenmsks qud ngjauéki ms idgmgntks d ks Nerd`ks Fktnstks
imbdrgks, qud kngbk prktnjki m fktnsim bd kbmadsjdgtds d kbuatms pmr
nidrsêm tmtka.
Bdsjmgcnm qud, gms sîjuams \SN d \SNN, ms kgkfktnstks rdbdsjmfrnrki k
D[I
ks qudpmr idnm
ikns bm kcmekidgtm.
ckaki Bd tmbksbdksimrtd
smfrd k dxpdrnàgjnk bdgmingkåôds jrnstês,‚ kngbk
d rdgksjnidgtm gksjdrlm`d
bd
gmvm ‚ sêm ks fktnstks. Rkavdz kaeugs fktnstks imbdrgms gêm tdglki D[I
pmr jmgtk bk prdmjupkåêm imbdrgk jmi skðbd d sdeurkgåk, iks gms sîjuams
pksskbms k nipmrtægjnk bd uik dxpdrnàgjnk bnrdtk jmi k imrtd d m
rdgksjnidgtm pmbdi tdr supdrkbm m idbm bd nr amged bdikns.
Tik pdrvdrsêm ermtdsjk bdssd rntuka bd imrtd d rdgksjnidgtm î m usm bm
wktdrfmkrbnge (kcmekidgtm sniuakbm) pdams sdrvnåms bd ngtdaneàgjnk bms
Dstkbms Tgnbms. Î uik cmrik bd tmrturk pdak ëeuk di qud k vétnik î prdsk k
ui pdbkåm bd ikbdnrk di bdjanvd, k ui ægeuam bd ikns mu idgms ;8 k 68
erkus, jmi m rmstm pkrk jnik d ms pîs ikns katms bm qud k jkfdåk. M rmstm bk
vétnik î jmfdrtm pmr ui pdbkåm bd pkgm smfrd m quka sd vdrtd ëeuk,
prmvmjkgbm ægsnk bd vòintm d uik sdgskåêm
sdgskåêm bd kcmekidgtm.

Xmr nrmgnk, dssk cmrik bd tmrturk cmn ngvdgtkbk pdak Ngqunsnåêm Dspkglmak
gm sîjuam \SN, pkrk anbkr jmi ms kgkfktnstks, qud drki pdrsdeunbms jmim
ldrdeds tkgtm pdams jktúanjms-rmikgms qukgtm pdak jmrrdgtd prngjnpka bm
Xrmtdstkgtnsim. Ms kgkfktnstks kjrdbntkvki gm fktnsim kbuatm, uik vdz qud
dads rd`dntkvki ms vkamrds bm fktnsim ngckgtna. Di ;465, m Vdn Cdrgkgbm (NN
bd KrkeêmY, bk Dspkglk, bdjakrmu qud k imrtd pmr kcmekidgtm, qud dad
jlkikvk bd ‑tdrjdnrm fktnsim’, drk k rdspmstk nbdka km Kgkfktnsim. _ 6;5 Y
Jmim dxpanjmu Unaanki Zjlwdnodr di ui krtnem rdjdgtd pufanjkbm di ui
pdrnúbnjm tdmaúenjm0
Gk Ngqunsnåêm, k prëtnjk gêm drk bd kcmekidgtm prmprnkidgtd bntm, iks bd uik kidkåk
bd kcmekidgtm d, di tdrims snifúanjms, pmbdims bnzdr, bk kidkåk bm fktnsim. M
mf`dtnvm bk tmrturk bda keuk mu k tmjk _ 6;< Y tnglki pmr cngkanbkbd, jmim m kcmekidgtm
sniuakbm, cmråkr k vétnik k ngedrnr ëeuk vdrtnbk smfrd ui pkgm dgcnkbm gk fmjk, advkgbm-
k k tdr uik sdgskåêm bd kcmekidgtm. _...Y Rrktkvk-sd, jmim pmbdims kcnrikr jmi
kfsmautk jdrtdzk, bd uik pkvmrmsk ngvdrsêm bm idalmr dspérntm bk cî d bm snifmansim
jrnstêm. Nssm suedrd qudstôds. _...Y Zdrë m kcmekidgtm sniuakbm uik dspîjnd bd jmgvdrsêm
cmråkbk gm gks
ngstruidgtm jmgtdxtm
iêms bd uik kåêm
bm Dstkbm, pkrkpmaétnjk
qud dad d,bdimgnzkssd
pmrtkgtm, kngbk ikns pmbdrmsk
sdus ngninems= Mu sdrëjmim
nssm
ui kvkgåm qukantktnvm bm bdimgékjm bdgtrm bk kåêm pmaétnjk d inantkr, uik vdz qud ui
rntm rdanenmsm dstë sdgbm sufvdrtnbm jmi cngs nimrkns= Dssks qudstôds cnjki têm
dsjmgbnbks gm bnsjursm pðfanjm qud suk nipmrtægjnk padgk bncnjnaidgtd sdrë rdjmgldjnbk,
ngjausnvd pdams jrnstêms bdvmtms. _ 6;> Y

Zneiugb Crdub pmbdrnk tdr bkbm k nssm m gmid bd ‑m rdtmrgm bm rdjkajkbm’.

Di sdu anvrm Imnsîs d m Imgmtdésim
Imgmtdésim,, dad dsjrdvdu0 ‑M dsqudjnbm gêm cmn
kpkekbm, kpdgks “rdprninbm„’. M qud cmn rdprninbm gêm ‑dgtrk gk jmgsjnàgjnk
bd ikgdnrk ugncmrid d ngkatdrkbk? bdvd tdr snbm sdiprd dxpmstm k
bnstmråôds’. _ 668 Y
Dssks bnstmråôds gêm bdvdi gms bdnxkr jdems pdrkgtd m cktm bd qud ks
dxpdrnàgjnks bd quksd imrtd sêm trkgscmrikbmrks pkrk k iknmrnk bks pdssmks
qud ks vnvdgjnki. Zdu vkamr î dxtrdikidgtd pmsntnvm.
Zdeugbm ms rdaktms féfanjms, uik ngnjnkåêm pmr idnm bd ui kcmekidgtm
rntuka dstkvk gk rknz bk prúprnk dxpdrnàgjnk qud @dsus tnvdrk bd Bdus jmim
pkn kikgtéssnim. Zdu fktnsim pmr @mêm Fktnstk bdspdrtmu-m pkrk sdu
rdakjnmgkidgtm bnrdtm jmi Bdus. Zdeugbm m Dvkgedalm bd Zêm Ikrjms
Ikrjms ;,;8-
;0 ‑Amem km sknr bk ëeuk, vnu ms jîus rksekrdi-sd d m Dspérntm bdsjdgbm
jmim pmifk smfrd dad. Dgtêm, cmn muvnbk uik vmz bms jîus0 “Ru îs m idu
Cnalm kikbm, di tn id jmiprkzm„’.
Zkjrncéjnm rntuka
Ktî lë pmujm tdipm, kaeuiks smjndbkbds trkbnjnmgkns prktnjkvki m skjrncéjnm
luikgm, qud lm`d cmn fkgnbm pdak adn bd tmbm m pakgdtk. Iks kngbk kjmgtdjd,
d ktukaidgtd î jlkikbm bd ksskssngktm rntuka. Di 6883, di Olur`k, jnbkbd
gm dstkbm ngbnkgm bd Tttkr Xrkbdsl, gk Égbnk, k jdrjk bd <4 qunaòidtrms bd
Gmvk Bdaln, sdeugbm k pmaéjnk amjka, lkvnk bdzdgks bd skjrncéjnms bd jrnkgåks
mcdrdjnbms è bdusk Okan. _ 66; Y Di 688<, ui jmikgbkgtd rdvmatmsm bk eudrrk
jnvna bk Anfîrnk, kbintnu tdr pkrtnjnpkbm bd skjrncéjnms luikgms jmim pkrtd
bd jdrniògnks trkbnjnmgkns ju`m mf`dtnvm drk kssdeurkr k vntúrnk gk fktkalk.
Dad bnssd qud ms skjrncéjnms ‑ngjauérki k imrtd bd uik jrnkgåk ngmjdgtd, ju`m
jmrkåêm cmn krrkgjkbm d bnvnbnbm di pdbkåms pkrk qud tmbms pubdssdi
jmidr ui pdbkåm’. _ 666 Y
Di iuntms jksms, m skjrncéjnm kgnika î dxpanjntkidgtd rdjmgldjnbm jmim
ui sufstntutm bm skjrncéjnm luikgm, jmim gk lnstúrnk bm Kgtnem Rdstkidgtm
smfrd Kfrkêm d sdu cnalm Nskqud. Xmr kjrdbntkr qud Bdus ald pdbnk pkrk

skjrncnjkr
kg`m m cnalm,
bd Bdus, d dadKfrkêm dstkvk prdstds
dgtêm skjrncnjmu k ckzà-am
uik mvdalk (Equkgbm
(E àgdsns cmn 6-<).
gdsns,, 66, bdtnbm pmr ui
Gk lnstúrnk bk Xësjmk @ubknjk, qukgbm Bdus dstkvk prdstds k akgåkr k
ðatnik d ikns tdrrévda bd suks bdz prkeks jmgtrk ms deépjnms, iktkgbm tmbms
ms prnimeàgntms, tkgtm ms bms lmidgs qukgtm ms bms kgnikns ( Àxmbm Àxmbm,, ;;, 2-
3), m pmvm `ubdu cnjmu nipugd pmrqud kenrk jmgcmrid Imnsîs m lkvnk
mrndgtkbm0 jkbk ckiéank skjrncnjkrk ui jmrbdnrm d fmrrnckrk mu dscrdekrk sdu
skgeud di kifks ks mifrdnrks d gk vdrek bk pmrtk bd suks jksks. M
skjrncéjnm bm jmrbdnrm cugjnmgmu jmim ui sufstntutm bk imrtd bms `ubdus d
bms kgnikns qud lkvnki snbm ms prnidnrms k gksjdr. M pmvm `ubdu tkifîi
rdkanzkvk uik jdrniògnk di qud tmbms ms pdjkbms bk jmiugnbkbd drki
akgåkbms smfrd ui fmbd, qud di sdeunbk drk dgvnkbm km bdsdrtm pkrk kan
imrrdr, advkgbm jmgsnem tmbms ms pdjkbms. Cmn dssd m fmbd dxpnktúrnm
mrnengka (Advétnjm
Advétnjm,, ;3, <).
Bd uik pdrspdjtnvk sdjuakr imbdrgk, k nbdnk bd qud uik pdssmk mu ui
kgnika bdvki sdr skjrncnjkbms pkrk qud mutrms pmsski sd skavkr gêm ckz m
idgmr sdgtnbm. Bm pmgtm bd vnstk dvmaujnmgnstk, pmrîi, trktk-sd bd ui
pkbrêm prmcugbkidgtd krrknekbm. [ukgbm prdbkbmrds jmim m adêm ktkjki
uik ikgkbk bd kgnikns, dads nbdgtncnjki ui idifrm bm erupm qud pkrdjd
sdr vuagdrëvda pmr sdr `mvdi, vdalm mu kadn`kbm, d m iktki. Bdpmns, qukgbm
sdu kpdtntd `ë cmn sktnscdntm, ms mutrms idifrms bk ikgkbk rdakxki? dstêm k
skavm pmr ikns kaeui tdipm. K imrtd bd ui idifrm bm erupm skavmu ms
_ 66: Y
mutrms. M idsim tdik suf`kz k lnstúrnks bd brkeôds qud kidkåki

jmiugnbkbds ngtdnrks, d qud sú pmbdi sdr kpkzneukbms sd uik jrnkgåk ‚ di

edrka uik vnredi ‚ alds cmr mcdrdjnbk jmim vétnik. K jrnkgåk imrrd pmr
tmbms ms mutrms, ju`k vnbk î skavk pmr idnm bd suk imrtd.
Di sdu anvrm Fammb Vntds Vntds,, Fkrfkrk Dlrdgrdnjl kcnrik bd cmrik
jmgvngjdgtd
sdiprd iuntmqud,
amgedburkgtd
bd gms ktmrgkrims
iknmr pkrtd bk lnstúrnk
jkåkbmrds? gmssk luikgk, dstnvdims
kanidgtkåêm fësnjk
drki kgnikns imrtms d iktdrnka vdedtka. Snvékims m tdipm tmbm jmi idbm
bk prdbkåêm0
Ms sdrds luikgms d, kgtds bdads, ms lmingébdms, gêm pmbnki sdr sdiprd ms prdbkbmrds
kutmjmgcnkgtds rdprdsdgtkbms gms bnmrkiks bms erkgbds iusdus. K skvkgk pdak quka
gmssms kgjdstrkns lmingébdms vkekvki (mu, m qud î ikns prmvëvda, sd krrkstkvki
pdgmskidgtd), drk lkfntkbk gêm kpdgks pmr ugeuakbms jmidstévdns, iks pmr uik adenêm
bd prdbkbmrds imrtkns qud ngjauéki tkgtm uik vkrndbkbd bd tnerd-bd-bdgtds-bd-skfrd
qukgtm ms kgjdstrkns bms adôds, admpkrbms d eudpkrbms. Kgtds, d fdi bdpmns bd ngnjnkbk k
drk bm lmidi-jkåkbmr, tdrnk dxnstnbm m pdrémbm bm lmidi-jkåkbm. _ 662 Y

Ukatdr
jmgtdxtmFurodt, ui lnstmrnkbmr
mu k ‑sntukåêm rdka, gêmbkrntukanzkbk’,
rdanenêm, nikengmu
tdrë bkbm di qud kms
mrnedi tdrims
rntuknsm
skjrncnjnkns0
ui erupm jdrjkbm pmr prdbkbmrds0 lmidgs jkåkbms pmr amfms, mu séinms bnkgtd bd
admpkrbms. _...Y Di edrka, k skavkåêm sú pmbdrë vnr bd uik ikgdnrk0 ui idifrm bm erupm
bdvdrë tmrgkr-sd prdsk bms jkrgévmrms ckingtms, bdnxkgbm m rdstm bm erupm k skavm pmr
kaeui tdipm. M ikns prmvëvda î qud k vétnik sd`k ui ngtrusm, ui ngvëanbm mu ui kgnika
`mvdi. _ 664 Y

Ktî ms bnks bd lm`d, prniktks jmim ms jlnipkgzîs sêm iuntks vdzds vétniks
bd prdbkbmrds. Di ui dstubm rdjdgtd bd uik pmpuakåêm bd jlnipkgzîs bk
camrdstk, k prdbkåêm pmr admpkrbms cmn k jkusk prngjnpka bk imrtd, d ms adôds
tkifîi cmrki iktkbmrds snegncnjktnvms. Fkgbms bd fkfuégms qud vnvdi gks
skvkgks sêm jmi crdquàgjnk ktkjkbms, d kaeugs pdrbdi ui qukrtm bd sdus
idifrms pkrk k prdbkåêm tmbms ms kgms. _ 663 Y Km jkinglkrdi pdak skvkgk,
jmamjki-sd di ikrjlk pmr mrbdi bdcdgsnvk, jmi ms `mvdgs ikjlms gk
pdrncdrnk. Ti fkfuégm bmdgtd qud jknu d cnjmu pkrk trës dipdglk-sd tkgtm di
ugnr-sd km erupm qud amem jldek è dxkustêm d gêm bdimrk k tmrgkr-sd vétnik
bd ui prdbkbmr. Ès vdzds, ms `mvdgs ikjlms antdrkaidgtd sd skjrncnjki pkrk
bdcdgbdr m erupm? di bdjmrràgjnk bnssm, uik erkgbd prmpmråêm bdads imrrd
kgtds bd tdr kajkgåkbm k ikturnbkbd. _ 665 Y
Dssds cktms gêm sêm snipadsidgtd dpnsúbnms bk vnbk bms kgnikns
sdavkedgs, mu imbms krjknjms bd pdgskidgtm gks smjndbkbds prnintnvks. Dads
dstêm vnvms d cnrids gms bnks bd lm`d. Jkbk smabkbm, ikrngldnrm mu idifrm

bd uik trnpuakåêm kîrdk î uik vétnik pmtdgjnka, prdpkrkbk pkrk imrrdr k cni
bd skavkr mutrms idifrms bd sdu pkés. Gm sîjuam \\, cmn m qud kjmgtdjdu
jmi pdam idgms 68 inalôds bd `mvdgs gk Xrnidnrk d gk Zdeugbk Eudrrks
Iugbnkns. D lm`d, iuntms idifrms bks Cmråks Krikbks, bd erupms
_ 66< Y _ 66> Y
ngsuredgtds,
lmidgs bd jmifktdgtdsbêm
d iualdrds-fmifk pdak anfdrbkbd,
k vnbk bd `nlkbnstks
pdams mutrms, gkqunam qud jmgstntun md
skjrncéjnm suprdim bd suk dxnstàgjnk. Zêm ldrúns d iërtnrds pkrk ks pdssmks
qud dstêm tdgtkgbm skavkr. K rdtúrnjk bm skjrncéjnm k`ubk k prmvdr uik
imtnvkåêm pkrk ms rnsjms qud jmrrdi, d tkifîi pdam imbm jmim suks
imrtds sêm rdjmgldjnbks d kprdjnkbks pdams erupms di gmid bms qukns dstêm
autkgbm.
Xkrk iuntks pdssmks bd idgtkanbkbd sdjuakr, m kspdjtm ikns
bdsjmgjdrtkgtd bm jrnstnkgnsim î suk rdprdsdgtkåêm bd @dsus skavkgbm ms
mutrms pmr idnm bd suk imrtd gk jruz. D, bd cktm, dak gêm tdi gdglui
sdgtnbm sdi tmbk k trkbnåêm lnstúrnjk bm skjrncéjnm, d bk lnstúrnk `ubknjk di
pkrtnjuakr.. Jmim @dsus pmbd kssdidalkr-sd
pkrtnjuakr kssdidalkr-sd k ui jmrbdnrm skjrncnjnka d tnrkr ms
pdjkbms= Dad î jmim m jmrbdnrm skjrncnjnka bk Xësjmk, d tkifîi eukrbk
sdidalkgåks jmi m fmbd dxpnktúrnm. M rntuka `ubknjm kguka bd bdsjkrrdekr ms
pdjkbms bk jmiugnbkbd di ui fmbd dxpnktúrnm antdrka,
an tdrka, d jmgbuzn-am è imrtd
gm bdsdrtm drk ui jmipmgdgtd bdssd nikengërnm jrnstêm. Gk inssk, pmujm
bdpmns bk jmgskerkåêm bm pêm d bm vnglm jmim m jmrpm d m skgeud bd @dsus,
m Kegus Bdn î jkgtkbm mu rdjntkbm0
Ú jmrbdnrm bd Bdus, qud tnrkn ms pdjkbms bm iugbm, tdgbd pndbkbd bd gús.
Ú jmrbdnrm bd Bdus, qud tnrkn ms pdjkbms bm iugbm, tdgbd pndbkbd bd gús.
Ú jmrbdnrm bd Bdus, qud tnrkn ms pdjkbms bm iugbm, tdgbd pndbkbd bd gús.

K imrtd skjrncnjnka bd @dsus sú ckz sdgtnbm gm jmgtdxtm bm skjrncéjnm kgnika

qud î dgjmgtrkbm di iuntks rdanenôds, ngjausnvd gk rdanenêm `ubknjk, qud
cmrgdjdu m jmgtdxtm lnstúrnjm pkrk k ngtdrprdtkåêm jrnstê bk imrtd bd @dsus.
Ti jkrgdnrm sufstntunrnk m skjrncéjnm luikgm gk lnstúrnk bd Kfrkêm d Nskqud?
d k imrtd bd jmrbdnrms ikjlms prmtdedrnk ms prnimeàgntms `ubdus gk Xësjmk.
K imrtd bd jmrbdnrms ikjlms sufstntunrnk m skjrncéjnm bd prnimeàgntms
luikgms. @dsus, pmrîi, ngvdrtdu dssd prmjdssm. M skjrncéjnm bd ui
prnimeàgntm luikgm sufstntunrnk ms jmrbdnrms d ks jkfrks, pmgbm cni km
skjrncéjnm kgnika.
M skjrncéjnm kgnika jmgtnguk k dxnstnr gm `ubkésim d gm Nsaê. Ms `ubdus
kngbk iktki jmrbdnrms gk Xësjmk, d ms iuåuaikgms skjrncnjki vkjks,
_ 6:8 Y
mvdalks, jkrgdnrms mu jkidams di Dnb ka Kblk, tkifîi jmgldjnbm

jmim Fkor-Dnb, k jdadfrkåêm bm skjrncéjnm bd Kfrkêm bd ui jkrgdnrm di vdz

bd sdu cnalm Nskqud. Xmr mutrm akbm, pkrk ms jrnstêms, k jrujncnjkåêm bd @dsus
ngvdrtnk d puglk cni k dssd prmjdssm. M skjrncéjnm kgnika cmn sufstntuébm pmr
ui skjrncéjnm luikgm padgm d bdrrkbdnrm, m skjrncéjnm bd @dsus gk jruz.

M skjrncéjnm gm katkr bk jnàgjnk

Difmrk k nbdnk bd skjrncéjnm sufstntutnvm pkrdåk gêm tdr sdgtnbm k pkrtnr bd
ui pmgtm bd vnstk imbdrgm, sdjuakr, lm`d dad kjmgtdjd di uik dsjkak sdi
prdjdbdgtds. Dssd skjrncéjnm gêm î cdntm di pðfanjm, jmim ms skjrncéjnms
rdanenmsms trkbnjnmgkns, iks k pmrtks cdjlkbks di akfmrktúrnms jndgtécnjms.
Zmidgtd gms Dstkbms Tgnbms, jdrjk bd 64 inalôds bd kgnikns vdrtdfrkbms
sêm imrtms tmbms ms kgms di pdsqunsks fnmiîbnjks, smfrdtubm jkiugbmgems,
rktms, pësskrms, pdnxds-zdfrk, jmdalms, pmrqunglms-bk-égbnk, d rês, jmi
idgmrds gðidrms bd jêds, ektms, ikjkjms d jlnipkgzîs. _ 6:; Y Dads sêm
skjrncnjkbms gm katkr bk jnàgjnk, pkrk m fdi bk luikgnbkbd. Gk vdrbkbd, m
tdrim tîjgnjm pkrk k iktkgåk bdssds kgnikns î ‑skjrncéjnm’. Tik pdsqunsk gm
Emmead Zjlmakr, di fusjk bd pufanjkåôds jndgtécnjks k pkrtnr bm dgugjnkbm
‑rktms sêm skjrncnjkbms’, trkz jdrjk bd 3< ina rdsuatkbms? gm jksm bd
‑jkiugbmgems cmrki skjrncnjkbms’, dssd gðidrm smfd pkrk ;8< ina. _ 6:6 Y
Xkrk ms dstubkgtds bd fnmamenk, skjrncnjkr sdus prnidnrms kgnikns î ui tnpm
bd rntm bd pksskedi, kssni jmim bnssdjkr ui jmrpm luikgm î ui rntm bd
pksskedi pkrk ms dstubkgtds bd idbnjngk. M skjrncéjnm d k bnssdjkåêm
prdjnski bnssmjnkr-sd bms sdgtnidgtms d dimåôds luikgms gmrikns? supôd-
sd qud ms ngnjnkbms kbmtdi uik pdrsmgk bd bnstkgjnkidgtm jndgtécnjm. Tik
`mvdi jndgtnstk, Kansmg Jlrnsty, rdcadtnu smfrd suks dxpdrnàgjnks di ui fame
bd erkgbd dxprdssnvnbkbd d damquàgjnk0
K prnidnrk vdz qud trkfkaldn jmi rmdbmrds du drk uik dstubkgtd bm dgsngm iîbnm qud
pkrtnjnpkvk bd ui prm`dtm bd pdsqunsk di gdurmjnàgjnk gk Tgnvdrsnbkbd bm Zua bm
Kakfkik. Xkrk mftdr uik jakrk lnstmamenk jdrdfrka, téglkims bd kspdrenr ms kgnikns jmi
smauåêm skangk. Nssm snegncnjk qud ng`dtëvkims gm rktm ‚ ui kgnika erkgbd d frkgjm ‚
kaeui tnpm bd kgdstîsnjm, d cnjëvkims mfsdrvkgbm-m jmrrdr di jérjuams bdgtrm bd ui
tufm paëstnjm, ktî qud sd tmrgkssd idnm ktrkpkalkbm d dsqunsntm d, pmr cni, cnjkssd niúvda.
Dgtêm gús m jmamjëvkims smfrd uik pakjk d pdrcurëvkims suks pktks jmi pngms, ikns mu
idgms jmim sd dad dstnvdssd sdgbm jrujncnjkbm. Xkssëvkims ui cnm smfrd ms bdgtds
crmgtkns pkrk ikgtdr k jkfdåk bm rktm pkrk trës. Jmi tdsmurks ingðsjuaks d frnalkgtds
pdrcurëvkims suk pdad, advkgbm k tdsmurnglk bnrdtkidgtd pkrk k jknxk tmrëjnjk. Bdgtrm
bdak kngbk puaskvk m jmrkåêm vdridalm-dsjurm. M skgeud jmidåk k jmkeuakr gm jîrdfrm
kssni qud ui kgnika imrrd. Xkrk mftdr crkeidgtms anipms bm jîrdfrm, prdjnskims ckzdr
m skgeud sknr dgqukgtm m kgnika kngbk dstë vnvm. _...Y pkrk cmråkr k skébk bm skgeud bd ui
kgnika jmi uik smauåêm skangk, ngsdrnims uik keualk gm vdgtréjuam dsqudrbm bm
 jmrkåêm qud kngbk puask d jmrtkims m ëtrnm bnrdntm bm jmrkåêm jmi ks tdsmurks. Bdpmns,

prdssnmgkims gmssk smauåêm

smauåê m pkrk cmrk.
c mrk. _...Y Vkpnbkidgtd, m céekbm cnjk frkgjm d ks pktks,
pktk s,
m gkrnz d k jkubk dipkanbdjdi. M kgnika dstë tmtkaidgtd dxkgeud. M jîrdfrm dstkrë anvrd
bd skgeud jmgtkingkbm. _ 6:: Y

Jmim kssngkamu Jlrnsty, k iknmrnk bms pdsqunskbmrds lkfntuk-sd k

prmjdbnidgtms
dstubkgtds bdssd tnpm.qud
bd idbnjngk, Dakkms
mfsdrvmu
pmujms qud k idsik jmnsk
sd lkfntukvki kjmgtdjnk
k bnssdjkr jmi ms
jkbëvdrds.
Gm jmidåm, tmbms cnjkvki snadgjnmsms d sîrnms, d kaeugs ktî bdsiknkvki mu
vmintkvki. ‑Tik sdikgk bdpmns, pmrîi, `ë ms vékims jmgvdrskgbm d rngbm
jmi sdus jmadeks bd akfmrktúrnm dgqukgtm dgcnkvki ms bdbms gms vksms
skgeuégdms bm jmrkåêm. Idsds bdpmns, `ë bnssdjkvki ui rmstm sdi qukaqudr
ldsntkåêm. _...Y Jmipmrtkvki-sd jmim pdssmks tmtkaidgtd bncdrdgtds
bkqudaks qud sú lë pmujms idsds lkvnki dgtrkbm di ui akfmrktúrnm.’
Ms luikgnstks sdjuakrds rd`dntki k nbdnk bd qud ms sdrds luikgms pmbdi
sdr skavms pmr Bdus, di vdz bd jmgcnkr gk jnàgjnk d gk rkzêm luikgks.
Iuntms vddi ms prúprnms jndgtnstks gm pkpda bd skavkbmrds, pdssmks qud
anfdrtki k luikgnbkbd bk negmrægjnk d bm smcrnidgtm. Iks m vdalm krquîtnpm
bm skjrncéjnm gugjk bdskpkrdjdu? k prúprnk jnàgjnk sd mjupk bdad. Rkipmujm
cmrki fkgnbms ms vdalms tdimrds bd bdstrunåêm pmr dvdgtms jktkjaésinjms,
daningkgbm-sd bdusds d bdusks bm iugbm sdjuakr. Km akbm bks kidkåks è
smfrdvnvàgjnk luikgk jrnkbks pdak iubkgåk janiëtnjk d pdak bdstrunåêm
kifndgtka, vnvdims è smifrk bd enekgtdsjms krsdgkns bd krikidgtms
gujadkrds jkpkzds bd bdcakerkr m bdrrkbdnrm lmamjkustm.
Di sdu sdgtnbm mrnengka, k pkakvrk lmamjkustm (bm erdem lmaúokustmg
lmaúokustmg,, ms
ms,,
mg,, pdam aktni tkrbnm lmamjkustui
mg lmamjkustui)) bdsnegkvk m skjrncéjnm bd ui kgnika
tmtkaidgtd qudnikbm pdam cmem. Xmrîi, difmrk gm iugbm kgtnem ui
gðidrm rdaktnvkidgtd pdqudgm bd kgnikns cmssd qudnikbm di katkrds jmim
mcdrdgbks, ui imbdrgm lmamjkustm jndgtécnjm pmr idnm bd kriks bd
bdstrunåêm di ikssk daningkrnk inalôds bd pdssmks bd uik sú vdz, kaîi bd
uik qukgtnbkbd ngjmgtëvda bd kgnikns. Zkjrncnjkbms pkrk m qud mu pkrk
qudi= Gdi pkrk Bdus gdi pkrk k Iêd Rdrrk, iks jmim uik mstdgtkåêm bm
pmbdr luikgm. Di tdrims jmadtnvms, smims pmtdgjnkaidgtd ikns vngektnvms
d ktdrrmrnzkgtds bm qud quknsqudr bms bdusds mu bdusks vngektnvms bms intms
d adgbks. Gmssm pmtdgjnka pkrk ktms bd bdstrunåêm î iuntm ikns vkstm. D ms
rdaktms bd bdstrunåêm bnvngk cmrki sdeurkidgtd rdadekbms km pksskbm. Xmr
suk vdz, m lmamjkustm jndgtécnjm dsprdntk-gms bd imbm pdrnemsm di ui cuturm
bdsjmgldjnbm, d gêm skfdims sd sdrë mu gêm pmssévda dvntë-am.
Vntukns jmadtnvms d ngbnvnbukns
ngbnvnbukns
Rmbks ks rdanenôds tài ktms jmadtnvms bd vdgdrkåêm d Kåêm bd Erkåks,
smfrdtubm gms bnks skgtms d gks cdstnvnbkbds rdanenmsks. Rmbks ks rdanenôds
tài jdrniògnks pkrk jkskidgtm, imrtd d ktrnfunåêm bd gmids kms fdfàs. Ms
luikgnstks sdjuakrds rdjmgldjdi k gdjdssnbkbd bdssks jdrniògnks d jrnkrki
sdus prúprnms rntukns.
Iuntks pdssmks prktnjki rntukns di sdu erupm ckinankr, jmim, pmr
dxdipam, bkr erkåks kgtds bks rdcdnåôds. Kaeuiks prktnjki rntukns
ngbnvnbukaidgtd, ckzdgbm prdjds d idbntkåêm, d pmr idnm bm ymek, bm jln
ouge, bm tkn jln __jlukg
jlukgYY d mutrks bnsjnpangks dspnrntukns.
K vnbk jmtnbnkgk jmgtîi iuntms kspdjtms rntukns ikns mu idgms
ngjmgsjndgtds, jmim m kpdrtm bd iêms. K jmgvdgåêm bdtdringk qud dssd
juiprnidgtm sd`k cdntm jmi k iêm bnrdntk, gêm jmi k dsqudrbk. Ks
dsjuaturks di pdbrk bk kgtnek Erîjnk imstrki qud dssd jmstuid rdimgtk
pdam idgms km sîjuam S k.J. M kpdrtm bd iêms pmbd tdr jmidåkbm jmim ui
edstm bd pkz, bdimgstrkgbm qud k iêm bnrdntk gêm pmrtkvk gdgluik krik.
Gm iugbm imbdrgm, ckz pkrtd bd ui frdvd rntuka bd skubkåêm mu bdspdbnbk,
bd ckzdr kjmrbms mu bnrnenr juiprnidgtms k kaeuîi.
Iuntks pdssmks kfdgåmki-sd di sntukåôds bd bdspdbnbk, m qud ckzdi
idsim qukgbm gêm tài jmgsjnàgjnk bd sdu edstm. K pkakvrk emmbfyd
_‑kbdus’Y _ 6:2 Y î uik cmrik katdrkbk d rdbuznbk bk fdgbnåêm0 ‑Bdus dstd`k
jmgtnem’. Ckrdwd
Ckrdwdaa aa, mrnengkaidgtd ckrd tldd wdaa, tkifîi î uik fdgbnåêm.
Kbndu,, uik cmrik crkgjdsk bd bdspdbnbk (‑kbdus’), snegncnjk antdrkaidgtd è
Kbndu
(tm Emb), jmi m snegncnjkbm nipaéjntm bd ‑Du m rdjmidgbm k Bdus’. Di
bndu (tm
dspkglma, kbnús tdi m idsim snegncnjkbm. Mutrms tdrims rntukanzkbms bd
pkrtnbk jmgtài uik prdjd nipaéjntk qud vnsk è prdsdrvkåêm ktî ui gmvm
dgjmgtrm0 ‑ktî ikns vdr’ ‚ di crkgjàs, ku rdvmnr? di kadiêm, kuc
Unbdrsdldg?? di ntkankgm, krrnvdbdrjn
Unbdrsdldg krrnvdbdrjn..
Ms rntukns sêm uik pkrtd bk vnbk bd tmbks ks pdssmks. Gêm pmbdims vnvdr
sdi dads. Iks pmbdims dsjmaldr ms rntukns bd qud pkrtnjnpkims, fdi jmim m
dspérntm jmi qud m ckrdims. Dads pmbdi sdr imgútmgms d lkfntukns. Mu
pmbdi sdr dstniuakgtds, ngspnrkbmrds d dspnrntukaidgtd rdjmipdgskbmrds.
rdjmipdgskbmrds.
Vdssmgægjnk iúrcnjk
Xmr qud k jrdgåk gk dcnjëjnk bms rntukns bdpdgbd tkgtm bd suk sdidalkgåk
jmi m imbm jmim cmrki prktnjkbms kgtdrnmridgtd=
jmi m imbm jmim cmrki prktnjkbms kgtdrnmridgtd=

Gmssk ikgdnrk bd dgtdgbdr ms rntukns bdpdgbd bd gmssms prdssupmstms

smfrd k dssàgjnk bk gkturdzk. Ks ktnvnbkbds rntukaéstnjks sêm kssmjnkbks k
nbdnks prmcugbkidgtd krrknekbks smfrd jmim k idgtd d k gkturdzk
cugjnmgki. Daks ckzdi iuntm ikns sdgtnbm sd k gkturdzk, ks smjndbkbds d k
idgtd jmgtnvdrdi uik dspîjnd bd idiúrnk, d idgms sdgtnbm jksm nssm gêm
kjmgtdåk.
Gk jnàgjnk, m prdssupmstm lkfntuka î qud ms prngjépnms mrbdgkbmrds fësnjms
bk gkturdzk, ks jlkikbks adns gkturkns, sêm cnxks. _ 6:4 Y Daks `ë dstkvki
prdsdgtds d padgkidgtd cmrikbks, jmim ui Júbnem Gkpmadògnjm júsinjm,
gm imidgtm bk mjmrràgjnk bm Fne Fkge, k Erkgbd Dxpamsêm, qukgbm gmssm
Tgnvdrsm pkssmu k dxnstnr. Dstrdaks, ëtmims, imaîjuaks, jrnstkns d mrekgnsims
vnvms tài sdus jmipmrtkidgtms jkrkjtdréstnjms pmrqud sêm rdenbms pmr dssks
adns dtdrgks, qud sêm ks idsiks di tmbms ms tdipms d tmbms ms auekrds.
a uekrds.
Dssd prdssupmstm cmn fksdkbm gk tdmamenk bms sîjuams \SN d \SNN, qukgbm
ms cugbkbmrds
Fmyad, Gdwtmgbk jnàgjnk‚ nikengkrki
d mutrms imbdrgk ‚ Jmpîrgnjm, Odpadr,
qud k gkturdzk Ekanadu,
drk rdenbk Bdsjkrtds,
pdam amems,, k
amems
dtdrgk idgtd bd Bdus. Ks dtdrgks adns iktdiëtnjks bk gkturdzk drki nbdnks
dxnstdgtds gk idgtd ktdipmrka bd Bdus. Dssd î m imtnvm pdam quka drki
ngvnsévdns d niktdrnkns, kngbk qud prdsdgtds pmr tmbk pkrtd. Daks
jmipkrtnalkvki k gkturdzk niutëvda, mgnprdsdgtd d mgnpmtdgtd bd Bdus. _ 6:3 Y
Ks adns dtdrgks ckznki sdgtnbm gm jmgtdxtm bd uik vnsêm bd iugbm d bd
uik tdmamenk gêm dvmaujnmgërnks. Lm`d, pmrîi, gmssk jmsimamenk î
rkbnjkaidgtd dvmaujnmgërnk, d iuntms jndgtnstks rd`dntki k nbdnk bd uik
idgtd niktdrnka d mgnprdsdgtd qud sustdgtk ks adns bk gkturdzk. Gêm mfstkgtd,
ks
uiadns dtdrgks
erkgbd jmgtnguki
gðidrm k sdr m gêm
bd jndgtnstks, prdssupmstm jndgtécnjm-pkbrêm
lë katdrgktnvk. pmrqud,
Jmgtubm, bdsbd pkrk
m ngéjnm
bm sîjuam \\, kaeugs cnaúsmcms d jndgtnstks suedrnrki qud ks adns bk gkturdzk
pmbdrnki dvmaunr, kssni jmim kjmgtdjd jmi ks adns luikgks. Mu, pkrk uskr
uik idtëcmrk idgms kgtrmpmiúrcnjk, ks jlkikbks adns bk gkturdzk pmbdi
sdr ikns sdidalkgtds k lëfntms. K idiúrnk pmbd sdr ngdrdgtd è gkturdzk.
Dstrdaks, ëtmims, imaîjuaks, jrnstkns d mrekgnsims vnvms pmbdi tdr m
jmipmrtkidgtm qud jmgldjdims pmrqud sdus kgtdjdssmrds kenrki bk idsik
cmrik. Jkbk dspîjnd fnmaúenjk pmbd tdr uik idiúrnk jmadtnvk qud jkbk
pdssmk usk d pkrk k quka jmgtrnfun. Ms ngstngtms pmbdi sdr jmim lëfntms bk
dspîjnd. Tik `mvdi krkglk jmi tdnk di dspnrka skfd jmim cnkr suk tdnk sdi
qud ald tdglki dgsngkbm k ckzà-am, pmns ldrbmu k idiúrnk bd tdjdr di
dspnrka bd ngjmgtëvdns krkglks qud k kgtdjdbdrki.

Inglk lnpútdsd î qud k idiúrnk-lëfntm gkturka ktuk pmr ui prmjdssm qud

jlkim bd rdssmgægjnk iúrcnjk, m quka nipanjk k ngcauàgjnk bd uik
smfrdpmsnåêm bd mrekgnsims sdidalkgtds gm dspkåm d gm tdipm. Xkbrôds
sdidalkgtds bd ktnvnbkbd mu vnfrkåêm jkptki m qud mjmrrdu di pkbrôds
_ 6:5 Y
sdidalkgtds kgtdrnmrds.
ktnvnbkbd, ikns prmvëvda î qud [ukgtm ikns kcrdqudgtd
dad vdglk tnvdr snbm ui
mjmrrdr gmvkidgtd, sd pkbrêm bd
ks mutrks
vkrnëvdns gêm sd katdrkrdi. [ukgtm iknmr k rdpdtnåêm, ikns prmcugbk sd tmrgk
k jmgsmanbkåêm bms lëfntms. [ukgbm ms lëfntms dstêm iuntm krrknekbms, jmim
m jmipmrtkidgtm bms ëtmims bd lnbrmeàgnm mu bks imaîjuaks bd gntrmeàgnm,
dads pkrdjdi sdr niutëvdns, jmim sd cmssdi rdenbms pmr adns dtdrgks. Zd
jmgsnbdrkrims kpdgks ms cdgòidgms bd dxnstàgjnk iuntm rdimtk gm tdipm,
tmrgk-sd nipmssévda skfdr quka î k bncdrdgåk dgtrd adns dtdrgks d lëfntms lë
iuntm dstkfdadjnbms, pmrqud, di kifms ms jksms, ms idsims cdgòidgms
mjmrrdi bd imbm iuntm sdidalkgtd, di uik rdpdtnåêm sdi cni. K bncdrdgåk
dgtrd dssks buks ngtdrprdtkåôds tmrgk-sd dxpdrnidgtkaidgtd mfsdrvëvda
qukgbm dxkingkims gmvms cdgòidgms, kqudads qud gugjk mjmrrdrki kgtds.
Xmr dxdipam, qukgbm ms quéinjms ckzdi ui gmvm jmipmstm quéinjm d m
jrnstkanzki, bd kjmrbm jmi k tdmrnk bk adn dtdrgk, dad bdvd jrnstkanzkr-sd bk
idsik ikgdnrk gk prnidnrk, gk inanmgîsnik d gk fnanmgîsnik mjksnôds,
pmrqud ks adns rdadvkgtds bk tdmrnk quægtnjk, bm dadtrmikegdtnsim, bk
tdrimbngæinjk dtj. sêm sdiprd d di tmbk pkrtd ks idsiks. Xmr mutrm akbm, sd
ms lëfntms sd jmgsmanbkrdi gk gkturdzk, k sufstægjnk pmbd dgjmgtrkr iuntk
bncnjuabkbd pkrk jrnstkanzkr-sd, uik vdz qud kngbk gêm dxnstd ui lëfntm qud
advd è cmrikåêm bdssd tnpm bd jrnstka. Jmgtubm, qukgtm ikns rëpnbm dssds
jrnstkns cmrdi cmrikbms, ikns cëjna sdrë suk cmrikåêm di tmbm m iugbm,
jmim ui gmvm lëfntm qud sd jmgsmanbk.
Xdak rdssmgægjnk iúrcnjk, gk sdeugbk vdz di qud ms jrnstkns cmrdi
jrnkbms, dads bdvdi sd cmrikr ikns rëpnbm bdvnbm k uik ngcauàgjnk bms
prnidnrms jrnstkns, sd ks mutrks vkrnëvdns gêm sd katdrkrdi? gk tdrjdnrk vdz,
ikns rëpnbm kngbk, bdvnbm è ngcauàgjnk bm prnidnrm d bm sdeugbm jrnstkns? gk
qukrtk vdz, jmi vdamjnbkbd kngbk iknmr, bdvnbm è rdssmgægjnk iúrcnjk bm
prnidnrm, sdeugbm d tdrjdnrm jrnstkns, d kssni pmr bnkgtd. Xmr cni, dssk
idiúrnk juiuaktnvk advkrë è suk jrnstkanzkåêm sdeungbm uik jmgsmanbkåêm
ikns prmcugbk bm lëfntm, d m égbnjd bd jrnstkanzkåêm ktngenrë sdu anintd
iëxnim.
M qud kjmgtdjd, bd cktm= Gk vdrbkbd, skfd-sd fdi qud, qukgtm iknmr cmr k
crdquàgjnk bk jrnkåêm bms jrnstkns, ikns prmgtkidgtd dads tdgbdi k sd cmrikr

di mutrk pkrtd. K turkgmsd, ui tnpm bd kåðjkr, cmn jmgsnbdrkbk jmim ui

aéqunbm pmr bîjkbks, kgtds bd sdr jrnstkanzkbk pdak prnidnrk vdz gk bîjkbk bd
;>68. Bké di bnkgtd, cmrimu jrnstkns gm iugbm ngtdnrm. _ 6:< Y Vdvnskgbm
jksms jmim dssd, m quéinjm gmrtd-kidrnjkgm J. X. Zkyamr jmidgtmu qud drk
‑jmim sd kspmr
pdam vdgtm sdidgtds
tmbms msbkjkgtms
jrnstkanzkåêm,
bk tdrrk’.jmim
_ 6:> Y k pmdnrk, tnvdssdi snbm advkbks

Gêm lë bðvnbk bd qud pdqudgms crkeidgtms bd jrnstkns kgtdrnmrds pmbdi

cugjnmgkr jmim ‑sdidgtds’ mu ‑gðjadms’ qud ckjnantki m prmjdssm bd
jrnstkanzkåêm k pkrtnr bd uik smauåêm supdrskturkbk. Dssd î m imtnvm pdam
quka ms quéinjms supôdi qud k bncusêm bd gmvms prmjdssms bd jrnstkanzkåêm
bdpdgbd bk trkgscdràgjnk bd sdidgtds bd ui akfmrktúrnm pkrk mutrm, jmim
uik dspîjnd bd ngcdjåêm. Kssni, k cmrikåêm bd gmvms tnpms bd jrnstkns
mcdrdjd ui imbm bd tdstkr k lnpútdsd bk rdssmgægjnk iúrcnjk. _ 628 Y Égbnjds
jkbk vdz ikns rëpnbms bd jrnstkanzkåêm kngbk bdvdrnki sdr mfsdrvëvdns,
idsim qudbdmspmdnrk
pkrtéjuaks quéinjms vnsntkgtds
cmssdi cmssdi
daningkbks krikgtnbms
bm kr.. cmrk bm akfmrktúrnm d ks
K lnpútdsd tkifîi sd kpanjk km jmipmrtkidgtm. Zd ms rktms bd Amgbrds
bdsdgvmavdrdi uik gmvk kptnbêm, ms rktms bm iugbm ngtdnrm bdvdrnki sdr
jkpkzds bd kprdgbà-ak jmi iknmr rkpnbdz, snipadsidgtd pmrqud ms rktms k
kprdgbdrki aë. [ukgtm ikns kprdgbdrdi, ikns cëjna dak bdvdrnk sdeunr gmvms
pdrjursms. @ë bnspmims bd dvnbàgjnks bd dxpdrnidgtms jmi rktms bd
akfmrktúrnm qud kpmgtki pkrk k mjmrràgjnk bdssd dcdntm dxtrkmrbngërnm. _ 62; Y
Bk idsik ikgdnrk, bdvdrnk sdr ikns cëjna pkrk ks pdssmks kprdgbdrdi m qud
mutrks `ë kprdgbdrki, d lë dvnbàgjnks jndgtécnjks bd qud nssm tkifîi
_ 626 Y
kjmgtdjd.
K jlkvd bk rdssmgægjnk iúrcnjk î k sdidalkgåk. Zdu dcdntm lkfntuka
jmgsnstd di rdcmråkr sdidalkgåks qud advdi km bdsdgvmavnidgtm d kjðiuam
bd lëfntms. Xmr mutrm akbm, ms rntukns nipanjki m mpmstm bdssd prmjdssm. Gms
rntukns, ms pkbrôds bd ktnvnbkbd sêm bdanfdrkbk d jmgsjndgtdidgtd prktnjkbms
bm idsim imbm qud `ë m cmrki kgtds. Gms lëfntms, ms pkbrôds kgtdrnmrds sêm
rdpdtnbms bd ikgdnrk ngjmgsjndgtd? gms rntukns, suk rdpdtnåêm î jmgsjndgtd.
Gms lëfntms, k prdsdgåk bm pksskbm
pksskbm î ngjmgsjndgtd? gms rntukns, î jmgsjndgtd.
Xmr idnm bk rdssmgægjnk iúrcnjk, ms rntukns trkzdi m pksskbm pkrk m
prdsdgtd. [ukgtm iknmr cmr k sdidalkgåk dgtrd ms rntukns bm prdsdgtd d bm
pksskbm, mcdrdjd
iúrcnjk ikns cmrtd
uiksdrëdxpanjkåêm
k jmgdxêm gkturka
rdssmgkgtd. _ 62: Y Xmrtkgtm, k rdssmgægjnk
pkrk k qukanbkbd rdpdtntnvk bms
rntukns dgjmgtrkbms di tmbks ks pkrtds bm iugbm, d nauingk m imbm jmim ms
rntukns jmgdjtki ms pkrtnjnpkgtds ktukns jmi kqudads qud ms dxdjutkrki
kgtds, dxktkidgtd gk prnidnrk vdz di qud cmrki prktnjkbms.
Ms rntukns, pmrîi, gêm bnzdi rdspdntm kpdgks è jmgdxêm km amgem bm
tdipm?
jmim ksbnzdi rdspdntm
pdssmks è kfdrturkrdjdptnvks
sd imstrkrki pkrk k dscdrk
k dsskdspnrntuka
dscdrk gmgmpksskbm.
prdsdgtd,Vdpdtnr
kssni
ks idsiks kåôds k`ubkrë k pòr di prëtnjk m idsim tnpm bd jmgdxêm
dspnrntuka. Ms gmrtd-kidrnjkgms qud jmidimrki m cdrnkbm bm Bnk bd Kåêm
bd Erkåks dstêm kerkbdjdgbm k Bdus gm prdsdgtd, kssni jmim dstkfdadjdgbm
uik anekåêm jmi edrkåôds kgtdrnmrds bd sdus jmipktrnmtks qud cnzdrki m
idsim tnpm bd kerkbdjnidgtm.
Buks ikgdnrks bd pkrtnjnpkr
pkrtnjnpkr bms rntukns
VNRTKNZ BD ZKTBKÅÊM D BD BDZXDBNBK
Xmbdims
bdspdbnbk.gms tmrgkrbkims
[ukgbm ikns kpdrtms
jmgsjndgtds bd gmssms
bd iêms, rntukns
pmbdims vdr kébduiskubkåêm
edstm bd dpkz.
bd
[ukgbm fdn`kims mu kfrkåkims kaeuîi, pmbdims gms jmgsjndgtnzkr bd qud
dssk jmgdxêm césnjk tdi kgtneks rkézds fnmaúenjks d smjnkns. Ms erkgbds
séinms, jmim ms fmgmfms, sd fdn`ki jmi crdquàgjnk, d jêds d ektms emstki
bd sd akifdr d kjmgjldekr ugs kms mutrms jmim dxprdssôds bd ngtninbkbd d
jmgcnkgåk. Kaeugs kgnikns trmjki kanidgtms, pksskgbm-ms bd fmjk di fmjk,
jmim ckzdi ms amfms kbuatms jmi sdus cnalmtds? di kaeuiks juaturks, ks
iêds pksski jminbk ikstnekbk bnrdtkidgtd pkrk k fmjk bd sdus fdfàs. Ms
fdn`ms, pmr jdrtm, pmbdi sdr drútnjms, iks, di iuntks juaturks, `ë lë iuntm

tdipm dadsm qud

bdspdbnr, bdsdipdglki
tkifîi sdui pkpdadgtrd
vdrncnjk smjnkapdrsks,
iuntmdeépjnms,
bncugbnbm, pkrk erdems
`ubdus, skubkr d
rmikgms. _ 622 Y Ms jrnstêms prnintnvms trmjkvki m ‑fdn`m bd pkz’ d, gms
sdrvnåms rdanenmsms ktukns bms jktúanjms-rmikgms d bms kgeanjkgms, ms
idifrms bk jmgerdekåêm trmjki ui ‑sngka bd pkz’, ui fdn`m, kfrkåm mu
kpdrtm bd iêms, jmim pkrtd bk anturenk bk jmiuglêm.
K dxprdssêm bd ngtdgåôds pkjécnjks î dxpaéjntk di iuntks cmriks bd
juiprnidgtm, jmim gk skubkåêm iuåuaikgk ksskakkiu kaknoui, kaknoui, (‑qud k
pkz dstd`k jmgtnem’) d gk pkrdjnbk skubkåêm `ubknjk slkami kadnjldi,
kadnjldi, jmi m
idsim sdgtnbm bk kgtdrnmr. Xkrk ms lngbus, bnzdr gkikstd mu gkiksokr,
snegncnjkgbm ‑ngjangm-id pdrkgtd vús’, `ugtm jmi kg`kan iubrk,
iubrk, m edstm bd
`ugtkr ks iêms, pmbd snegncnjkr ‑ngjangm-id pdrkgtd m qud lë bd bnvngm di
vús’. Di tmbms ms jksms, dssds rntukns pmbdi sdr trktkbms jmim idrks

jmgvdgåôds, iks dads kssuidi ui gmvm pmbdr d snegncnjkbm qukgbm gms

tmrgkims ikns jmgsjndgtds bd sdus jmgjdntms ikns prmcugbms.
Kssni tkifîi, ms rntukns bd bdspdbnbk pmbdi kssuinr ui sdgtnbm d ui
pmbdr fdi iknmrds qukgbm rdjmgldjdims k fdgåêm qud dstë nipaéjntk mu
_ 624 Y
dxpaéjntk gdads, jmim di emmbfyd
emmbfyd,, kbndu
kbndu,, kbnús d Emb fadss ymu.
ymu.
MCÉJNM VDANENMZM SDZXDV
SDZXDVRNGM
RNGM _ 623 Y

Dssk mrkåêm bk tkrbd î ui sdrvnåm bk Nerd`k Kgeanjkgk trkbnjnmgkaidgtd

dxdjutkbm km dgtkrbdjdr, di qud iðsnjk skjrk jmrka î kprdsdgtkbk, skaims
sêm dgtmkbms d pmdiks d prdjds kgtneks sêm bdjakikbms. Di edrka, gms bnks
bd sdikgk burk jdrjk bd 24 ingutms, d ikns mu idgms uik lmrk kms
bmingems, pmns gdssd bnk lë tkifîi ui sdriêm. Ms jmrms bd jktdbrkns, ks
kfkbnks, nerd`ks d jkpdaks jkgtki d rdjntki Sîspdrks bdsbd k îpmjk bk
Vknglk Danzkfdtl NN, gm sîjuam \SN. Dssd î ui bms iknmrds tdsmurms
juaturkns d rdanenmsms bk Nerd`k Kgeanjkgk, di sdu fdam ngeaàs qungldgtnstk d
gk rnqudzk bd sdus krrkg`ms iusnjkns. Erkgbds iðsnjms danskfdtkgms, jmim
Rlmiks Rkaans d Unaanki Fyrb, jrnkrki uik smcnstnjkbk iðsnjk pmancògnjk
pkrk dssd sdrvnåm, d gmvms krrkg`ms iusnjkns
iusnjkns cmrki jmipmstms bdsbd dgtêm.
Dssks lmrks bd mcéjnm bnvngm kjmgtdjdi di jdgtdgks bd nerd`ks d jktdbrkns
k jkbk dgtkrbdjdr bd bmingem gk Erê-Frdtkglk, iks tkifîi gk Nrakgbk, gms
Dstkbms Tgnbms, gm Jkgkbë, gk Kustrëank, gk Gmvk Pdaægbnk d di mutrks
pkrtds bm iugbm bd ckak ngeadsk. Di iuntks jktdbrkns, kfkbnks d jkpdaks bd
ugnvdrsnbkbds, tkifîi mjmrrdi di bnks bd sdikgk, qukgbm jmrms iuntm
fdi dgsknkbms prmbuzdi iðsnjk bd bd dxtrkmrbngërnk fdadzk, djmkgbm pmr tmbms
kqudads erkgbnmsms dspkåms skerkbms. Dssd sdrvnåm rdkanzk-sd jmi crdquàgjnk
è auz bd vdaks, d î sdeunbm pmr iðsnjk bd úreêm. Gks jktdbrkns d imstdnrms
jktúanjms-rmikgms lë ui sdrvnåm gmturgm sdidalkgtd, ks jlkikbks Sîspdrks
Jmrkns.
Dssds sdrvnåms jmgtdipaktnvms, trkgqunams d prmpéjnms è pkz dgjmgtrki-sd
erktuntkidgtd km kajkgjd bd tmbms. Zd vmjà cmr jrnstêm mu vndr bd kaeuik
cmrikåêm jrnstê, fmk pkrtd bk angeukedi ckrë djm è suk prúprnk dxpdrnàgjnk, d
èqudak bd suk trkbnåêm kgjdstrka. Zd vmjà cmr ktdu mu kegústnjm, î prmvëvda
qud jmgsnbdrd m Mcéjnm Vdanenmsm Sdspdrtngm ngspnrkbmr d dbncnjkgtd. D, jksm
tdglk jmim fksd uik trkbnåêm rdanenmsk bncdrdgtd, dssd sdrvnåm ald bkrë uik
kimstrk bk trkbnåêm ngeadsk d ald prmpmrjnmgkrë ui cëjna kjdssm è
pkrtnjnpkåêm gdak. Ks pdssmks bd tmbks d gdgluik jrdgåk sêm fdi-vngbks.
Gm jksm bk Erê-Frdtkglk d bk Nrakgbk, m sntd www
www.jlmrkadvdgsmge.mre
.jlmrkadvdgsmge.mre

cmrgdjd ngcmrikåôds smfrd mgbd dgjmgtrkr Mcéjnms Vdanenmsms Sdspdrtngms d

Sîspdrks Jmrkns d qukgbm dads kjmgtdjdrêm, kaîi bd tkifîi ngcmrikr
bdtkalds bms jmrkns d bks iðsnjks qud sdrêm jkgtkbks.
Dstkr prdsdgtd k ui Mcéjnm Vdanenmsm Sdspdrtngm mu k uik kprdsdgtkåêm bd
Sîspdrks Jmrkns jmgstntun
mrnedgs rdimtks, qud gms uik ikgdnrk
trkgsintd uiksnipads bd pkrtnjnpkr
cmrtd sdgskåêm bd ui rntuka gm
bd jmgtngunbkbd bd
bdjursm bm tdipm d pmbd kfdgåmkr tmbms ms prdsdgtds.
 Jkgtm, Jkgtmjlêm d3 m Xmbdr bk Iðsnjk
]
Zmu anekbm è iðsnjk bdsbd m bnk di qud gksjn. Jmgtubm, gêm rdnvngbnjm
gdglui iîrntm dspdjnka pmr nssm. [uksd tmbms ms sdrds luikgms, km amgem bd
tmbk k lnstúrnk luikgk, tnvdrki uik cmrtd anekåêm jmi k iðsnjk. Di tmbks
ks smjndbkbds trkbnjnmgkns, m jkgtm d k bkgåk ckzdi pkrtd bk vnbk jmadtnvk bm
erupm.
IdsimKgks iðsnjk bdsdipdglk
smjndbkbds ui pkpda
sdjuakrds di tmbks
imbdrgks, ks trkbnåôds
k iðsnjk rdanenmsks.
dstë prdsdgtd gk
iknmrnk bms akrds ktrkvîs bm rëbnm, bk tdadvnsêm d bms snstdiks bd smi,
ikrjkgbm prdsdgåk tkifîi di iuntms dspkåms pðfanjms, kngbk qud kpdgks
jmim iðsnjk kifndgtd di slmppnge jdgtdrs,
jdgtdrs, lmtîns d dspkåms kcngs.
Inglk iêd tmjkvk pnkgm, idu pkn drk cakutnstk d idu kvò pktdrgm drk
mrekgnstk bk nerd`k d idstrd bd jmrm, jmim ui bd sdus cnalms, m nriêm ikns
gmvm bd idu pkn. Jmi kpdgks 4 kgms, jmidjdn k kprdgbdr pnkgm, d kms ;4 `ë
dstkvk id ngnjnkgbm gm úreêm. Du jkgtkvk d dgtmkvk skaims gm jmrka bd
inglk dsjmak kgeanjkgk bd dbujkåêm ngckgtna d, bdpmns, di inglk dsjmak
kgeanjkgk du
erkbukbm, cugbkidgtka.
jkgtkvk gm Di
jmrm Jkifrnbed, qukgbmîpmjk
ikbrneka. Gkqudak kngbkdu gêm lkvnkd gêm
drk ktdu id
jmipkrdjnk rdeuakridgtd kms sdrvnåms rdanenmsms. Idsim kssni, emstkvk bd
nr ès Sîspdrks jmi Jmrka. Rkifîi
Rkifîi tmjkvk m úreêm bk dsjmak.
Dgqukgtm nssm, qukgbm du kngbk gêm lkvnk id cmrikbm. Gks cîrnks, cnjkvk
jmi ui kinem qud imrkvk pdrtm bd Anvdrpmma, mgbd vnims ms Fdktads pdak
prnidnrk vdz gm Jkvdrg Jauf, pmujm kgtds bd dads sd tmrgkrdi ébmams
iugbnkns. Xkrk ini, dads jrnkrki uik gmvk bnidgsêm iusnjka. Ms Vmaange
Ztmgds vndrki pmujm bdpmns.
Gk îpmjk di qud trkfkaldn d imrdn gk Égbnk, di Lybdrkfkb, drk jmiui
muvnr,
lngbus gms skgtuërnms
jkgtkgbm d ,skjrërnms
flk`kgs,
flk`kgs bms vnakrd`msèsdbdusks
jkgåôds bdvmjnmgkns gms tdipams,
d bdusds,erupms bd
d iðsnjk
di dstkbm bd dxkatkåêm gms skgtuërnms sucns. Rkifîi imrdn di ui kslrki
jrnstêm di Rkina Gkbu, mgbd jkgtkvk d dgtmkvk skaims jngjm vdzds pmr bnk.
Jmgldjn inglk dspmsk @naa Xurjd gk Égbnk, di ;><6. Gk îpmjk, @naa
prdpkrkvk d ingnstrkvk wmroslmps smfrd jkgtmjlêm d jurks pdam smi, m qud
ckz kngbk
skaims dilm`d. Dakfksdkbms
erupm, î pnmgdnrk
dibkiuntks
rdtmikbk bk kprdsdgtkåêm
trkbnåôds bd jkgtmjlôds
juaturkns, ngjausnvd gm jkgtmd
bncògnjm _ 625 Y imgema d tuvkgm. Di sdus wmroslmps
wmroslmps,, dak trkgsintd uik
dxpdrnàgjnk bnrdtk d pmbdrmsk bms prngjépnms cugbkidgtkns bm jkgtmjlêm,
jmipkrtnalkbms pdaks trkbnåôds bd tmbks ks pkrtds bm iugbm. _ 62< Y
Rmbms gús tdims gmssks prdcdràgjnks iusnjkns, d daks sêm bncdrdgtds.
Jmim bnz m gdurmamenstk Manvdr Zkjos0 ‑Zmfrd k nidgsk iknmrnk bd gús, k
iðsnjk dxdrjd ui erkgbd pmbdr, qudr k fusqudims cmrk bd gús, qudr
pdgsdims di gús jmim sdrds pkrtnjuakridgtd “iusnjkns„’. Dssk prdbnadåêm
pdak iðsnjk imstrk-sd gk ngcægjnk, î dvnbdgtd d jdgtrka di jkbk juaturk, d
prmvkvdaidgtdî ui
‑iusnjmcnank’ rdimgtk
bkbm km pksskbmbkikns
ngjmgtdstd amgeégqum
gkturdzk bd _gmssk
luikgk. 62> Y dspîjnd. Dssk

Gdstd jkpétuam, bnsjutnrdn ks mrnedgs dvmaujnmgërnks bd jkgtkrjkgtkr,, dgtmkr

skaims d bkgåkr, di sdeunbk, ckakrdn smfrd sdus dcdntms smfrd m fdi-dstkr bks
pdssmks, k cnsnmamenk bms pkrtnjnpkgtds d k jmdsêm bms erupms. Bdpmns,
dxkingm k iðsnjk gm jmgtdxtm bk césnjk d bk jmgsjnàgjnk, d cngkanzm
qudstnmgkgbm m pmrquà bk iknmrnk bks juaturks prdssupmr qud bdusds, bdusks,
kg`ms, dspérntms d Bdus emstki bd iðsnjk. Zdrë qud tka cktm jmgstntun
snipadsidgtd uik prm`dåêm luikgk= Mu sdrë ui vnsauifrd gk gkturdzk bk
rdkanbkbd ðatnik=
K dvmauåêm bm jkgtm
jkgtm d bk iðsnjk
Ks jkgåôds gêm bdnxki cússdns, bd imbm qud gêm tdims dvnbàgjnks jmgjrdtks
bks ktnvnbkbds vmjkns bd gmssms kgjdstrkns ju`k mrnedi sd pdrbd gm tdipm.
Jmgtubm, pmbdims kprdgbdr iuntks jmnsks sd dxkingkrims mutrks dspîjnds
kgnikns d cússdns krqudmaúenjms, d sd jmipkrkrims ks trkbnåôds iusnjkns
luikgks.
Jlkrads Bkrwng cmn m prnidnrm k pdgskr smfrd k dvmauåêm bk iðsnjk. Di
sdu anvrm K Mrnedi bm Lmidi d k Zdadåêm Zdxuka, dad bnsjutnu ‑k jkpkjnbkbd
d m kimr pdam jkgtm d pdak iðsnjk’ di ui erkgbd gðidrm bd kgnikns.
Bkrwng
rétinjms,kssngkamu quddscrdekgbm
edrkaidgtd kaeuiks dspîjnds
uik gkbdmutrk
ngsdtms
buksd krkglks prmbuzdi
dstruturks dspdjnknssmgs
di
suks pdrgks. Gk iknmrnk bks dspîjnds, sú ms ikjlms prmbuzdi dssds smgs.

Dad kjlmu qud suk cugåêm prngjnpka drk ‑jlkikr mu ktrknr m sdxm mpmstm’. Di
kaeuiks dspîjnds bd pdnxds, ms ikjlms prmbuzdi smgs gm pdrémbm bd
rdprmbuåêm. Ms vdrtdfrkbms qud rdspnrki kr ktimscîrnjm tài ui úreêm
tufuakr pkrk kfsmrvdr d dxpdanr m kr? bdvnbm k nssm, dads tài m pmtdgjnka bd
prmbuznr smgs
vnfrktúrnm. Gmsidbnkgtd
kgcéfnms,k imbncnjkåêm bm cauxm bd
ikns dspdjncnjkidgtd gkskr rês
ktrkvîs bd skpms,
d gms ui úreêm
ms
ikjlms jmkxki d jkgtki burkgtd k îpmjk bd kjkskakidgtm, ès vdzds di
jmrm. Kaeugs rîptdns prmbuzdi smgs, jmim ckzdi iuntks dspîjnds bd
pësskrms.
Jmim kcnrimu Bkrwng0 ‑Zú k tkrtkruek-ikjlm prmbuz ui smi, d nssm sú
kjmgtdjd burkgtd m pdrémbm bd kjkskakidgtm. Ms `kjkrîs-ikjlms ruedi mu
fdrrki burkgtd dssd idsim pdrémbm. Rmbms skfdi qukgtm ms pësskrms uski
sdus úreêms vmjkns jmim idnm bd jmrtd`m? d, bk idsik ikgdnrk, kaeuiks
dspîjnds prmbuzdi m qud sd pmbdrnk jlkikr bd iðsnjk ngstruidgtka’. _ 648 Y

Ti
pmr dxdipam
idnm bk î vnfrkåêm
m smi bdbks
tkifmrds
pdgks prmbuznbm idjkgnjkidgtd
dxtdrgks bd pdak gkrjd`k
suk jkubk qukgbm daks
idreualki gm kr jmim pkrtd bd sdu jmipmrtkidgtm bd jmrtd`m. D ms pnjk-
pkus ikrtdaki k ikbdnrk di vdz bd jkgtkr k cni bd ktrknr jmipkgldnrks,
bkgbm fnjkbks rëpnbks di mf`dtms rdssmkgtds, bd imbm k jrnkr ui pkbrêm
smgmrm jkrkjtdréstnjm. Bkrwng tkifîi jlkimu k ktdgåêm pkrk dspîjnds bd
ikiécdrms qud prmbuzdi smgs iusnjkns, ngjausnvd jkiugbmgems d enfôds
jkgtkgtds.
Kaeuiks dspîjnds gêm kpdgks prmbuzdi sdus prúprnms smgs, jmim tkifîi
pkrdjdi sdgtnr uik ktrkåêm pdak iðsnjk. Xmr quà= Bkrwng gêm tnglk
rdspmstk0
Xmrîi, sd tkifîi pdreugtkrims pmr qud ms tmgs iusnjkns di jdrtk mrbdi d jdrtm rntim
bêm prkzdr km lmidi d k mutrms kgnikns, m iëxnim qud pmbdims mcdrdjdr di tdrims bd
rdspmstk sdrë k ktrkåêm dxdrjnbk pmr jdrtms emstms d jldnrms. M cktm bd qud dads rdkaidgtd
bêm kaeui tnpm bd prkzdr kms kgnikns pmbd sdr ngcdrnbm k pkrtnr bm cktm bd qud sêm
prmbuznbms burkgtd m pdrémbm bd ekakgtdnm pmr iuntms ngsdtms, krkglks, pdnxds, kgcéfnms d
pësskrms? pmrqud, k idgms qud ks càidks cmssdi jkpkzds bd kprdjnkr dssds smgs d sd
sdgtnssdi dxjntkbks mu sdbuznbks pmr dads, ms dscmråms pdrsdvdrkgtds bms ikjlms d ks
dstruturks jmipadxks qud sú dads pmssudi sdrnki ngðtdns? d gnssm î nipmssévda kjrdbntkr. _
64; Y

Gk iknmrnk bks dspîjnds kgnikns, sú ms ikjlms jkgtki. Jmgtubm, di

kaeuiks dspîjnds bd ikjkjms d séinms, ikns gmtkvdaidgtd gms enfôds, ms
bmns sdxms jkgtki. D m idsim kjmgtdjd jmi ms luikgms iksjuangms d
cdingngms.

Bkrwng kjlkvk qud k iðsnjk drk bd mrnedi iuntm kgtnek, m qud k`ubkrnk k
dxpanjkr suk prdsdgåk di tmbks ks juaturks luikgks. Dad kssngkakvk qud ks
cakutks cdntks bd mssms d jlncrds bd rdgks lkvnki snbm dgjmgtrkbks di
jkvdrgks, km akbm bd cdrrkidgtks bd séadx d bms rdstms imrtkns bd kgnikns
dxtngtms,bktkåêm
rdjdgtd suedrngbm qud tnglki snbm
pmr rkbnmjkrfmgm cdntksd dcakutks
bd kpntms uskbksdiiuntm tdipm
jkvdrgks ktrës. Kd
bk Crkgåk
bk Kadikglk imstrmu qud ms ikns kgtnems bdssds ngstruidgtms tnglki snbm
cdntms lë jdrjk bd 28 ina kgms, pmujm bdpmns bd gmssk dspîjnd, m Lmim
skpndgs,, tdr jldekbm è Durmpk. _ 646 Y Xkrk Nkg Jrmss, ui imbdrgm
skpndgs
pdsqunskbmr bk dvmauåêm bk iðsnjk, k smcnstnjkåêm bk cmrik bdssds
ngstruidgtms suedrd qud ‑prmvkvdaidgtd k iðsnjk tnglk nipmrtægjnk
jmgsnbdrëvda pkrk ui pmvm qud lë pmujm vndrk lkfntkr ui idnm gmvm d
kidkåkbmr di pmtdgjnka.’ _ 64: Y K iðsnjk pmbd tdr k`ubkbm dssds gmvms
jmamgnzkbmrds bk Durmpk di suk kbkptkåêm k dssd iugbm bdsjmgldjnbm d
ngjdrtm, prmimvdgbm k cmrikåêm bd akåms kcdtnvms d uik iknmr jmdsêm
erupka. D m usm bd ngstruidgtms iusnjkns prmvkvdaidgtd surenu iuntm bdpmns
bm bdsdgvmavnidgtm bm jkgtm d bk bkgåk.
Bkrwng tkifîi jlkimu k ktdgåêm pkrk k nipmrtægjnk bk iðsnjk pkrk
ngbuznr dimåôds. Dad kssngkamu qud, gk mrktúrnk, ms dadidgtms iusnjkns sêm
uskbms pkrk dstniuakr sdgtnidgtms gm pðfanjm. ‑Ktî ms ikjkjms dxprdsski
sdgtnidgtms cmrtds di tmgs bncdrdgtds ‚ rknvk d nipkjnàgjnk pdam tmi ikns
fknxm, m idbm d k bmr pmr gmtks katks.’ _ 642 Y Dad tkifîi kcnrimu qud k
amgek lnstúrnk dvmautnvk bks rdkåôds è iðsnjk k`ubkrnk k dxpanjkr sdus dcdntms
smfrd ks dimåôds0
Xmbdimsk prdsuinr
burkgtd qud ms tmgs d rntims
îpmjk bd kjkskakidgtm, qukgbmiusnjkns
kgnikns drki uskbms
bd tmbms pmr gmssms
ms tnpms kgtdpksskbms
cnjki dxjntkbms gêm
sú pdam kimr, iks pdaks cmrtds pknxôds bd jnðids, frneks d trnugcms. Jmi fksd gm
prngjépnm prmcugbkidgtd kssdgtkbm bks kssmjnkåôds ldrbkbks, gdssd jksm î prmvëvda qud
ms tmgs iusnjkns dvmjkssdi vkek d ngbdcngnbkidgtd ks cmrtds dimåôds bd uik îpmjk `ë
quksd pdrbnbk gms rdjdssms bm tdipm.

Gdssd jmgtdxtm, jmim mfsdrvmu Bkrwng, î sdi bðvnbk iuntm nipmrtkgtd qud
‑m kimr kngbk sd`k m tdik ikns jmiui bd gmssks jkgåôds’. _ 644 Y
Bkrwng tkifîi suedrnu qud k dvmauåêm bm jkgtm d bk angeukedi tnglk
anekåôds dstrdntks. Dad kjlkvk qud m jkgtm vndrk prnidnrm, d qud k ckak
dvmauérk bk iðsnjk. K dssd rdspdntm, dad kgtdjnpmu erkgbd pkrtd bm
pdgskidgtm
Jmgtubm, di dvmautnvm imbdrgm
vdz bd k iðsnjk smfrd kk angeukedi,
prdjdbdr mrnedi bk mangeukedi
iusnjúamemluikgk.
Ztdvdg
Frmwg prmpòs qud kifks surenrki bd ui snstdik jmiugnjktnvm jmiui, k
‑iusnaégeuk’. [ukgbm sd kpkrtkrki, k angeukedi tmrgmu-sd ikns nipmrtkgtd
pkrk k jmiugnjkåêm dxktk, d k iðsnjk pkssmu k bdsdipdglkr ui pkpda
prdbmingkgtdidgtd smjnka, pkrk bkr jmgtk bks anekåôds kcdtnvks d bk ugnbkbd
_ 643 Y
bm erupm.
Jmgdxêm smjnka
Ks dvnbàgjnks cússdns suedrdi qud k jkpkjnbkbd bd prmbuznr smgs
prmtmiusnjkns `ë pmbdrnk tdr dvmauébm lë jdrjk bd ui inalêm d mntmjdgtms ina
kgms gm Lmim dredrekstdr
kstdr d gm Lmim drdj
drdjtus
tus,, qud kgbkvki drdtms d tnglki
bnidgsôds jdrdfrkns bd kprmxnikbkidgtd ;.888jiº, gêm iuntm idgms qud k
iîbnk imbdrgk bd ;.288 jiº. M pdntm di cmrik bd fkrrna d ks jkpkjnbkbds
vmjkns ckvmrdjnbks, `ugtm jmi jkgkns kubntnvms sdidalkgtds kms dgjmgtrkbms
gms luikgms imbdrgms, suedrdi qud ms smgs bd vmzds `ë drki bd erkgbd
nipmrtægjnk pkrk k vnbk smjnka. Jdrjk bd sdtdjdgtms ina kgms ktrës, jmi m
surenidgtm bm Lmim ldnbdafdr
ldnbdafdredgsns
edgsns,, ui kpkrdalm vmjka tmtkaidgtd
imbdrgm surenu, `ugtkidgtd jmi muvnbms jmi jkpkjnbkbd iëxnik bd
smgs bk ckak d bm jkgtm. _ 645 Y
pdrjdfdr ks vkrnkåôds bms smgs
Gngeuîi skfd qukgbm ks smjndbkbds luikgks bdsjmfrnrki pdak prnidnrk
vdz m pmbdr bm imvnidgtm d bk prmbuåêm bd smgs sngjrmgnzkbms. Ms prniktks
gêm luikgms gêm tài k jkpkjnbkbd bd jkgtkr `ugtm jmi uik fktnbk cmrtd,
difmrk ms jlnipkgzîs d fmgmfms ès vdzds tdglki frdvds surtms bd
jlkikidgtms sngjrmgnzkbms. _ 64< Y Kssni qud ms prmtm-luikgms
bdsdgvmavdrki dssk jkpkjnbkbd, m jkgtm d k bkgåk prmvkvdaidgtd surenrki
`ugtms. Ktrkvîs bk jmmrbdgkåêm bd sdus
sdus smgs d imvnidgtms, dads bdsjmfrnrki
bdsjmfrnrki
ui pmbdr pmr idnm bm quka m tmbm drk ikns bm qud k smik bks pkrtds. Dssk
ktnvnbkbd sngjrmgnzkbk vnrnk k tdr dgmrids dcdntms smfrd ms idifrms bm
prúprnm erupm, d tkifîi smfrd mutrks dspîjnds. Ms prdbkbmrds cnjkrnki
niprdssnmgkbms jmi uik dxnfnåêm bm pmbdr bm erupm ugnbm. _ 64> Y
Idsim lm`d, gms Dstkbms Tgnbms d gm Jkgkbë, dgsngk-sd kms jkinglkgtds
qud pmrvdgturk sd bdpkrkrdi jmi ursms, puiks d mutrms prdbkbmrds
pdrnemsms di suks dxjursôds, qud tdgtdi sd imstrkr iknmrds bm qud sêm,
advkgtkgbm d kentkgbm ms frkåms km idsim tdipm qud ckzdi ui fkrualm
ngcdrgka. Zd nssm cugjnmgk jmi uik pdssmk, bdvd cugjnmgkr fdi ikns pkrk
bdz pdssmks fktdgbm ms pîs gm jlêm, kentkgbm ms frkåms d jkgtkgbm di
sngjrmgnk. Î prmvëvda qud tkifîi tdglk niprdssnmgkbm mutrms erupms
luikgms. Iuntks smjndbkbds trnfkns uskvki jkgtms bd eudrrk, m qud kngbk

dxnstd, bd cmrik ikns imbdrkbk, gms jkgtms bks tmrjnbks bd cutdfma, jmim gm
lkok mu jkgtm bd eudrrk ikmrn, dxdjutkbm pdak sdadåêm bd rðefn bk Gmvk
Pdaægbnk kgtds bm ngéjnm bd uik pkrtnbk.
Ms sdrds luikgms tài uik lnstúrnk iuntm amgek bd jmgdxêm smjnka _ 638 Y
iðtuk. Idsim
dspmgtægdm gks jnbkbds imbdrgks,
d ngjmgsjndgtd. dssk tdgbàgjnk
[ukgbm pdssmks sd ikgncdstk
dstêm jkinglkgbm bd imbm
d jkgtkgbm
`ugtks, daks jmi crdquàgjnk dgtrki di jmgdxêm uiks jmi ks mutrks d, sdi
pdgskr gm qud dstêm ckzdgbm, k`ustki sdus pkssms. _ 63; Y Gmssk tdgbàgjnk
gkturka k jkinglkr di pkssms mu imvnidgtms dspdjécnjms di ugéssmgm jmi
ms bdikns î cmrikanzkbk gk ikrjlk inantkr. [ukgbm ks trmpks ikrjlki, daks
sd imvdi jmi ikns jmdsêm d dcnjnàgjnk bm qud sd snipadsidgtd kgbkssdi k
dsim, di erupms kadktúrnms. Dssd prngjépnm tdvd ui nipmrtkgtd pkpda gk
bnsjnpangk inantkr 6 ina kgms ktrës, gm Dxîrjntm Vmikgm, d ms dxîrjntms
imbdrgms kngbk ckzdi bdimgstrkåôds niprdssnmgkgtds bd pmbdr erupka,
ikrjlkgbm di jmaugks bd smabkbms kjmipkglkbms pdam ruckr bd tkifmrds d
iðsnjk ikrjnka.
Ks cmriks ikns bncugbnbks bd jmgdxêm smjnka iðtuk mjmrrdi ktrkvîs bm
jkgtmjlêm, bm jkgtm d bk bkgåk. Ks pdssmks rdspnrki km idsim tdipm,
prmbuzdi smgs di jmg`ugtm d imvnidgtki-sd di sngjrmgnk. Daks ktngedi
uik rdakåêm rdssmgkgtd d rétinjk jmi ms mutrms idifrms bm erupm. Idsim
qukgbm gêm dstêm jkgtkgbm d bkgåkgbm km smi bk iðsnjk, iks anintki-sd k
cnjkr sdgtkbks, è ikgdnrk bd ui pðfanjm, pmbdims bnzdr qud, kpdskr bd suk
gêm pkrtnjnpkåêm, daks dstêm sd jmgdjtkgbm smjnkaidgtd, uik vdz qud idxdi
m jmrpm pkrk jmi dad kjmipkglkr k puaskåêm fësnjk suf`kjdgtd è iðsnjk.

Difmrk sd`k
jmipdtntnvm ngqudstnmgëvda
bk iðsnjk qud bd
gm pdrémbm Bkrwng dstnvdssd
ekakgtdnm, jdrtm smfrd mm pkpda
dad gdeanedgjnmu pkpda
jmmpdrktnvm bk iðsnjk gks smjndbkbds luikgks, qud lm`d î m tdik
bmingkgtd gks bnsjussôds smfrd k dvmauåêm iusnjka. _ 636 Y Gks smjndbkbds
trkbnjnmgkns, k iðsnjk î fksnjkidgtd pkrtnjnpktnvk. Rmbms pkrtnjnpki, sd`k
jkgtkgbm mu bkgåkgbm, mu bd kifks ikgdnrks. Xmr idnm bk pkrtnjnpkåêm
iusnjka, ks pdssmks kssuidi uik nbdgtnbkbd bd erupm, qukgbm dgtêm
vnvdgjnki d dxprnidi dimåôds di jmg`ugtm. _ 63: Y Gk iknmrnk bks juaturks,
k iðsnjk î ui jmipmgdgtd cugbkidgtka bd rntukns, ngjaungbm ms rntms bd
pksskedi, jkskidgtms, rntms cugdrërnms d cdstnvkns skzmgkns. _ 632 Y Kaîi bd
k`ubkr k ikgtdr k jmdsêm bd erupm, k iðsnjk tkifîi jmgtrnfun pkrk
dxprdssë-ak.
 Bk pdrspdjtnvk dvmautnvk, pmrtkgtm, k iðsnjk tkavdz tdglk didrenbm tkgtm
bm jmgtdxtm bd ekakgtdnm qukgtm bk jmipdtnåêm sdxuka, jmim suedrnu
Bkrwng, kaîi bd sdr uik dxprdssêm bk smanbkrndbkbd bd erupm, bd suk
jmgdxêm d ugnêm. Km pkrtnjnpkrdi bks idsiks jkgåôds, bkgåks d jkgtms, di
edrka ks pdssmks
daks dstêm sd sdgtdi
jmgdjtkbks pkrtd
k tmbms bd ui
ms qud tmbm iknmr.
dxdjutkrki Gksidsiks
dssks bkgåks bkgåks
trkbnjnmgkns,
kgtds
bdaks, jkgtkrki ks idsiks jkgåôds d dgtmkrki ms idsims jægtnjms. _ 634 Y
Zdeugbm k lnpútdsd bk rdssmgægjnk iúrcnjk (bnsjutnbk gm Jkpétuam 4), daks
ckzdi djm k pdssmks jmi ks qukns bkgåkrki d jkgtkrki di tdipms rdimtms
d qud, km ckzà-am, trkzdi m pksskbm pkrk m prdsdgtd.
Dgtmkr jægtnjms
jægtnjms
Rmbms ms dstubnmsms bk dvmauåêm bk iðsnjk jmgjmrbki qud k iðsnjk vmjka
prdjdbdu k iðsnjk ngstruidgtka, kssni jmim kjmgtdjd di gmssk prúprnk
vnbk. Iuntks iêds jkgtki pkrk sdus fdfàs mu jmgvdrski jmi dads di uik
vmz bd kjkakgtm, ès vdzds jlkikbk bd ‑iktdrgàs’, d iuntks jrnkgåks kngbk
fdi pdqudgks kprdgbdi k jkgtkr jkgtneks bd gngkrgngkr.. Zd daks kprdgbdrdi k
tmjkr ngstruidgtms iusnjkns, nssm edrkaidgtd sú sdrë cdntm bdpmns qud `ë
tnvdrdi kprdgbnbm k jkgtkr
jkgtkr..
Gk dssàgjnk, m kjkakgtm bncdrd bm jkgtm pmr sdr ikns rdpdtntnvm. Tik crksd
jurtk pmbd sdr rdpdtnbkidgtd jkgtkbk jmim uik idambnk snipads, jmim gk
dgtmkåêm bd ikgtrks lngbus d fubnstks. Mu, dgtêm, uik idambnk snipads pmbd
sdr jkgtkbk rdpdtnbkidgtd, jmi pkakvrks bncdrdgtds, jmim gk dgtmkåêm bd
prdjds d skaims gks anturenks bks Nerd`ks Mrtmbmxk Mrndgtka, Jktúanjk
Vmikgk d Kgeanjkgk. Gms jægtnjms, km jmgtrërnm bm qud kjmgtdjd gks
jkgåôds, di edrka gêm lë ui pkbrêm rétinjm cnxm? dads jmstuiki sdeunr m
rntim bks pkakvrks.
Fmk pkrtd bm qud sdn smfrd m jægtnjm d m jkgtmjlêm prmvîi bd inglk
dspmsk, @naa Xurjd, _ 633 Y qud, jmim gêm id jkgsm bd bnzdr, vdi ckzdgbm
wmroslmps smfrd k vmz d dgsngkgbm k dgtmkåêm bd jægtnjms d jkgtmjlêm lë
ikns bd qukrdgtk kgms. Dak cmn pnmgdnrk di uik imbkanbkbd bd dgsngm qud
jmgsnstd di dxpdrnidgtkr m pmbdr bk vmz qud î jmiui k tmbks ks trkbnåôds
dspnrntukns. Di sdus wmroslmps
wmroslmps,, dak imstrk jmim m jkgtmjlêm, smfrdtubm gk
dgtmkåêm bm jkgtm bms skaims, jmamjk erupms bd pdssmks di uik rdssmgægjnk
antdrkaidgtd iðtuk. Km dgtmkr ikgtrks, m erupm ngtdnrm pmbd dgtrkr di uik
dspîjnd bd rdssmgægjnk jmi kqudads qud dgtmkrki ms idsims jkgtms
kgtdrnmridgtd (vdr bnsjussêm k sdeunr). Kqun dstêm kaeugs bms prngjépnms
fësnjms bm qud dak dgsngk smfrd vmekns
vmekns d ikgtrks.
Smekns

Jmipkrkbms
nipanjki ui jmi k ckak, m jkgtm
prmamgekidgtm bms dsmgs
k snipads dgtmkåêm
vmjëanjms. bd ui
Ks vmekns sêmsmi iusnjka
prmbuznbks
jmi k fmjk kfdrtk d ui cauxm jmgtégum bd kr, qud vdi bms puaiôds. Ks
jmgsmkgtds ngtdrrmipdi dssd cauxm bd kr. Xkrk krtnjuaë-aks, famqudnk-sd k
skébk bm kr (pp,, f, t, b, o, e), bdsvnk-sd m kr pkrk m gkrnz (g
( g, i) mu jrnk-sd ui
mfstëjuam pkrk k pksskedi bm kr (c, v, ss,, zz).).
Idsim qukgbm dintnims m smi bks vmekns gk idsik gmtk, jkbk vmeka
smk bd uik ikgdnrk bncdrdgtd. Nssm kjmgtdjd pmrqud daks tài bncdrdgtds
pkbrôds bd lkrimgnks d smfrdtmgs, prmbuznbms bd kjmrbm jmi m cmriktm bk
ekrekgtk d bk fmjk bd jkbk pdssmk, d pmrqud sêm imbuakbks pdak pmsnåêm bk
aégeuk. Ms smgs vmjëanjms jrnki pkbrôds dspdjécnjms bd vnfrkåêm, tkifîi gm
ngtdrnmr bd mutrks pkrtds bm jmrpm.
Smjà idsim pmbd ckzdr dssk dxpdrnàgjnk. Famqudnd ms muvnbms jmi k
pmgtk bms bdbms. Bdpmns, tdgtd dgtmkr dgtmkr,, gk idsik gmtk, ks vmekns n (bd
pnsjngk), d (jmim di id idtrm), k (jmim di ikr ikr), m (jmim di pm pmåk) d u (jmim
di fu
fusjk).
sjk). [ukgtm ikns dcnjkz cmr m famqudnm bms sdus muvnbms, ikns vmjà
sdgtnrë ks vnfrkåôds ngtdrgks, prmbuznbks di pkrtds bncdrdgtds bm sdu jmrpm.
Km ckzdr dssd dxdrjéjnm, vmjà bdsjmfrnrë, pmr dxdipam, qud m smi bd k sd
amjkanzk fksnjkidgtd gm sdu pdntm? d m smi bm n, gk suk jkfdåk, ckzdgbm sdu
jrægnm vnfrkr ‚ d sdu jîrdfrm vnfrkr bdgtrm bdad. Ks jmgsmkgtds i d g
tkifîi tài dcdntms vnfrktúrnms qud vmjà pmbd sdgtnr km famqudkr sdus
muvnbms d prmbuznr ms smgs ii d gg gg..
Ikgtrks
Ms ikgtrks sêm smgs skerkbms, edrkaidgtd di aégeuks kgtneks, jmim m
sægsjrntm. Lë jdrtms smgs, mu sîrnds pkrtnjuakrds bd smgs, pkrk bmdgåks
dspdjécnjks mu mutrks jnrjugstægjnks, kaeuiks pkrk dgtrkr di ui dstkbm bd
jakrdzk d vkznm, mutrks pkrk dgtrkr di sngtmgnk jmi uik anglkedi bd
idstrds. _ 635 Y
Jægtnjms sdidalkgtds kms ikgtrks sêm uskbms di iuntks trkbnåôds,
ngjausnvd dgtrd ms iéstnjms sucns bm Nsaê, mgbd ks cmriks bms jægtnjms
jmifngki-sd jmi ui imvnidgtm rétinjm bm jmrpm d uik rdspnrkåêm rétinjk
qud pmbdi k`ubkr k ckzdr jmi qud ms jkgtmrds dgtrdi di ui dstkbm bd

dxkatkåêm iéstnjk mu bd purm àxtksd. _ 63< Y Xmr idnm bm jkgtm jmiugntërnm, bk

rdspnrkåêm d prmbuåêm bms idsims smgs, ks pdssmks pmbdi dgtrkr di
sngjrmgnk uiks jmi ks mutrks. _ 63> Y
Kaeugs ikgtrks sêm dxmtîrnjms, kipakidgtd jmgldjnbms d uik pkrtd
dssdgjnka bk prdjd rdeuakr d bk prëtnjk rntuka. Mutrms sêm dsmtîrnjms,
trkgsintnbms di pkrtnjuakr bd idstrd k bnsjépuam.
M ikgtrk ikns jmgldjnbm d dssdgjnka gk trkbnåêm lngbu î क़, Mi mu Kui Kui..
Ms smgs sêm bdsbmfrkbms ikns mu idgms kssni0 kk-mm-ii kk-mm-ii.. Smjà pmbd
dxpamrkr sdus dcdntms césnjms nidbnktms km mfstrunr sdus muvnbms d dgtmë-am di
uik ðgnjk gmtk. Km ckzdr nssm, sngtm qud m smi kk vnfrk fksnjkidgtd di idu
pdntm. Zd du dgtêm sufnr pkrk m smi mm pmr idnm bd ui frdvd ú, ks vnfrkåôds
ksjdgbdi pkrk k ekrekgtk d, bdpmns, qukgbm pkssm pkrk m smi mm mm,, daks smki
gk pkrtd ngcdrnmr bd inglk jkfdåk, d m smi bm ii prmbuz vnfrkåôds qud sd
dspkalki k pkrtnr bm idu gkrnz.
M ikgtrk dssdgjnka gks trkbnåôds jrnstê, `ubknjk d nsaæinjk î Kidg
(Kiîi, di pmrtueuàs), iuntm sdidalkgtd km Mi Mi.. Jmgtubm, difmrk sd`k
smadtrkbm Kiîg gk trkgsantdrkåêm aktngk, suk prmgðgjnk mrnengka gk trkbnåêm
`ubknjk, gks Nerd`ks Mrtmbmxks bm Mrndgtd d gm Nsaê î Kiddg
Kiddg.. (Di kaeuiks
vdrsôds bm Gmvm Rdstkidgtm
Rdstkidgtm erdem, vdi dsjrntm jmim ΛαΧι, mgbd k sdeugbk
(ddtk),
séakfk, Χ, (ddtk), î ui d amgem, pmr mpmsnåêm k Ω, (épsnamg), d ui d frdvd. M
aktni tdi kpdgks uik adtrk pkrk d.)
K cmrik erdek mrnengka, ΛαΧι, î ikns pmbdrmsk qukgbm dxprdssk di cmrik
bd ikgtrk bm qud k trkgsantdrkåêm aktngk. Rdgtd pòr di prëtnjk ks buks
vdrsôds. [ukgbm m ckåm, gk cmrik aktngk, ks vmekns kk d dl dstêm gm idu
pdntm, d k vnfrkåêm pkssk pkrk inglk rdenêm gkska gm i d gm g. Dgtmkr kk kk--
idd--gg è ikgdnrk bd ui skaim tdi ui dcdntm iuntm bncdrdgtd. Bdpmns bk
idd
vnfrkåêm gkska bd iiii,, m smi bd dd rdssmk jmi k pkrtd dxtdrgk bd idu jrægnm
kgtds qud m jdgtrm rdssmgkgtd sd rdmrndgtd pkrk k rdenêm gkska gms gg
gg..
Ms ikgtrks dxmtîrnjms sêm iuntm jmgldjnbms d uskbms, iks ms ikgtrks
dsmtîrnjms sêm ikns dspdjnkanzkbms d pksskrki pmr iuntks edrkåôds, bd
idstrd k bnsjépuam, qud ms trkgsintnrki mrkaidgtd. Ms tnfdtkgms pdrjmrrnki
erkgbds bnstægjnks pkrk k trkgsinssêm bd ui ikgtrk bd bdtdringkbm idstrd.
[ukgbm ks pdssmks uski dssds ikgtrks, gks trkbnåôds lngbu d tnfdtkgk, daks
kjrdbntki ‚ jmim jmstuim bnzdr ‚ qud dstêm dgtrkgbm di sngtmgnk jmi tmbk
uik anglkedi bd idstrds. Nssm ks jmgdjtk jmi ks rdkanzkåôds bdssds idstrds,
jmi sdus dstkbms bd jmgdxêm dspnrntuka jmi k jmgsjnàgjnk ðatnik.

Dssd î ui pmgtm di qud m dgtdgbnidgtm trkbnjnmgka bms ikgtrks d inglks

nbdnks smfrd rdssmgægjnk iúrcnjk jmgvdredi. [ukgbm ks pdssmks dstêm
dgtmkgbm ui ikgtrk di erupm, daks dstêm, sniuatkgdkidgtd, jrnkgbm uik
rdspmstk dimjnmgka bd pdam idgms tràs ikgdnrks bnstngtks0 prnidnrk, jmi
rdssmgægjnks césnjks
sdeugbk, ktrkvîs bkbdgtrm bd sdus
jmgdxêm smjnkatrktms
qud vmjkns d mssms,bmjmim
ms idifrms vnims
erupm pôdikgtds?
di
prëtnjk ugs jmi ms mutrms, dgtmkgbm ms idsims smgs di sngjrmgnk jmi uik
ikrjkåêm bd jmipkssm jmipkrtnalkbk? tdrjdnrk, pmr idnm bk rdssmgægjnk
iúrcnjk dgtrd ms qud jkgtki gm prdsdgtd d ms qud jkgtkrki m idsim ikgtrk
gm pksskbm, di sngtmgnk km amgem bms vërnms pdrémbms bd tdipm. _ 658 Y
Dcdntms bm jkgtkr di jmg`ugtm
jmg`ugtm
Tik vkgtkedi bm jkgtm rdpdtntnvm, mu bd jkgtkr jkgåôds snipads di
ugéssmgm, î qud tmbms pmbdi pkrtnjnpkr, idsim qukgbm pdgski qud gêm tài
uik vmz fmk mu qud sêm bdskcngkbms. Zdi bðvnbk, dssk dxpdrnàgjnk bd
jmgdxêm d ugnbkbd î uik rkzêm cugbkidgtka pkrk m usm bm jkgtmjlêm d bm
jkgtm di prktnjkidgtd tmbks ks smjndbkbds, jmiugnbkbds d rdanenôds
trkbnjnmgkns. D tkavdz sd`k ui bms erkgbds imtnvms pdams qukns, gm iugbm
imbdrgm, tkgtks pdssmks pkrtnjnpki bd jmrms rdanenmsms mu jmiugntërnms. Zêm
ktnvnbkbds vmaugtërnks, d gngeuîi pkrtnjnpkrnk k idgms qud trmuxdssdi
kaeui fdgdcéjnm. D, bd cktm, ks bdsjmfdrtks jndgtécnjks smfrd ms pkrtnjnpkgtds
bd jkgtmjlôds jmgstktkrki qud, pkrk k iknmrnk bdads, jkgtkr `ugtm ckznk jmi
qud sd sdgtnssdi idalmr d jmgtrnfuék pkrk m kuidgtm bd sdu fdi-dstkr
idgtka d dimjnmgka. _ 65; Y
Dssks niprdssôds suf`dtnvks tkifîi sêm kjmipkglkbks pmr iubkgåks
cnsnmaúenjks idgsurëvdns. Kimstrks bd skanvk jmalnbks bd pkrtnjnpkgtds kgtds
d bdpmns bd jkgtkr imstrkrki kuidgtms snegncnjktnvms bk niugmeamfuangk K
(s-NeK), ngbnjkgbm uik iknmr ktnvnbkbd bm snstdik niugmaúenjm. _ 656 Y Dssk
cmrik bd niugmeamfuangk î sdjrdtkbk dxtdrgkidgtd gms caunbms jmrpmrkns, m
qud ngjaun m iujm gms trktms frògqunjm, edgntka d bnedstúrnm, jmgstntungbm
uik prnidnrk anglk bd bdcdsk jmgtrk ks ngcdjåôds injrmfnkgks. Di ui dstubm
jmi ui jmrm jaëssnjm, ms gévdns bk s-NeK kuidgtkrki, jldekgbm k uik
iîbnk bd ;48% burkgtd ms dgsknms d 628% burkgtd k dxdjuåêm. _ 65: Y
Dstubms jmi rdsnbdgtds bd ksnams qud jkgtkvki `ugtms imstrkrki
rdbuåôds snegncnjktnvks di idgsurkåôds pkbrmgnzkbks bd dstrdssd d
bdprdssêm, qukgbm jmipkrkbms jmi kqudads qud gêm jkgtkvki. Di ui
dstubm bd ui kgm bd burkåêm, nbmsms ngbdpdgbdgtds qud jkgtkvki di ui

jmrm jmiugntërnm imstrkrki kvkgåms snegncnjktnvms di suk skðbd césnjk d

idgtka. _ 652 Y Di pkjndgtds jmi bdiàgjnk, tkgtm jkgtkr jmim muvnr iðsnjk
kanvnkvki kaeugs bd sdus sngtmiks ikns pdrturfkbmrds, dgtrd dads, bdprdssêm
d jmipmrtkidgtm kerdssnvm d kentkbm. _ 654 Y
Bdpmns bd uik kipak vdrncnjkåêm bks pdsqunsks smfrd ms dcdntms bm jkgtm
jmrka, ui erupm bd pdsqunskbmrds rdsuinu suks jmgjausôds bk sdeungtd
ikgdnrk0

M jkgtm jmrka prmbuz cdanjnbkbd d advkgtk m ægnim, gdutrkanzkgbm

sdgtnidgtms bd trnstdzk d bdprdssêm.
Jkgtkr nipanjk jmgjdgtrkåêm bnrnenbk, m qud rdbuz ks prdmjupkåôds.
Jkgtkr nipanjk ui prmcugbm jmgtrmad bk rdspnrkåêm, m qud sd jmgtrkpôd
è kgsndbkbd.
M jkgtmmsjmrka
ktdguk rdsuatk di
sdgtnidgtms bd uik sdgskåêm
nsmakidgtm bdsmanbêm.
d bd kpmnm smjnka d kinzkbd, m qud
M jkgtm jmrka nipanjk dbujkåêm d kprdgbnzkedi, m qud ikgtîi k idgtd
ktnvk d jmifktd m bdjaégnm bks cugåôds jmegntnvks.
M jkgtm jmrka nipanjk m jmiprminssm rdeuakr bd jmipkrdjdr kms
dgsknms, imtnvkgbm ks pdssmks k gêm cnjkr cnsnjkidgtd ngktnvks. _ 653 Y
Ms dcdntms fdgîcnjms bk iðsnjk, qud lm`d sêm ngqudstnmgëvdns, jmgstntudi k
fksd bd uik imbkanbkbd tdrkpàutnjk, k iusnjmtdrkpnk, qud pmbd sdr uskbk
pkrk k`ubkr kbuatms mu jrnkgåks jmi trkgstmrgms bm jmipmrtkidgtm mu
trkgstmrgms
rdakxkidgtmdimjnmgkns? tkifîi
d di iuntms î bd jmgtdxtms,
mutrms erkgbd utnanbkbd gm jmgtrmad
ngjausnvd bk bmr,pkrk
gk tdrkpnk gm
edstkgtds d sdus fdfàs kngbk gêm gksjnbms. _ 655 Y
K pkrtnr bm tdrjdnrm iàs bd edstkåêm, m cdtm jmgsdeud muvnr smgs d rdkenr è
iðsnjk gm ðtdrm, jmim bdimgstrki sdus imvnidgtms pmr idnm bk
uatrkssmgmerkcnk. D ms fdfàs d ks jrnkgåks pmr vmatk bd ; kgm bd nbkbd iuntks
vdzds sd kjkaiki qukgbm muvdi iðsnjk, rkzêm pdak quka ks iêds, di
iuntks juaturks, sdiprd jkgtkrki jkgåôds bd gngkr pkrk dads.
Gêm î bd sd dstrkglkr qud k iðsnjk dstniuakgtd tdglk dcdntms cnsnmaúenjms
dstniuakgtds, d qud tdgbk k kuidgtkr k crdquàgjnk jkrbékjk, k crdquàgjnk
rdspnrktúrnk d k prdssêm krtdrnka, di pkrtd pmr idnm bk ktnvkåêm bk anfdrkåêm
bd kbrdgkangk? k iðsnjk adgtk î kssmjnkbk è bningunåêm bdssks idgsurkåôds.
Dssks iubkgåks cnsnmaúenjks sêm jmgtrmakbks pmr ktnvnbkbds gm ngtdrnmr bm

trmgjm dgjdcëanjm, k pkrtd bm jîrdfrm qud sd anek è idbuak dspnglka, pmr idnm
bk quka ms gdrvms imtmrds d sdgsmrnkns pksski bk pkrtd prngjnpka bm jîrdfrm
pkrk m rdstm bm jmrpm. M rntim iusnjka kcdtk k ktnvkåêm bks jîauaks gdurkns
gm trmgjm dgjdcëanjm, jmamjkgbm-ks di sngjrmgnk jmi k iðsnjk. _ 65< Y Tik
sngjrmgnzkåêm
bms imvnidgtms sdidalkgtd mjmrrd gm
d bm dqunaéfrnm. jdrdfdam,
_ 65> Y Rkgtmqud sd mjupk
m trmgjm bk jmmrbdgkåêm
dgjdcëanjm jmim m
jdrdfdam sêm pkrtds dvmautnvkidgtd kgtneks bm jîrdfrm, bdgtrm bm jlkikbm
jîrdfrm rdptnankgm.
Ms dcdntms bd bncdrdgtds tnpms bd smgs pmbdi dstkr kssmjnkbms k kgtnems
ngstngtms dvmautnvms0
K iðsnjk jmiuidgtd jakssncnjkbk jmim ‑dstniuakgtd’ nintk smgs bk gkturdzk, jmim ms
sngkns bd kakrid bd iuntks dspîjnds, qud sngkanzki kjmgtdjnidgtms pmtdgjnkaidgtd
nipmrtkgtds (pmr dxdipam, smgs runbmsms jmi ui sðfntm ngéjnm d ui frdvd pkbrêm
rdpdtntnvm). Jurnmskidgtd, m kcdtm pmsntnvm d k kgtdjnpkåêm bd rdjmipdgsk tkifîi `ë
cmrki kssmjnkbms è katk crdquàgjnk, k frdvds pkbrôds bd jlkikidgtm. Nssm, pmr suk vdz,
kjdgtuk m snstdik gdrvmsm snipëtnjm (fktnidgtm jkrbékjm, jmgbutnvnbkbd bk pdad d
rdspnrkåêm). Xmr mutrm akbm, k iðsnjk ‑rdakxkgtd’ nintk smgs gkturkns rdjmgcmrtkgtds,
jmim ks vmjkanzkåôds iktdrgks, m rmgrmgkr d m krrualkr (smgs sukvds bd fknxk crdquàgjnk,
ju`k kipantubd vkn sdgbm erkbukaidgtd kuidgtkbk), qud ktdguki m snstdik gdrvmsm
snipëtnjm. _ 6<8 Y

Difmrk ms rntims sd`ki prnimrbnkaidgtd anekbms km trmgjm dgjdcëanjm d km

jdrdfdam, ks idambnks sêm fksnjkidgtd prmjdsskbks gm ldinscîrnm bnrdntm bm
júrtdx jdrdfrka, m akbm mpmstm bm jîrdfrm di rdakåêm ès ërdks bd
prmjdsskidgtm fësnjm bk angeukedi. _ 6<; Y D gêm surprddgbd, pmns, qud k
iðsnjk prkzdrmsk tkifîi ktnvd rdenôds bm jîrdfrm (gm snstdik idsmaéifnjm)
prkzdr. _ 6<6 Y
qud tdi anekåôds jmi k dstniuakåêm d k dxpdrnàgjnk bm prkzdr.
Mutrm dcdntm bk iðsnjk qud tdi rkézds gk lnstúrnk bm kgtnem snstdik
dvmautnvm î sdu dcdntm gms gévdns bm lmriògnm mxntmjngk, m jlkikbm
‑lmriògnm bm kimr’, qud î dgjmgtrkbm di iuntms ngvdrtdfrkbms d di tmbms
ms vdrtdfrkbms, mgbd î prmbuznbm gm jîrdfrm d sdjrdtkbm pdak eaægbuak
pntuntërnk. (Di tdrims quéinjms, k mxntmjngk î ui pdptébdm cmrikbm pmr uik
jkbdnk bd gmvd kingmëjnbms.) Dssd lmriògnm pkrtnjnpk bm jmipmrtkidgtm
rdprmbutnvm d bk pmsturk bd mvms, ngjausnvd bks inglmjks, fdi jmim bm
pdrémbm bd ekakgtdnm d ktnvnbkbd sdxuka bd rês d skpms, rîptdns d pësskrms, gms
qukns dstniuak m jmipmrtkidgtm qud advk è cmrikåêm bd akåms kcdtnvms. _ 6<: Y
M idsim sd pmbd bnzdr bms ikiécdrms, m qud ngjaun ms rktms jkgtmrds d ms
lkistdrs.. _ 6<2 Y
lkistdrs
 Bk idsik ikgdnrk, gms sdrds luikgms k mxntmjngk bdsdipdglk ui pkpda
gk cmrikåêm bd akåms kcdtnvms, gk ktnvnbkbd sdxuka d burkgtd m pkrtm. Gks
iêds qud kikidgtki, k anfdrkåêm bd mxntmjngk gk jmrrdgtd skgeuégdk î pkrtd
bm rdcadxm bd emtd`kidgtm mu vkzkidgtm bd adntd, qud edrkaidgtd kjmgtdjd
qukgbm k iêd
pmbdi sdr muvd sdu fdfà
idgsurkbms jlmrkr.
bd cmrik Ms gévdns
bnrdtk, bd mxntmjngk
iks suk gm jîrdfrm
jmgjdgtrkåêm gêm
gm skgeud
kuidgtk gms fdfàs qud muvdi suks iêds jkgtkgbm pkrk dads di ‑iktdrgàs’.
Di mutrms dstubms, ms gévdns bd mxntmjngk kuidgtkvki qukgbm ks pdssmks
jkgtkvki _ 6<4 Y d, bdpmns bd uik jnrurenk, ms pkjndgtds lmspntkanzkbms qud
muvnki iðsnjk rdakxkgtd cnjkvki ikns bdsjmgtrkébms d kprdsdgtkvki gévdns
bd mxntmjngk ikns katms bm qud kqudads qud gêm tnglki muvnbm iðsnjk. _ 6<3 Y
K mxntmjngk ckvmrdjd m jmipmrtkidgtm jmgcnkgtd d rdbuz m idbm d k
kgsndbkbd.
Xrnvkåêm iusnjka
Jmim kjkfkims bd vdr, k iðsnjk tdi iuntms dcdntms pmsntnvms smfrd k skðbd,
m fdi-dstkr, k cmrikåêm bd akåms kcdtnvms d k jmdsêm erupka. K jmgsdquàgjnk
gkturka î qud k ckatk bd iðsnjk tdi dcdntms gdektnvms smfrd k skðbd, m fdi-
dstkr, m végjuam smjnka d k jmdsêm bm erupm.
Di sdu anvrm Bkgjnge ng tld Ztrddts0 K Lnstmry
Ln stmry mc Jmaadjtnvd @my,
@my, Fkrfkrk
Dlrdgrdnjl kcnrik qud k prnvkåêm iusnjka dstë anekbk km kuidgtm bk
ngjnbàgjnk bd bdprdssêm gks smjndbkbds sdjuakrds imbdrgks, mgbd pmujks
pdssmks jkgtki `ugtks. _ 6<5 Y
Di iuntks smjndbkbds trnfkns d bd jkåkbmrds-jmadtmrds, prktnjkidgtd tmbks
ks pdssmks keréjmaks
smjndbkbds sd rdðgdi pkrk jkgtkr
imbdrgks d bkgåkr. Xmrîi,
sd bdsdgvmavdrki, jmi mè jrdsjnidgtm
idbnbk qud bks
ks
jnbkbds d bks lndrkrqunks smjnkns, lmuvd ui jmgcantm dgtrd bkgåks dxtksnkbks
d k prdsdrvkåêm bk mrbdi smjnka. Ks pdssmks di dstkbm bd àxtksd tài idgmr
pdrjdpåêm bm idnm jnrjugbkgtd d bks jmdråôds smjnkns vnedgtds. Daks cnjki
ikns kfdrtks k dstkbms katdrkbms bd jmgsjnàgjnk, qud pmbdi ngjaunr uik
pdrjdpåêm bd jmgdjtnvnbkbd dspnrntuka d uik erkgbd kadernk. Gks smjndbkbds
lndrërqunjks, k prdsdrvkåêm bk bnegnbkbd d kutmrnbkbd bms qud mjupki m
tmpm bk pnræinbd smjnka dgtrk di jmgcantm jmi suk pkrtnjnpkåêm di bkgåks
jmi ms qud alds sêm smjnkaidgtd ngcdrnmrds. Di kaeuiks smjndbkbds, ks
cdstks tài kanvnkbm dssk tdgsêm km pdrintnrdi uik ngvdrsêm bk mrbdi smjnka,
jmim gm cdstnvka bks Zkturgkns gk Vmik Kgtnek, di ;5 bd bdzdifrm, qukgbm
ms sdrvms sd tmrgkvki sdglmrds, d vnjd-vdrsk.

Du idsim vnvn dssk ngvdrsêm bd pkpîns qukgbm

qukgbm imrdn gk gbnk. Dgqukgtm
trkfkaldn gm Ngstntutm Ngtdrgkjnmgka bd Xdsqunsk di Jmaldntks pkrk ms
Rrúpnjms Zdinërnbms (NJVNZKR),
(NJVNZKR), pdrtm bd Lybdrkfkb, imrdn gm kgdxm bd ui
pkaëjnm di pîssnim dstkbm bd jmgsdrvkåêm. M pkaëjnm pdrtdgjnk k ui `mvdi
rk`ë ju`k
M rk`ë ckiéank
d suk ckznkk pkrtd
dspmsk, rkgn, bk gmfrdzk
drki lngbustrkbnjnmgka
bdvmtms d,bmdidstkbm
edrka,bdadvkvki
Lybdrkfkb.
uik
vnbk trkgqunak. Gk vîspdrk bm cdstnvka bd LmanLman,, _ 6<< Y ui pmujm kgtds bm
dqungújnm bk prnikvdrk, dads id jmgvnbkrki pkrk id `ugtkr k dads km rdbmr
bk cmeudnrk qud sdrnk kjdsk gm ëtrnm bm pkaëjnm.
Burkgtd idu prnidnrm kgm gk Égbnk, du gêm tnglk gdgluik nbdnk bm qud
dspdrkr, d cnqudn ikrkvnalkbm jmi m qud kjmgtdjdu. [ukgbm bdn pmr ini,
dstkvk gm idnm bd ui erupm qud ngjauék tmbms ms sdrvnåkns d suks ckiéanks. K
bkgåk km rdbmr bk cmeudnrk drk bdsdgcrdkbk. M `mvdi ikan ikan,, mu `krbngdnrm, ui
rkpkz iuntm kgnikbm, ckznk ks vdzds bd jldcd d ngsuatkvk m rk`ë k padgms
puaiôds,
idnm bnrnengbm-sdedrkns.
bd ekrekalkbks k dad bd
Gkikgdnrk fkstkgtd bdsrdspdntmsk
ikglê sdeungtd, d pdtuakgtd,
k rkgn mcdrdjdu-id ui jmpmgm
bd uik ‑fdfdrkedi lman dspdjnka’, qud ikns tkrbd bdsjmfrn sdr ui flkge,
uik bdjmjåêm bd cmalk sdjk bk ikjmglk. Rmbms difrnkekbms d jmi m
dspérntm tmtkaidgtd cdstnvm, jmrrékims bd ui akbm pkrk m mutrm, dseunjlkgbm
ëeuk jmamrnbk ugs gms mutrms. Vdpdtngbm m qud `ë kcnridn, gêm lkvnk gdgluik
bnstngåêm bd jakssd mu jkstk. Rmbms sd bnvdrtnki. Gm bnk sdeungtd, k vnbk
gmrika rdtmikvk sdu jursm, iks tubm cnjkvk iuntm bncdrdgtd.
Gm Kgtnem Rdstkidgtm, k bkgåk î jdadfrkbk gms skaims d, sdi bðvnbk, drk
gmrika gks cdstks bd jkskidgtm d mutrks jdadfrkåôds, iks lkvnk ui jmgcantm

ngdvntëvda
uik cdstk jmi k lndrkrqunk
gks ruks d k bnegnbkbd.
bd @druskaîi (6 Zkiuda
(6 M ,rdn
3, Bkvn
;2), pkrtnjnpmu quksd Injka
iks suk dspmsk gu bd
bdskprmvmu sdvdrkidgtd sdu jmipmrtkidgtm, bnzdgbm-ald qud dad lkvnk
‑bdsmgrkbm k sn idsim km bdsgubkr-sd kms malms bks sdrvks bd sdus sdrvms,
bdsjmfrngbm-sd sdi pubmr, jmim qukaqudr ui bm pmvm
bdskvdremglkbkidgtd m tdrnk cdntm!’ (6 (6 Zkiuda, 3, 68). D ms prmcdtks ldfrdus
bdskprmvkvki ks bkgåks dxtksnkbks qud ms `ubdus jmipkrtnalkvki jmi ms
mutrms lkfntkgtds bk Xkadstngk. M jmg`ugtm bms prmcdtks jmgbdgkvk suks
bkgåks gms fmsquds skerkbms, bdbnjkbks ès bdusks bms jkgkgdus, qud pmbnki
ckjnaidgtd trkgscmrikr-sd di mrenks. _ 6<> Y
Gk kgtnek Erîjnk, lkvnk ui jmgcantm sdidalkgtd dgtrd ms rntukns dxtëtnjms
kssmjnkbms k Bnmgésnm, m bdus bm vnglm, d ks cmråks bk bnsjnpangk inantkr ‚ ui
jmgcantm jakrkidgtd imstrkbm gk pdåk Ks Fkjkgtds
Fkjkgtds,, bd Durépnbds. M rdn

eudrrdnrm Xdgtdu tdgtmu sdr dgîrenjm jmi ks i àgkbds, bdusks jkipdstrds

qud sdeunki Bnmgésnm. Gm cni, pmrîi, dad gêm jmgsdeunu rdsnstnr? bnsckråmu-
sd jmi rmupks cdingngks d dgtrmu gk bkgåk, sú pkrk dgjmgtrkr uik imrtd
tdrrévda qukgbm cmn bnakjdrkbm idifrm k idifrm pmr suk prúprnk iêd.
Gk Vmik sdNipdrnka
nipmrtkgtds tkifîi
dgtrdekssdi gêm sd prdsuink
pufanjkidgtd qud pdssmks
è pdrinssnvnbkbd bd rnjks
bkgåksd
nimrkns. Kngbk kssni, m juatm bnmgnsékjm k Fkjm (m bdus rmikgm dqunvkadgtd
k Bnmgésnm) tmrgmu-sd jkbk vdz ikns pmpuakr, ktî qud pkssmu k sdr vnstm jmim
uik kidkåk. Cmn burkidgtd rdprninbm di ;<3 k.J., qukgbm jdrjk bd 5 ina
lmidgs d iualdrds cmrki prdsms pmr tdrdi pkrtnjnpkbm bd rntms fëqunjms, d k
iknmrnk cmn dxdjutkbk. _ 6>8 Y Ms kgtnems bdusds d bdusks sú drki kjdssévdns
pmr idnm bd bkgåks d bm àxtksd rntukaidgtd ngbuznbm. Xmr suk vdz, ms bdusds
ikns rdjdgtds bm jîu, jmim ^klwdl d Pdus, ckakvki ktrkvîs bms prmcdtks d
pkbrds.
Jmi kbnmgnsékjm,
kspdjtm jldekbk bdd î@dsus, k sntukåêm
jdadfrkbm jmi iubmu
vnglm gkgmvkidgtd. @dsus tnglk Zdu
Zkerkbk Jmiuglêm. ui
prnidnrm inakerd cmn k trkgscmrikåêm bd quksd sdtdjdgtms antrms bd ëeuk di
vnglm di uik cdstk bd jkskidgtm, bdpmns qud sú rdstkvk iuntm pmujm bk
fdfnbk mrnengka (Dvkgedalm Zdeugbm Zêm @mêm @mêm,, ;0 ;,6). Gks rdugnôds bms
jrnstêms prnintnvms edrkaidgtd lkvnk cdstd`ms, fdfnbks d, tkavdz, bkgåks, _ 6>; Y
d uik tdgsêm dgtrd k kadernk bks jdadfrkåôds d k bdsjmgcnkgåk jmgtrk m
jmipmrtkidgtm bdsmrbdnrm î kaem qud kjmipkglk tmbk k lnstúrnk jrnstê.
Gk Nbkbd Iîbnk, cdstks d jkrgkvkns drki kipakidgtd tmadrkbms pdak Nerd`k
Jktúanjk Vmikgk. Gk Vdcmrik Xrmtdstkgtd, pmrîi, dssks jdadfrkåôds
pmpuakrds cmrki bdgugjnkbks
pdams jkavngnstks. Gm sîjuam pmrSNN, kaeugs bms Vdcmrikbmrds,
ms purntkgms di pkrtnjuakr
ngeadsds tdgtkrki prmnfnr
ikypmads,, _ 6>6 Y qud drki m pmgtm bd
tmtkaidgtd ks bkgåks, d prmnfnrki ms ikypmads
jmgvdreàgjnk bks bkgåks di jnbkbds d vnakrd`ms. Jmgtubm, kssni jmim lmuvd
ekglms, tkifîi lmuvd pdrbks. Kgtds bk Vdcmrik, ks jmgerdekåôds
djadsnëstnjks bdsdipdglkvki ui pkpda bd pmujk nipmrtægjnk gm juatm, iks
bdpmns, smfrdtubm gk Kadikglk autdrkgk, daks cmrki dgjmrk`kbks k jkgtkr. D
m prúprnm Autdrm emstkvk bd bkgåkr.
bkgåkr.
Difmrk k bdprdssêm tkavdz `ë dxnstnssd gm iugbm kgtnem, Dlrdgrdnjl
kssngkak qud, k pkrtnr bm sîjuam \SNN, dak sd tmrgmu uik jkrkjtdréstnjk jkbk
vdz ikns prdbmingkgtd gk juaturk durmpdnk. K idakgjmank dstkvk di
ksjdgsêm, smfrdtubm gms pkésds prmtdstkgtds. Tik gmvk àgcksd gk kutmgmink
bm du trmuxd uik iknmr jmgsjnàgjnk bk anfdrbkbd ngbnvnbuka, iks tkifîi

drk ui cktmr bd nsmakidgtm. Km akbm bk bdskerdekåêm smjnka vnvdgjnkbk pmr

iuntks pdssmks di bdjmrràgjnk bk iubkgåk bd vnakrd`ms pkrk jnbkbds, dssd
gmvm ngbnvnbukansim cmn kjmipkglkbm pmr ui kuidgtm snegncnjktnvm d
jmgtégum bk kgsndbkbd d bk bdprdssêm.
Gm sîjuam durmpdus
inssnmgërnms \N\ d gms prniúrbnms
cnjkvki bm sîjuam
iuntks vdzds \\, jmi
jlmjkbms dxpamrkbmrds
ks bkgåksd
dxtksnkbks bms pmvms gktnvms, smfrdtubm qukgbm dads dgtrkvki di trkgsd, ès
vdzds dspuikgbm pdak fmjk, sdi sdgtnr bmr, tdgbm vnsôds d kjrdbntkgbm-sd
dstkr pmssuébms pmr dspérntms mu bnvngbkbds. Gk ngtrmbuåêm bd ui anvrm smfrd
bkgåks trnfkns pufanjkbm di ;>63, m kutmr, U. B. Lkifay, tdvd qud pdbnr k
sdus adntmrds qud cmssdi jmiprddgsnvms jmi m tdik0
M dstubkgtd bk iðsnjk d bk bkgåk prnintnvks bdvd juatnvkr m lëfntm bk akreudzk bd
dspérntm d bk jmgsnbdrkåêm pkrk jmi ks rkåks ktrkskbks. _...Y K iðsnjk d k bkgåk prktnjkbks
bdsrderkbkidgtd km rdbmr bd cmeudnrks di uik camrdstk trmpnjka `ë prmvmjmu, d gêm
pmujks vdzds, k jdgsurk d k rdpuask bd vnsntkgtds durmpdus, qud sú smufdrki vdr kqunam
qud î ermtdsjm d sdgsuka. _ 6>: Y
Ms mjnbdgtkns dbujkbms tnglki suks prúprnks bkgåks bnsjrdtks d jmidbnbks,
difmrk sdus jmipktrnmtks idgms dbujkbms tkifîi bkgåkssdi
kaujngkbkidgtd gm Jkrgkvka d di mutrks cdstnvnbkbds.
Gm Jkrnfd d gks Kiîrnjks, gm ngéjnm bm sîjuam \N\, k prmbuåêm iusnjka
pmr dsjrkvms bd ksjdgbàgjnk kcrnjkgk gêm drk kpdgks dimjnmgkaidgtd
pdrturfkbmrk pkrk kaeugs prmprndtërnms bd dsjrkvms frkgjms, iks tkifîi
kidkåkbmrk bm pmgtm bd vnstk pmaétnjm. Vdvmatks nrrmipdrki jmi crdquàgjnk
di îpmjks bd cdstks mu jdadfrkåôds, ngjausnvd burkgtd m Gktka, qukgbm ks
bkgåks bkvki kms pmvms mprninbms uik iknmr sdgskåêm bd smanbkrndbkbd,
jmiugnbkbd d jmmpdrkåêm. Dssk pdrspdjtnvk lnstúrnjk î uik bks rkzôds
pdaks qukns k rdvmauåêm bm rmjo„g„rmaa, qud jmidåmu gm cngka bk bîjkbk bd
;>48, tdvd ui dcdntm têm prmcugbm smfrd k smjndbkbd. Lmuvd ui rdtmrgm bm
rdjkajkbm. _ 6>2 Y* M smi prmbuznbm pmr iðsnjms frkgjms k pkrtnr bd Davns
Xrdsady ngspnrkvk-sd gk iðsnjk kcrm-kidrnjkgk, dak prúprnk jmi prmcugbks
rkézds gk iðsnjk gderk rdanenmsk. Krtnstks gderms bks bîjkbks bd ;>48 d
;>38, jmim Vky Jlkrads, Anttad Vnjlkrb d Krdtlk Crkgoang, rdjmgldjnki suk
dvnbdgtd bévnbk pkrk jmi k iðsnjk gderk rdanenmsk, d iuntms bdads jkgtkvki
tkgtm jkgåôds rdanenmsks jmim sdjuakrds.
K rdvmauåêm bm rmjo„g„rmaa trkgsintnu kaem bd uik pdrjdpåêm kcrm-
kidrnjkgk bm rntim k pmvms bd bdsjdgbàgjnk durmpdnk. D, k pkrtnr bk bîjkbk
bd ;>38, erkåks k cdstnvkns iusnjkns jmim m Eakstmgfury Cdstnvka gk

Ngeaktdrrk, lmuvd ui rdtmrgm bd kaeuik jmnsk bk kgtnek ngtunåêm

jkrgkvkadsjk. Jmgtubm, k bdspdntm bm cktm bd dssds kjmgtdjnidgtms sdrdi
sdjuakrds, d gêm rdanenmsms, lë uik erkgbd bncdrdgåk bks cmriks bd
jdadfrkåêm ikns kgtneks. Ks pdssmks bkgåki di cdstnvkns, jaufds d cdstks,
iks k iknmrnk
rétinjm gêmngbuz
î m qud ks jkgtk gdi prmbuz,
k bkgåkr. Daks sêmdakjmgsuinbmrks,
idsik, k iðsnjk ju`m pkbrêm
d gêm jrnkbmrks. Zd
m cktm bd muvnr iðsnjk smznglm cmssd sucnjndgtd pkrk kjkfkr jmi k bdprdssêm,
gêm lkvdrnk m nidgsm jmgtngedgtd bd pdssmks bdprninbks gks ðatniks
bîjkbks, uik vdz qud k iðsnjk sd tmrgmu mgnprdsdgtd erkåks km rëbnm, ès
erkvkåôds, è iðsnjk kifndgtd, ès trnalks smgmrks, kms adntmrds bd JBs d
BSBs pmrtëtdns d è ngtdrgdt. Xmrîi, ms égbnjds bd bdprdssêm kuidgtkrki, di
vdz bd rderdbnr. _ 6>4 Y
Ms qud crdqudgtki nerd`ks kngbk jkgtki `ugtms, kssni jmim m ckzdi ms
idifrms bms jmrms. Jmgtubm, k iknmrnk bk pmpuakåêm durmpdnk d,
ktukaidgtd,
gdi di jmrms.tkifîi erkgbd
Nssm tkavdz pkrtdk dxpanjkr
k`ubd bk gmrtd-kidrnjkgk, gêmbms
k pmpuakrnbkbd jkgtk di nerd`ks
okrkmoàs, qud
mcdrdjdi k tkgtks pdssmks k pmssnfnanbkbd bd vmatkr k jkgtkr. Î prmvëvda qud
qukaqudr tnpm bd jkgtm sd`k idalmr bm qud jkgtm gdglui. Kngbk kssni,
jkgtkr jmi ui prmpúsntm dspnrntuka tkavdz sd`k ikns dcnjkz bm qud jkgtkr jmi
mf`dtnvms qud, pmr gkbk tdrdi k vdr jmi k rdanenmsnbkbd, sêm prúprnms bm
iugbm ‚ di mutrks pkakvrks, sêm têm smidgtd tdipmrkns d iugbkgms ‚, pmns
m jkgtm dspnrntukanzkbm pmbd advkr k ui sdgtnbm bd jmgdxêm gêm kpdgks jmi
mutrks pdssmks, iks tkifîi jmi k jmgsjnàgjnk ikns-bm-qud-luikgk,
dxtrkpmakgbm k dscdrk bm luikgm pkrk kajkgåkr ms bmiégnms bm bnvngm. Dssk
cmn, pdam idgms, k dxpdrnàgjnk bk jkgtmrk gderk bd emspda, Iklkank @kjosmg,
qud kcnrimu0 ‑Du jkgtm k iðsnjk bd Bdus pmrqud dak ckz jmi qud du id
sngtk anvrd d id bë dspdrkgåk. Gm jksm bm fauds fauds,, qukgbm k jkgåêm tdringk
fauds’. _ 6>3 Y _ 6>5 Y
vmjà kngbk sdgtd tld fauds’.
Bdusks, bdusds d dspérntms
dspérntms iusnjkns
Bdusks, bdusds, kg`ms, dspérntms d Bdus kiki k iðsnjk. Zdus bdvmtms
jkgtki pkrk dads, dgtmki-alds jægtnjms, ngvmjki-gms ktrkvîs bk iðsnjk,
amuvki-gms pmr idnm bd Zkaims d lngms, d ms prúprnms kg`ms sêm sdrds
iusnjkns, jmim di ui ckimsm jægtnjm bd Gktka0 ‑Jkgtdi, jmrms bms kg`ms,
jkgtdi di dxuatkåêm!’.
Ms kgtnems erdems kjlkvki qud ks bdusks d ks iusks ngspnrkvki ks krtds.
Gk intmamenk erdek, dssd î m imtnvm pdam quka k iðsnjk î jlkikbk bd

iðsnjk. Mrcdu, m adgbërnm iðsnjm d krquîtnpm bms jkgtmrds ngspnrkbms, drk

cnalm bd uik iusk. Bk idsik ikgdnrk gk Égbnk, kjrdbntk-sd qud k iðsnjk
sd`k ngspnrkbk pmr uik bdusk, Zkrkswktn, qud jmstuik sdr rdprdsdgtkbk
tmjkgbm uik vngk
vngk,, ui ngstruidgtm bd jmrbk. Gm Zua bk Égbnk, ms jmgjdrtms
bd @ubdus,
iðsnjk ngbnkgk
jrnstêms jaëssnjk edrkaidgtd
d iuåuaikgms jmidåki
kjrdbntki, pdakqud
tmbms, ngvmjkåêm bdssk
Bdus kik bdusk.
k iðsnjk.
Rmbks ks tràs trkbnåôds rdjmgldjdi ms Zkaims jmim jkgåôds skerkbks d, gm
Kajmrêm (Zurk _ 6>< Y 20;3:), Bdus î nbdgtncnjkbm jmim suk cmgtd0 ‑_...Y d k
Bkvn bdims ms skaims’. Iuntms bms Zkaims bnzdi rdspdntm è jrnkåêm
iusnjka, di kaeugs jksms pmr luikgms, iks tkifîi pmr gêm luikgms,
jmim gm Zkaim ><, 4->)0 ‑Jdadfrkn jmi `ðfnam km Zdglmr, tmbms ms jmgcngs
bk tdrrk? rdemzn`kn-vms d jkgtkn amuvmrds. Jkgtkn jmi lkrpk amuvmrds km
Zdglmr, jmi lkrpk d vmz bd jkgtm? jmi k tufk d km smi bd fuzngks, dxuatkn
pdrkgtd m Zdglmr, qud î rdn. Vu`k m ikr d suk padgntubd, m iugbm d ms qud
gdad lkfntki.
prdsdgåk Ms rnms pmrqud
bm Zdglmr, fktki pkaiks,
dad vdid `ugtms
`uaekr jkgtdi
k tdrrk? bd `ðfnammmsiugbm
`uaekrë imgtds,jmi
gk
`ustnåk d ms pmvms, jmi dqunbkbd’.
Gkbk idgms qud tràs bms Zkaims (>3, >< d ;2>) jmidåki jmi ks pkakvrks
‑Jkgtkn km Zdglmr ui jægtnjm gmvm’. K trkbnåêm iusnjka bks nerd`ks bm
Mjnbdgtd, tkgtm jktúanjks-rmikgks qukgtm prmtdstkgtd, bdsbd m sîjuam \SN
ktî gmssms bnks tdi prmbuznbm uik niprdssnmgkgtd vkrndbkbd bd gmvks
jkgåôds, kaeuiks bdaks bd erkgbd fdadzk. D Bdus gêm kprdjnk smidgtd gmvks
jkgåôds, iks tkifîi, di mutrks trkbnåôds rdanenmsks, kgtneks jkgåôds,
jægtnjms trkbnjnmgkns d cmriks iusnjkns rdjntktnvks d imgúbnjks, edrkaidgtd

jmi
Xmrkusàgjnk
qud ms bd rntim.
sdrds dspnrntukns emstki bd iðsnjk= Ms luikgnstks ktdus d
sdjuakrds tài uik rdspmstk prmgtk. Zdrds dspnrntukns gêm pmbdi emstkr bd
iðsnjk pmrqud snipadsidgtd gêm dxnstdi. Ms sdrds luikgms emstki bd
iðsnjk d, pmr dssd imtnvm, prm`dtki dssk ktnvnbkbd luikgk di bdusds,
bdusks d kg`ms nikengërnms. Gk iðsnjk skjrk d gm jkgtmjlêm, ms luikgms
gêm dstêm sd jmgdjtkgbm jmi cmriks supdrnmrds bd jmgsjnàgjnk, iks kpdgks
jmi mjmrràgjnks dadtrmquéinjks di sdus jîrdfrms.
Xmr mutrm akbm, k iknmr pkrtd bks trkbnåôds rdanenmsks ‚ qukgbm gêm tmbks ‚
kbintd, sdi qudstnmgkr, qud k rdkanbkbd ðatnik bm Tgnvdrsm î vnfrktúrnk mu
sògnjk d, km idsim tdipm, jmgsjndgtd. Di vërnks gkrrktnvks lngbus, m
Tgnvdrsm cmn cmrikbm pmr smgs prnikns, kjnik bd tubm pdam ikgtrk Mi
Mi.. Gk
trkbnåêm `ubknjm-jrnstê, Bdus jrnk pdak ckak. K Xkakvrk bd Bdus, mu amems,

pdssmk bk Zkgtéssnik Rrngbkbd

pkrk uskr ui tdrim erdem, î k sdeugbk pdssmk Rrngbkbd Jrnstê.
Bdus, m Xkn, î m Jrnkbmr bk Xkakvrk. M Dspérntm Zkgtm î m smprm vntka qud
pmssnfnantk k dinssêm vmjka bk pkakvrk.
Gm ‑Intm bd Dr’ bd Xaktêm, qud sd dgjmgtrk gm cni bd K Vdpðfanjk
Vdpðfanjk,, dad
bdsjrdvd
jmgbuzdikms`mrgkbk bk jmi
pakgdtks, kaikjkbk
ktrkvîs
gévdabms jérjuamsdintngbm
pakgdtërnm enrktúrnms
sukbms jîus,gmtk,
prúprnk qud
jrnkgbm uik lkrimgnk júsinjk. _ 6>> Y M pmdtk rmikgm Ikrjm Rðanm Jéjdrm
(;83-2: k.J.) tkifîi dsjrdvdu ui anvrm jlkikbm Bk Vdpðfanjk
Vdpðfanjk,, di pkrtd
ngspnrkbm di Xaktêm, qud tkifîi ngjauék uik `mrgkbk jdadstd jlkikbk ‑M
Zmglm bd Jnpnêm’, di qud m kvò `ë ckadjnbm bd Jnpnêm drk qudi m eunkvk.
Dad vnsntmu m auekr mgbd kaiks qud `ë pkrtnki vnvdi gk Snk Aëjtdk,
pdrintngbm-ald tdr uik vnsêm bks dscdrks pakgdtërnks jmim sd ks vnssd bd ui
pmgtm dxtdrnmr, dxktkidgtd jmim m ckrnk ui kstrmgkutk bmtkbm bd erkgbd
pmbdr? pkrk dad, k Rdrrk mjupkvk uik pmsnåêm jdgtrka gm Tgnvdrsm,
jnrjugbkbk
‑jakimrmsm pdak Auk d smi’
d kerkbëvda pdaks jkuskbm
dscdrks bms
pdam murms pakgdtks,
imvnidgtm d dad muvnk
bks prúprnks ui
dscdrks.
Zdu kvò dxpanjkvk qud ‑Ms lmidgs bd erkgbd skfdr, nintkgbm dssk lkrimgnk
jmi sdus ngstruidgtms bd jmrbks d sdu jkgtm, lkvnki mftnbm uik vmatk k
dssk rdenêm, jmim kjmgtdjdrk jmi kqudads bmtkbms bd lkfnanbkbds
dxjdpjnmgkns qud lkvnki dstubkbm ks qudstôds bd gkturdzk bnvngk, ngjausnvd
gk vnbk tdrrdgk. Ms muvnbms bms imrtkns dstêm rdpadtms bdssd smi, iks dads
sêm ngjkpkzds bd muvn-am’. _ :88 Y
Zdi bðvnbk, lm`d tdims uik jmsimamenk iuntm bncdrdgtd, d k Rdrrk bdnxmu
bd dstkr di sdu jdgtrm. Ms dstubms bd @mlkggds Odpadr (;45;-;3:8) smfrd ms
imvnidgtms
qud m ckzdi bms
gêm pakgdtks imstrkrki
di jérjuams, iks diqud dads sdDi
danpsds. imvdi
;3;>,km
dadrdbmr bm Zma,
cdz ui rdaktmd
bks jkgåôds bms pakgdtks qud bdsjrdvnki suk vdrbkbdnrk iðsnjk jmim
pmancògnjk, d gêm jmim uik dsjkak dstëtnjk bd gmtks, jmim gks vnsôds
kgtdrnmrds bk lkrimgnk bks dscdrks. È idbnbk qud ms pakgdtks sd imvnki di
suks úrfntks daéptnjks, dads kjdadrkvki d bdskjdadrkvki, jrnkgbm ui
dgtrdakåkidgtm bd tmgs. Zuedstnvkidgtd, Odpadr pufanjmu suks bdsjmfdrtks
di ui anvrm jlkikbm Lkrimgnjds Iugbn (K Lkrimgnk bm Iugbm).
Iugbm).
Kngbk sd vdrncnjk, sdi bðvnbk, qud ms pakgdtks tài úrfntks daéptnjks bd
bdtdringkbms pdrémbms mu crdquàgjnks, d qud m Zma tkifîi tdi ui

imvnidgtm mrfntka gm ngtdrnmr bk ekaëxnk, jmim m ckzdi ks mutrks dstrdaks.

imvnidgtm
Dssks mrfntka sêm
crdquàgjnks gm ngtdrnmr bk ekaëxnk,
bdiksnkbm jmim
adgtks pkrk m ckzdi
sdrdi ks mutrks
rdenstrkbks dstrdaks.
jmim tmgs
pdam muvnbm luikgm, iks, sd lmuvdssd uik idgtd ekaëjtnjk, dak pmbdrnk

muvnr pdrcdntkidgtd fdi ms rntims rdpdtntnvms bd tmbms dssds imvnidgtms

jdadstds jmim tmgs mu qukanbkbds, jmim uik dspîjnd bd iðsnjk pakgdtërnk,
dstdakr d ekaëjtnjk.
Gm sdeugbm pakgm bd tmbks dssks tdmrnks iusnjkns bm jmsims dstkvki ms
dgsngkidgtms sdingkns qud
pntkeúrnjms kjrdbntkvki bk gðidrms,
dsjmak bdjmrrdakåôds
Xntëemrks,d prmpmråôds
gk kgtnek suf`kznki
Erîjnk. Msè
tmtkanbkbd bm jmsims. Dads tkifîi imstrkrki qud k iðsnjk akgåkvk uik
pmgtd dgtrd qukgtnbkbd d qukanbkbd, dgtrd iktdiëtnjk ‚ kspdjtms
idgsurëvdns bk iðsnjk ‚ d dxpdrnàgjnk suf`dtnvk. Ms ngtdrvkams iusnjkns
pmbnki sdr, km idsim tdipm, muvnbms bd imbm jmgsjndgtd d dxprdssms di
tdrims iktdiëtnjms. Xmr dxdipam, sd uik cakutk cmr buks vdzds ikns amgek
qud mutrk, k gmtk qud dak cnzdr smkr sdrë uik mntkvk ikns fknxk. Zd dak tnvdr
idtkbd bm tkikglm, k gmtk sdrë uik mntkvk ikns katk. M idsim sd pmbd
bnzdr bk dxtdgsêm bks jmrbks gdssd tnpm bd ngstruidgtm (bdsbd qud k
dspdssurk d k tdgsêm
kpanjki k gmssks sd ikgtdglki
prdeks vmjkns, qud jmgstkgtds). Dssdsk jmrbks.
sêm sdidalkgtds prngjépnms
_ :8;tkifîi
Y sd
K jnàgjnk jmgtdipmrægdk sdeud ms idsims prngjépnms, iks gms cmrgdjd
ikns bdtkalds smfrd k rdakåêm bd qukgtnbkbd d qukanbkbd. Zd vmjà dxdjutkr
uik fktnbk/rntim uik vdz pmr sdeugbm, muvnrdims uik sîrnd bd fktnbks qud
pmbdims jmgtkr
jmgtkr.. Xmrîi, qukgbm ks fktnbks sd tmrgkrdi jkbk vdz ikns
rëpnbks, jdrjk bd vngtd fktnbks pmr sdeugbm (68 Ldrtz mu Lz, pkrk kfrdvnkr),
gêm jmgsdeunrdims ikns jmgtë-aks? di vdz bnssm, pmrîi, muvnrdims gmtks
erkvds ‚ ikns qukanbkbds bm qud qukgtnbkbds. [ukgbm k crdquàgjnk kuidgtk,
ks gmtks cnjki jkbk vdz ikns keubks. Di uik dsjkak bd kprmxnikbkidgtd
68
daksk 68.888
tkifîiLz, sêmmuvnims vnfrkåôds
idgsurëvdns jmim tmgs, jmim
qukgtntktnvkidgtd qukanbkbds.
jmim Jmgtubm,
crdquàgjnks. Gm
snstdik bd sngtmgnzkåêm jmgvdgjnmgka, k gmtk Aë kjnik bd Bú iîbnm î
bdcngnbk jmi uik crdquàgjnk bd 228 Lz. K gmtk Aë uik mntkvk kfknxm tdi
uik crdquàgjnk bd 668 Lz? Aë uik mntkvk kjnik, <<8 Lz.
K idjægnjk quægtnjk kipanmu dssds prngjépnms pntkeúrnjms ès pkrtéjuaks
cugbkidgtkns bk iktîrnk, qud gêm sêm bd gkturdzk súanbk, iks sni bd pkbrôds
vnfrktúrnms, jmim î k auz. Ëtmims, imaîjuaks d jrnstkns sêm, tmbms, dstruturks
vnfrktúrnks. Bd cktm, tubm gk gkturdzk î rétinjm d vnfrktúrnm, ngjausnvd gmssk
prúprnk cnsnmamenk,
c nsnmamenk, jmi gmssks mgbks jdrdfrkns, gmssms fktnidgtms jkrbékjms,
pkbrôds bd rdspnrkåêm, jnjams bnërnms bd vneéank d smgm, jnjams idgstrukns bks
iualdrds d jnjams kgukns pkrk tmbms gús.

Xkrk ms pkipsnqunstks, î fdi prmvëvda qud lk`k iuntks cmriks bd idgtd

mu jmgsjnàgjnk gk gkturdzk, jkbk uik bks qukns vnvdgjnk qukanbkbds d
sdgtnidgtms di sdu prúprnm gévda. D sd pkbrôds bd mgbks di iuntms gévdns
bnstngtms kbqunrdi jmgsjnàgjnk, bdsbd m iégnim pmssévda, gks pkrtéjuaks
sufktòinjks, ktî m iëxnim
vdrbkbd, gk tmtkanbkbd pmssévda,D gms
bm jmsims= sd kkeamidrkbms bd ekaëxnks
qukanbkbd, jmim m smi,d, pmr
gk
dxdipam, d k qukgtnbkbd, jmim ks crdquàgjnks d ks kipantubds, jkinglkrdi
`ugtks di tmbms ms gévdns bd jmipadxnbkbd idgtka ‚ d gêm kpdgks gk idgtd
bms kgnikns= D sd tmbk k gkturdzk pubdr sdr vnvdgjnkbk di cmrik bd iðsnjk=
M sucn d iðsnjm ngbnkgm Lkzrkt Ngkykt Olkg (;<<6-;>65) dxprdssmu dssk
pmssnfnanbkbd bk sdeungtd ikgdnrk0
Bm imbm jmim k jmgldjdims di gmssk angeukedi bm bnk k bnk, k iðsnjk gkbk ikns î
qud uik ingnkturk0 kqudak qud gmssk ngtdaneàgjnk kprddgbdu bkqudak iðsnjk mu lkrimgnk
bm tmbm bm Tgnvdrsm qud gms jdrjk. K lkrimgnk bm Tgnvdrsm î m pakgm bd cugbm bk
pdqudgk nikedi qud jlkikims bd iðsnjk
iðsnjk.. Gmssk pdrjdpåêm bk iðsnjk d gmssk ktrkåêm
pmr dak imstrki
pmr bdtrës qud k iðsnjk
bm cugjnmgkidgtm bkdstë gms rdjdssms
tmtkanbkbd prmcugbms
bm Tgnvdrsm. bd gmssm
K iðsnjk gêm sdr. K iðsnjk
î kpdgks dstë
k erkgbd
cngkanbkbd bk vnbk, iks k vnbk di sn idsik. _ :86 Y

Kaeui kspdjtm bm idsim ngsnelt suf`kz è prnidnrk pkrtd bd M Znaikrnaanmg,

Znaikrnaanmg,
bd @. V. V. Rmaondg, m kutmr bd M Zdglmr bms Kgîns,
Kgîns, qud rdaktk m intm bk
jrnkåêm bm Tgnvdrsm DӚ, qud jmgtîi k Rdrrk-Iîbnk. K lnstúrnk jmidåk jmi
k jrnkåêm bd sdrds sdidalkgtds k kg`ms0
Lkvnk Dru, m Tgm, qud di Krbk î jlkikbm bd Naðvktkr. Dad jrnmu prnidnrm ms Kngur, ms
Zkjrms, edrkbms pmr sdu pdgskidgtm d dstkvki jmi dad kgtds bk jrnkåêm bd tubm m ikns.
D ckamu jmi dads, prmpmgbm-alds tdiks iusnjkns? d jkgtkrki di suk prdsdgåk, d dad sd
kadermu. Xmr iuntm tdipm, pmrîi, dads jkgtkrki jkbk ui pmr sn idsim, mu kpdgks kaeugs
jkgtkrki `ugtms,
kqudak pkrtd dgqukgtm
bk idgtd ms mutrms
bd Naðvktkr dsjutkvki?
bk quka pmns jkbk
lkvnk prmjdbnbm ui dgtdgbnidgtm
d, gm jmiprddgbnk bd
kpdgks
sdus
nriêms, dvmauéki adgtkidgtd. Jmgtubm, bd tkgtm dsjutkr, kbqunrnrki uik jmiprddgsêm
ikns prmcugbk, tmrgkgbm-sd ikns ugéssmgms d lkrimgnmsms. _ :8: Y

M nikengërnm pmîtnjm bd Rmaondg pmr idnm bk iðsnjk gms k`ubk k kprmcugbkr

gmssk nikengkåêm. K iðsnjk júsinjk dstë iuntm kaîi bd gmssk ekik gmrika
bd dxpdrnàgjnks, iks ms intms bd jrnkåêm d ms jmgtkbmrds bd lnstúrnks d
pmdtks gms k`ubki k tdr ui vnsauifrd bd kaem jmim ui iugbm jmgsjndgtd,
iuntm kaîi bd gmssk idgtd anintkbk, difmrk gmssk anekåêm jmi dad sd bà pmr
idnm bk dxpdrnàgjnk jmipkrtnalkbk bk iðsnjk.
 Xkrk ms qud
kprdjnkåêm bkkjrdbntki qud k jmgsjnàgjnk
iðsnjk bdvd sdr anekbk sú
k dxnstd gm ngtdrnmr
dssd úreêm? tubmbm mjîrdfrm,
ikns kî
ngjmgsjndgtd? k erkgbd iknmrnk bm iugbm gêm luikgm î surbk k gmssms

jægtnjms d jkgåôds, mu sd`k, è iðsnjk jmim ui tmbm. Xmr mutrm akbm, sd tmbm
m jmsims cmr jmgsjndgtd d jmgtnvdr iuntms gévdns bd jmgsjnàgjnk di sdu
ngtdrnmr, nssm snegncnjkrë qud k iðsnjk pmbd gms anekr k idgtds iusnjkns bd
iuntm iknmr kipantubd bm qud k gmssk d, di ðatnik kgëansd, è mrnedi bk
prúprnk vnbk.
Buks prëtnjks iusnjkns
JKGRKV
Kbqunrk k prëtnjk bd jkgtkr jmi mutrks pdssmks. K ikgdnrk ikns cëjna bd
ckzdr nssm î ugnr-sd k ui jmrm mu jmrka _ :82 Y jmiugntërnm mu k ui jmrka bd
nerd`k, mu snipadsidgtd crdqudgtkr uik nerd`k kms bmingems. Gk iknmrnk
bdaks, vmjà pmbdrë jkgtkr lngms d skaims di ui sdrvnåm iktngka mu gmturgm.
Î m qud du ckåm, dstd`k mgbd dstnvdr. Î iuntm ikns snipads bm qud tdgtkr
rdugnr ui erupm bd kinems pkrk jkgtkr. Zd vmjà cnjk pmujm è vmgtkbd di ui
sdrvnåm jrnstêm, tdgtd k Kssdifadnk bd Bmingem _ :84 Y mu kaeui mutrm erupm
sdjuakr qud sd rdðgd d jkgtk rdeuakridgtd. Zd vmjà î `ubdu, vë k uik
sngkemek di qud m jkgtm mcdrdjd k mpmrtugnbkbd bd pkrtnjnpkåêm ngbnvnbuka.
Zd vmjà î lngbu, vë k ui flk`kg _ :83 Y mu k mutrm erupm mgbd ks pdssmks
jkgtki `ugtks.
DGRMKV JÆGRNJMZ
Xdbn è inglk dspmsk @naa ui rdsuim bd prëtnjks snipads, qud tmbms gús
pmbdims tdgtkr.
tdgtkr. Dns kqun suks suedstôds0
Di suk iknmr pkrtd, ks prëtnjks dspnrntukns sêm jkinglms qud gms pdrintdi dstkr gm
imidgtm
smi prdsdgtd,di
gm imidgtm dstkr
qudkqun d kemrk. Zújrnkrdims
m prmbuznims, pmbdims uijkgtkr gm prdsdgtd,
jnrjuntm d, sdNssm
bd ktdgåêm. muvnrims
pdrintdm
qud gms ngtderdims k burkåêm sdqudgjnkbk bm kqun, mgbd k kadernk bdvd sdr dgjmgtrkbk.
[ukgbm ks pdssmks bnzdi qud dstêm bdsdgjkgtkbks, tmim dssks pkakvrks di sdgtnbm
antdrka d bnem-alds qud m rdiîbnm pkrk m bdsdgjkgtm dstë di jkgtkr. Dgjkgtkr-sd snegncnjk
tmrgkr d sdr tmrgkbm iëenjm pmr idnm bm smi.
Rmbks ks trkbnåôds tài smgs skerkbms qud sêm rdpdtnbms jmim idbnkåôds pkrk gms
rdsektkr bd gmssm dxéanm bks nausôds bm pksskbm d cuturm, bd gmssm ngcngntm jérjuam bd
kcanåôds d kgsndbkbds, d trkzdr-gms bd vmatk km kemrk. Gm Mrndgtd, dssds smgs skerkbms sêm
ngjmgtëvdns ikgtrks, m ikns jmgldjnbm tkavdz sd`k Mi Mi,, dgqukgtm gm Mjnbdgtd ‚ gm
`ubkésim, jrnstnkgnsim d nsakinsim ‚ m ikgtrk dgtmkbm d ckakbm pmr iuntms cmn, d
jmgtnguk sdgbm, Kiîi
Kiîi?? gk vdrbkbd, kaeugs dspdjuaki qud kifms pmsski tdr uik mrnedi
jmiui.
Zuenrm qud vmjà dxdrjntd k sdeungtd prëtnjk.
Cdjld ms malms d jmgjdgtrd-sd di suk rdspnrkåêm? bdnxd qud jkbk ngspnrkåêm trkek auz
pkrk sdu jmrpm d, k jkbk dxpnrkåêm, anfdrd ks tdgsôds d rdakxd. K jkbk dxpnrkåêm, bdnxd
jkbk prmfadik dsvknr-sd? k jkbk ngspnrkåêm, sngtk m qud ald vkn pmr bdgtrm ktî qud tubm di

vmjà sd`k padgk auz. Dgtêm jmgtngud, iks kemrk ngtrmbuzk m smi, jmidjd k jkgtkrmakr d
bdnxd qud m smi sd`k jmim ui rknm bd auz, dxpamrkgbm ms ikns prmcugbms rdjdssms bd sdu
sdr. M ikns nipmrtkgtd î qud vmjà muåk, ikgtdgbm m cmjm gm smi qud dstë prmbuzngbm,
bd imbm qud gkbk nipdåk suk kubnåêm. È idbnbk qud jmgtngukr, jmidjd k iubkr k
cmrik bd suk fmjk, dxpamrkgbm bncdrdgtds smgs vmjëanjms, ckzdgbm imvnidgtms enrktúrnms
jmi k aégeuk ktî qud m smi qud dstnvdr muvngbm jmidjd k imbuakr-sd d trkgscmrikr-sd.
Dsjmalk qukaqudr ikgtrk pdam quka vmjà sd sngtk ktrkébm d sdgtd-sd jkaikidgtd
dgqukgtm m dgtmk. Tik suedstêm î dgtmkr m ikgtrk Kl Kl,, m ikgtrk tnfdtkgm bm dspkåm
prnimrbnka d, km idsim tdipm, muvnr k sn idsim, m qud ald pdrintnrë ngtderkr-sd
ngtderk r-sd km smi
qud dstë prmbuzngbm. Kms pmujms, bdnxd qud m smi sd tmrgd ikns trkgqunam ktî qud vmjà
dstd`k prdsdgtd, muvngbm k kusàgjnk bd smi. K bëbnvk bm smi î m snaàgjnm.
 Xdrderngkåôds d 5Auekrds Zkerkbms
]
Inalkrds bd dspîjnds kgnikns sêm inerktúrnks. Edrkaidgtd, daks tài buks
imrkbnks, vnk`kgbm bd uik pkrk mutrk burkgtd ui jnjam kguka. Ks kgbmrnglks
jldeki è Ngeaktdrrk gk prnikvdrk, di edrka rdtmrgkgbm dxktkidgtd km
idsim auekr di qud gnbncnjkrki gm kgm kgtdrnmr. Gm mutmgm, daks vmki pkrk
k Ëcrnjk bm Zua. Ckzdi k vnkedi ngvdrsk gk prnikvdrk sdeungtd. Zuks
imrkbnks sêm jmimuik
kgbmrnglk-bm-ikr, bmns pdqudgk
pmams dgtrd
kvdmsikrnglk,
qukns daks sd imvdi.
imvd-sd Gm Ërtnjm,
antdrkaidgtd dgtrdk
bmns pmams di suk inerkåêm kguka bm Ërtnjm, mgbd prmjrnk, km Kgtërtnjm, bd
mgbd vmatk gmvkidgtd pkrk m Ërtnjm.
Dssks inerkåôds sêm prmpmsntkns. Ms kgnikns inerki pkrk auekrds qud alds
mcdrdjdi jmgbnåôds nbdkns pkrk prmjrnkåêm, d bdpmns inerki pkrk auekrds
mgbd pmsski dgjmgtrkr kanidgtm d jkamr, dgqukgtm kngbk î ngvdrgm di sdus
amjkns bd prmjrnkåêm.
Jmgtubm, kaeugs kgnikns ckzdi `mrgkbks inerktúrnks sdi qukaqudr
prmpúsntm fnmaúenjm úfvnm. M pdnxd-rdn bm rnm Itdgtu, gk Ëcrnjk Mjnbdgtka,
ckz `mrgkbks
lmrërnm burkgtd kgukns
uik èsdikgk,
gksjdgtdkgtds
bm rnm, mgbd
bd sdu gkbk Dads
rdtmrgm. di jérjuams di sdgtnbm
gdi prmjrnki gdi
jkåki di sdu bdstngm, d suk inerkåêm kguka tdi snbm jmipkrkbk k uik
pdrderngkåêm. _ :85 Y Kaeugs erupms bd jlnipkgzîs advki pdbrks pkrk m tmpm
bd jdrtks ërvmrds di sdus tdrrntúrnms, mgbd `meki tmbks pkrk m jlêm. M
rdsuatkbm î ui imgtd bd pdbrks km pî bk ërvmrd, bd imbm fdi pkrdjnbm kms
imgtds bd pdbrks qud ms lmidgs drnedi jmim imguidgtms cugdrërnms mu
ikrjms. _ :8< Y
Burkgtd k iknmr pkrtd bk lnstúrnk luikgk, k erkgbd iknmrnk bk
luikgnbkbd cmn inerktúrnk. Gmssms kgjdstrkns drki jkåkbmrds-jmadtmrds.
Jkåkr
pakgtksdjmidstévdns?
jmadtkr snegncnjkvk imvnidgtkr
lkvnk jnjams sd pkrk
ngtdgjnmgkns dgjmgtrkr
vnidgtm jkrgd
bd imvnidgtm
im gdssksbd`mrgkbks.
jkåk d

Ms pmvms trkbnjnmgkns sdeudi jkinglms inerktúrnms, jmim ms pkstmrds bks

rdgks bk Znfîrnk kngbk m ckzdi di gmssms bnks. _ :8> Y Ms kfmréedgds
Angds, _ :;8 Y jkgtkgbm k
kustrkankgms vnk`krki pmr dssds jkinglms, mu Zmge Angds,
lnstúrnk bms auekrds è idbnbk qud vnk`kvki, jmi ks jkgåôds ngbnjkgbm ms
pmgtms bd ëeuk d ms ikrjms bnvnsúrnms.
Gk Kiîrnjk bm Gmrtd, ks smjndbkbds jmadtmrks-jkåkbmrks tkifîi ckznki
anglks bdanintkbmrks pkrk imstrkr, di sdus tdrrntúrnms, mgbd cnjkvki ks
cmgtds bd rdjursms gkturkns, d tkifîi pkrk imstrkr ms auekrds kprdsdgtkbms
gks jkgåôds d gkrrktnvks. Zdus rntukns anekvki-sd k auekrds skerkbms
dspdjécnjms. M pmvm pknutd-slmslmgd bk Jkancúrgnk kjrdbntkvk qud
bdtdringkbk cmgtd bd ëeuk qudgtd ngbnjkvk m auekr bd suk jrnkåêm, d qud drk
ui amjka bd jurk. M pmvm kidrégbnm jluikjl k`ubkvk ms imrtms di suk
`mrgkbk, dgtdrrkgbm cdnxds bd idbnjkidgtms gm tmpm bm imgtd bd Zkgtk
Aujnk. Tik bks adgbks snmux jmgtkvk jmim uik iualdr sd rdjusmu k
advkgtkr
dspmsk bdkjkipkidgtm
sdu ikrnbm. dDak
sdeunr k trnalk
dgtêm cnjmuinerktúrnk
pkrk trës bk t rnfm
trnfm
d sd pmr jnðiddi
trkgscmrimu bk gmvk
uik
rmjlk cnxkbk vdrtnjkaidgtd gm smam, gui auekr lm`d jmgldjnbm jmim
Ztkgbnge Vmjo. _ :;; Y
Bk inerkåêm è pdrderngkåêm
pdrderngkåêm imbdrgk
imbdrgk
Lë jdrjk bd bmzd ina kgms, tdvd ngéjnm k Vdvmauåêm Gdmaétnjk. Ks pdssmks
jmidåkrki k sdidkr tdrrks prúprnks pkrk m pakgtnm. Bdsbd dgtêm, uik
jrdsjdgtd prmpmråêm bk luikgnbkbd pkssmu k advkr vnbks dstëvdns di
vnakrd`ms, bdpmns di pdqudgks d/mu erkgbds jnbkbds. Xkrk tmbks dssks
pdssmks, jnbkbds,
erkgbds d ktukaidgtd pkrk tmbms
dssd imbdam gús, qudbdvnvdims
nidimrnka di vnakrd`ms,
imvnidgtm jmgtégum pdqudgks
jldemu kmd
cni.
[ukgbm k kernjuaturk d k vnbk dstëvda jmidåkrki, ms pkstmrds bd mvdalks,
ekbm, nkquds d jkidams jmgtngukrki k advkr uik dxnstàgjnk inerktúrnk,
bdsamjkgbm sdus rdfkglms d ikgkbks di fusjk bd ëeuk crdsjk d jkipms
vdrbd`kgtds. Gm vdrêm, nki pkrk tdrrks ikns katks d, gm ngvdrgm, prmjurkvki
ks ikns fknxks. Zdeugbm m rdaktm féfanjm,
féfan jm, qukgbm Kbêm d Dvk cmrki dxpuasms
bm @krbni bm Îbdg, ui bd sdus cnalms, Jkni, tmrgmu-sd kernjuatmr, d m mutrm,
Kfda, tmrgmu-sd pkstmr. Jmim Kfda, ms pktrnkrjks bm Kgtnem Rdstkidgtm ‚
Kfrkêm, Nskqud d @kjú ‚ cmrki pkstmrds qud jnrjugbkvki ks kabdnks bks
pdssmks dstkfdadjnbks. Gdssd dstëenm, k luikgnbkbd drk rdprdsdgtkbk jmim
idnm dstëvda d idnm ntngdrkgtd.

Kgtds bm bdsdgvmavnidgtm bk kernjuaturk d bk vnbk kssdgtkbk, ms auekrds

skerkbms drki kssmjnkbms k cdstnvnbkbds skzmgkns, qukgbm ks pdssmks sd
iubkvki bd ui auekr pkrk mutrm.
K skjrkanbkbd bms skgtuërnms amjkns dstdgbnk-sd ès dstrkbks qud advkvki k
dads d ès qud ms
dstkfdadjnbks, ngtdridbnkvki,
m kgtnem lëfntm bd di jkinglms
vnk`kr pkrk msksjdgbdgtds. Xkrk pdrsnstnu
auekrds skerkbms ks pdssmks
d,
di kaeugs jksms, m imvnidgtm inerktúrnm bm erupm cmn sufstntuébm pdam
rntuka bd vnkedgs skerkbks gk cmrik bd prmjnssôds rdanenmsks. _ :;6 Y
Jmi m bdsdgvmavnidgtm bks jnbkbds, ks pdrderngkåôds sd vmatkvki jkbk
vdz ikns pkrk tdipams jmgstruébms pdam lmidi. Ks jnbkbds bm iugbm kgtnem
drki skjrkanzkbks ‚ d `ustncnjkbks ‚ pdak prdsdgåk bd tdipams, jmim gm
kgtnem Dentm d gk Zuiîrnk. Gm vdrêm, tmbks ks erkgbds jnbkbds-Dstkbm
tnglki ui tdipam di sdu jdgtrm. Ks jnvnanzkåôds idgms urfkgks, jmim k
Ngeaktdrrk, jmgstruérki erkgbds jdgtrms jdrnimgnkns, jmim ms jérjuams bd
pdbrk ikns
kgms, bd Kvdfury
mu idgmsd Ztmgdldged, qud cmrki
gk idsik îpmjk di quddreunbms
tkifîilëm cmrki
ikns bd ks quktrm ina
pnræinbds
bm Dentm. Dssks erkgbds dstruturks bdvdi tdr snbm auekrds pkrk ms qukns ks
pmpuakåôds jmgvdrenki
jmgvdrenki pkrk ks cdstnvnbkbds skzmgkns, ckzdgbm vnkedgs qud `ë
jmgcneurkvki ui prmtútnpm bks pdrderngkåôds.
Di K Vdpðfanjk
Vdpðfanjk,, Xaktêm kjmgsdalk ms qud sd dstkfdadjdi di ui gmvm
pkés k prnidnrm bdsjmfrnr ms skgtuërnms d auekrds skerkbms bks bnvngbkbds
amjkns, d dgtêm k rdjmgskerë-ams kms prngjépnms jmrrdspmgbdgtds gk rdanenêm
bms jmamgnzkbmrds, jmi cdstnvnbkbds gms bnks kprmprnkbms. _ :;: Y Gk îpmjk bd
Xaktêm, iuntks rdanenôds `ë lkvnki kbmtkbm dssd prngjépnm, d iuntks m cnzdrki
bd nidbnktm, ngjausnvd ks Nerd`ks Mrtmbmxk d Jktúanjk.
Imnsîs d @msuî anfdrtkrki m pmvm `ubdu bk dsjrkvnbêm gm Dentm, advkgbm-m
pkrk k Rdrrk Xrmidtnbk ‚ nstm î, k Jkgkê mu è Xkadstngk. [ukgbm sd
dstkfdadjdrki kan, di ui prnidnrm imidgtm prdstkrki lmidgkedi k uik
sîrnd bd auekrds skerkbms qud lkvnki snbm vdgdrkbms iuntm kgtds bd suk
jldekbk, jmim Zlnaml, ui skgtuërnm bk Nbkbd bm Frmgzd jmgskerkbm kms
jkgkgdus, mgbd @msuî krimu k tdgbk skerkbk. M pmvm `ubdu tkifîi tnglk
sdus amjkns bd juatm di fmsquds skerkbms gm tmpm bks imgtkglks, d vdgdrkvk
k pdbrk skerkbk di Fdtda, mgbd @kjú tdvd suk vnsêm bms kg`ms qud bdsjnki bm
jîu d k dad rdtmrgkvki. Gk Xkadstngk, iuntms mutrms ideëantms drki skerkbms
pkrk ms lkfntkgtds
pdrtdgjnk. Fdtda pmbdqud prdjdbdrki
iuntm ms `ubdus
fdi tdr snbm gms tdrrntúrnms
uik bdssks qud alds
pdbrks skerkbks bk
Kgtneunbkbd, qukgbm @kjú tdvd kan suk vnsêm. _ :;2 Y

@kjú lkvnk ugenbm dssk pdbrk jmi úadm d kan dstkfdadjdrk ui katkr. Ikns
tkrbd, sdus bdsjdgbdgtds tmrgkrki-sd dsjrkvms gm Dentm. Km vmatkrdi pkrk
Jkgkê bdpmns bd iuntks edrkåôds, dads trkgscmrikrki Fdtda gm ikns
nipmrtkgtd jdgtrm bd pdrderngkåôds.
Bdpmns bk jmgstruåêm bm tdipam di @druskaîi pdam rdn Zkamiêm, pmr vmatk
bd >48 k.J., _ :;4 Y dssk jnbkbd sd tmrgmu ui pmgtm jrujnka bd pdrderngkåôds,
smfrdtubm gk îpmjk bks erkgbds cdstnvnbkbds. Ikns bd bmns sîjuams bdpmns, m
rdn Dzdqunks, qud rdngmu gm pdrémbm 5;4-3<5 k.J., bdstrunu ms skgtuërnms gm
katm bk jmangk d mutrms auekrds skerkbms, d tdgtmu jkgkanzkr tmbks ks
pdrderngkåôds pkrk m tdipam di @druskaîi. Jmgtubm, dad gêm jmgsdeunu
suprninr k vdgdrkåêm di Fdtda, qud jmgtngumu k rnvkanzkr jmi @druskaîi
jmim jdgtrm rdanenmsm ktî m rdngkbm bm rdn @msnks (328-38> k.J.), qud
jmgjaunu k jdgtrkanzkåêm bk vdgdrkåêm `ubknjk qukgbm bdstrunu m skgtuërnm
di Fdtda d pòs kfknxm ms fmsquds skerkbms rdikgdsjdgtds. K pkrtnr bd dgtêm,
mqud
cmjm bk pdrderngkåêm
sd dspkalkvki `ubknjkfmsquds,
pmr iuntms cmn m tdipam gk jnbkbd,
rdanjërnms d gêm
d mutrms iknsskerkbms.
auekrds kqudads
Jmgtubm, m prngjépnm bd pdrderngkåêm pdrikgdjdu vnvm.
Gk Erîjnk jaëssnjk, jkbk jnbkbd-Dstkbm tnglk sdu tdipam jdgtrka pkrk mgbd
ms jnbkbêms bd rdenôds rdimtks vmatkvki pkrk ks cdstks rdeuakrds. Di
Ktdgks, ks erkgbds cdstnvnbkbds Xkgktdgdnks, jdadfrkbks k jkbk quktrm kgms,
juaingkvk di uik prmjnssêm k Kjrúpmad, qud dstë rdprdsdgtkbk gms crnsms bm
Xkrtdgmg, m tdipam bd Ktdgk, k bdusk pkbrmdnrk bd Ktdgks. _ :;3 Y D kssni
jmim dssds dgjmgtrms amjkns, lkvnk ms jdgtrms bd pdrderngkåêm
dxjausnvkidgtd erdems, jmim m skgtuërnm bd Bdacms, gm quka ms pdrderngms
jmgsuatkvki m mrëjuam,
jkbk quktrm kgms d Maéipnk,
gm cdstnvka mgbd
bd Pdus. ms @mems
Kqun, Maéipnjms
ks pdssmks pmbnkisdvdr,
rdkanzkvki
di jkrgdk
d mssm, sdus jkipdôds ckzdgbm erkgbds bdimgstrkåôds bd cmråk, vdamjnbkbd d
pdrsnstàgjnk.
Ks trkbnåôds erdeks jaëssnjks tkifîi ngjauéki mutrm prmpúsntm dssdgjnka
bk pdrderngkåêm0 k jurk pdssmka. Iuntms pdrderngms nki km erkgbd skgtuërnm
bd jurk di Dpnbkurm jmi k ngtdgåêm bd mftdr jurks inakermsks bms bdusds
Kpmam d Ksjaîpnm. Ms pdrderngms ckznki mcdrdgbks d bmrinki gm ngtdrnmr bm
skgtuërnm, mgbd iuntms kcnrikvki tdr snbm jurkbms pmr idnm bd vnsôds.
Dssk trkbnåêm bd ngjufkåêm bd smglms jmgtngumu jmi k Nerd`k Mrtmbmxk
Erdek,
Jmsid di pkrtnjuakrbms
d Bkinêm, gksqukns
nerd`ks
sd bdbnjkbks
bnz tdrdi kms
snbmbmns
ms skgtms jurkbmrds
prnidnrms eàidms,
k rdkanzkr jmi
sujdssm m trkgspakgtd bd uik pdrgk pkrk ui idifrm kiputkbm. Dssk

trkbnåêm jmgtnguk di kaeuiks nerd`ks d imstdnrms mrtmbmxms mgbd ms

pdrderngms pksski k gmntd jmi k dspdrkgåk bd qud alds kbvdglk, pmr
ngspnrkåêm bnvngk, smglms d jurks.
Kssni tkifîi, ktî lm`d ms pdrderngms iuåuaikgms bmridi gms
skgtuërnms bd skgtms sucns, jmi k dspdrkgåk bd rdjdfdr smglms bd jurk.
[ukgbm du imrkvk di Lybdrkfkb, gk Égbnk, kaeugs kinems iuåuaikgms id
advkrki km skgtuërnm bd uik bnvngbkbd amjka, bdgtrm bd ui kgtnem
jkrkvkgåkrkn, _ :;5 Y ui dspkåm iurkbm di qud ms vnk`kgtds pmbnki
bdsjkgskr. M skgtuërnm cnjkvk di ui pëtnm, d erupms ckinankrds sd
dspkalkvki, prdpkrkgbm-sd pkrk pksskr k gmntd mu pkrk kipkrkr ui idifrm
bk ckiéank qud dstnvdssd jmi prmfadiks sîrnms. Dads cnjkvki mrkgbm pkrk qud
tnvdssdi smglms bd jurk, gms qukns m skgtm kpkrdjdrnk pkrk k`ubë-ams. Muvn
bnzdr qud iuntks pdssmks tnglki dssds smglms. _ :;< Y
Gm Nipîrnm Vmikgm lkvnk iuntms auekrds pkrk pdrderngkåêm. Kaeugs
cnjkvki pdrtm bd cmgtds, rnms d erutks skerkbks qud sú pmbnki sdr vnsntkbms
pmr idifrms bk pmpuakåêm amjka? mutrms drki fdi ikns ckimsms, d sú sd
jldekvk k dads bdpmns bd iuntms bnks bd vnkedi k pî. Ks prëtnjks bd kaeugs
pdrderngms drki sdidalkgtds ès bms imgeds fubnstks bms bnks bd lm`d. Xmr
dxdipam, ui trktkbm bm sîjuam NN b.J. ngtntuakbm Mg tld Zyrnkg Embbdss _ :;>
Y bdsjrdvd m imbm jmim ms pdrderngms sd prdpkrkvki pkrk suk vnkedi è
jnbkbd skerkbk bd Lndrëpmans, gk Rurqunk ktuka, rkspkgbm ms jkfdams d ks
smfrkgjdalks kgtds bd pkrtnrdi. Burkgtd tmbm m trk`dtm, bmrinki sdiprd gm
jlêm, gugjk di uik jkik, d sú sd fkglkvki jmi ëeuk crnk. _ :68 Y
Xkrk ms prnidnrms jrnstêms, m auekr ikns nipmrtkgtd pkrk pdrderngkåôds drk
@druskaîi, bdvnbm k suk nipmrtægjnk jdgtrka gk vnbk, imrtd d rdssurrdnåêm bd
@dsus. M prúprnm @dsus vnk`mu k pî pdak Rdrrk Zkgtk, d cmn k @druskaîi pkrk ks
iknmrds cdstnvnbkbds.
Ti bms prnidnrms d ikns nipmrtkgtds pdrderngms jrnstêms cmn uik iualdr0
k nipdrktrnz Ldadgk (b.J. j. 648-j. :68), qud kan dstdvd pkrk bdsjmfrnr ms
auekrds nipmrtkgtds gk vnbk bd @dsus d fusjkr rdaéqunks, ngjausnvd k jruz di
qud @dsus cmn jrujncnjkbm. Zdu cnalm Jmgstkgtngm jmgvdrtdu-sd km
jrnstnkgnsim, cugbmu Jmgstkgtngmpak jmim jkpntka bm Nipîrnm Vmikgm bm
Mrndgtd d jmgstrunu k Nerd`k bm Zkgtm Zdpuajrm gm auekr di qud sd kjrdbntkvk
qud @dsus lkvnk snbm sdpuatkbm d rdssurenbm bms imrtms.
 @druskaîi kngbk î m prngjnpka amjka bd pdrderngkåêm pkrk ms jrnstêms d ms
`ubdus, fdi jmim pkrk ms iuåuaikgms. Di suk vnsnmgërnk ‑`mrgkbk

gmturgk’, Ikmiî vmmu pkrk k imgtkglk bm tdipam di ui jmrjda jlkikbm

Vdaæipkem, mgbd, bd kjmrbm jmi k trkbnåêm iuåuaikgk, dgjmgtrmu Kfrkêm,
Imnsîs, @dsus d mutrms prmcdtks. Dad ms advmu di prdjds. Ekfrnda dgtêm
kjmipkglmu Ikmiî km pngëjuam bk imgtkglk, mgbd kpkrdjdu uik dsjkbk
bd
jîusauzktî
bmurkbk.
jldekrGdssk jmaugk bd
è prdsdgåk rdauzdgtd,
Kaë, bdIkmiî
qudi ksjdgbdu km amgem bms
rdjdfdu ngstruåôds pkrksdtd
sn
prúprnm d pkrk sdus sdeunbmrds. Gdssd auekr dgjmgtrk-sd m Bmim bk Vmjlk,
ui bms auekrds ikns skerkbms gm Nsaê.
Gm iugbm jrnstêm, iuntms mutrms auekrds pkrk pdrderngkåêm cmrki
dreunbms gks nidbnkåôds bms tðiuams bd iërtnrds d mutrms skgtms, k ju`ks
rdaéqunks ktrnfuék-sd k jkpkjnbkbd bd jmgdjtkr m pdrderngm km rdngm jdadstnka
km quka ms skgtms lkvnki ksjdgbnbm. Zdus tðiuams drki vnstms jmim auekrds
di qud k tdrrk d m jîu sd ugnki. Xmr idnm bd suks rdaéqunks, ms skgtms gm jîu
pmbnki dstkr prdsdgtds di sdus tðiuams tdrrdstrds. Dssds tðiuams `ë drki
auekrds bd pdrderngkåêm
ms tðiuams pmr vmatk
bms skgtms tnglki sd bm sîjuamjdgtrms
tmrgkbm N b.J. d,bdpmrvnbk
vmatk bm sîjuam SN,
djadsnëstnjk. Gk
Nerd`k Mjnbdgtka, m pmbdr d k kutmrnbkbd bms fnspms drki dstrdntkidgtd
anekbms kms rdanjërnms bms skgtms, qud iuntks vdzds cnjkvki bdgtrm bks
jktdbrkns. _ :6; Y
K jnbkbd gktka bm prmcdtk Ikmiî, Idjk, `ë drk ui nipmrtkgtd jdgtrm bd
pdrderngkåêm qukgbm dad gksjdu, jmi ms pdrderngms jdgtrkbms di uik pdbrk
gderk qud, sdeugbm k trkbnåêm, tnglk jkébm bm jîu. Lm`d, dssk pdbrk gderk
dstë difutnbk di ui jkgtm bk Jkkfk, m dbncéjnm jðfnjm gm jdgtrm bd Idjk, m
cmjm bk pdrderngkåêm nsaæinjk km rdbmr bm quka ms pdrderngms bêm sdtd vmatks
di sdgtnbm kgtn-lmrërnm.
bdkifuakåêm Dssdsdgtnbm
gêm î cdntk di î ui bms pmujms auekrds gm iugbm di qud k
lmrërnm.
K Égbnk jmgtnguk k sdr m pmgtm bd jruzkidgtm bd vërnks rmtks bd
pdrderngkåêm qud advki k jkvdrgks skerkbks, jmim Kikrgktl, gm katm bks
imgtkglks bk Jkxdinrk, ès gksjdgtds bd rnms skerkbms, jmim m Ekgeds, k
imgtkglks skerkbks jmim Oknaksl, gm Rnfdtd, d k iuntms tdipams, ërvmrds
skerkbks, erkgbds rmjlks d skgtuërnms gm tmpm bd imgtkglks. Ms fubnstks
skdi di pdrderngkåêm k sdus auekrds skerkbms, ngjausnvd èqudads anekbms è
vnbk bm Fubk gk Égbnk, jmim Fmbl Ekyk, m auekr smfrd m quka sd bnz qud m
Fubk kajkgåmu k Nauingkåêm smf uik Fmbln Ekyk mu ërvmrd-bms-pkembds. _
:66 Y
 Rnpms bd pdrderngkåêm sêm dgjmgtrkbms di tmbks ks pkrtds bm iugbm. K
pdrderngkåêm pkrdjd sdr uik pkrtd prmcugbkidgtd dgtrkglkbk gk gkturdzk

luikgk, jmi suks rkézds gks inerkåôds skzmgkns bms jkåkbmrds-jmadtmrds d,

bd imbm ikns rdimtm kngbk, di iuntms inalôds bd kgms bd inerkåôds
kgnikns.
Dxktkidgtd pmr suks rkézds kgtneks, k pdrderngkåêm cmn ktkjkbk d kfmanbk
gk Durmpk burkgtd k Vdcmrik Xrmtdstkgtd. Ms rdcmrikbmrds fksdkvki suk cî
gk kutmrnbkbd bk Féfank, d gêm gks trkbnåôds prî-jrnstês qud, km amgem bms
sîjuams, lkvnk snbm sngjrdtnzkbk d kfsmrvnbk pdak Nerd`k Jktúanjk, `ugtm jmi
gmvms jmstuids d trkbnåôds kssmjnkbms kms skgtms jrnstêms.
Gk Ngeaktdrrk, lkvnk erkgbds pdrderngkåôds km skgtuërnm bd Zêm Rmiës
Fdjodt gk Jktdbrka bd Jkgtdrfury, rdidimrkgbm sdu ikrtérnm d tubm m qud
dad snifmanzmu di tdrims bd rdsnstàgjnk dspnrntuka km pmbdr tdrrdgm d, di
pkrtnjuakr, km pmbdr rdka. Zêm Rmiës tkifîi drk jmgldjnbm jmim m Erkgbd
Iîbnjm, ui jurkbmr sdi jmipkrkåêm di uik îpmjk sdi iîbnjms kjdssévdns
mu jnàgjnk iîbnjk. Zupuglk-sd qud m pmbdr bd jurk dstkvk gk ëeuk tngenbk
jmi sdu skgeud,
di kipmaks ‑m skgeud
bd jluifm bd bd Zêm Rmiës’,
vdgbdbmrds gms qud ms pdrderngms
krrdbmrds jmiprkvki
bd sdu skgtuërnm. K
`mrgkbk ktî Jkgtdrfury cmn nimrtkanzkbk di Ms Jmgtms bd Jkgtuërnk,
Jkgtuërnk, bd
Edmccrdy Jlkujdr, dsjrntm gks bîjkbks bd ;:<8 d ;:>8, di qud m kutmr
rdprmbuz lnstúrnks qud ms pdrderngms jmgtkvki dgtrd sn burkgtd k vnkedi.
Mutrm erkgbd jdgtrm ngeaàs bd pdrderngkåêm cmn Ukasngelki, di Gmrcmao,
mgbd lkvnk ui skgtuërnm bk Zkgtéssnik Snredi Ikrnk gk cmrik bd uik
Ikbmgk Gderk, d suk Zkgtk Jksk, uik rdjrnkåêm bm amjka di qud mjmrrdu k
Kgugjnkåêm pdam Kg`m Ekfrnda. Mutrm drk k erkgbd Kfkbnk bd Eakstmgfury,
mgbd m rdn Krtlur tdrnk snbm sdpuatkbm d mgbd sd bnz qud @msî bd Krniktdnk
(qud junbmu
cngjkbm sdu bm sdpuatkidgtm
jk`kbm di uik bd @dsusprúxnik,
jmangk bdpmns bd suk dad
mgbd jrujncnjkåêm) tdrnkd
jrnmu rkézds
trkgscmrimu-sd gk dspngldnrk-skgtk, qud camrdsjnk gm bnk bd Gktka. Ks
dspngldnrks-skgtks jmiugs camrdsjdi di iknm. Kcnrik-sd qud ms frmtms
mrnengërnms bk dspngldnrk-skgtk mrnengka kngbk camrdsjdi di Eakstmgfury gm
Gktka.
Jmgtubm, gêm lkvnk gkbk smfrd Jkgtdrfury, Ukasngelki mu Eakstmgfury
gk Féfank, rkzêm pdak quka ms Vdcmrikbmrds Xrmtdstkgtds jmgsnbdrkrki dssks
pdrderngkåôds ngvëanbks. Daks gêm tnglki kutmrnbkbd
kutmrnbkbd féfanjk.
Di ;4:<, tmbks ks pdrderngkåôds ngeadsks cmrki prmnfnbks, gm rdngkbm bd
Ldgrnqud
bnspmsnåôdsSNNN,
jmgtrkpmrk Rlmiks Jrmiwdaa,
pdrderngkåêm sdu prnidnrm-ingnstrm.
dxprdsskvki Ks
ui rnemrmsm dspérntm
prmtdstkgtd0

Kaîi bks Dsjrnturks, ks pdssmks gêm bdvdi bdpmsntkr suk jmgcnkgåk d cî di quknsqudr
mutrks mfrks jrnkbks pdaks ckgtksnks bms lmidgs? jmim, pmr dxdipam, pkrtnjnpkr bd
pdrderngkåôds, mcdrdjdr bngldnrm, vdaks mu jérnms k nikedgs mu rdaéqunks, gdi fdn`kr mu
akifdr dssds mf`dtms, prmcdrngbm smfrd vërnks jmgtks pkakvrks qud gêm sêm jmiprddgbnbks
mu jmgsnbdrkbks.

Ms skgtuërnms cmrki bdstruébms, ks kfkbnks d imstdnrms cmrki bdsikgtdakbms

d suks rnqudzks jmgcnsjkbks pdam rdn. K bnssmauåêm bms imstdnrms bdstrunu di
bmfrm m jdgërnm pdrderngktúrnm, daningkgbm ms prngjnpkns bdstngms bks
pdrderngkåôds d, km idsim tdipm, kprmprnkgbm-sd bk ngcrkdstruturk qud bkvk
sustdgtkåêm kms pdrderngms burkgtd suks vnkedgs, mcdrdjdgbm-alds kanidgtm d
kjmimbkåêm.
Ks pdrderngkåôds tkifîi cmrki prmnfnbks di mutrms pkésds prmtdstkgtds.
Di ;468, Ikrtnglm Autdrm bdjakrmu0 ‑Rmbks ks pdrderngkåôds bdvdrnki sdr
kfkgbmgkbks, pmns gkbk jmgtài bd fmi0 gdglui ikgbkidgtm, gdgluik
mfdbnàgjnk, iks ngjmgtëvdns imtnvms pkrk pdjkbm d bdsprdzm bms
ikgbkidgtms bd Bdus’. _ :6: Y
Gdgluik dxtngåêm bdssd tnpm kjmgtdjdu gks jnbkbds rmikgks-jktúanjks bk
Durmpk, gdi gks mrtmbmxks mrndgtkns. Di iuntms pkésds jktúanjms d
mrtmbmxms, ks kgtneks pdrderngkåôds jmgtnguki k sdr cdntks ktî lm`d. Gk
Nrakgbk, kpdskr bks tdgtktnvks bms prmtdstkgtds ngeadsds bd kjkfkr jmi ks
pdrderngkåôds, daks pdrsnstnrki, d iuntms pdrderngms kngbk vêm km skgtuërnm
ngsuakr bd Zt Xktrnjo di Amuel Bdre, gm Jmgbkbm bd Bmgdeka, d kngbk
dsjkaki k imgtkglk skerkbk Jrmkel Xktrnjo, gm jmgbkbm nrakgbàs bd Ikym.
K ikns ckimsk pdrderngkåêm durmpdnk î k bd Zkgtnkem bd Jmipmstdak, gk
Dspkglk. Dak gêm sú smfrdvnvd bdsbd k Nbkbd Iîbnk, iks pkssmu pmr uik
enekgtdsjk rdvnvdsjàgjnk gms ðatnims trngtk kgms, jmim vdrdims ikns
kbnkgtd.
Gk Kiîrnjk Aktngk, ms jmgqunstkbmrds dspkglúns sdeunrki k trkbnjnmgka
pmaétnjk bk Nerd`k Jktúanjk Kpmstúanjk Vmikgk bd kssninakr d jrnstnkgnzkr ms
auekrds skerkbms prî-jrnstêms. Xdrtm bk Jnbkbd bm Iîxnjm, m tdipam bk
bdusk-iêd kstdjk cmn bdimanbm di ;4;>. Bdpmns, di ;4:;, ui idxnjkgm
gktnvm tdvd uik sîrnd bd vnsôds bk Snredi Ikrnk gm idsim auekr mgbd cmn
jmgstruébm ui skgtuërnm qud lm`d î k Fkséanjk bd Gmssk Zdglmrk bd
Eukbkaupd, uik Ikbmgk Gderk bd pî smfrd uik auk jrdsjdgtd. Dssd î m
auekr bd pdrderngkåêm jktúanjm-rmikgm ikns vnsntkbm bm iugbm.
 Xmr suk vdz, ms jmamgnzkbmrds prmtdstkgtds bk Kiîrnjk bm Gmrtd gêm
dstkvki ngtdrdsskbms gms auekrds skerkbms bms pmvms gktnvms. M jmiimg

akw ngeaàs (bnrdntm jmiui) cmn kbmtkbm pkrk rdbdcngnr k tdrrk gktka bm pmvm
gktnvm jmim vkjuui bminjnanui,bminjnanui, uik dxtdgsêm bd tdrrks ngjuatks
bdspmvmkbks smfrd ks qukns gngeuîi tnglk bmiégnm, d qud jakikvki pmr
juatnvm d jnvnanzkåêm. _ :62 Y
Di kaeugs pkésds trkbnjnmgkaidgtd jktúanjms rmikgms d mrtmbmxms, ks
pdrderngkåôds cmrki prmnfnbks gêm pmr rdcmrikbmrds jrnstêms, iks pmr
rdvmaujnmgërnms kgtnjrnstêms. Dads qudrnki drrkbnjkr k pdrderngkåêm
dxktkidgtd pdam cktm bd dak sdr rdanenmsk. K Vdvmauåêm Crkgjdsk, bdcakerkbk
di ;5<>, prdtdgbnk pòr cni tkgtm km pmbdr bk Nerd`k Jktúanjk Vmikgk qukgtm
km pmbdr bm rdn. Di ;5>:, m emvdrgm rdvmaujnmgërnm prmjakimu m Juatm bk
Vkzêm jmim k rdanenêm bm Dstkbm. K Jktdbrka bd Gmtrd-Bkid, bd Xkrns, cmn
trkgscmrikbk gm Rdipam bk Vkzêm? mutrks nerd`ks d jktdbrkns cmrki
sdjuakrnzkbks. K pdrderngkåêm cmn fkgnbk.
Zmf m emvdrgm ktdu bk Tgnêm Zmvnîtnjk, ks nerd`ks cmrki cdjlkbks, ms
pkbrds dxdjutkbms, ms imstdnrms bdstruébms d ks ktnvnbkbds rdanenmsks
pdrsdeunbks. Ms skgtuërnms cmrki bdanfdrkbkidgtd bdsskjrkanzkbms? di
tdipms ikns rdjdgtds, di ;>4<, gk jkipkglk jmgtrk ms ‑supmstms auekrds
skgtncnjkbms’, m mf`dtnvm cmn k daningkåêm cngka bk pdrderngkåêm. _ :64 Y
Jmgtubm, ms jmiugnstks gêm bdsjkrtkrki k nbdnk bk pdrderngkåêm ès
rdaéqunks? dads tnglki suk prúprnk vdrsêm. Kaeugs smvnîtnjms vnsnmgërnms
dstkvki jmgvdgjnbms bd qud k jnàgjnk pmrnk cni è imrtd césnjk, jmgcdrngbm
nimrtkanbkbd kms sdrds luikgms d pdrintngbm qud dads vnvdssdi pkrk
sdiprd. [ukgbm Aàgng imrrdu di ;>62, uik Jminssêm bd Nimrtkanzkåêm
mcnjnka cmn jrnkbk pkrk ngvdstnekr bd qud imbm sdu jmrpm pmbdrnk sdr
prdsdrvkbm ktîjmi
difkaskikbm qudk dad pubdssd
dspdrkgåk bd sdr
qud trkznbm
pmbdrnk bd
sdr vmatk è vnbk.
prdsdrvkbm pmrDad cmn
tdipm
sucnjndgtd pkrk qud jmgsdeunssdi rdstntué-am è vnbk, kssni jmim kaeugs
inanmgërnms gmrtd-kidrnjkgms tài m jmrpm (mu sú k jkfdåk, m qud cnjk idgms
jkrm) jrnmedgnjkidgtd jmgedakbms gk dspdrkgåk bd vnrdi k sdr rdssusjntkbms
kaeui bnk. _ :63 Y
M jmrpm bd Aàgng cmn jmamjkbm di ui ikusmaîu gk Xrkåk Sdridalk, di
Imsjmu, qud rkpnbkidgtd vnrmu ui jdgtrm bd pdrderngkåêm jmiugnstk.
Inalôds bd pdssmks vnsntkrki m ikusmaîu bd Aàgng burkgtd m pdrémbm
smvnîtnjm, iks iuntk edgtd kngbk sd sdgtd ktrkébk pmr dad. Xdbd-sd
mcnjnkaidgtd kms vnsntkgtds qud bdimgstrdi rdspdntm0 ms lmidgs bdvdi tnrkr
m jlkpîu, d jmgvdrsks mu cmtmerkcnks sêm jmnsks prmnfnbks. _ :65 Y Di Xdquni

lë ui ikusmaîu di tubm sdidalkgtd km bd Aàgng. bdbnjkbm k Ikm Rsî-

Ruge d cnjk gm jdgtrm bk Xrkåk Rnkgkgidg. Rkifîi ktrkn ui cauxm jmgtégum
bd pdrderngms, qud pksski di cnak km rdbmr bm jmrpm difkaskikbm bd Ikm d
ald mcdrdjdi camrds.
Mf`dåôds è pdrderngkåêm
Difmrk ms rdvmaujnmgërnms prmtdstkgtds d pmaétnjms tdglki tdgtkbm suprninr
ks pdrderngkåôds rdanenmsks, dads gêm cmrki ms prnidnrms k jmgsnbdrë-aks
prmfadiëtnjks. Zîjuam kpús sîjuam, lmuvd quktrm mf`dåôds prngjnpkns è
pdrderngkåêm pmr pkrtd bms prúprnms rdanenmsms.
;.
Gms tdrims bk prnidnrk d ikns prmcugbk mf`dåêm, k
pdrderngkåêm î bdsgdjdssërnk. Bdus î mgnprdsdgtd, d ms sdrds
luikgms pmbdi mrkr pmr Dad di qukaqudr auekr di qud
dstd`ki.
b.J., ZêmGêm î gdjdssërnm
Erdeúrnm nr k dxpòs
bd Gnssk auekrdskdspdjnkns. Gm sîjuam
qudstêm gms NS
sdeungtds
tdrims0 ‑K iubkgåk bd auekr gêm rdsuatk di gdgluik
kprmxnikåêm iknmr bd Bdus? jmgtubm, sd`k quka cmr m auekr
di qud dstnvdrds, Bdus dstkrë jmgtnem’. Zdu jmgtdipmrægdm,
Zêm @drògnim, pdgskvk bk idsik ikgdnrk0 ‑M kjdssm km
rdngm bm Jîu î têm cëjna k pkrtnr bk Erê-Frdtkglk qukgtm m î
bd @druskaîi’. _ :6< Y Di rdsuim, gêm lkvnk gdgluik
gdjdssnbkbd bd vnk`kr.
Kaeuiks pdssmks sd mpuglki è pdrderngkåêm césnjk bdvnbm km
cktm bd dak sd ngtdrnmrnzkr gk idgtd bd sdus prktnjkgtds, ju`k vnbk
pksskvk dgtêm k sdr vnstk jmim uik pdrderngkåêm. M dxdipam ikns
ckimsm bdssk kfmrbkedi di ui jmgtdxtm prmtdstkgtd î Rld
Xnaerni„ss Xrmerdss
Xnaerni„ Xrmerdss,, bd @mlg Fugykg, ui prdekbmr ngeaàs fktnstk bm
sîjuam \SNN. Jmgtubm, k nbdnk bk vnbk jmim uik pdrderngkåêm î
uik idtëcmrk qud bdpdgbd bk pdrderngkåêm jmgjrdtk. Xkrk ms qud
gugjk dstnvdrki di uik pdrderngkåêm, k idtëcmrk î kpdgks uik
nbdnk qud jkrdjd bd cugbkidgtkåêm di uik dxpdrnàgjnk vnvnbk.
Mutrks pdssmks pmbdi tdr nbm ikns kaîi bk gdjdssnbkbd bd
pdrderngkåêm pmr tdrdi dgjmgtrkbm uik ikgdnrk bd vnvdr gk
prdsdgåk bd Bdus mgbd qudr qud dstd`ki. Iks î pmssévda qud,
 kgtds bd qukaqudr mutrm imtnvm, kaeuiks bdaks tdglki ktngenbm
dssk jmgbnåêm pmr tdrdi snbm pdrderngms jmgtuikzds. Dssd

kreuidgtm smfrd k pdrderngkåêm î smfrd jmim uatrkpkssë-ak di vdz

bd ngnjnë-ak.
6.
K pdrderngkåêm î nbúaktrk. Gm sdeugbm bms Bdz
Ikgbkidgtms, gks pkakvrks bk Féfank bm Vdn @kids,
dgjmgtrkims0 ‑Gêm ckrës pkrk tn gdgluik nikedi dsjuapnbk’.
Zd ms pdrderngms sd bdbnjkssdi k vdgdrkr ébmams cdntms pdam
lmidi, k pdrderngkåêm sdrnk nbúaktrk. Jmgtubm, ks rdaéqunks
bms skgtms gêm drki nikedgs dsjuapnbks, kssni jmim tkifîi
gêm drki ms pmåms skerkbms d ks rmjlks skerkbks.
M qud bnzdr, dgtêm, bms éjmgds= Gk nerd`k prnintnvk, ms éjmgds
drki kipakidgtd uskbms jmim kuxnankrds bk prdjd d bk idbntkåêm
pmr idnm bk jmgdxêm jmi uik nikedi vnsuka bd Jrnstm mu bms
skgtms. Ti nipmrtkgtd kreuidgtm di bdcdsk bms éjmgds drk qud
@dsus
cmrik Jrnstm
luikgkdrkd, kbdssd
dgjkrgkåêm
imbm, kbdrdprdsdgtkåêm
Bdus. Bdus bk
tnglk kssuinbm
cmrik luikgkk
gêm drk nbmaktrnk.
Gm kgm bd 5:8 b.J., m nipdrkbmr fnzkgtngm Adêm NNN prmnfnu m
usm bd éjmgds. M nipîrnm cnjmu trkuiktnzkbm pdak rdsuatkgtd
dxpamsêm bd njmgmjakstnk, qud snegncnjk antdrkaidgtd ‑bdstrunåêm bd
nikedgs’ (bm erdem dnomg dnomg,, ‑éjmgd’, ‑nikedi’, d oakstdng
oakstdng,,
‑qudfrkr’, bd mgbd ‑bdstrunbmr’, ‑qudfrkbmr’ bd nikedi’). Di
5<5, pmrîi, m nipdrkbmr Jyrdgd rdstkfdadjdu m usm bd éjmgds.
Bdpmns bd mutrk dxpamsêm bd njmgmjakstnk bd <;4 k <2:, k
nipdrktrnz
bm MrndgtdRldmbmrk vmatmu
jdadfrk dssk k rdstntunrcngka
rdstkurkåêm ms éjmgds. K Nerd`k
bms éjmgds gk Mrtmbmxk
Cdstk bk
Mrtmbmxnk, gm prnidnrm bmingem bk [ukrdsik.
K njmgmjakstnk rdssurenu gk Vdcmrik Xrmtdstkgtd. Gk Ngeaktdrrk,
iuntks nikedgs bd skgtms d kg`ms, kaîi bd vntrkns, cmrki bdstruébms
gm rdngkbm bd Ldgrnqud SNNN, smf k kbingnstrkåêm bd Rlmiks
Jrmiwdaa. Lmuvd uik sdeugbk mgbk bd njmgmjakstnk smf m
bmiégnm bd sdu lmiògnim (d pkrdgtd) Manvdr Jrmiwdaa, qukgbm k
Ngeaktdrrk sd tmrgmu uik rdpðfanjk, d gêm uik imgkrqunk (;32>-
;338). Kngbk kssni, iuntks pngturks, jrujncnxms, dstëtuks d vntrkns
smfrdvnvdrki. D, bdpmns bk Vdstkurkåêm bk Imgkrqunk di ;338, ks
 nikedgs rdanenmsks cmrki rdngtderkbks è Nerd`k bk Ngeaktdrrk.

K njmgmjakstnk vmatmu k surenr gm sîjuam \\N, gk bdstrunåêm bd

enekgtdsjks dstëtuks fubnstks gm Kcdekgnstêm pmr inaéjnks tkanfês, d
bd kgtnems krtdcktms gm Nrkqud d gk Zérnk, pdam Dstkbm Nsaæinjm.
Jmgtubm, k qudstêm bk nbmaktrnk î nrrdadvkgtd pkrk iuntks cmriks
bd pdrderngkåêm, ngjausnvd èqudaks qud vêm kms fmsquds skerkbms,
kms pmåms d imgtkglks skgtncnjkbms, ès rmjlks skerkbks d ès
rdaéqunks bms skgtms. Iuntms bms pmgtms bd jmgvdreàgjnk bd
pdrderngkåêm gêm sêm nikedgs
nikedgs cdntks pmr iêms luikgks.
:.
K pdrderngkåêm î supdrstnjnmsk. Î prnintnvk, kgtnqukbk,
negmrkgtd, d cmn sufstntuébk pmr ui gévda supdrnmr bd
dgtdgbnidgtm mu dsjakrdjnidgtm.
Zupdrstnåêm snegncnjk, antdrkaidgtd, burkfnanbkbd mu
smfrdvnvàgjnk. _ :6> Y Bm pmgtm bd vnstk bms jrnstêms prnintnvms, ks
prëtnjks bd mutrks rdanenôds drki supdrstnjnmsks. Bm pmgtm bd vnstk
bms rdcmrikbmrds prmtdstkgtds, ks prëtnjks bk Nerd`k Jktúanjk drki
supdrstnjnmsks. Bm pmgtm bd vnstk bms ngtdadjtukns nauingkbms, tmbks
ks rdanenôds drki supdrstnjnmsks, d cmrki suprninbks jmim pkrtd bk
Vdvmauåêm Crkgjdsk gm Xdrémbm bm Rdrrmr. Kssni tkifîi, ms
emvdrgms ktdus bk Tgnêm Zmvnîtnjk, bk Jlngk Jmiugnstk d bm
Jkifm`k smf m emvdrgm bd Xma Xmt, trktkrki tmbks ks prëtnjks
rdanenmsks jmim supdrstnjnmsks, rdprningbm-ks di ckvmr bk cnamsmcnk
ikrxnstk bm iktdrnkansim.
M rdpðbnm è pdrderngkåêm jmim prëtnjk supdrstnjnmsk î
jmgsdquàgjnk
kgtnrrdanenmsks, dbdbnz vnsôds bd dssks
ikns smfrd iugbm
vnsôdskgtntrkbnjnmgkns
bd iugbm bm qudmu
smfrd k pdrderngkåêm di sn.
2.
Ks pdrderngkåôds sêm imidgtms qud bêm dgsd`m k prëtnjks
jmim kbuatîrnm, auxðrnk, usm d kfusm bd ëajmma,
jmidrjnkanzkåêm d mutrks ktnvnbkbds ika-kckikbks. Ms Jmgtms
bd Jkgtuërnk
Jkgtuërnk,, bd Jlkujdr, î ui anvrm ju`ks lnstúrnks
kfugbkgtds smfrd anfdrtngkedi gêm sêm ui idrm jmg`ugtm bd
gkrrktnvks cnjjnmgkns.
 Dsskiugbm
gmssm mf`dåêm pkrtnjuakr
mjnbdgtka, è pdrderngkåêm
difmrk kngbk pmsskpkrdjd nrrdadvkgtd
tdr kaeuik di
vkanbkbd
di mutrms auekrds. Gks smjndbkbds sdjuakrds imbdrgks, gngeuîi

prdjnsk pkrtnjnpkr bd uik pdrderngkåêm pkrk tdr kvdgturks sdxukns,

d m turnsim sdjuakr î kfugbkgtd di dstrktîenks bd jmidrjnkanzkåêm
crkubuadgtk, kssni jmim di ikns bdsrderkidgtm d anfdrtngkedi.

Xdrderngkåêm
Xdrder
Difmrkngkåêm d turnsimtdglk snbm prmnfnbk gms pkésds prmtdstkgtds d pmr
k pdrderngkåêm
emvdrgms rdvmaujnmgërnms, m nipuasm bd vnsntkr auekrds skerkbms gêm sd
dxtngeunu. Bmns sîjuams bdpmns bm vdtm è pdrderngkåêm gk Ngeaktdrrk, ms
ngeadsds lkvnki ngvdgtkbm m turnsim, lm`d uik enekgtdsjk ngbðstrnk, jmi ui
vkamr djmgòinjm eamfka bd bmns trnalôds d buzdgtms fnalôds bd búakrds di
68;:. _ ::8 Y
M turnsim î quksd sdiprd uik cmrik bd pdrderngkåêm crustrkbk. Iuntms
turnstks kngbk vêm kms kgtnems auekrds skerkbms0 pnræinbds d tdipams gm
Dentm, Ztmgdldged, ks erkgbds jktdbrkns durmpdnks, ms tdipams, rnms d
imgtkglks
(kgtnekidgtdskerkbms
jmgldjnbmbkjmim
Égbnk,Kydrs
auekrds kgtnems
Vmjo), skgtncnjkbms
_ ::; Y gk Kustrëank, mjmim Tauru
Rdipam bm
Zma, di Ikjlu Xnjjlu, gm Xdru, d kssni pmr bnkgtd. Di tdrims trkbnjnmgkns,
pmrîi, ms pdrderngms ckzdi sdus pdrjursms k pî, quksd sdiprd dgcrdgtkgbm
erkgbds prmfadiks gm jkinglm, dgqukgtm ms turnstks sd bdsamjki bd jkrrm,
ògnfus d kvnêm. Dads gêm vêm kms auekrds skerkbms pkrk ckzdr mcdrdgbks mu
mrkåôds. Iuntms jrddi qud bdvdi sd jmipmrtkr jmim pdssmks sdjuakrds,
imbdrgks ‚ edgtd ju`m ngtdrdssd ikns nipmrtkgtd î k lnstúrnk juaturka. Ms
eunks ms dgekgki jmi bdtkalds lnstúrnjms qud dgtrki pmr ui muvnbm d skdi
pdam mutrm.
[ukns sêm
pdrderngm= ks prngjnpkns
Kifms vêm pkrk bncdrdgåks
ms idsims dgtrd vnk`kr
tnpms bd jmimiks
auekrds, turnstk mu jmim
jmi ngtdgåôds
bncdrdgtds. Ms pdrderngms vêm sd jmgdjtkr jmi ui auekr skerkbm? jldekr k
dssd auekr î m mf`dtnvm bd suk `mrgkbk. D dads vêm jmi m mf`dtnvm bd
kerkbdjdr pmr kaeuik erkåk qud tdglki rdjdfnbm, mu pkrk rdzkr pmr uik
erkåk qud qudrdi rdjdfdr, mu jmim ui ktm bd pdgntàgjnk pkrk rdtncnjkr kaem
qud tdglki cdntm bd drrkbm, mu di fusjk bd jurk mu ngspnrkåêm. M turnstk vkn
jmgldjdr ui gmvm auekr, muvnr kaeuik jmnsk bd suk prúprnk lnstúrnk d tnrkr
cmtms. Gêm gms dsqudåkims, pmrîi, bd qud dads dstêm ckzdgbm vnkedgs
ngtdgjnmgkns, d qud ms kgtnems auekrds skgtms kngbk ms ktrkdi? gk vdrbkbd,
dssds auekrds sêm iuntks vdzds jlkikbms bd ‑ktrkåôds’ turéstnjks.
turé stnjks.
 Î jmiui qud, km vmatkrdi pkrk jksk, ms pdrderngms advdi jmgsnem kaeuik
jmnsk qud jmipkrtnalkrêm jmi ms mutrms, ngjaungbm-ms gks fàgåêms qud

rdjdfdrki. Gk gbnk, iuntms pdrderngms vmatki bks pdrderngkåôds

pdrderngkåôds jmi
prkskb, _ ::6 Y jminbk skerkbk mcdrdjnbk k ui bdus mu uik bdusk d
kfdgåmkbm di ui tdipam, ui kanidgtm qud dads jmipkrtnalki jmi suks
ckiéanks d kinems. Ms pdrderngms gk Durmpk idbndvka tkifîi trkznki pkrk
jksk
cmrikmf`dtms bms jdgtrmsDssds
bd bnstngtnvms. skerkbms pdams bdsdipdglkvki
séifmams qukns vnk`kvki, edrkaidgtd di
buks cugåôds0
ngbnjkåôds bms amjkns di qud ks fàgåêms lkvnki snbm rdjdfnbks d ngbnjkbmrds
vnsukns bm prdstéenm bms sdus usuërnms pmr tdrdi cdntm uik vnkedi
edrkaidgtd amgek d bncéjna. Ms turnstks tkifîi vmatki jmi smuvdgnrs d cmtms,
iks gêm dstë k sdu kajkgjd jmipkrtnalkr fàgåêms qud dads prúprnms gêm
rdjdfdrki.
Difmrk vnvkims di uik drk sdi prdjdbdgtds bd turnsim bd ikssk, gks
ðatniks bîjkbks tdi lkvnbm uik dxtrkmrbngërnk rdtmikbk bk pdrderngkåêm.

K rdtmikmsbkjrnstêms
rdtmikbk
Idsim bk pdrderngkåêm
pdrderngkåêm
prnintnvms qud jmgbdgkvki ks pdrderngkåôds amjkns
kjlkvki bncéjna jmgbdgkr kqudaks qud tnvdssdi k Rdrrk Zkgtk jmim bdstngm.
Zêm Erdeúrnm bd Gnssk, kpdskr bd tmbks ks jmrrupåôds qud ks jdrjkvki,
rdcdrnk-sd k dssds auekrds skerkbms jmim ‑idimrnkns bm nidgsm kimr bm
Zdglmr pmr gús, lmidgs’. D cmn pmr idnm bks pdrderngkåôds k @druskaîi gm
sîjuam \N\ qud dssk prëtnjk sd tmrgmu ikns uik vdz rdspdntëvda gm iugbm
prmtdstkgtd. Tik pdrderngkåêm è Rdrrk Zkgtk cdntk di ;<36, pdam prégjnpd
Dbukrbm, cnalm bk rknglk Sntúrnk d, pmstdrnmridgtd, pdam rdn Dbukrbm SNN,
jmgcdrnu-ald ui sdam rdka bd kprmvkåêm d rdspdntkfnanbkbd. Di ;<3>, Rlmiks

Jmmo jmidåmu
mrnedi k mrekgnzkr
bk keàgjnk erupms
bd vnkedgs bd pdrderngkåêm
eamfkns qud trkz sdu ègmid.
Rdrrk Di
Rdrrk Zkgtk,
sukd mrnedi,
cmn dssk mk
pkjmtd bd vnkedi drk uik pdrderngkåêm. Xmujm bdpmns, m prégjnpd Edmred,
cuturm rdn Edmred S, pkrtnjnpmu bd uik pdrderngkåêm mrekgnzkbk pmr Jmmo.
Gk Ngeaktdrrk bm sîjuam \N\, ks pdrderngkåôds amjkns rdjmidåkrki, d, gm
sîjuam \\, vërnms amjkns bd pdrderngkåêm qud k Vdcmrik lkvnk ngtdrbntkbm
cmrki rdtmikbms, jmim m skgtuërnm bd Gmssk Zdglmrk bd Ukasngelki, di
Gmrcmao.
Gk Nbkbd Iîbnk, k Jktdbrka bd Jlkrtrds, k 5< oi bd Xkrns, drk ui bms
ikns nipmrtkgtds jdgtrms bd pdrderngkåêm bk Durmpk. Idsim kgtds bk
jmgstruåêm bk jktdbrka, Jlkrtrds drk m jdgtrm bd uik pdrderngkåêm k ui pmåm
skerkbm, m ‑Xmåm bms Zkgtms Cmrtds’. K jktdbrka cmn jmgstruébk km rdbmr bdad,
d m pmåm kngbk pmbd sdr vnsntkbm gk jrnptk. Kan pdrtm, tkifîi gk jrnptk, lë

ui skgtuërnm bd Gmssk Zdglmrk bd Jlkrtrds, uik Ikbmgk Gderk. Gk îpmjk

bk Vdvmauåêm Crkgjdsk, k pdrderngkåêm cmn kfruptkidgtd ngtdrrmipnbk. M
imbdrgm rdssurenidgtm bk pdrderngkåêm sú jmidåmu di ;>;6, qukgbm m
pmdtk Jlkrads Xîeuy dstdvd di Jlkrtrds di uik pdrderngkåêm jmi ui
erupm bd kinems,
fdst-sdaadr d smfrdbdzdgks
. Ktukaidgtd, dak dsjrdvdu ui anvrm
bd inalkrds qud sd tmrgmu
bd pdrderngms vêm ui erkgbd
k Jlkrtrds
tmbm kgm, kaeugs bdads di uik jkinglkbk bd tràs bnks qud pkrtd bk Jktdbrka
bd Gmtrd-Bkid, di Xkrns. _ ::: Y
Zkgtnkem bd Jmipmstdak, mgbd k jktdbrka kfrnek ks supmstks rdaéqunks bd
Zêm Rnkem, m pkbrmdnrm bk Dspkglk, cmn ui bms ikns ckimsms jdgtrms bd
pdrderngkåêm gk Durmpk idbndvka. Î bncéjna kvkankr sdu gðidrm, iks kaeuik
ngbnjkåêm bk dsjkak î cmrgdjnbk pdam cktm bd m imstdnrm bd Vmgjdsvkaads, ui
bms prnidnrms auekrds bd bdsjkgsm pkrk ms pdrderngms crkgjdsds d dspkglúns
qud lkvnki ktrkvdsskbm ms Xnrdgdus, kanidgtkvk pdrtm bd ;88 ina bdads pmr
kgm. _ ::2 Y
M gðidrm bd pdrderngms bm Gmrtd bk Durmpk, qud vnk`kvk pkrk Zkgtnkem bd
Jmipmstdak, bningunu bd ikgdnrk brëstnjk amem bdpmns bk Vdcmrik
Xrmtdstkgtd. Kaîi bnssm, gk eudrrk sufsdqudgtd jmi k Ngeaktdrrk danskfdtkgk,
snr Crkgjns Brkod anbdrmu ui jdrjm gkvka k Ak Jmruûk di ;4<>, d m
krjdfnspm bd Zkgtnkem dsjmgbdu ks rdaéqunks bd Zêm Rnkem pkrk qud ms
ngeadsds gêm sd kprmprnkssdi bdaks. Dad ks dsjmgbdu têm fdi qud m skgtuërnm
cnjmu vkznm pmr quksd tràs sîjuams, d m gðidrm bd pdrderngms cmn rdbuznbm k
ui quksd gkbk. Ks rdaéqunks sú cmrki rdbdsjmfdrtks di ;<5> d, bdpmns bd
sdrdi kutdgtnjkbks pdam Xkpk Adêm \NNN, cmrki jmamjkbks smf m katkr-imr di
;<<2,
rdtmimumgbd sd dgjmgtrki
m kgtnem vnemr diktî lm`d.qukgbm
;>2>,
_ ::4 Y Jmgtubm, k pdrderngkåêm di sn sú
ui pdqudgm erupm bd pdgskbmrds
crkgjdsds sknu di uik pdrderngkåêm qud cmn cnaikbk d kprdsdgtkbk gk RS gk
bîjkbk bd ;>48, k`ubkgbm k rdkvnvkr m ngtdrdssd pmr dssk prëtnjk rdanenmsk.
Idsim kssni, m erupm bd pdrderngms drk pdqudgm. Gk bîjkbk bd ;><8,
kaeugs dgtusnkstks jdrtncnjkrki-sd bd qud m jkinglm dstkvk fdi ikrjkbm pmr
pakjks jmi ngbnjkåôds, d qud gdad ms pdrderngms dgjmgtrkrnki uik sîrnd bd
ngstkakåôds d jmimbnbkbds.
M qud kjmgtdjdu k sdeunr cmn dxtrkmrbngërnm. Kqun dstêm ms gðidrms kgukns
bd pdrderngms jmgcmrid m rdenstrm bks kutmrnbkbds dspkglmaks0
 Gðidrm bd pdrderngms qud
qud cmrki pkrk Zkgtnkem bd
Jmipmstdak k pî, bd fnjnjadtk mu k jkvkam

Kgm Gðidrm
Kgm
;><5 ;.888
;>>; ;8.888
;>>:
;>>: ;8
;88.
8.88
8888
6882
6882 ;<
;<8.
8.88
8888
68;4
68;4 63
63:.
:.88
8888

K erkgbd iknmrnk bdssds pdrderngms cmn k pî, iks uik ingmrnk ‚ kaem di
tmrgm bd ;8% ‚ vnk`mu bd fnjnjadtk, d kaeugs, idgms bd ;%, cmrki k jkvkam. _
::3 Y Dssds gðidrms gêm ngjaudi ks pdssmks qud cmrki pkrk Zkgtnkem bd
kvnêm, bd trdi mu bd jkrrm.
Jmim gk Nbkbd Iîbnk, dxnstd lm`d uik kipak rdbd bd rmtks bd
pdrderngkåêm qud sd bnrnedi k Zkgtnkem, pkrtngbm bd vërnms auekrds gk
Crkgåk, dgtrd dads Sdzdaky, gk Fmremglk, d Xkrns? bd Xmrtueka? d bd vërnks
amjkanbkbds gk prúprnk Dspkglk. Rmbms ms bmzd jkinglms iuntm fdi
bdikrjkbms cmriki kqunam k qud sd bë m gmid bd ‑Jkingm bd Zkgtnkem’.
Gk Durmpk, ks kgtneks rmtks
r mtks bd pdrderngkåêm vài sdgbm rdkfdrtks pmr tmbk
pkrtd. Gk Gmrudek, m ikns nipmrtkgtd jdgtrm idbndvka bd pdrderngkåêm drk m
skgtuërnm bd Zkgtm Makvm di Rrmgbldni, pkrk mgbd ks pdrderngkåôds
vmatkrki k sdr cdntks amem kpús k imrtd bm rdn di ;8:8. Gk Nbkbd Iîbnk, m
juatm k dad tmrgmu-sd dxtrdikidgtd pmpuakr. Rmbkvnk, qukgbm k rdcmrik
autdrkgk kajkgåmu k Gmrudek di ;4:5, ks pdrderngkåôds cmrki prmnfnbks,
bdnxkgbm bd sdr cdntks ktî m cngka bm sîjuam \\, qukgbm ui gðidrm jkbk vdz
iknmr bd pdssmks jmidåmu k jkinglkr ktî Rrmgbldni, uik vdz ikns jmim
pdrderngms. Gk bîjkbk bd ;>>8, m jkinglm bd Msam k Rrmgbldni, bd
kprmxnikbkidgtd 348 oi,ngkueurkbm
jakrks d cmn mcnjnkaidgtd rdjdfdu pakjks sngkanzkbmrks
pdam prégjnpd jmiLkkomg,
ldrbdnrm ngbnjkåôds
di
;>>5. _ ::5 Y
Dgqukgtm nssm, gm Xkés bd Ekads d gk Dsjújnk, kgtneks rmtks bd
pdrderngkåêm tài snbm rdkfdrtks. Gk Ngeaktdrrk, k Xnaerniked Rrust
(Kssmjnkåêm bms Xdrderngms) gm Vdngm Tgnbm, bd ju`k jkusk smu ui bms
pktrmjngkbmrds, vdi k`ubkgbm k rdkfrnr ks kgtneks trnalks pkrk pdrderngkåêm,
di pkrtnjuakr kqudak qud vkn bd Zmutlkiptmg k Jkgtdrfury, dstdgbdgbm-sd
pdaks jmangks km sua. Rrktk-sd
Rrktk-sd bd uik jkinglkbk qud, km amgem bd
bd :48 oi,
pmr jdrjk bd ;< bnks, jmgdjtk 34 nerd`ks, tràs jktdbrkns, 54 amjkns prî-
lnstúrnjms,
kfkbnks, mntmjngjm
rnms, pmåms skerkbms,skerkbks,
bdz imgtkglks ;4 prnmrkbms
jngjm di ruégks,48imstdnrms
jkstdams, mu
vnakrd`ms, 28

pufs,, mntm jnbkbds bd pdqudgm pmrtd d quktrm jnbkbds ikns bdsdgvmavnbks. _

pufs
::< Y
Rkifîi gk Vðssnk, bdpmns bm cni bm bmiégnm jmiugnstk di ;>>;, iuntks
nerd`ks d imstdnrms bk Nerd`k Mrtmbmxk cmrki rdkfdrtms, d ui gðidrm
jrdsjdgtd bd pdrderngms tdi cdntm amgeks `mrgkbks ktî dssds auekrds skerkbms.
Dstnvd di vërnks pdrderngkåôds gk Égbnk, gk Durmpk jmgtngdgtka d gk Erê-
Frdtkglk, d tkifîi vnsntdn k Rdrrk Zkgtk. Jmim iuntks mutrks pdssmks qud
ckzdi dssks `mrgkbks, jmgsnbdrdn-ks ngspnrkbmrks d, quksd sdiprd,
prmpnjnkbmrks bd imidgtms bd erkgbd cdanjnbkbd. Cnz kaeuiks bd inglks
pdrderngkåôds ikns rdjdgtds jmi ui kcnalkbm
kcn alkbm idu. Xkrdn bd bkr prdsdgtds bd
kgnvdrsërnm d Gktka, pmns k iknmrnk bks pdssmks `ë tdi iuntks jmnsks
iktdrnkns. Di vdz bd tkgtms prdsdgtds, tdglm-alds mcdrdjnbm dxpdrnàgjnks.
[ukgbm idu kcnalkbm cdz ;2 kgms, suedrn qud sdu prdsdgtd pmbdrnk sdr
pkrtnjnpkr jminem bd uik pdrderngkåêm k Jkgtdrfury
Jkgtdrfury,, gms ðatnims ;3 oi bk
kgtnek trnalk
gêm skfnk sd bd pdrderngms,
inglk suedstêmk sdrnk
pkrtnrmu
bd gêm
ui fdi
vnakrd`m jlkikbm
rdjdfnbk pmr Jlkrtlki. Du
idu kcnalkbm,
iks dad kbmrmu k nbdnk.
Xdekims m trdi pkrk k vdalk dstkåêm bd Jlkrtlki d bd aë pkrtnims,
jkinglkgbm pmr jkipms rdavkbms, iktks, prkbms d jkipngks. Gmssm kaimåm
cmn ui pnqudgnqud di Fnefury Lnaa, ui cmrtd bk Nbkbd bm Cdrrm qud kngbk
dxnstd di uik jmangk amjka. Di sdeunbk, pksskims pdam vnakrd`m bd
Lkrfadbmwg, mgbd prmjurkims m Xmåm bm Xrégjnpd Gderm gms krrdbmrds bd
uik jksk bd jkrnbkbd idbndvka. Dstkvk têm dsjmgbnbm pdam iktm qud sú
jmgsdeunims dgjmgtrë-am jmi k k`ubk bd uik sdglmrk nbmsk qud vnvnk di
uik
krjm bks jksks pdak
bd pdbrk bd jkrnbkbd.
vdedtkåêmDrkikns
uikkatk,
pdqudgk
jmi cmgtd dsjmgbnbk
bderkus smfiusem
jldnms bd ui vdalm
qud
advkvki ktî dak.
[ukgbm jldekims k Jkgtdrfury,
Jkgtdrfury, pdrjdfn qud idu kcnalkbm dstkvk dxkustm?
dad gêm dstkvk kjmstuikbm k jkinglkr tkgtm, d dgtêm pkrkims pkrk bdsjkgskr.
bdsjkgskr.
Bdpmns, jkinglkims km rdbmr bk jktdbrka di sdgtnbm lmrërnm, di ui
imvnidgtm bd jnrjui-kifuakåêm qud k trkgscmrikvk di gmssm jdgtrm.
Bdpmns dgtrkims gk jktdbrka d, gk dsjurk d instdrnmsk jrnptk, kjdgbdims
vdaks gm auekr bm ikrtérnm bd Zêm Rmiës Fdjodt. Bdpmns bd mrkrims, cmims
pkrk ui skaêm bd jlë. Smatkims
Smatkims è jktdbrka pkrk ks Sîspdrks jmi Jmrka, qud
cmn
ui kaem bddxtrdik
bnk bd dxtrkmrbngërnk fdadzk.
cdanjnbkbd pkrkBdpmns,
gús bmns.rdtmrgkims k Amgbrds bd trdi. Cmn

Nssm jrnmu ui prdjdbdgtd, d gms kgms sdeungtds sdeunims m idsim pkbrêm,

jkinglkgbm k pî ktî uik jktdbrka, kgbkgbm k sdu rdbmr di sdgtnbm lmrërnm,
vnsntkgbm m skgtuërnm d tmikgbm jlë kgtds bd kprdjnkr ks Sîspdrks.
[ukgbm idu kcnalkbm tnglk ;4 kgms, cmims è Jktdbrka bd Day, di
Jkifrnbedslnrd, ikredkgbm m rnm Jki è idbnbk qud k erkgbd jmgstruåêm
idbndvka sd kenekgtkvk gm jmgcrmgtm jmi k jkipngk pakgk qud jnrjugbkvk k
jnbkbd. Kjdgbdims vdaks d mrkims gm skgtuërnm bd skgtk Dtldabrdbk, uik
bnvngbkbd kgeam-skxê bm sîjuam SNN, qud cmn ui bms ikns nipmrtkgtds
auekrds bd pdrderngkåêm gk Ngeaktdrrk kgtdrnmr è Vdcmrik. Di 68;3, qukgbm
idu kcnalkbm jmipadtmu ;3 kgms, jkinglkims ktî k Jktdbrka bd Angjmag, pmr
jdrjk bd 64 oi, pdrjmrrdgbm uik trnalk gm pakgm ngjangkbm bm Angjmag Dbed?
k supdrcéjnd ngjangkbk bd ui jkajërnm bm Xdrémbm @urëssnjm qud bë vnstk pkrk
m vkad bm rnm Rrdgt, fdi kfknxm bd qudi kan sd dgjmgtrk. Xkrk dgcni
jldekrims è Jktdbrka, téglkims bd dgcrdgtkr k Ztddp Lnaa, uik akbdnrk iuntm
dsjkrpkbk
Cngkaidgtd,bddgtrkims
pkrkadadpépdbms quddspkåm
gm erkgbd cmrk uskbk pdams
skerkbm, pdrderngms
mrkims, idbndvkns.
kjdgbdims vdaks
gm rdanjërnm bd Zkgtm Luem d cmims pkrk ks Sîspdrks jmi Jmrka.
M rdssurenidgtm jmgtdipmrægdm bk pdrderngkåêm gk Durmpk î gmtëvda. Km
idsim tdipm qud ks smjndbkbds sd tmrgki jkbk vdz ikns sdjuakrds d
iktdrnkanstks, dssk kgtnek prëtnjk dspnrntuka vdi pksskgbm pmr uik
dxtrkmrbngërnk rdtmikbk.
Fdgdcéjnms bk pdrderngkåêm
pdrderngkåêm
Gêm lë iuntms dstubms dspdjécnjms smfrd k pdrderngkåêm, iks ms ngbéjnms bd
qud bnspmimsd suedrdi
bk kgsndbkbd qud dssk
bk bdprdssêm. _ ::> prëtnjk tdi lë
Y Jmgtubm, dcdntms fdgîcnjms
ngjmgtëvdns gk bningunåêm
lnstúrnks pdssmkns
smfrd ngspnrkåôds d jurks. Kaîi bnssm, iuntms pdrderngms kjrdbntki qud, pmr
vnk`krdi k pî, dgjmgtrki mutrms pdrderngms d gêm pdrderngms pdrtdgjdgtds k
sdu idsim gévda smjnka. Ks bnstngåôds gmrikns dgtrd rnqudzk, dbujkåêm d
jakssd smjnka pkrdjdi idgms nipmrtkgtds. D ks pdrderngkåôds amjkns tài k
erkgbd vkgtkedi bd sdrdi ikns fkrktks d kjdssévdns k tmbks ks pdssmks
jkpkzds bd kgbkr.
Di suk iknmr pkrtd, ms dstubms jndgtécnjms rdaktnvms è pdrderngkåêm sêm
edgîrnjms. Gk vdrbkbd, kaeugs bdads anintki-sd k jmiprmvkr m úfvnm. Xmrîi,
î rdjmgcmrtkgtd
Di prnidnrmskfdr qud mkúfvnm
auekr, tkifîi îdi
jkinglkbk jndgtncnjkidgtd mfsdrvëvda.
sn tdi iuntms fdgdcéjnms
jmiprmvkbms. Dak cmidgtk k skðbd idgtka d m fdi-dstkr, kuidgtk k

kutmdstnik, m luimr d k qukanbkbd bm smgm, km idsim tdipm qud rdbuz m

dstrdssd, k kgsndbkbd d k ckbnek. _ :28 Y
Di sdeugbm auekr, ks pdssmks qud ckzdi dxdrjéjnms km kr anvrd d di
dspkåms vdrbds tdgbdi k kucdrnr iknmrds fdgdcéjnms bm qud kqudaks qud sd
dxdrjntki bdgtrm bd jksk, jmim vnims gm Jkpétuam :. _ :2; Y
Di tdrjdnrm auekr, k ktnvnbkbd î ikns sktnscktúrnk d jmgtrnfun ikns pkrk m
fdi-dstkr bm qud k ktnvnbkbd sdi mf`dtnvms bdcngnbms? dstd î ui prngjépnm
Rdrkpnk Mjupkjnmgka. _ :26 Y
fësnjm bk prëtnjk bk Rdrkpnk
Di qukrtm auekr, m dxdrjéjnm césnjm prmtded jmgtrk k bdprdssêm d mutrms
tnpms bd jmiprmidtnidgtms bk skðbd. _ :2: Y
Di qungtm auekr, k jurk î ngcaudgjnkbk pdaks dspdrkgåks d dxpdjtktnvks bks
pdssmks. M dcdntm pakjdfm î iuntm pmbdrmsm, d kssni sd imstrk gks
dxpdrnàgjnks jmi brmeks, di pkrtnjuakr sd pkjndgtds d iîbnjms kjrdbntkrdi
qud pmssnvdaidgtd
qukanbkbd. _ :22 Y Zddstêm ngedrngbm uikjmgtrnfuérdi
ks pdrderngkåôds gmvk brmekpkrk
bk ikns prmcugbk
m kuidgtm bk
dspdrkgåk d dxpdjtktnvks bks pdssmks, m qud daks bd cktm ckzdi, pmbdims
dspdrkr qud ks vnsntks k auekrds skgtms rdsuatdi di uik erkgbd jmgtrnfunåêm
k ngðidrks jurks, m qud daks rdkaidgtd ckzdi. [ukgbm pdssmks jmmpdrktnvks
jdrjki kqudads qud dspdrki pmr uik jurk, jmipkrtnalkgbm suks dspdrkgåks
d dxpdjtktnvks, ms dcdntms sêm kngbk iknmrds.
Km amgem bms kgms, k Nerd`k Jktúanjk Vmikgk tdi dgcktnzkbm m pkpda bms
skgtms gks jurks. K prúprnk jkgmgnzkåêm dxned pdam idgms bmns inakerds
pústuims, di edrka nipanjkgbm jurk césnjk, d inalôds bd pdssmks di fusjk
bd Crkgåk.
gk dspdrkgåk d jurk tài cdntm pdrderngkåôds k auekrds skgtms jmim Amurbds,
Amurbds, gm smpî bms Xnrdgdus, tmrgmu-sd ckimsk di ;<4<, bdvnbm ès
kpkrnåôds bk Zkgtéssnik Snredi Ikrnk k uik `mvdi jkipmgdsk, gm ngtdrnmr
bd uik erutk. K vnredi ald pdbnu pkrk dsjkvkr m smam, bm quka uik cmgtd bd
ëeuk jmidåmu k fmrfualkr. Ks jurks jmidåkrki quksd qud bd nidbnktm,
sdiprd qud ks pdssmks fdfnki bdssk ëeuk. Lm`d, m cauxm î iuntm iknmr, d ms
pdrderngms sd fkglki gms inalkrds bd antrms qud `mrrki bm smam. Amurbds î
ui bms ikns nipmrtkgtds auekrds bd pdrderngkåêm gk Durmpk, jmi ikns mu
idgms 3 inalôds bd pdrderngms pmr kgm. _ :24 Y
 Inalkrds
Iîbnjm bd pdssmks
Mcnjnka kadekingvdstnek
bd Amurbds tdr-sd jurkbm inakermskidgtd
kadekåôds bd jurks kan.
jmiM dspérntm
Jmintà
rnemrmskidgtd jndgtécnjm, d kaeuiks bdssks kadekåôds tài snbm iuntm fdi

kutdgtnjkbks. _ :23 Y Ktî ms jîtnjms kbintdi qud kaeuiks pdssmks iuntm

bmdgtds rdjupdrki k skðbd di Amurbds, difmrk dads gêm jlkidi dssks
jurks bd inrkjuamsks? vddi gdak dxdipams bm dcdntm pakjdfm, mu bd
‑rdinssôds dspmgtægdks’.
Zd uik pdrderngkåêm k`ubk kaeuîi k cnjkr idalmr, nssm snegncnjk qud ks
prdjds bm pdrderngm cmrki ktdgbnbks. Vdcdrnr-sd è jurk jmim ‑rdinssêm
dspmgtægdk’ bdnxk k rdinssêm bncéjna mu nipmssévda bd sdr dxpanjkbk. Zd k cî
di Bdus d gk Zkgtéssnik Snredi Ikrnk tmrgk ks rdinssôds dspmgtægdks ikns
prmvëvdns, dgtêm k cî cugjnmgk.
Idgms cëjdns bd bmjuidgtkr î k ngspnrkåêm d m dstéiuam qud iuntks
pdssmks rdjdfdi pdam cktm bd ckzdrdi uik pdrderngkåêm. Snk`kr jmi m
mf`dtnvm bd dstkr di ui auekr skerkbm, d bdpmns dstkr gdssd auekr, î kaem qud
pmbd tdr dcdntms trkgscmrikbmrds d prmpnjnkr k dxpdrnàgjnk bk jmgdxêm
dspnrntuka. Xmr quà=
M qud tmrgk ms auekrds skerkbms têm skerkbms=
(lmangdss)) bnz rdspdntm è jmgdxêm d rdakåêm. K pkakvrk vdi bd uik
Zkgtnbkbd (lmangdss
rknz qud snegncnjk ngtdnrm (wlmad
wlmad)) mu skubëvda ((ldkatly
ldkatly).
). Gêm smims skerkbms
(lmay
lmay)) qukgbm dstkims sdpkrkbms d bdsjmgdjtkbms ugs bms mutrms, bm iugbm
ikns-qud-luikgm d bk cmgtd bd tmbm m sdr. Snvdgjnkims kqunam qud î
skerkbm qukgbm dstkims jmgdjtkbms jmi k cmgtd bk vnbk qud vkn iuntm kaîi
bd gmssks prúprnks gkturdzks anintkbks. Kaeugs auekrds dvmjki dssk
dxpdrnàgjnk ikns bm qud mutrms, sd`k bdvnbm k suk gkturdzk, sd`k pmr jmgtk bd
suks kssmjnkåôds luikgks, mu kifks ks jmnsks.
Kaeugs auekrds
qukanbkbds sêm skerkbms
trkgsjdgbdgtkns, jmim pmr sdrdi
kaeugs gkturkaidgtd
juids ngspnrkbms
bd imgtkglks pmr
mu cmgtds,
jkjlmdnrks mu jkvdrgks. Xmr dxdipam, Eakstmgfury Rmr î uik imgtkglk
gmtëvda qud sd dreud kjnik bks ërdks fknxks qud k jnrjugbki. Dak `ë sdrnk
gmtëvda d ktrknrnk m malkr idsim qud gêm tnvdssd uik tmrrd idbndvka di sdu
tmpm. Tauru, mu Kydrs Vmjo, î uik nidgsk dstruturk bd krdgntm, uik
‑imgtkglk ngsuakr’ jdrjkbk pmr tdrrks rdaktnvkidgtd sdi rdadvms gk rdenêm
jdgtrka bk Kustrëank? pkrdjd iubkr bd jmr burkgtd m bnk, iks kbqunrd m
idsim tmi vdridalm frnalkgtd km kikgldjdr d km pòr bm sma. Tauru î ui
pmgtm bd rdcdràgjnk úfvnm d dxtrkmrbngërnm, bd erkgbd nipmrtægjnk juaturka
pkrk msturéstnjk.
ktrkåêm pmvms ngbéedgks bk rdenêm, d tmrgmu-sd ktukaidgtd uik erkgbd

Kaeugs auekrds pmbdi tdr ui pmbdr dspdjécnjm bdvnbm è suk mrndgtkåêm, mu

pmr jmgtk bd cauxms bd ëeuk suftdrrægdms, mu cauxms bd dadtrnjnbkbd
suftdrrægdms, jlkikbms bd ‑jmrrdgtds tdaðrnjks’, mu bdvnbm è suk jmgdxêm
jmi k pknskedi jnrjugbkgtd. Ks prmprndbkbds bdssds auekrds bdpdgbdi bd
suks
jmrpmsjmgdxôds
jdadstds.jmi sdus krrdbmrds, d tkifîi bd suk rdakåêm jmi m jîu d ms
Di kaeuiks juaturks, kbnvnglms dspdjnkanzkbms kvkanki ms pmbdrds bms
auekrds d, di kaeugs jksms, k`ubki k bdjnbnr mgbd tdipams, skgtuërnms mu
sdpuajrms cmrki jmgstruébms. Gk Durmpk, dssk krtd î jlkikbk bd edmikgjnk
edmikgjnk??
gk Jlngk, bd cdge slun,
slun, qud snegncnjk antdrkaidgtd ‑vdgtm d ëeuk’. Ks tîjgnjks
bd edmikgjnk gêm sêm ckjnaidgtd trkbuznbks di tdrims jndgtécnjms
jmgvdgjnmgkns, iks ngjaudi ui dgtdgbnidgtm bks rdakåôds dgtrd k tmpmamenk
d m cauxm bd dgdrenk pmr idnm bk pknskedi. @msdpl Gddblki rdsuinu kaeugs
bms prngjépnms bm cdge slun trkbnjnmgka di sdu anvrm Zjndgjd kgb Jnvnansktnmg
ng Jlngk0
Jlngk0 K cmrik bks imgtkglks d k bnrdåêm bms jursms bd ëeuk, pmr sdrdi rdsuatkbm bks
ngcauàgjnks cmrikbmrks bms vdgtms d bks ëeuks, cmrki ms cktmrds ikns nipmrtkgtds? kaîi
bnssm, pmrîi, k katurk d ks cmriks bks jmgstruåôds d bks bnrdåôds bks dstrkbks, tkifîi
cmrki cktmrds pmtdgjnkns. K cmråk d k gkturdzk bks jmrrdgtds ngvnsévdns sdrnki imbncnjkbks
k jkbk lmrk pdaks pmsnåôds bms jmrpms jdadstds, bd imbm qud sdus ktrnfutms, qukgbm
vnstms k pkrtnr bk amjkanbkbd di qudstêm, tnglki bd sdr advkbms di jmgtk. _ :25 Y

Iuntms auekrds skerkbms sêm uik pmgtd dgtrd m jîu d k tdrrk? dads jmgdjtki k
tdrrk km jîu. Dads sêm ui tnpm bd pmrtk bd dgtrkbk, jmim gm smglm bd @kjú
(Eàgdsns,, 6<, ;8->). Xdbrks prî-lnstúrnjks (idgnrds)
di Fdtda (Eàgdsns
bdsdipdglkvki dssd pkpda bd jmgdjtnvnbkbd gks juaturks idekaétnjks d, gm
kgtnem Dentm, dssks pdbrks ekglkrki uik kpkràgjnk pkrtnjuakridgtd rdcngkbk,
di cmrik bd mfdansjms, jmaugks dspnrkns d jògnjks jmi ui jnim pnrkinbka,
edrkaidgtd cdntks bd uik ðgnjk pdbrk. Gk jrnkåêm bd idgnrds mu mfdansjms,
mu gk jmgstruåêm bd tmrrds, d keualks bd tmrrds d ingkrdtds, ms sdrds luikgms
jrnki auekrds qud tài uik bnidgsêm dxpanjntkidgtd vdrtnjka.
Gms kgtnems fmsquds skerkbms bk Rdrrk Zkgtk, lkvnk ërvmrds mu jmaugks
jmgskerkbks è bdusk-iêd Ksldrkl, qud drki ms auekrds ikns nipmrtkgtds bk
vdgdrkåêm `ubknjk ktî sdrdi jmgbdgkbms d bdstruébms gms rdngkbms bd
Dzdqunks d @msnks. Di iuntms tdipams lngbus, î jmiui lkvdr ikstrms bd
fkgbdnrk jlkpdkbms bd idtka gk crdgtd bm skgtuërnm prngjnpka, jlkikbms
bwk`kstlkifki,, kms qukns sd ktrnfun k jkpkjnbkbd bd jmgdjtkr m jîu è tdrrk.
bwk`kstlkifki

Iuntks nerd`ks jrnstês tài tmrrds mu pngëjuams, d iuntks idsquntks sêm

kjmipkglkbks pmr ingkrdtds.
Di tdrims snifúanjms, tmbks dssks dstruturks aneki m jîu è tdrrk. Jmgtubm,
k jmgdxêm î ikns qud snifúanjk0 î antdrka. Daks ktrkdi m rknm dxktkidgtd pdam
cktm bd sufnrdi km jîu. Daks sdiprd cugjnmgkrki jmim jkgkns pkrk qud uik
dgdrenk iuntm rdka pmssk vnr bm jîu è tdrrk, d bk tdrrk pkrk m jîu. Lm`d, pmr
dssd imtnvm, daks tài pkrk-rknms kcnxkbms k daks. K dadtrnjnbkbd î pmakr. M
imvnidgtm bk jkrek daîtrnjk î ui prmjdssm fnbnrdjnmgka. È idbnbk qud ks
vnks gdektnvkidgtd jkrrdekbks bd kr nmgnzkbm ‚ jlkikbks bd jmrrdgtd idgmr
‚ bdsjdi bks guvdgs pkrk k tdrrk, m cmrtd
c mrtd jkipm daîtrnjm ngbuz mf`dtms katms
k dgvnkr ‑cknxk bd auz’ pmsntnvkidgtd jkrrdekbks, qud tmiki m ruim bks
guvdgs. Î jmiui qud tdglki ui frnalm krrmxdkbm. Iks gdi tmbks ks cknxks
bd auz pmsntnvks dgtrki di jmgtktm jmi uik jmrrdgtd idgmr. Dads dspdrki.
Di sdeunbk, ks jmrrdgtds idgmrds ngtdrrmipdi k qudfrk bd jmgtngunbkbd
jmi kaeugs bdads, d m rknm jkn.
M rknm tkifîi jkn smfrd dstruturks gkturkaidgtd katks, jmim tmpms bd
imgtkglks, d ms jkinglkgtds sêm kbvdrtnbms k ikgtdr bnstægjnk bd auekrds
ikns katms d pngëjuams burkgtd uik tdipdstkbd. _ :2< Y Ks ërvmrds di edrka
sêm jkgkns jmgbutmrds bd rknms, d kaeuiks dspîjnds, ngjausnvd m jkrvkalm d m
crdnxm, jmstuiki sdr ikns ktngenbks bm qud mutrks, jmim k fîtuak d k cknk. Î
fdi pmssévda qud ui bms imtnvms bk skjrkanbkbd bm jkrvkalm gk îpmjk
bruébnjk tdglk snbm suk prmpdgsêm è qudbk bd rknms, d dads drki jmgskerkbms
km bdus bm trmvêm tkgtm gm gmrtd durmpdu ‚ k Rlmr, gk Dsjkgbngëvnk ‚ d, gk
Erîjnk kgtnek, k Pdus. Ti auekr mgbd jknu ui rknm kbqunrd uik qukanbkbd
dspdjnka kms malms smfrd
iuntm ngtdrdsskgtd bd iuntks juaturks
ms auekrds bncdrdgtds.
skerkbms Zuedstnvkidgtd,
bms gktnvms kidrnjkgmsui
tdianvrm
pmr
tétuam Uldr
Uldrdd tld Aneltgnge Ztrnods.
Ztrnods.
Ktî jdrjk bd bmns sîjuams ktrës, k iknmr pkrtd bks dstruturks prmpdgsks k
ktrknr rknms drki ms dbncéjnms rdanenmsms, jmim pngëjuams mu ingkrdtds bd
nerd`ks. Gm sîjuam \N\, erkgbds dstruturks sdjuakrds cmrki dreunbks, jmim m
Imguidgtm bd Ukslngetmg di Ukslngetmg BJ, m iknmr mfdansjm bm
iugbm, jmi quksd ;58 idtrms bd katurk, d k Rmrrd Dnccda, di Xkrns, jmi
jdrjk bd :88 idtrms, d dssds bmns dbncéjnms tkifîi sd dgjmgtrki dgtrd ms
ikns prmpdgsms k ktrknr rknms. Gm sîjuam \\, ms dbncéjnms ikns katms drki
krrkglk-jîus, qud di
jnbkbds. Jmgtubm, lm`djnbkbds
sêm msfdi
prngjnpkns
idgmrdsikegdtms pkrk ktrknr
ks jmgstruåôds rknms gêm
rdanenmsks gks
bdnxkrki bd sdr ks iknmrds cmråks bd ktrkåêm. Di inglk jnbkbd gktka,

Gdwkro-mg-Rrdgt, k keualk bk tmrrd bk nerd`k pkrmqunka bd Zkgtk Ikrnk

Ikbkadgk tdi 56 i bd katurk. Dak cmn jmgjauébk pmr vmatk bd ;:48 d kngbk î,
bd amged, k dstruturk ikns katk bd Gdwkro, dxdrjdgbm uik ktnvnbkbd jmgtéguk
bd jkgkanzkåêm bd rknms pkrk m smam bdssd auekr skerkbm.
Ktî rdjdgtdidgtd, k dxpanjkåêm jndgtécnjk pkrk ms rknms jdgtrkvk-sd gk
bncdrdgåk bd pmtdgjnka daîtrnjm dgtrd ks guvdgs jkrrdekbks bd dadtrnjnbkbd qud
prmbuz rdaæipkem d trmvêm d m smam, trktkgbm dssk bncdrdgåk jmim ui
cdgòidgm amjka. Xmrîi, k kgtnek suspdntk bd qud m rknm anek m jîu d k tdrrk
tdringmu pmr imstrkr-sd jmrrdtk. K jkrek daîtrnjk gks guvdgs dstë anekbk k
rdenôds dadtrnjkidgtd jkrrdekbks qud cnjki k jdrjk bd <8 oi kjnik, gm jîu.
Bdsjkreks daîtrnjks jlkikbks bd sprntds ‑budgbds’, qud dintdi ui frnalm
vdridalm mu kakrkg`kbm, ktrkvdsski ks guvdgs bd trmvmkbk d ks jkikbks
supdrnmrds bk ktimscdrk. K prúprnk ktimscdrk supdrnmr î dxtrdikidgtd
ngcaudgjnkbk pdam vdgtm smakr, ui cauxm bd pkrtéjuaks jkrrdekbks qud î
anfdrkbm pdam
mjmrràgjnk bd Zma, d k vdamjnbkbd
bdtdringkbms d bdgsnbkbd
prmjdssms bm vdgtm
bk ktnvnbkbd smakr dstrdak,
bd gmssk bdpdgbdrë bk
jmim,
pmr dxdipam, ks drupåôds smakrds.
Dssks jmgbnåôds idtdmrmaúenjks dspkjnkns kcdtki ks Auzds bm Gmrtd d bm
Zua, qud sêm, daks prúprnks, bdsjkreks bd paksik, d tkifîi ngcaudgjnki k
qukgtnbkbd bd rknms qud jkdi gk Rdrrk0 qukgtm ikns cmrtd m vdgtm smakr,
iknmr m gðidrm bd bdsjkreks bd rknms. _ :2> Y Dssks bdsjkreks tkifîi
kuidgtki bdvnbm k ngcauàgjnks iuntm ikns bnstkgtds, di pkrtnjuakr ms rknms
júsinjms bks supdrgmvks, mu ‑dstrdaks dxpamsnvks’. Xmrtkgtm, m rknm vdi
antdrkaidgtd bm jîu d î jkgkanzkbm pkrk m ngtdrnmr bk Rdrrk ktrkvîs bd
dstruturks iuntm katks. M auekr mgbd dad jkn cnjk antdrkaidgtd jkrrdekbm.
Rmbms ms dbncéjnms katms sêm ktngenbms pmr rknms, difmrk pmujks pdssmks sd
adifrdi bks mjksnôds di qud nssm kjmgtdjdu. Lm`d, pmrîi, nssm î
tdjgnjkidgtd pmssévda. Erkvkbmrds bd pkrk-rknms dstêm bnspmgévdns gm
jmiîrjnm, d dads bdtdjtki qukgbm ui surtm bd jmrrdgtd bdsjd pmr ui
jmgbutmr. Kaeugs jldeki ktî k ikgbkr uik idgskedi ZIZ qukgbm kaeui
rknm jkn. Zd du dstnvdssd gk bnrdåêm bd uik nerd`k, tdipam mu ingkrdtd,
ngstkakrnk ui bdssds dqunpkidgtms d bnspmgnfnanzkrnk ms bkbms mg--angd
mg--angd.. @ë
bnspmims tkifîi bd cksjngkgtds ikpks d krqunvms mg-angd qud bdimgstrki
k ngjnbàgjnk bd rknms di iuntks pkrtds bm iugbm, kaîi bd ktukanzkåôds di
_ :48 Y
tdipm rdka,sdi sd jmgjdgtrkr
prngjnpkns, iks, di diedrka,
auekrdsdaks súécnjms.
dspdj imstrki ks jkrkjtdréstnjks
dspdjécnjms.

Gk jmgstruåêm bd tdipams, jktdbrkns, nerd`ks d idsquntks, ks pdssmks jrnki

dstruturks qud sd rdakjnmgki dxpanjntkidgtd jmi Bdus mu jmi m sdr
suprdim, mu k cmgtd bd tmbk skðbd d skgtnbkbd bd gmssm iugbm. D ms
skgtuërnms qud jdadfrki kjmgtdjnidgtms skerkbms, pdssmks d cktms skerkbms,
dstkfdadjdi uik
dssk skgtnbkbd rdakåêm jmi
î prmvnbk k cmgtd bdcésnjks,
pmr rdaéqunks suks skgtnbkbds. Di iuntms
jmim m bdgtd jksms,
bm Fubk gm
Rdipam bm Bdgtd di Okgby, Zrn Akgok, mu pmr rdaéqunks bd skgtms, di edrka
mssms, di iuntks jktdbrkns d nerd`ks. K nbdnk trkbnjnmgka î k bd qud dssds
mssms prmpnjnki uik anekåêm bnrdtk jmi k vnbk bk pdssmk k qudi dssds mssms
pdrtdgjdrki ui bnk, mu uik gmvk vnbk jmi k kgëansd bm BGK. Ktî mssms
iuntm kgtnems, jmim kqudads bms Gdkgbdrtkns bd quktrmjdgtms ina kgms ktrës,
jmgtài BGK qud pmbd sdr kgkanskbm erkåks km usm bd imbdrgks tîjgnjks
imadjuakrds.
Ti dsqudadtm bdsjmfdrtm di Adnjdstdr di 68;6 tnglk vërnms ngbéjnms bd
sdrdi
;2<4, dmsm rdstms imrtkns bm bdssds
BGK rdjupdrkbm rdn Vnjkrbm
mssms NNN bk Ngeaktdrrk,
pdrintnu qud imrrducmssd
qud suk nbdgtnbkbd di
jmgcnrikbk jmi katm erku bd prmfkfnanbkbd bd kjdrtm. Zdus rdstms cmrki
bdvmavnbms è Jktdbrka bd Adnjdstdr di 68;4. Vnjkrbm cmn ui rdn d gêm ui
skgtm, iks gêm lë bðvnbk bd qud iuntks rdaéqunks vdgdrëvdns bd skgtms
jmgtài trkåms bm BGK bdads.
Nrmgnjkidgtd, ks rdaéqunks bd dspîjnds dxtngtks di cmrik bd mssms d
dsqudadtms bdsdipdglki ui pkpda jdgtrka gks jktdbrkns bk jnàgjnk, jmim m
Iusdu bd Lnstúrnk Gkturka bd Amgbrds, qud sêm jmim jdgtrms bd
pdrderngkåêm jndgtécnjk.
Xmr ðatnim,
idiúrnk ms kjmgtdjdu
bm qud auekrds skgtms pmbdi sdr
kan prnidnrm. skgtms pmr
Zd iuntks jmgtdrdi
pdssmks mrkrkiuimutnpm bd
cmrki
jurkbks, mu idsim ngspnrkbks di ui auekr skerkbm, nssm tmrgk ikns
prmvëvda qud mutrks sdrêm pmsntnvkidgtd ngcaudgjnkbks pmr dssd auekr auekr..
Zdeugbm k lnpútdsd bk rdssmgægjnk iúrcnjk (bnsjutnbk gm Jkpétuam 4), ks
pdssmks di ui dstkbm dspdjécnjm bd dstniuakåêm sdgsmrnka jrnki uik
rdspmstk dimjnmgka jmi kqudaks qud `ë dstnvdrki kgtdrnmridgtd di ui
dstkbm sdidalkgtd. [ukgbm dgtrkims di ui auekr skerkbm smims dxpmstms
kms idsims dstéiuams qud ks mutrks pdssmks qud `ë dstnvdrki kan, d, pmrtkgtm,
dgtrkims di rdssmgægjnk jmi dads. Zd ms pdrderngms bd bdtdringkbm auekr
skerkbm cmrki
tdglkims ngspnrkbms,sdidalkgtds
dxpdrnàgjnks dgadvkbms mubd
jurkbms kan, îdspnrntuka.
jmgdxêm ikns prmvëvda
Ms qud gús
auekrds

skerkbms pmbdi ngtdgsncnjkr-sd di skgtnbkbd ktrkvîs bks dxpdrnàgjnks

vnvnbks pdaks pdssmks qud gdads dstnvdrki kgtds bd gús.
Buks prëtnjks bd pdrderngkåêm
pdrderngkåêm
CKPDV TIK XDVDEVNGKÅÊM
Gêm î gdjdssërnm qud suk pdrderngkåêm sd`k jkrk d jmipanjkbk, gdi têm
imrmsk qud cnqud bncéjna bd rdkanzkr-sd. Gk vdrbkbd, sdrë idalmr jmidåkr pmr
kaeui auekr gêm iuntm amged, m qud ald pdrintnrë jmgldjdr m auekr mgbd
imrk k pkrtnr bd gmvks pdrspdjtnvks. [ukgbm vmjà sd kfrnr è nbdnk, tdgtd
sdgtnr quka auekr skerkbm pkrdjd pdbnr pmr suk prdsdgåk, mu, pdam idgms,
pdgsd di kaeui auekr qud vmjà jmgsnbdrk
jmgsnbdrk nipmrtkgtd pkrk suk vnbk.
Ks pmssnfnanbkbds bd dsjmalk sêm ngðidrks. Gk Ngeaktdrrk, pmr dxdipam, lë
iuntms auekrds skerkbms fdi kgtnems, jmim, pmr dxdipam, jérjuams bd pdbrks
d amgems `kznems d sdpuaturks? gksjdgtds bd rnms, cmgtds d pmåms skerkbms?
ërvmrds rdvdrdgjnkns? kgtneks nerd`ks d nidgsks jktdbrkns, djmkgbm quksd
tmbms ms bnks km smi bd jægtnjms d jkgtmjlêm. K tdrrk cnjk antdrkaidgtd
dgjkgtkbk pmr dssds jmrkns sdi cni.
Gk Kiîrnjk bm Gmrtd, lë kaeugs bms iknmrds fmsquds skerkbms d
skgtuërnms gkturkns bd gmssm pakgdtk? iuntms auekrds sdavkedgs d fdams, d
tkifîi kaeuiks erkgbds nerd`ks d jktdbrkns, m qud ngjaun ks jktdbrkns bd Zêm
Xktréjnm d Zêm @mêm, m Bnvngm, k Jktdbrka Gkjnmgka bd Ukslngetmg d k
Jktdbrka bk Erkåk, di Zêm Crkgjnsjm, kssni jmim pmbdrmsms skgtuërnms,
jmim m Zkgtuërnm bd Jlnikym, pdrtm bd Zkgtk Cî, gm Gmvm Iîxnjm, mgbd
kjmgtdjdi iuntks jurks.
M idalmr î ckzdr pdam idgms uik pkrtd bm jkinglm k pî, pmr vmatk bd :
oi, bnekims. Nssm tmrgk k pdrderngkåêm ikns vdrbkbdnrk, ikns jmgjrdtk.
Së jmi uik ngtdgåêm, sd`k ui kerkbdjnidgtm qud vmjà emstkrnk bd ckzdr,
ui pdbnbm mu fusjk bd ngspnrkåêm. Zd pmssévda, advd ui jk`kbm bd pdrderngm,
cdntm bd qukaqudr ikbdnrk bd fmk qukanbkbd, jmim k kvdadnrk ‚ m séifmam
vnsuka bdcngntnvm bm pdrderngm km amgem bms sîjuams. Zd tkifîi cmr pmssévda,
kprdgbk kaeuiks jkgåôds kgtds bd sd pòr k jkinglm, mu kprdgbk kaeuiks
jmi mutrms pdrderngms burkgtd k vnkedi. Jkgtd-ks qukgbm jldekr k pmåms
skerkbms, k ërvmrds iuntm kgtneks d km mf`dtnvm bd suk `mrgkbk.
[ukgbm jldekr km auekr skgtm, gêm dgtrd bd nidbnktm gdad? sd pmssévda,
jkingld km sdu rdbmr. Dssk jnrjui-kifuakåêm, edrkaidgtd di sdgtnbm
lmrërnm, k`ubk k trkgscmrikr m auekr skerkbm gm jdgtrm. Bdpmns, ckåk uik

mcdrdgbk, tkavdz bd camrds, jmim gms tdipams lngbus, mu jkgtd uik jkgåêm,
mu uik kåêm bd erkåks, mu kpdgks uik bmkåêm di bngldnrm. Di sdeunbk, gm
dspkåm skerkbm, vmjà pmbd ckzdr suk prdjd d, di iuntks jktdbrkns d nerd`ks,
tkifîi pmbd kjdgbdr uik vdak. Xmr cni, mrd pdbngbm fàgåêms è suk vnbk, è
suk vnkedi bd vmatk d èqudads pkrk ms qukns vmjà dstë vmatkgbm.
RVKGZCMVID ZTKZ @MVGKBKZ DI XDVDEVNGKÅÔDZ
Zdiprd qud vmu pkrk ui auekr qud kngbk gêm jmgldåm, tdgtm dgjmgtrkr m
jdgtrm skerkbm d, dgjmgtrkgbm-m, pkrk aë id bnrn`m pkrk mcdrtkr idus
rdspdntms. Gk Égbnk, vmu pkrk m tdipam amjka, gms pkésds fubnstks vmu k uik
dstupk _ :4; Y mu imstdnrm, gms pkésds iuåuaikgms prmjurm k idsquntk mu m
rdanjërnm bd ui skgtm. Gk Durmpk d gks Kiîrnjks, vmu è nerd`k mu è jktdbrka,
qud jmstuik cnjkr gm jdgtrm bk jmiugnbkbd. Iuntks Nerd`ks Jktúanjks
Vmikgks d Kgeanjkgks cnjki kfdrtks m bnk tmbm, m qud gms pdrintd kbdgtrë-
aks,
Kjlmkjdgbdr uik
qud nssm idvdak, ckzdrjmi
jmgdjtk uikmsprdjd d gms ks
vnakrd`ms, jmgdjtkr jmid merkgbds
pdqudgks amjka skerkbm.
jnbkbds
qud dstmu vnsntkgbm, d jmi ks pdssmks qud kan vnvdi, kaîi bd id mcdrdjdr ui
auekr trkgqunam pkrk qud du id tmrgd ikns jdgtrkbm bdpmns bd uik vnkedi.
Xdåm fàgåêms pkrk m tdipm di qud pdrikgdjdrdn gkqudak jnbkbd d pkrk ks
pdssmks qud kan vmu jmgldjdr
jmgldjdr,, kssni jmim pkrk idus kinems d inglk
ckiéank, qud cnjmu di jksk.
Zuenrm qud vmjà tdgtd ckzdr
c kzdr kaeuik jmnsk pkrdjnbk gks suks `mrgkbks.
 <
Jmgjausôds0
Xrëtnjks Dspnrntukns di uik Drk Zdjuakr
]
Gks smjndbkbds trkbnjnmgkns
tr kbnjnmgkns ju`ms idifrms drki jmadtmrds-jkåkbmrds gêm sd
ckznk gdgluik bnstngåêm dgtrd rdanenêm d tmbms ms mutrms jmipmgdgtds bk
vnbk smjnkaddkjuaturka.
kgjdstrkns K dxnstàgjnk
pkrtnjnpkåêm bmsjmadtnvms
gms rntukns dspérntms,gugjk
ks ngcauàgjnks ngvnsévdns
drki mf`dtm bms
bd bðvnbk.
Bk idsik ikgdnrk, gks smjndbkbds keréjmaks trkbnjnmgkns d gks kgtneks
jnvnanzkåôds, tmbks ks pdssmks drki ngjauébks gk vnbk rdanenmsk bk
jmiugnbkbd, difmrk lmuvdssd iuntks vdzds ui jadrm dspdjnkanzkbm. Gk
Durmpk bm sîjuam ;488 b.J., prktnjkidgtd tmbms kjrdbntkvki di Bdus d
pkrtnjnpkvki bks jdrniògnks, cdstks d rntukns rdanenmsms. Zdr ktdu mu gdekr k
nipmrtægjnk bk rdanenêm drk ngjmgjdfévda. M idsim kjmgtdjd lm`d di iuntks
pkrtds bm iugbm.
Xmr suk vdz, gk Durmpk bm sîjuam \\N m dspkåm pðfanjm î sdjuakr. Tik
vnsêm bd iugbm
kjkbàinjms, ktdéstnjk jmidrjnkns
ngtdadjtukns, mu kegústnjk î m pkræidtrm
d inbnëtnjms. fësnjm bk
K prëtnjk gmsrdanenêm
jérjuamsî
uik fusjk ingmrntërnk, d lë tkifîi uik kipak paurkanbkbd bd prëtnjks
rdanenmsks d dspnrntukns, di vdz bd ui ðgnjm jmg`ugtm jmgsdgsuka bd prëtnjks
qud ngjauk quksd tmbks ks pdssmks. Snvdims di uik drk sdjuakr sdi
prdjdbdgtds gk lnstúrnk luikgk.
K prúprnk pkakvrk sdjuakr jmipkrtnalk uik rknz angeuéstnjk jmi k pkakvrk
sdidgtd (sddb), _ :46 Y d sdu sdgtnbm fësnjm tdi k vdr jmi ‑edrkåêm’. Gk
Nbkbd Iîbnk, rdcdrnk-sd k ‑kssugtms iugbkgms’ ‚ ktnvnbkbds trkgsjmrrnbks gk
dscdrk bm tdipm, pmr mpmsnåêm k ‑dtdrgnbkbd’. Gm sdnm bk Nerd`k Idbndvka,
lkvnk uik bnvnsêm
qud bnspuglki bd bd trkfkalm
tdipm dgtrd ks mrbdgs
d mpmrtugnbkbd pkrk rdanenmsks
bnrnenr sdusbdjmrkåôds
imgeds dd crdnrks,
idgtds
è dtdrgnbkbd bd Bdus, d ms pkbrds, qud prdekvki kms adnems d suks

prdmjupkåôds iugbkgks? dstds drki jlkikbms bd pkbrds sdjuakrds. K

idsik tdringmamenk kngbk î uskbk gk Nerd`k Jktúanjk Vmikgk bd gmssms
bnks0 imgeds d crdnrks sêm jlkikbms bd rdanenmsms, dgqukgtm m tdrim
‑sdjuakr’ î rdsdrvkbm kms përmjms.
Jmgtubm, ktukaidgtd, ‑sdjuakr’ tdi snegncnjkbms iuntm ikns kipams. M
amgem prmjdssm bd sdjuakrnzkåêm gk Durmpk tdi rkézds qud rdimgtki è
Vdcmrik Xrmtdstkgtd, gm sîjuam \SN. K Vdcmrik bdfnantmu k kutmrnbkbd bks
ngstntunåôds rdanenmsks, prëtnjks d bmutrngks qud drki cktms jmgsuikbms pmr
quksd tmbks ks pdssmks.
Jmim m cnaúsmcm Jlkrads Rkyamr imstrk di sdu anvrm K Zdjuakr Ked Ked,, gk
Vdcmrik ms pmbdrds dspnrntukns d iëenjms cmrki kpkrtkbms bm iugbm
dxtdrnmr, km idsim tdipm qud k snegncnjkåêm d m sdgtnbm cmrki trkgscdrnbms
pkrk ks idgtds luikgks ngbnvnbukns. Gm iugbm prî-Vdcmrik, m pmbdr
dspnrntuka sntukvk-sd gms mf`dtms césnjms, jmim ks rdaéqunks bms skgtms, k
Lústnk jmgskerkbk mu ks prúprnks pdssmks. Ms sdrds luikgms drki
pdridëvdns d pkssévdns bd rdjmgstntunr suks jmgbnåôds d jnrjugstægjnks, kaîi
bd kfdrtms k fàgåêms, ikabnåôds, pmssdssêm mu erkåk. Jmim bnz Rkyamr0 ‑_...Y
gm iugbm dgjkgtkbm, gêm lkvnk gkbk qud bdikrjkssd jakrkidgtd k anglk
dgtrd ngtdrjdssêm pdssmka d cmråk nipdssmka’. _ :4: Y Xmr suk vdz, gm iugbm bk
pús-Vdcmrik ms mf`dtms pmbnki ngcaudgjnkr k idgtd, iks sdus snegncnjkbms
drki edrkbms pdak idgtd, mu pmr dak nipmstms ès jmnsks. Znegncnjkbm d
snegncnjkåêm _ :42 Y drki ngstægjnks ngtdrgks, ngtrégsdjks è idgtd luikgk? gêm
pdrtdgjnki km iugbm dxtdrnmr.
dxtdrnmr. M iugbm pdrbdrk sdu dgjkgtkidgtm.
K jrdsjdgtd ngcauàgjnk bk jnàgjnk idjkgnjnstk kjdadrmu dssd prmjdssm bm
sîjuam \SNN di bnkgtd. Bdus cmn kckstkbm bms prmjdssms bk gkturdzk, qud
pkssmu k sdr vnstk jmim ngkgnikbk, ngjmgsjndgtd d idjægnjk, cugjnmgkgbm bd
imbm kutmiëtnjm. Kaeugs tdúamems prmtdstkgtds rdkenrki, dgcktnzkgbm m
pkpda bd Bdus jmim jrnkbmr bk iëqungk bm iugbm. Jmim vnims, Bdus drk
jmim ui dgedgldnrm qud lkvnk snstdiktnzkbm m Tgnvdrsm pkrk m fdgdcéjnm
luikgm, d m cnzdrk jmi katruésim d ikegkgninbkbd. Bdus tkifîi
ikgtnvdrk ui pkpda gm cni bms tdipms, jmim m @unz qud bnstrnfunrnk
rdjmipdgsks d pugnåôds. Gdssd prmjdssm, Bdus cmn rdbuznbm k ui jrnkbmr, d è
rdanenêm jmufdrk m pkpda bd eukrbnê bd imrkanbkbd. _ :44 Y Dssk cmrik
bdspm`kbk bd jrnstnkgnsim bdnxkrk pmujm dspkåm pkrk k kåêm skavkbmrk bd
Jrnstm, m pkpdapkrk
trkgsjdgbdgtka bd zdakr pdak bdvmåêm
k luikgnbkbd. K dbmutrngk
pdak prdjd,
jrnstê mutrkbnjnmgka
ui mf`dtnvm
bk
Bdus cmn djanpskbk. _ :43 Y
pkrtnjnpkåêm luikgk gk gkturdzk bd Bdus

Ms imvnidgtms rdanenmsms dvkgeîanjms bms sîjuams \SNNN d \N\, ikns

gmtkbkidgtd ms idtmbnstks, rdkenrki jmgtrk dssk jmgjdpåêm ngtdadjtukanzkbk
bd Bdus. Di vdz bnssm, mcdrdjnki uik cî ngtdrnmrnzkbk d jmipkssnvk, uik
cmrik ngtdgskidgtd pdssmka bd rdanenêm, km jmgtrërnm bks mfsdrvkåôds
cmrikns jmadtnvks bks Nerd`ks Jktúanjks Vmikgks d Kgeanjkgks, qud
prmjurkvki ngjaunr tmbks ks pdssmks.
Gms pkésds jktúanjms-rmikgms, m prdssupmstm mcnjnka drk qud ks pdssmks
bdvnki sdr jktúanjks-rmikgks? gms pkésds autdrkgms, autdrkgks? d, gk
Ngeaktdrrk, kgeanjkgks. Xmr mutrm akbm, ks gmvks sdntks rdanenmsks, jmim ks
idtmbnstks, kssdidalkvki-sd ikns k erupms pmr kcngnbkbds mu kssmjnkåôds
vmaugtërnks. _ :45 Y Daks gêm rdnvngbnjkvki ui imgmpúanm dxjausnvm bd
jmrrdåêm rdanenmsk, d ks pdssmks sd sdgtnki anvrds pkrk iubkr bd uik
bdgmingkåêm pkrk mutrk. Ms Dstkbms Tgnbms gksjdrki gdssd jmgtdxtm, d sdu
erkgbd gðidrm bd bdgmingkåôds prmpmrjnmgmu, d kngbk prmpmrjnmgk, uik
dspîjnd bd idrjkbm
mutrks nerd`ks anvrd rdanenmsm.
dvkgeîanjks bncugbnrkiGmdssk
sîjuam
cmrik\\, ms pdgtdjmstkanstks
pdssmka bd rdakåêm jmid
Bdus pmr tmbk k Kiîrnjk Aktngk, Ëcrnjk d Ësnk.
Gm kavmrdjdr bm sîjuam \N\, pkrk iuntms pdgskbmrds nauingnstks dssd
jrnkbmr rkjnmgka lkvnk sd trkgscmrikbm gm rdimtm Bdus bm bdésim, qud drk
pkssévda bd jmgldjnidgtm ktrkvîs bk rkzêm, bk jnàgjnk d bm dstubm bk
gkturdzk. Gêm lkvnk gdgluik gdjdssnbkbd bd Vdvdakåêm, gdi bks prëtnjks bk
rdanenêm jrnstê mu bm ‑dgtusnksim’ bms dvkgeîanjms. K pkakvrk dgtusnksim
snegncnjk ‑pmssuébm pmr Bdus’, bm erdem dg 9 (di) d tldms 9 (Bdus)? d, pkrk
ms ngtdadjtukns nauingnstks, drk ui tdrim bd idgmsprdzm. Tik vdz qud m
Tgnvdrsm tnglk
kutmiëtnjm, sdisnbm jrnkbm gdjdssnbkbd
gdgluik d pmstm di imvnidgtm, cugjnmgkvk
bd ngtdrjdssêm bd imbm
bnvngk. Bdus gêm
rdspmgbnk ès prdjds, gdi ngtdrvnglk, dstkfdadjdgbm jmgtktm jmi m Tgnvdrsm
pkrk suspdgbdr tdipmrkrnkidgtd ks adns bk gkturdzk
gkturdzk d prmbuznr inakerds.
M qud bnzdr, pmrîi, bk imrkanbkbd d bk mrbdi smjnka= Zd m
jmipmrtkidgtm imrka gêm bdpdgbnk ikns bms ikgbkidgtms, bk mrndgtkåêm d
bd erkåk bd Bdus, dgtêm bdvdrnk bdpdgbdr bms prúprnms sdrds luikgms, bk
rkzêm d bm mrbdgkidgtm rkjnmgka bm fdgdcéjnm iðtum. M jrnstnkgnsim
fksdkvk-sd di ui ugnvdrskansim imrka, jmi k dxmrtkåêm bd Jrnstm kms
junbkbms pkrk jmi ms mutrms d è bdimgstrkåêm bd kimr pdams vnznglms d, ktî
idsim, pdams
luikgnstk ngninems.
pmr idnm Dssdbntkids
bd ju`ms nbdka jrnstêm cmn sdjuakrnzkbm
bdvdrékims sdr katruéstksdid bdvdrékims
uik imrka
gms prdmjupkr jmi ms mutrms. _ :4< Y

Dssks iubkgåks sdjuakrnzkbmrks dxprdsskrki-sd ikns brkiktnjkidgtd gk

Vdvmauåêm Crkgjdsk. [ukgbm k Vdvmauåêm jmidåmu di ;5<>, m jktmanjnsim
drk k rdanenêm mcnjnka bm Dstkbm crkgjàs. Di ;5>:, ‑M Juatm bk Vkzêm’ cmn
prmjakikbm jmim k rdanenêm
rdan enêm bm Dstkbm d, jmim `ë vnims kqun, k Jktdbrka bd
Gmtrd-Bkid, bd Xkrns, cmn jmgvdrtnbk di Rdipam
Rdipam bk Vkzêm.
Ti bms prngjnpkns imtds rdvmaujnmgërnms drk ‑Anfdrbkbd, Neukabkbd,
Crktdrgnbkbd mu Imrtd’. Xdam idgms 28 ina pdssmks cmrki dxdjutkbks gm
Xdrémbm bm Rdrrmr (;5>:-;5>2), ngjausnvd iuntms pkbrds, d k eunalmtngk
tmrgmu-sd séifmam bk jkusk rdvmaujnmgërnk. Nerd`ks, imstdnrms d mrbdgs
rdanenmsks cmrki cdjlkbms, d m juatm rdanenmsm cmn prmnfnbm è cmråk.
M Xdrémbm bm Rdrrmr bdnxmu ui emstm kikrem gk fmjk, m qud advmu k uik
rdbuåêm bm adik rdvmaujnmgërnm, qud pkssmu k sdr ‑Anfdrbkbd, Neukabkbd d
Crktdrgnbkbd’. Dssd kngbk î m adik bks Vdpðfanjks bk Crkgåk d bm Lkntn.
M bdésim amem jdbdu dspkåm km ktdésim nrrdstrntm. Xrdssupmgbm-sd qud m
Tgnvdrsm drk dtdrgm, gêm lkvnk gdgluik gdjdssnbkbd bm ui jrnkbmr, m Bdus
bm Bdésim. M ktdésim tmrgmu-sd ngtdadjtukaidgtd kbinssévda, d ms
imvnidgtms rdvmaujnmgërnms ktdéstks, ngjausnvd m jmiugnsim, dspkalkrki-sd
pmr tmbk k Durmpk gm sîjuam \N\. Jmim ms kgtnems rdenids lkvnki snbm
kpmnkbms pdam pmbdr bk Nerd`k, k jkusk rdvmaujnmgërnk cmn dspdjnkaidgtd cmrtd
gk daningkåêm bm pmbdr rdanenmsm.
Zmfrdtubm gk Vðssnk, mgbd k kutmrnbkbd bm tskr d bk Nerd`k Mrtmbmxk
tnglki sd cugbkidgtkbm di Bdus, ms rkbnjkns vnrki m ktdésim jmim uik
pmsturk gdjdssërnk. Xmr vmatk bk bîjkbk bd ;<48, ms pdgskbmrds
rdvmaujnmgërnms russms qudrnki sufstntunr k kutmrnbkbd jmrruptk bk Nerd`k d
bm tskr pmr ui gmvm snstdik smjnka d pmaétnjm, _ :4>
iks
Y
tkifîi prdtdgbnki
ngtrmbuznr ui gmvm jmgjdntm bd luikgnbkbd. Idbnkgtd k rd`dnåêm bks
nausôds bk rdanenêm ‚ m ‑úpnm bm pmvm’, gk ckimsk crksd bd Ikrx ‚, ms sdrds
luikgms sdrnki anfdrtkbms pkrk k auz bk jnàgjnk d bk rkzêm.
K tdmamenk ktdéstk dgjmgtrmu ui pmbdrmsm kankbm gk jnàgjnk, k quka, di
cngs bm sîjuam \N\, rdprdsdgtkvk ui ugnvdrsm sdi cngkanbkbd, ngjmgsjndgtd d
idjægnjm, di qud ms sdrds luikgms, jmim k vnbk di edrka, lkvnki sd
bdsdgvmavnbm sdi prmpúsntm mu bnrdtnvk. Gm iugbm sdi Bdus, k luikgnbkbd
junbkrnk bd suk prúprnk dvmauåêm, advkgbm m bdsdgvmavnidgtm djmgòinjm, k
crktdrgnbkbd d k prmspdrnbkbd k tmbk k luikgnbkbd, idbnkgtd m Xrmerdssm.
Zdjuakrnsim imbdrgm

Lë tràs ikgdnrks prngjnpkns di qud m sdjuakrnsim sd dxprdssk gm iugbm

imbdrgm. K prnidnrk î pmaétnjk d juaturka. Ms dspkåms pðfanjms cmrki
dsvkznkbms bd Bdus. Jmim bnz Rkyamr0
Jmim cugjnmgkims bdgtrm bd bncdrdgtds dscdrks bd ktnvnbkbd ‚ djmgòinjk, pmaétnjk,
juaturka, dbujkjnmgka,
ks bdanfdrkåôds di qudprmcnssnmgka, rdjrdkjnmgka
gms dgek`kims, ‚ ks gmriks
edrkaidgtd d prngjépnms
gêm gms rdidtdi qud sdeunims,
k Bdus mu k
quknsqudr jrdgåks rdanenmsks. _...Y Nssm dstë di dxtrdim jmgtrkstd jmi ms pdrémbms
kgtdrnmrds, qukgbm k cî jrnstê skgjnmgkvk ms bntkids pmrtkbmrds bd kutmrnbkbd mcnjnka, qud
iuntks vdzds k dak jldekvk pdak pkakvrk bm jadrm, d qud gêm sd pmbnk negmrkr ckjnaidgtd
di qukaqudr ui bdssds bmiégnms, jmim, pmr dxdipam, k ngtdrbnåêm cmrika bk usurk. _ :38
Y

Dssk cmrik bd sdjuakrnsim gêm î gdjdsskrnkidgtd kgtnrrdanenmsk. Gms Dstkbms

Tgnbms, k sdpkrkåêm dgtrd Nerd`k d Dstkbm, bdtdringkbk gk Xrnidnrk Didgbk
bk Jmgstntunåêm di ;5>;, prdtdgbnk pdrintnr k anfdrbkbd rdanenmsk, uik
qudstêm pdgmsk pkrk ms prnidnrms gmrtd-kidrnjkgms, iuntms bms qukns lkvnki
cuenbm bk Kssni
durmpdus. pdrsdeunåêm rdanenmsk
tkifîi, nipmstk pdam
ms imvnidgtms Dstkbm gk
ckvmrëvdns iknmrnk pmaétnjk
è rdcmrik bms pkésds
gk
Durmpk mntmjdgtnstk drki iuntks vdzds nipuasnmgkbms pmr uik gdjdssnbkbd
bd tmadrægjnk dgtrd bncdrdgtds nerd`ks jrnstês, rmikgks jktúanjks d
prmtdstkgtds, bm qud pmr cdrvmr kgtnrrdanenmsm. K jrdsjdgtd sdjuakrnzkåêm
durmpdnk tkifîi tmrgmu iuntm ikns cëjna pkrk ms `ubdus pkrtnjnpkrdi bk
vnbk pðfanjk d sd tmrgkrdi pkrtd bm iugbm sdjuakr.
sdjuakr.
Jmgtubm, kaeugs Dstkbms sdjuakrds drki dxpanjntkidgtd kgtnrrdanenmsms,
sdeungbm m prdjdbdgtd bk Crkgåk rdvmaujnmgërnk. Gk Tgnêm Zmvnîtnjk, m
ktdésim tmrgmu-sd k nbdmamenk mcnjnka, d ks jrnkgåks rdjdfnki uik dbujkåêm
kgtnrrdanenmsk. K Anek
ikns bd 4 inalôds bms Ktdusmrqudstrkvk
bd idifrms, Inantkgtds,jkipkglks
qud gk bîjkbk bd ;>:8 tnglk
pdam cdjlkidgtm bd
nerd`ks d imstdnrms, pdam snadgjnkidgtm bms sngms, daningkåêm bks
cdstnvnbkbds rdanenmsks d suprdssêm bks prëtnjks rdanenmsks bk Nerd`k Mrtmbmxk
Vussk. _ :3; Y Tik nbdmamenk ktdéstk sdidalkgtd cmn nipmstk kms prmtdtmrkbms
bk Durmpk Mrndgtka bk Tgnêm Zmvnîtnjk bdpmns bk Zdeugbk Eudrrk Iugbnka.
Gk Jlngk jmiugnstk, Ikm Rsî-Ruge ngstntunu uik pmaétnjk bd ktdésim bd
Dstkbm di ;>2>. _ :36 Y
M sdeugbm sdgtnbm di qud k Durmpk sd tmrgmu jkbk vdz ikns sdjuakr
dgjmgtrk-sd gm bdjaégnm bk prëtnjk d kcnankåêm rdanenmsks. Tik erkgbd
ingmrnk,
Difmrk ksmu rkézds
idsimbdssk
uik iubkgåk
ingmrnk bkrdimgtdi
pmpuakåêmkmsbnzngtdadjtukns
qud gêm tdi rdanenêm.
rkbnjkns bm
sîjuam \SNNN d kms imvnidgtms pmaétnjms kgtnrrdanenmsms gm sîjuam \N\, m

prmjdssm bd kandgkåêm bk rdanenêm trkbnjnmgka kjdadrmu-sd gk sdeugbk idtkbd

bm sîjuam \\, d jmgtnguk k kuidgtkr gm sîjuam \\N.
M tdrjdnrm sdgtnbm bd sdjuakrnbkbd î k trkgscmrikåêm bd uik smjndbkbd di
qud prktnjkidgtd tmbms kjrdbntkvki di Bdus, di mutrk smjndbkbd gk quka
Bdus î uik mpåêm dgtrd mutrks, d jmi crdquàgjnk gêm î k mpåêm ikns cëjna bd
sdeunr. _ :3: Y
Di erkgbd pkrtd bk Durmpk, d jkbk vdz ikns dgtrd ms `mvdgs bms Dstkbms
Tgnbms, k mpåêm d m pkbrêm jmrrdgtds jmgsnstd di sdr gêm rdanenmsm, mu
idsim kgtnrrdanenmsm.
Ks kifneunbkbds bm ktdésim
ktdésim
Di pkrtd, dssk eungkbk juaturka pkrk m ktdésim î rdsuatkbm bms dscmråms
jmgtégums bms ktdus dvkgeîanjms pkrk jmgvdrtdr ks pdssmks k sdu pmgtm bd
vnstk. Di tdrims lnstúrnjms, m ktdésim imbdrgm vdnm bm jrnstnkgnsim d, jmim
kreuidgtk m cnaúsmcm @mlg Erky, î idalmr và-am jmim uik ldrdsnk jrnstê.
K bdsjrdgåk î ui imvnidgtm di ui `mem ju`ks rderks sêm bdtdringkbks pdams qud
jrddi. Gdekr k dxnstàgjnk bd Bdus î kjdntkr ks jktdemrnks bm imgmtdésim _...Y M ktdésim
î ui camrdsjnidgtm tkrbnm bk pknxêm jrnstê pdak vdrbkbd _...Y M jrnstnkgnsim ktkjmu jmi
dcdntm pmtdgjnkaidgtd bdstrunbmr k rknz bk tmadrægjnk pkeê bk nausêm. Km kcnrikr qud sú
dxnstd uik cî vdrbkbdnrk, tmrgmu vëanbm ui vkamr suprdim qud ktî dgtêm gêm tnglk.
Rkifîi tmrgmu pmssévda, pdak prnidnrk vdz, k bdsjrdgåk gm bnvngm. K jmgsdquàgjnk
amgekidgtd kbnkbk bk cî jrnstê cmn uik nbmaktrnk bk vdrbkbd qud dgjmgtrmu suk ikns
jmipadtk dxprdssêm gm ktdésim. _ :32 Y

Erky î ktdu, iks gêm ui ktdu prmsdantnstk, gdi ui luikgnstk sdjuakr.

Jmgtubm, iuntms ktdus imbdrgms, jmim Vnjlkrb Bkwongs, kngbk dstêm di
uik jruzkbk Dads
kgtnrrdanenmsk. jmgtrk Bdus.
vddi Dads sêmjmim
k sn idsims ms inssnmgërnms Nabd uik nbdmamenk
ldrbdnrms bm Nauingnsim.
uingnsim.
Xkrk ks pdssmks jrnkbks di uik ckiéank rdanenmsk, tmrgkr-sd ktdu nipanjk
uik dgmrid iubkgåk bd pdrspdjtnvk, uik iubkgåk rdvmaujnmgërnk di suk
vnsêm bd iugbm. Iuntms ktdus jmgtdipmrægdms cnzdrki dssk iubkgåk pmr sn
prúprnms, rdfdakgbm-sd jmgtrk suk cmrikåêm jrnstê mu `ubknjk,
`ubknjk, mu kckstkgbm-sd
bdak. Mutrks cmrki jrnkbks pmr pkns gêm rdanenmsms, d kaeuiks pdrtdgjdi è
tdrjdnrk edrkåêm sdjuakr, jmi kvús gêm rdanenmsms. Xmujms kgjdstrkns gêm
rdanenmsms rdimgtki k ui tdipm iuntm bnstkgtd. Cun ui ktdu bd prnidnrk
edrkåêm, d kbmtdn dssk iubkgåk pkrkbneiëtnjk qukgbm kngbk kbmadsjdgtd.
 Iuntms ktdus vddi dssk iubkgåk bk rdanenêm pkrk m sdjuakrnsim ktdéstk
jmim kaem ngdvntëvda bm pmgtm bd vnstk lnstúrnjm, d, ktî jdrtm pmgtm, dssk î
uik prmcdjnk kutmrrdkanzëvda. Kqudads qud sd jmgvdrtdi km ktdésim, mu

snipadsidgtd k ui dstnam bd vnbk gêm rdanenmsm, iuntks vdzds vddi k sn

idsims jmim prmerdssnstks d, jmim Bkwongs, jmim ldrbdnrms bm nbdka bd
prmerdssm nauingnstk. D, di kaeugs sdgtnbms, m prmerkik nauingnstk pkrdjd
dstkr sd dcdtnvkgbm, pdam idgms gk Durmpk d di pkésds jmim Kustrëank d
Gmvk Pdaægbnk. K vnbk pðfanjk, m snstdik dbujkjnmgka d k iébnk vài sd
tmrgkgbm jkbk vdz ikns sdjuakrds, d ms gêm rdanenmsms kuidgtki di gðidrm,
dgqukgtm ks nerd`ks pdrbdi tdrrdgm.
Ti bms kreuidgtms ktdéstks ikns jmiugs jmgtrk k rdanenêm î qud dak î
jkuskbmrk bd jmgcantms. D dssk î uik kcnrikåêm ngdeëvda. K Eudrrk bms
Rrngtk Kgms (;3;<-;32<) dgtrd Dstkbms jktúanjms d prmtdstkgtds advmu
jmgsnem ikns bd : inalôds bd vnbks gk Durmpk. Km amgem bd suk lnstúrnk bd
:45 kgms, k skgeungërnk Ngqunsnåêm dspkglmak (;25<-;<:4) kjusmu jdrjk bd
;48 ina pdssmks pmr jrnids d bdantms, d dxdjutmu jdrjk bd : ina. _ :34 Y Ks
rdanenôds tài advkbm è vnmaàgjnk, m qud jmgtnguk k sdr prktnjkbm pmr kaeuiks
bdaks.
Iks m gkjnmgkansim tkifîi tdi advkbm è vnmaàgjnk, jmim gk Kadikglk
Gkznstk? m idsim sd pmbd bnzdr bm nipdrnkansim, jmim gms Nipîrnms
Frntægnjm, Crkgjàs, Dspkglma, Xmrtueuàs, Lmakgbàs d Fdaek. K jmamgnzkåêm
bks Kiîrnjks, bk Kustrëank, bk Gmvk Pdaægbnk d bd mutrks pkrtds bm iugbm
pdams durmpdus cmn
c mn bdskstrmsk pkrk ms pmvms gktnvms, iuntms
i untms bms qukns cmrki
imrtms, dsjrkvnzkbms, dspmankbms mu jdnckbms pmr bmdgåks.
M snstdik ikns bdstrutnvm bd tmbms cmn k nbdmamenk ktdéstk bm jmiugnsim,
jmim gk Tgnêm Zmvnîtnjk smf m jmikgbm bd Ztkang, gk Jlngk smf m jmikgbm
bd Ikm d gm Jkifm`k smf m jmikgbm bd Xma Xmt. Zdeugbm dstniktnvks
jmgsdrvkbmrks, m gðidrm mcnjnka bd imrtms gk Tgnêm Zmvnîtnjk smf m
jmikgbm bd Ztkang cmn bd kprmxnikbkidgtd 68 inalôds bd pdssmks, _ :33 Y
jmi ikns 68 inalôds bd smabkbms d jnvns imrtms gk Zdeugbk Eudrrk
Iugbnka. _ :35 Y Gk Jlngk, smf m jmikgbm bd Ikm, lmuvd bd 28 k 58 inalôds
bd imrtms jmim rdsuatkbm bd suks pmaétnjks. _ :3< Y Gm Jkifm`k, smf m
jmikgbm bd Xma Xmt, jdrjk bd 6 inalôds bd pdssmks imrrdrki, m qud
dqunvkad k ikns mu idgms ui qukrtm bk pmpuakåêm. _ :3> Y
Gdgluik gkåêm, gdgluik rdanenêm, gdgluik nbdmamenk tài ngbnjkbmrds
pmsntnvms qukgbm sd ckz ui jakrm dxkid bd suk lnstúrnk. Rmbks
Rmbks ks ngstntunåôds
luikgks sêm ckaévdns.
 Ms kreuidgtms lnstúrnjms smfrd ms jrnids bk rdanenêm sêm uik pkrtd
nipmrtkgtd bks vnsôds bd iugbm ktdéstks, dgqukgtm negmrkrims mu pusdrims

bd akbm m vkstm égbnjd bd imrtds bms rdenids ktdéstks. Jmgtubm, ikns

nipmrtkgtd kngbk î k jrdgåk ktdéstk bd qud k jnàgjnk `ë dxpanjmu k gkturdzk bk
rdkanbkbd di tdrims purkidgtd césnjms, sdi gdgluik gdjdssnbkbd bd Bdus.
M prúprnm Tgnvdrsm d ms mrekgnsims vnvms sêm iëqungks. Dads dvmauérki
kutmiëtnjk d ngjmgsjndgtdidgtd, sdi gdglui jrnkbmr, gdgluik ngtdaneàgjnk
jrnkbmrk d sdi gdglui prmpúsntm.
Rmbkvnk, dssk ‑vnsêm bd iugbm jndgtécnjk’, k tdmrnk iktdrnkanstk bk
gkturdzk, tdi pmr fksd prdssupmstms qud sêm katkidgtd qudstnmgëvdns bm
pmgtm bd vnstk jndgtécnjm, jmim imstrm di idu anvrm Jnàgjnk sdi Bmeiks.
Bmeiks.
Xmr dxdipam, ms iktdrnkanstks gêm prmvkrki qud k iktîrnk î ngjmgsjndgtd, mu
qud k gkturdzk î sdi prmpúsntms, mu qud k idgtd î jmgcngkbk km jîrdfrm. M
qud tdims kqun sêm prdssupmstms. K vnsêm bd iugbm iktdrnkanstk î ui
snstdik bd jrdgåks, gêm uik kcnrikåêm bd cktms jndgtécnjms.
Mutrm imtnvm jmiui pkrk k jmgvdrsêm km ktdésim î m prdssupmstm bd qud
ks rdanenôds trktki fksnjkidgtd bd prmpmsnåôds d jrdgåks, d gêm bd
dxpdrnàgjnks. Dgtêm, ks rdanenôds pmbdi sdr rd`dntkbks jmim bmeiëtnjks,
bdpdgbdgtds bk kutmrnbkbd bks dsjrnturks, bms prmcdtks d bms skjdrbmtds. Xmr
mutrm akbm, kngbk sdeugbm m kreuidgtm, ms jndgtnstks sêm kfdrtms ès
dvnbàgjnks? dads ckzdi pdreugtks jakrks, tdstki-gks pmr idnm bd dxpdrnàgjnks
d dstkfdadjdi ui jmgsdgsm jmgcnëvda pmr idnm bd mfsdrvkåôds pkssévdns bd
rdpdtnåêm.
Du tkifîi kjrdbntkvk gnssm. Iks cnqudn bdjdpjnmgkbm qukgbm bdsjmfrn
qud kaeuiks pdssmks trkgscmrikrki k jnàgjnk di uik dspîjnd bd rdanenêm, d
sêm quksd sdiprd dxtrdikidgtd bmeiëtnjks. Daks kjdntki k ‑vnsêm bd
iugbm iktdrnkanstk’ jmi fksd gk cî, niprdssnmgkbks pdak kutmrnbkbd d
prdstéenm bms jndgtnstks, d nikengki qud dads jldekrki k dssk vnsêm bd
iugbm pmr idnm bd sdu prúprnm pdgskidgtm anvrd. Kngbk kjrdbntm gm nbdka bk
jnàgjnk bd idgtd kfdrtk. Iks vd`m k rdanenêm bk jnàgjnk, m jndgtncnjnsim,
jmim uik nbdmamenk bmeiëtnjk. Di inglk prúprnk dxpdrnàgjnk, ms kbdptms
bm jndgtncnjnsim sêm iuntm ikns bmeiëtnjms bm qud k iknmrnk bms jrnstêms
qud jmgldåm.
K iknmr pkrtd bdssds kbdptms bm jndgtncnjnsim gêm î cmrikbk pmr
jndgtnstks. Zêm iuntm ikns bdvmtms bm qud pdsqunskbmrds. [uksd gdglui
bdads cdz qukaqudr mfsdrvkåêm dipérnjk mu bdsjmfdrtk jndgtécnjk pmr sn
idsims. Gêmktòinjks,
sufpkrtéjuaks trkfkalkrki
gdi gm Erkgbd Jmansmr
sdqudgjnkrki bd Lëbrmgs,
edgmiks, dstubkgbm
gdi dxkingkrki ks
uatrkdstruturks bks jîauaks gdrvmsks, gdi pdsqunskrki k rkbnmkstrmgmink,

gdi pdgdtrkrki k iktdiëtnjk bk tdmrnk bks supdrjmrbks. Dads kjrdbntki gm

qud alds î bntm, kjdntkgbm k mrtmbmxnk prdbmingkgtd bk jnàgjnk ngstntujnmgka
bm imbm jmim dak alds î trkgsintnbk pmr ikgukns d mutrms kedgtds bncusmrds
bd jmgldjnidgtm. Dads sêm ngjkpkzds bd qudstnmgkr k kutmrnbkbd bm
skjdrbújnm jndgtécnjm pmrqud jkrdjdi bd dbujkåêm d bm jmgldjnidgtm
tîjgnjm gdjdssërnms pkrk tka qudstnmgkidgtm. D, sd cnzdrdi pdreugtks
difkrkåmsks, m ikns prmvëvda î qud sd`ki bdsjmgsnbdrkbms mu rd`dntkbms
jmim negmrkgtds, jmgcusms mu tmams.
M jndgtncnjnsim tdi uik ngcauàgjnk iuntm kipak, di erkgbd pkrtd pmr
jmgtk bms trnugcms ngqudstnmgëvdns bk jnàgjnk d bk tdjgmamenk, jmim ms
jmiputkbmrds, k ngtdrgdt, ms sikrtplmgds
sikrtplmgds,, ms kgtnfnútnjms, k jnrurenk pmr
akpkrmsjmpnk, ms imtmrds k `ktm d ks smgbks dspkjnkns. Î cëjna prdsuinr qud
tmbms dssds trnugcms rdsuatki bk ‑vnsêm bd iugbm jndgtécnjk’, d qud dads
sustdgtki k cnamsmcnk iktdrnkanstk bk gkturdzk. Iuntks pdssmks, pmrîi ‚ jmim
du idsim bd‚, jrdgåks
bmeiëtnjm kjlki qud,
qud gk
dssk cnamsmcnk
vdrbkbd, dstësdprmvmjkgbm
dgburdjduui dirdtrmjdssm
ui snstdik
gks
jnàgjnks. _ :58 Y
M kspdjtm idgms fdi-sujdbnbm bks jnàgjnks imbdrgks dstë gk
jmiprddgsêm bk jmgsjnàgjnk. Ms iktdrnkanstks prdsuidi qud dak gkbk ikns î
qud k ktnvnbkbd bm jîrdfrm. Zuk pkakvrk bd mrbdi î0 ‑K idgtd î kqunam qud m
jîrdfrm ckz’. Jmgtubm, k dxnstàgjnk idsik bk jmgsjnàgjnk î ui prmfadik
pkrk ms iktdrnkanstks, qud jmstuiki rdcdrnr-sd k dak jmim ‑m prmfadik
bncéjna’ (jmim cmn bnsjutnbm gm Jkpétuam ;).
Ks rdanenôds bnzdi rdspdntm è jmgsjnàgjnk, d sêm cugbkidgtkbks gm
prdssupmstm bd qud dak trkgsjdgbd m gévda luikgm. Dstd î ui bms imtnvms
pdams qukns ms kbdptms bm jndgtncnjnsim sêm kgtnrrdanenmsms? tmbks ks rdanenôds
prdssupôdi qud k jmgsjnàgjnk
jmgsjnàgjnk vkn iuntm kaîi bk ktnvnbkbd jdrdfrka.
[ukgbm ks pdssmks kfrdi iêm bd suk rdanenêm kgjdstrka, daks suprnidi k
iknmrnk bks prëtnjks qud ms rdanenmsms bêm jmim jdrtks, ngjausnvd jkgtkr d
dgtmkr jægtnjms `ugtms, mrkr, pkrtnjnpkr bd rntukns d cdstnvnbkbds trkbnjnmgkns d
bkr erkåks kgtds bks rdcdnåôds. [ukns sêm ms dcdntms bdssk iubkgåk bd
pkrkbneik, bd ui pmgtm bd vnstk rdanenmsm pkrk uik vnsêm bd iugbm gêm
rdanenmsk=
Ms dcdntms bms
K pdsqunsk imbms
jndgtécnjk bd vnbk rdanenmsms
dxpdrnidgtka d gêm rdanenmsms
smfrd ks prëtnjks dspnrntukns kjmgtdjd di
ui jmgtdxtm sdjuakr. Di edrka, ms pdsqunskbmrds prdsuidi qud ms

pkrtnjnpkgtds gêm sêm rdanenmsms d gêm dstêm lkfntukbms k sufidtdr-sd k

prëtnjks dspnrntukns. Dgtêm dads ngvdstneki ms dcdntms bd kjrdsjdgtkr uik
prëtnjk dspdjécnjk d dstubkr sdus dcdntms, jmipkrkbms jmi ui erupm bd
jmgtrmad qud gêm pkrtnjnpk bdssk prëtnjk. Xmr dxdipam, k pdsqunsk smfrd
erktnbêm jmipkrk m dcdntm bd dxprdsskr erktnbêm jmi m bd gêm k dxprdsskr
(Jkpétuam 6). K pdsqunsk smfrd idbntkåêm jmipkrk m dcdntm bd idbntkr jmi m
bd gêm idbntkr (Jkpétuam ;). K pdsqunsk smfrd pksskr kaeui tdipm km kr
anvrd jmipkrk m dstkr km kr anvrd jmi m dstkr pmrtks kbdgtrm, k sntukåêm-
pkbrêm (Jkpétuam :). K pdsqunsk smfrd ms dcdntms bd jkgtkr jmipkrk m jkgtkr
jmi m gêm jkgtkr (Jkpétuam 3). K iknmr pkrtd bdssds dstubms imstrk qud ks
prëtnjks dspnrntukns tài dcdntms fdgîcnjms, di jmipkrkåêm jmi m cktm bd gêm
pkrtnjnpkr bdssks prëtnjks.
Mutrk ikgdnrk bd ngvdstnekr ms dcdntms bks prëtnjks dspnrntukns dstë di
dxkingkr ms dcdntms di amgem prkzm gms pkrtnjnpkgtds rdanenmsms, di
mpmsnåêm
sngkemek, èmu
gêmk pkrtnjnpkåêm.
mutrms tdipamsKsmgbd
pdssmks qud vêmsdrdeuakridgtd
rdanenmsms rdðgdi, sêm èjmipkrkbks
nerd`k mu è
jmi ks pdssmks qud gêm ckzdi m idsim, jmgtrkpmgbm-ks pmr cknxk dtërnk d
pmsnåêm smjnmdjmgòinjk bncdrdgtds. Inalkrds bdssds
bdssds dstubms cmrki cdntms gms
Dstkbms Tgnbms d di mutrms pkésds. Ks bdsjmfdrtks sêm jakrks.
Ks pdssmks qud nki rdeuakridgtd è nerd`k tdgbnki k tdr idgms bmdgåks
idgtkns d sdr idgms bdprdssnvks? imstrkvki idgms kgsndbkbd d vnvnki ikns
bm qud kqudaks jmi pmujk mu gdgluik pkrtnjnpkåêm rdanenmsk. _ :5; Y Dssd
dcdntm gêm sd rdstrngenk km jrnstnkgnsim. Lkvnk ui dcdntm sdidalkgtd di
Rknwkg, di ui jmgtdxtm prdbmingkgtdidgtd fubnstk. _ :56 Y
Lë dxjdåôds. Xkrk uik ingmrnk bd pdssmks, smfrdtubm kqudaks qud vnvdi
jldnks bd juapks mu idbms, mu qud pksskrki pmr erkvds jmgcantms rdanenmsms,
ms fdgdcéjnms bk rdanenêm pmbdi tdr dcdntms gdektnvms smfrd k skðbd d m fdi-
dstkr. _ :5: Y
Xmrîi, k iknmrnk bks pdssmks qud lkvnki bdsnstnbm bd suk cî mrnengka gêm
lkvnk kenbm kssni pkrk cuenr bd erkgbds juapks mu jmgcantms. Iuntks sd
jmgvdrtdi k dstnams bd vnbk gêm rdanenmsms pmr rkzôds qud gêm sêm gdektnvks,
pmrîi pmsntnvks, jmim `ë bnsjutnims kqun? daks qudrdi kssmjnkr-sd km
prmerdssm, è rkzêm d è jnàgjnk.
[ukgbm ks pdssmks kfkgbmgki suk rdanenêm kgjdstrka, di edrka daks
bdnxki bd pkrtnjnpkr bd tmbk uik sîrnd bd prëtnjks qud sdus kgjdstrkns
jmgsnbdrkvki ngqudstnmgëvdns0

Bkr erkåks jmim k uik jmiugnbkbd mu uik ckiéank.

Ckzdr pkrtd bd uik jmiugnbkbd ju`ms idifrms jkgtki `ugtms.
Mrkr.
Kjdntkr k imrtd jmim uik trkgsnåêm, d gêm jmim ui cni.
Xkrtnjnpkr bd rntms bd pksskedi, jmim m fktnsim, k jrnsik d m
jkskidgtm.
Xkrtnjnpkr bd cugdrkns rdanenmsms trkbnjnmgkns.
Vdjmgldjdr ms kgjdstrkns.
Jdadfrkr cdstnvnbkbds qud bêm dstruturk è pksskedi bm tdipm km amgem
bm kgm.
Jmgdjtkr-sd jmi auekrds skerkbms.
Xkrtnjnpkr bd rntukns qud bêm ui sdgsm bd nbdgtnbkbd d jmgtngunbkbd
jmadtnvks.
Zdgtnr-sd dstniuakbm k k`ubkr ms mutrms.
Ckzdr pkrtd bd uik lnstúrnk iknmr qud k`ubk k bkr sdgtnbm è vnbk bd jkbk
pdssmk.
Zdgtnr-sd jmgdjtkbm è rdkanbkbd dspnrntuka qud trkgsjdgbd m dspkåm d m
tdipm.
Km bdsnstnrdi bk rdanenêm d bks prëtnjks qud ald sêm ngtrégsdjks, k vnbk bks
pdssmks rdkaidgtd sd anfdrtk bks rdstrnåôds. Xkrk ms dx-jrnstêms, m bmingem
gêm prdjnsk ikns sdr ui bnk dspdjnka bd Kåêm bd Erkåks, bdsjkgsm d
rdjrdkåêm? pmbd sdr kpdgks ikns ui bnk bd trkfkalm mu bd ckzdr jmiprks.
Gêm lë gdgluik fkrrdnrk rdanenmsk jmgtrk ui dstnam bd vnbk 62/5. _ :52 Y
Iuntk jmnsk iubk gdssd prmjdssm, gêm sú pkrk ks pdssmks gêm rdanenmsks bd
prnidnrk edrkåêm, iks tkifîi pkrk sdus cnalms. Kanës, km jmgtrërnm bks
jrnkgåks bd ckiéanks rdanenmsks, ks qud pdrtdgjdi k ckiéanks gêm rdanenmsks
gêm jkgtki jmi ms erupms jmiugntërnms bd suks ckiéanks, gdi eukrbki ms
bnks bd Kåêm bd Erkåks, gdi pkrtnjnpki bd rntukns d cdstnvnbkbds.
M ktdésim î ui cmem purncnjkbmr. Dad jmgsmid k lnpmjrnsnk, jmrrupåêm,
prdeunåk d prdtdgsêm rdanenmsks. Xmrîi, suk pmaétnjk bd tdrrk krrkskbk mu
qudnikbk pmbd bdnxkr iuntks pdssmks dspnrntukaidgtd ckingtks, sdbdgtks d
nsmakbks.
Gks ðatniks edrkåôds, dssk iubkgåk bd pkrkbneik bd ui imbm bd vnbk
rdanenmsm pkrk mutrm, gêm rdanenmsm, mjmrrdu, di erkgbd dsjkak di pkésds

kgtdrnmridgtd jrnstêms gk Durmpk, gk Kiîrnjk bm Gmrtd, gk Kustrëank d gk

Gmvk Pdaægbnk. Jmgtubm, m kfkgbmgm bk rdanenêm gêm nipanjmu uik
jmgvdrsêm di erkgbd dsjkak pkrk m ktdésim. K iknmrnk bks pdssmks qud
bdsnstnrki bk rdanenêm bd suks ckiéanks, mu qud sêm jrnkbks di ckiéanks gêm
rdanenmsks, gêm sd vddi jmim ktdéstks. _ :54 Y Kaeuiks jlkiki-sd bd
kegústnjks? mutrks kngbk jmgsdrvki uik tàgud kcnankåêm rdanenmsk, jmim nr è
nerd`k kms bmingems? mutrks prmjurki dstkfdadjdr jmgtktm jmi dspérntms?
mutrks sêm kbdptks bm imvnidgtm bk Gmvk Drk? mutrks kbmtki kaeuiks bks
prëtnjks bd mutrks rdanenôds, jmim m fubnsim, mu tmrgki-sd gdmpkeês mu
gdmxkikgnstks.
Di pdsqunsks rdjdgtds gm Vdngm Tgnbm, jdrjk bd idtkbd bk pmpuakåêm
kcnrikvk gêm tdr gdgluik rdanenêm, _ :53 Y iks smidgtd ;:% bdsjrdvnki k sn
prúprnms jmim ktdus. Idsim dgtrd ms gêm rdanenmsms, smidgtd 64%
jmgjmrbkvki jmi k kcnrikåêm bd qud ‑ms luikgms sêm sdrds purkidgtd
iktdrnkns, sdi gdglui dadidgtm dspnrntuka’. _ :55 Y
K prmpmråêm bd ktdus î iknmr dgtrd ms qud rdjdfdrki dbujkåêm jndgtécnjk.
Zdeugbm uik pdsqunsk rdkanzkbk gm Vdngm Tgnbm di 68;3, dgtrd jndgtnstks d
prmcnssnmgkns bd dgedglkrnk d idbnjngk, jdrjk bd 64% drki ktdus, d 6;%
kegústnjms, tmtkanzkgbm 23%. Tik prmpmråêm quksd neuka, 24%, bnznk
pdrtdgjdr k uik rdanenêm, mu qud drk dspnrntukanzkbk, iks gêm rdanenmsk. _ :5< Y
Xmrtkgtm, gm Vdngm Tgnbm ‚ ui bms pkésds ikns sdjuakrds bm iugbm ‚,
idsim gk jmiugnbkbd jndgtécnjk, ms ktdus padgkidgtd jmgvnjtms sêm ui
erupm ingmrntërnm.
Di edrka, ks prëtnjks rdanenmsks d dspnrntukns tmrgki ks pdssmks ikns
cdanzds, ikns skubëvdns d idgms bdprninbks. Xmr mutrm akbm, m cktm bd gêm
dxdrjntkr dssks prëtnjks tmrgk ks pdssmks ikns ngcdanzds, pmujm skubëvdns d
ikns bdprninbks. M ktdésim inantkgtd bdvdrnk vnr jmi uik kbvdrtàgjnk bd
skðbd.
Kaeugs ktdus rdjmgldjdi dssd prmfadik, imtnvm pdam quka Kakng bd
Fmttmg bdcdgbd k rdanenêm pkrk ms ktdus. Î pmr nssm qud ms Luikgnstks
Zdjuakrds trdngki d kutmrnzki ui mcnjnkgtd luikgnstk k ckzdr ks jdrniògnks
bd fktnsim, jkskidgtm d cugdrkns. Î pmr dssd imtnvm qud k Kssdifadnk bd
Bmingem mcdrdjd mpmrtugnbkbds sdikgkns pkrk qud ms erupms sd rdðgki pkrk
jkgtkr. Dssd tkifîi î m imtnvm pdam quka Zki Lkrrns d fubnstks sdjuakrds
bdcdgbdi k idbntkåêm. Ti rnemrmsm dstnam kgtnrrdanenmsm bd vnbk bdnxk iuntk
jmnsk bd cmrk, dipmfrdjdgbm k vnbk bks pdssmks.

ikgdnrks bd dstkfdadjdr
Xrëtnjks dspnrntukns jmim ikgdnrks dstkfdadjdr jmgdxêm
K vkgtkedi bk iknmrnk bks prëtnjks dspnrntukns dgjmgtrk-sd dxktkidgtd gm
cktm bd daks bnzdrdi rdspdntm `ustkidgtd è prëtnjk, d gêm è jrdgåk. Xmr
jmgsdeungtd, daks dstêm kfdrtks ès pdssmks rdanenmsks d ès gêm rdanenmsks. Zêm
ngjausnvks.
Ks prëtnjks dspnrntukns gms advki kaîi bd gmssks prdmjupkåôds nidbnktks.
È prnidnrk vnstk, ks prëtnjks bnsjutnbks gdstd anvrm bnzdi rdspdntm k kspdjtms
iuntm bnvdrsms bk dxpdrnàgjnk luikgk. [uka î m cnm jmiui qud ks ugd=
K jmgdxêm î m tdik qud ugncnjk tmbks daks. Daks gms advki pkrk kaîi bm
iugbkgm, ckzdgbm-gms jldekr k eàgdrms ikns prmcugbms bd jmgdxêm0

;.
K erktnbêm bnz rdspdntm km cauxm bd bmkåêm d rdjdfnidgtm. M
cktm bd sdrims
jmgdjtdims. pkrtd dsjmaldr
Xmbdims bd ui cauxm jmgtrnfun
ktî qud pkrk qud gms
pmgtm jldekrdims di
tdrims bd jmipktnfnanbkbd d prmvks bd erktnbêm. Gk dscdrk
luikgk, pmbdims gms sdgtnr erktms k tmbms ms qud gms
k`ubkrki d kipkrkrki, ngjausnvd gmssms pkns, qud gms bdrki
k vnbk. Gm iugbm ikns-qud-luikgm, pmbdims kerkbdjdr pmr
mutrms mrekgnsims vnvms qud gms jdrjki d bms qukns
bdpdgbdims pkrk gmssk smfrdvnvàgjnk d pdak vnbk gk Rdrrk.
Xmbdims nr kaîi d kerkbdjdr km sma, è ekaëxnk d k tmbm m
jmsims. Xmbdims nr kngbk ikns kaîi d sdr erktms è cmgtd bd

tmbk k gkturdzk d tmbk idgtd, qudr jlkidims nssm bd Bdus mu

gêm.
Zmims anvrds pkrk sdr erktms mu ngerktms jmim qunsdrims.
[ukgtm ikns ngerktms smims, iknmr gmssk bdsjmgdxêm,
bdsjmgtdgtkidgtm d nsmakidgtm. [ukgtm ikns erktms smims, ikns
prmcugbk î k gmssk jmgdxêm jmi uik vnbk iknmr qud k gmssk d
ikns cmrtd î k gmssk dxpdrnàgjnk bd cauxm. Dssk jmgsjnàgjnk bm
cauxm gms k`ubk k sdr jkbk vdz ikns edgdrmsms.
6.
K idbntkåêm gms tmrgk jmgsjndgtds bks ktnvnbkbds bd gmssk
 idgtd, è idbnbk qud ks vdims gms ktrkngbm pkrk ui prmjdssm
gm tdipm, jmgdjtkgbm gmssm pksskbm km gmssm cuturm di
tðgdns pdssmkns. Xmr idnm bk idbntkåêm, pmbdims rdjukr pkrk

uik jmgsjnàgjnk ikns ngjausnvk. D ès vdzds gms dgjmgtrkims

di uik prdsdgåk idgtka ikns dadvkbk, uik idgtd pkrk iuntm
kaîi bk gmssk prúprnk. Zmims jmgdjtkbms pmr idnm bk
prdsdgåk jmgsjndgtd.
:.
K jmgdxêm jmi m iugbm ikns-qud-luikgm. Xmbdims nr
têm amged qukgtm qunsdrims pmr idnm bd gmssk idgtd d bd
gmssms sdgtnbms. Xmbdims prdstkr ktdgåêm km iugbm bms
kgnikns, bks pakgtks, bms cugems, bms injrúfnms, bks camrdstks,
bms mjdkgms, bks ngtdipîrnds, bd Eknk, bm Zma, bm Znstdik
Zmakr, bk Snk Aëjtdk d bd ngjmgtëvdns ekaëxnks kaîi bd gmssk
prúprnk. Xmbdims dgtrkr di jmgtktm jmi k cmgtd bk quka
gmssk gkturdzk prmvîi.
2.
Ks pakgtksbncdrdgtds
tmtkaidgtd gms mcdrdjdi jmgdxôds
bks gmssks. Jmimjmi
gús,cmriks bd vnbkd
daks jrdsjdi
kbqunrdi iðatnpaks cmriks. Km jmgtrërnm bks pakgtks, pmrîi,
gús pkrkims bd jrdsjdr d jmidåkims k gms jmipmrtkr, jmim
ckzdi ms mutrms kgnikns.
Ks pakgtks sêm k cmgtd bd qukanbkbds qud gús d mutrms kgnikns
dxpdrnidgtkims0 cmriks, jldnrms, skfmrds, tdxturks d jmrds. Daks
gms kanidgtki, bnrdtk mu ngbnrdtkidgtd? daks gms jurki, jmim m
ckzdi iuntks drvks, mu gms dgvdgdgki. Kaeuiks pakgtks qud
jmgtài brmeks pmbdi katdrkr gmssk idgtd. D daks sêm iuntm ikns
kgtneks bm qud gús. Ks prngjnpkns ckiéanks bd pakgtks camrécdrks `ë
dxnstdi lë bdzdgks bd inalôds bd kgms? ks jmgécdrks dxnstdi lë
:88 inalôds bd kgms? ks skikifknks, ms iusems, ks kaeks
ikrnglks d mutrks kaeks sêm kngbk ikns kgtneks. Gmssk dspîjnd tdi
kpdgks 8,; inalêm bd kgms, d k jnvnanzkåêm sú surenu lë jdrjk bd
8,884 inalêm bd kgms.
4.
Ms rntukns gms jmgdjtki jmi kqudads qud `ë ms prktnjkrki
fdi kgtds bd gús. Dads ikgtài k trkbnåêm d k jmgtngunbkbd bd
gmssm erupm, d tkifîi kfrdi ui jkgka vmatkbm pkrk k
 jmgsjnàgjnk ikns bm qud luikgk. Ms rntukns tkifîi gms
jmgdjtki jmi gmssms bdsjdgbdgtds, d jmi tmbms ms qud
pkrtnjnpkrêm gmvkidgtd bms rntukns. Xmr idnm bms rntukns,

jmgdjtkim-gms jmi m pksskbm d m cuturm bm gmssm erupm, è

dscdrk dspnrntuka k qud gmssm erupm î anekbm d k ui mf`dtnvm
trkgsjdgbdgtka pkrk k luikgnbkbd.
3.
M jkgtm, m jkgtmjlêm d k iðsnjk aneki ms idifrms bm
erupm di sngjrmgnk d rdssmgægjnk. Ms ikgtrks, ms jkgtmjlôds,
ks jkgåôds d ks bkgåks pmbdi gms jmgdjtkr jmi m iugbm
ikns-qud-luikgm d jmi k idgtd ikns-qud-luikgk. K
iðsnjk gms anek km cauxm bk vnbk.
5.
K pdrderngkåêm gms jmgdjtk jmi auekrds skgtms, auekrds
mgbd jîu d tdrrk sd ugdi. Di iuntms bdssds auekrds, nssm î
antdrkaidgtd vdrbkbdnrm. Zuks dstruturks smfdi km jîu jmim
idgnrds, mfdansjms, tmrrds, keualks bd tmrrds d ingkrdtds.
K pdrderngkåêm
qukgtm tdi k Km
uik idtëcmrk. erkgbd vkgtkedi bdbdsdruik
pkrtnjnpkrims tkgtmpdrderngkåêm,
uik prëtnjk
vnvdgjnkims m prmjdssm bd kvkgåkr di bnrdåêm km mf`dtnvm d
jldekr k dad, d dstkrims aë? bdpmns, vmatkims pkrk jksk tdgbm
pksskbm pmr dssd prmjdssm bd iubkgåk. Rdrdims jmgdjtkbm gmssk
vnbk jmtnbnkgk jmi auekrds qud gms aneki k ui iugbm
trkgsjdgbdgtka.
Xmbdims vdr gmssk vnbk ngtdnrk jmim uik pdrderngkåêm.
Bdpdgbdgbm bd gmssks jrdgåks, dssk pmbd sdr uik `mrgkbk ju`m
bdstngm î gmssk imrtd ngdvntëvda, mu uik `mrgkbk ruim è jmgdxêm
dspnrntuka gk lmrk
[uksd Imrtd, bd gmssk
d uik imrtd,
`mrgkbk qud jmim di pkrk
jmgtnguk uik Dxpdrnàgjnk bd
kaîi bd gmssk
imrtd.
@mrgkbks bd bdsjmfdrtk
bdsjmfdrtk d rdbdsjmfdrtk
rdbdsjmfdrtk
Lë iuntks prëtnjks dspnrntukns, d tmbks ks rdanenôds ngjaudi ui erkgbd
gðidrm bdaks. Dssks gêm sêm iutukidgtd dxjaubdgtds? gk rdkanbkbd,
rdcmråki-sd uiks ès mutrks.
Ks sdtd prëtnjks dspnrntukns qud bnsjutn gdstd anvrm gêm sêm, bd imbm
kaeui, uik jktkamekåêm dxkustnvk, d, di ui anvrm pmstdrnmr k dad, prdtdgbm
bnsjutnr uik
sufstægjnks sîrnd bd mutrks
psnjmbîanjks, prëtnjks,
ms bnks skgtms d ksngjausnvd k prdjd,
cdstnvnbkbds m `d`ui, ks
rdanenmsks.

c ugjnmgki neukaidgtd fdi pkrk tmbms, d ks pdssmks

Gdi tmbks ks prëtnjks cugjnmgki
qud prdtdgbdi ckzdr uik dxpdrnàgjnk dgtrd daks prdjnski ckzdr uik dsjmalk
jrntdrnmsk. Xkrk ms qud sdeudi uik rdanenêm, iuntks bdssks prëtnjks `ë ckzdi
pkrtd bd suks vnbks. Di edrka, pmrîi, suk dcnjëjnk î dgcrkqudjnbk pdam usm
jmstuidnrm. Km akgåkr ui gmvm malkr smfrd dssks prëtnjks, sdu pmbdr pmbd
sdr rdgmvkbm.
Jkbk jkinglm rdanenmsm nipanjk suk prúprnk sdadåêm bd prëtnjks dspnrntukns,
dgcktnzkgbm ikns kaeuiks bm qud mutrks. Di rdsuatkbm bnssm, kaeuiks sêm
dstrkglks ès pdssmks qud `ë dstêm sdeungbm ui jkinglm rdanenmsm. Xmr
dxdipam, iuntms jrnstêms prmtdstkgtds gêm dstêm kjmstuikbms k pkrtnjnpkr bd
pdrderngkåôds. Dssks vnkedgs skerkbks drki ckinankrds k sdus kgjdstrkns prî-
rdcmrinstks, d kngbk sêm ckinankrds gks nerd`ks mrtmbmxks mrndgtkns d jktúanjks.
Bk idsik ikgdnrk, k prdjd jmgtdipaktnvk d mutrks cmriks jrnstês bd
idbntkåêm sêm fdi jmgldjnbks di jmiugnbkbds bd imgeds d crdnrks, iks
pmujm jmgldjnbks dgtrd adnems, qud jmiuidgtd sd fdgdcnjnki bd suk
bdsjmfdrtk.
Tik bks ërdks di qud ks pdssmks rdanenmsks pmbdi kprdgbdr jmi ms gêm
rdanenmsms î k jmgdxêm jmi m iugbm ikns-qud-luikgm, di gmvms jkinglms
bdsfrkvkbms pdak jnàgjnk. Ktî ms jndgtnstks ikns ktdus jrnki uik rdakåêm
jmi m iugbm gkturka pmr idnm bm trkfkalm ngvdstnektnvm qud bdad ckzdi, pmr
ikns dspdjnkanzkbm qud sd`k sdu jkipm bd dstubm. Iuntks pdssmks rdanenmsks
jkrdjdi bdssd sdgtnidgtm bd jmgdxêm jmi ms bdtkalds bk gkturdzk, d
kaeuiks pkrdjdi kgsnmsks pmr dadvkr-sd kaîi bdads.
Dstk î uik ërdk jmi dgmrid pmtdgjnka pkrk k dxpamrkåêm dspnrntuka. Ks
jnàgjnks gkturkns rdvdakrki ui ugnvdrsm iuntm iknmr, ikns kgtnem d dstrkglm
bm qud qukaqudr jmnsk `kikns nikengkbk kgtds? rdvdakrki bdtkalds smfrd k
vnbk fnmaúenjk qud gngeuîi jmgldjnk ktî dgtêm? bdsvdakrki k dxnstàgjnk bd
bmiégnms bd injrm-mrekgnsims è gmssk vmatk, d tkifîi bdgtrm bd gús0 k
vkstk jmiugnbkbd bd injrúfnms qud vnvd di gmssks dgtrkglks. Ks jnàgjnks
pdgdtrkrki ms bmiégnms bm iuntm erkgbd d bm iuntm pdqudgm, smfrd ms qukns
gmssms kgjdstrkns gêm tnglki gdglui jmgldjnidgtm. M prmfadik î qud ks
jnàgjnks gms bêm vkstks qukgtnbkbds bd bkbms, iks sêm vkznks bd sdgtnbm
pdssmka mu dspnrntuka.
Xmr mutrm akbm, ks jmgdxôds dspnrntukns trkbnjnmgkns jmi m iugbm ikns-
qud-luikgm
skfnki smfrddgjmgtrkrki snegncnjkbm
dssks bdsjmfdrtks d snegncnjkåêm
rdjdgtds pmrJmifngkr
bks jnàgjnks. tmbk pkrtd,dssks
iks gkbk
buks
kfmrbkedgs î ui bdskcnm sngeuakridgtd imbdrgm.

Dstkims tmbms ckzdgbm vnkedgs. Ks prëtnjks dspnrntukns pmbdi dgrnqudjdr

gmssk vnbk d gms bkr uik pdrjdpåêm ikns cmrtd bk jmgdxêm dgtrd ugs d
mutrms, kssni jmim uik pdrjdpåêm iknmr dgtrd k vnbk d k jmgsjnàgjnk pkrk
kaîi bm gévda luikgm. Dssks prëtnjks pmbdi gms k`ubkr k kjdntkr kaeugs bms
ngðidrms prdsdgtds qud gms sêm mcdrdjnbms, d k kerkbdjdr pmr dads. [ukgtm
ikns kprdjnkrims kqunam qud gms cmn mcdrdjnbm, iknmr sdrë gmssk imtnvkåêm
pkrk mcdrtkr.
mcdrtkr.
 Kerkbdjnidgtms
]
Burkgtd inglks rdcadxôds smfrd ms tdiks qud bnsjutm gdstd anvrm, pubd jmgtkr
jmi m kuxéanm prdjnmsm bd inglks jmgvdrsks jmi m pkbrd Fdbd Ernccntls,
jmi inglk dspmsk @naa Xurjd d jmi iuntks mutrks pdssmks. Di pkrtnjuakr,
tnvd k fmk smrtd bd pkrtnjnpkr bd uik sîrnd bd tréamems jmi idus kinems
Rdrdgjd IjOdggk (qud, ngcdanzidgtd, ckadjdu gm kgm 6888) d Vkapl
Kfrklki,
pdam idgmsquduikkfrkgedrki uigkpdrémbm
vdz pmr kgm bd bdzdssdtd
Jkancúrgnk, kgms.mu
gk Ngeaktdrrk Vdugékim-gms
gm Lkvké, d
bnsjutékims uik erkgbd vkrndbkbd bd tdiks, kaeugs dstrdntkidgtd
rdakjnmgkbms kms tdiks bnsjutnbms gdstd anvrm. Rkifîi pufanjkims bmns
anvrms di jmg`ugtm, Rld Dvmautnmgkry Ingb (;>><) d Jlkms, Jrnktnvnty kgb
Jmsinj Jmgsjnmusgdss (688;). _ :5> Y Vdenstrms bd ikns bd trngtk kgms bd
mg-angd.. _ :<8 Y
gmssms tréamems dstêm bnspmgévdns mg-angd
Kprdgbn iuntks jmnsks jmi ms bnëamems ikgtnbms jmi bnvdrsms aébdrds d
idstrds dspnrntukns, ngjausnvd jmi @nbbu Ornslgkiurtn? _ :<; Y jmi m nriêm
Bkvnb-Ztdngbn-Vkst, jmi qudi jmgbuzn sdingërnms gm Dskadg Ngstntutd, gk
Jkancúrgnk d di
Ikttldw Cmx, jmiLmaaylmjo, gk Nalk
qudi dsjrdvn Jmrtdssmfrd
bmns anvrms gk Jmaðifnk Frntægnjk? jmi
jnàgjnk d dspnrntukanbkbd,
Gkturka Erkjd (;>>3) d Rld Xlysnjs mc Kgedas (;>>3), jmgbuzn wmroslmps
di Lmaaylmjo d di Mkoakgb, Jkancúrgnk, _ :<6 Y d cnz uik sîrnd bd pmbjksts
pmbjksts?? _
:<: Y jmi Ikrj Kgbrus, m fnspm bk Jkancúrgnk, jmi qudi jmgbuzn wmroslmps
di Dskadg d gk Erkjd Jktldbrka _Jktdbrka bk ErkåkY, Zêm Crkgjnsjm _ :<2 Y
pmbjksts?? _ :<4 Y jmi Bkvnb
jmi Ikro Sdrgmg, jmi qudi cnz ikns bd trngtk pmbjksts
Kfrki, Vnjo Ngerksjn d Ztdpldg Rujodr, vneërnm bd inglk nerd`k pkrmqunka
di Lkipstdkb. Zmu erktm k tmbms dads. Rkifîi emstkrnk bd kerkbdjdr k
idus cnalms Idrang d Jmsim, jmi ms qukns kprdsdgtdn wmroslmps di
Lmaaylmjo
gdstd anvrm.gmsKsðatnims quktrm
mpngnôds d kgms, dxpamrkgbm
rdkåôds kaeugs bms tdiks
bms pkrtnjnpkgtds bdssdsbnsjutnbms
bnvdrsms
wmroslmps cmrki ngdstniëvdns.

Zmu iuntm erktm km kpmnm cngkgjdnrm qud id pdrintnu dsjrdvdr dstd anvrm?
rdcnrm-id k Kbbnsmg Cnsjldr, è Xakgdt Ldrntked Cmugbktnmg, bd Gkpads,
Caúrnbk, è Eknk Cmugbktnmg, bd Amgbrds, k Nkg d Snjtmrnk Uktsmg, è Uktsmg
Ckinay Cmugbktnmg d km Ngstntutm bd Jnàgjnks Gmîtnjks bd Xdtkauik,
Jkancúrgnk? d è Zkavnk Cmugbktnmg, di Edgdfrk.
Kerkbdåm è Xkidak Zikrt, inglk kssnstdgtd bd pdsqunsk, qud trkfkalmu
jminem burkgtd vngtd d bmns kgms? k Euy Lkywkrb, idu fmasnstk bd dstubms
bd pús-bmutmrkidgtm, ju`ks pdsqunsks iuntm id k`ubkrki k dsjrdvdr dstd
anvrm? d k Zdfkstnkg Xdgrkdtl, rdspmgsëvda pdak jrnkåêm d ikgutdgåêm bd idu
sntd..
sntd
Zmu iuntm erktm km dstéiuam bd idu dbntmr, Ikro Fmmtl, bk Lmbbdr &
Ztmueltmg, Amgbrds, qud tkgtm jmgtrnfunu pkrk qud dstd anvrm sd
jmgjrdtnzkssd. Rkifîi kerkbdåm k tmbms ms qud cnzdrki uik adnturk jrétnjk
bk prnidnrk vdrsêm bdstd anvrm, di pkrtnjuakr k Kgedanok Jkwbmr, Angby
Buccdrng d Kvk, Euy Lkywkrb, Gktusjlok Add, Unaa Xkrsmgs, @naa Xurjd,
Kgtlmgy Vkisky,
Vkisky, Jmsim d Idrang Zldabrkod d Xkidak Zikrt.
 Fnfanmerkcnk
]
Kfrki, B., Rld Zpdaa mc tld Zdgsumus0 Xdrjdptnmg kgb Akgeuked ng k Imrd-
Rlkg-Luikg Umrab, Sngtked, Gmvk ^mro, ;>>5.
Kafdrk, B. d Dkbd, @. (Mres.), Ngtdrgktnmgka Xdrspdjtnvds mg Xnaerniked
Ztubnds0 Ntngdrkrnds, Ekps kgb Mfstkjads,
Mfstkjads, Vmutadbed, Gmvk ^mro, 68;4.
Kgbdrsmg, U., d Lnjos, J., Erddg Ikg0 Rld Krjldtypd mc Mur Mgdgdss wntl
tld Dkrtl,
Dkrtl, Lkrpdr Jmaangs, Amgbrds, ;>>8.
Kgsdai, Xrm
Xrmsamenmg
samenmg,, ng Kgsdai mc Jkgtdrfury0 Rld Ik`mr Umros
mros,, Mxcmrb
Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss, 688<.
Kqungm, Zêm Rmiës bd, Jmipdgbnui mc Rldmamey,
Rldmamey, Mxcmrb Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss,
688>.
Fktjldamr, Z., Zdjuakr Fubblnsi0 Nikengnge tld Blkrik ng kg Tgjdrtkng
Umrab, ^kad Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss, 68;5.
Fdaakl, V. G., Vdanenmg ng Luikg Dvmautnmg0 Crm Crmi
i tld Xkadmantlnj tm tld
Kxnka Ked,
Ked, Lkrvkrb Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss,
Xr dss, 68;;.

Fdgsmg. L., d Oanppdr,

LkrpdrRmrjl, I. P.,
Gmvk ^mro, Rld Vdakxktnmg Vdspmgsd (gmvk dbnåêm),
6888.
Fdgtady, @., Vdstadss Fmgds0 Rld Ztmry mc Vdanjs,
Vdanjs, Jmgstkfad, Amgbrds, ;><4.
Fdrrdscmrb Daans, X., Jdatnj Ngldrntkgjd,
Ngldrntkgjd, Iuaadr, Amgbrds, ;><4.
Fdrikg, I., Rld Vddgjlkgtidgt mc tld Umrab, Fkgtki, Gmvk ^mro, ;><2.
Fakjoimrd, Z., Pdg kgb tld Krt mc Jmgsjnmusgdss
Jmgsjnmusgdss,, Mgdwmrab Xufanjktnmgs,
Amgbrds, 68;;.
Fmfm, E., Diimgs, V. K., d IjJuaamuel, I. D., ‑Erktntubd ng Xkjtnjd kgb
tld Xrkjtnjd mc Erktntubd’, ng0 Angady, X. K. d @msdpl, Z. (Mres.), Xmsntnvd
 Xsyjlmamey ng Xrkjtnjd,
Xrkjtnjd, Unady, Lmfmodg, G@, 6882.
Fmwadr, X. @., Dvmautnmg0 Rld Lnstmry mc kg Nbdk
Nbdk,, Tgnvdrsnty mc Jkancmrgnk
Xrdss, Fdrodady, ;><2.

Fmyadss, O. A., ‑Zkvnge Zkjrdb Zntds0 Rld ;><> Xrmpmsdb Kidgbidgt tm tld
Kidrnjkg Ngbnkg Vdanenmus Crddbmi Kjt’, Jmrgdaa Akw Vdvndw,
Vdvndw, ;>>;,
53, pp. ;;;5-;2<.
Frkntlwkntd, V. F., Zjndgtncnj Dxpakgktnmg0 K Ztuby mc tld Cugjtnmg mc
Rldmry, Xrmfkfnanty kgb Akw ng Zjndgjd,
Zjndgjd , Jkifrnbed Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss,
;>4:.
Frktikg, E. G., Bknay, E. J., Advy, F. @. d Ermss, @. @., “Rld Fdgdcnts mc
Gkturd Dxpdrndgjd0 Niprmvdb Kccdjt kgb Jmegntnmg’, Akgbsjkpd kgb
Trfkg Xakggnge, 68;4, ;:<, pp. 2;-48.
Frktikg, E. G., Lkinatmg, @. X. Lklg, O. Z., Bknay, E. J. d Ermss, @. @.,
‑Gkturd Dxpdrndgjd Vdbujdb Vuingktnmg kgb Zufedguka Xrdcrmgtka
Jmrtdx Kjtnvktnmg’, Xrmj
Xrmjddbnges
ddbnges mc tld Gktnmgka Kjkbdiy mc Zjndgjds
(TZ),, 68;4, ;;6, pp. <435-456.
(TZ)
Frmwg, X., Rld Juat mc tld Zkngts0 Nts Vnsd kgb Cugjtnmg ng Aktng
Jlrnstnkgnty,, Jlnjkem Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss, 68;4.
Jlrnstnkgnty
Frmwg, Z., ‑Rld “Iusnakgeuked„ Imbda mc Iusnj Dvmautnmg’ ng0 G. Ukaang,
Idrodr, F. d Frmwg, Z. (mres.), Rld Mrneng mc Iusnj, Iusnj, INR Xrdss,
Jkifrnbed, IK, 6888.
Frmwg, Z., ‑Dvmautnmgkry Imbdas mc Iusnj0 Crmi Zdxuka Zdadjtnmg tm Ermup
Zdadjtnmg’, ng0 Rmggdku, C. d Rlmipsmg, G. (Mres.), Xdrspdjtnvds ng
Dtlmamey,, Xadgui, Gmvk ^mro, 6882, ;:, pp. 6:;-<;.
Dtlmamey
Jkrtdr, J., Zjndgjd kgb tld Gdkr-Bdktl Dxpdrndgjd0 Lmw Jmgsjnmusgdss
Zurvnvds Bdktl,
Bdktl, Nggdr Rrkbntnmgs, Vmjldstdr, SR, 68;8.
Jlkgbk, I. A.,Zjndgjd,
Jmegntnvd d Advntng,
Zjndgjd B. ;5,
, 68;:, @., ‑Rld Gdurmjldinstry mc Iusnj’, Rrdgbs ng
pp. ;<8->2.
Janct, Z., Lkgjmx, E., Imrrnsmg, N., Ldss, F., Ordutz, E. d Ztdwkrt, B.,
‑Jlmrka Zngenge kgb Xsyjlmamenjka Udaafdnge0 [ukgtntktnvd kgb
[ukantktnvd Cngbnges crmi Dgeansl Jlmnrs ng k Jrmss-gktnmgka Zurvdy’,
@murgka mc Kppandb Krts kgb Ldkatl,
Ldkatl, 68;8, N, pp. ;>-:2.
Janct, Z., Lkgjmx, E., Ztkrnjmcc, V., d Ulntdimrd, J., ‑Zngenge kgb Ldkatl0 K
Zystdiktnj Ikppnge kgb Vdvndw mc Gmg-jangnjka Vdsdkrjl’, Jlrnst
Jlurjl Tgnvdrsnty Vdsdkrjl Jdgtrd cmr Krts kgb Ldkatl, Jkgtdrfury,
688<.
Jmadikg, Z. d Dasgdr, @., Xnaerniked Xkst kgb Xrdsd
Xrdsdgt0
gt0 Zkjr
Zkjrdb
db Rrkvda kgb
Zkjrdb Zpkjd ng tld Umrab Vdanenmgs,
Vdanenmgs, Frntnsl Iusdui Xrdss, Amgbrds,
;>>4.

Jmrkzzk, M., Gdkr-Bdktl Dxpdrndgjds0 Dxpamrnge tld Ingb-Fmby

Jmggdjtnmg,, Vmutadbed, Amgbrds, 688<.
Jmggdjtnmg
Jmx, F., ‑Rld Akred Lkbrmg Jmaanbdr0 K Zjndgtncnj Jrdktnmg Ztmry„, ng0
‑Zldrngd, K. (Mre.), Rld Ktldnst„s Eunbd tm Jlrnstiks,
Jlrnstiks, LkrpdrJmaangs,
Amgbrds, 688>.
Jrmss, N., ‑Rld Gkturd mc Iusnj kgb Nts Dvmautnmg’, ng0 Lkaa, I., Jrmss, N. d
Rlkut, I. (Mres.), Rld Mxcmrb Lkgbfmmo mc Iusnj Xsyjlmamey (6ª db.),
Mxcmrb Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss, 68;3.
Jrmss, N., d Imrady, N., ‑Rld Dvmautnmg mc Iusnj0 Rldmrnds, Bdcngntnmgs kgb
tld Gkturd mc tld Dvnbdgjd’, ng0 Ikaamjl, Z., d Rrdvkrtldg, J. (Mres.),
Jmiiugnjktnvd Iusnjkanty,
Iusnjkanty, Mxcmrb Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss, 688<.
Bkrwng, J., Rld Mrneng mc Zpdjnds,
Zpdjnds, Iurrky, Amgbrds, ;<4>.
Bkrwng, J., Rld Skrnktnmg mc Kgnikas kgb Xakgts Tgbdr Bmidstnjktnmg,
Bmidstnjktnmg ,
Iurrky,
Bkrwng, Amgbrds,
J., Rld Mrneng;<54.
mc Zpdjnds (3ª db.), Iurrky
Iurrky,, Amgbrds, ;<<6.
Bkrwng, J., Rld Bdsjdgt mc Ikg kgb Zdadjtnmg ng Vdaktnmg tm Zdx (6ª db?),
Iurrky, Amgbrds, ;<<4.
Bkrwng, D., Pmmgmink
Pmmgmink,, 6 vmas., ;5>2-;5>3, KIZ Xrdss, Gmvk ^mro,
rdniprdssm di ;>52.
Bkvnbsmg, A. O., d Entantz, B. I., Xnaerniked0 Crmi tld Ekgeds tm
Erkjdakgb0 Kg Dgjyjampdbnk,
Dgjyjampdbnk, KFJ-JANM, Zkgtk Fkrfkrk, JK, 6886.
Bkvnds, @. E., Xnaerniked ^dstdrb
dstdrbky
ky tm Rmbky0 Uly= UldrUldrd=d= Lmw=
Lmw=,, ZJI
Xrdss, Amgbrds, ;>><.
Bkwongs, V., Rld Emb Bdausnmg,
Bdausnmg, Fkgtki, Amgbrds, 6883.
Bkwongs, V., Tgwdkvnge tld Vkngfmw0 Zjndgjd, Bdausnmg kgb tld Kppdtntd
cmr Umgbdr
Umgbdr, Xdgeung, Amgbrds, 6883.
Bd Fmttmg, K., Rld Xadksurds kgb Zmrrmws mc Umro, Lkinsl Lkinatmg,
Amgbrds, 688>.
Bd Fmttmg, K., Vdanenmg cmr Ktldnsts0 K Gmg-Fdandvdr„
Gmg-Fdandvdr„ss Eunbd tm tld Tsds mc
Vdanenmg,, Lkinsl Lkinatmg, Amgbrds, 68;:.
Vdanenmg
Bdf, B., Zkjrdb Ermmvds mc Udst Fdgeka0 K Imbda mc Jmiiugnty Cmrdst
Ikgkedidgt, Tgnvdrsnty mc Dkst Kgeank, Gmrwnjl, 6885.
Bdggdtt, B., Frdk
Frdkonge
onge tld Zpdaa0 Vdanenmg ks k Gkturka Xldgmidgmg,
Xldgmidgmg, Snonge,
Gmvk ^mro,
^mro, 6883.
Bdsjmak, X., Fdymgb Gkturd
Gkturd kgb Juaturd,
Juaturd, Tgnvdrsnty mc Jlnjkem Xrdss, 68;:.

Dlrdgrdnjl, F., Fammb Vntds0 Mrnengs kgb Lnstmry mc tld Xkssnmgs mc Ukr,
Idtrmpmantkg Fmmos, Gmvk ^mro, ;>>5.
Dlrdgrdnjl, F., Bkgjnge ng tld Ztrddts0 K Lnstmry mc Jmaadjtnvd @my @my,,
Idtrmpmantkg Fmmos, Gmvk ^mro, 6883.
Dlrdgrdnjl, F., Zinad mr Bnd0 Lmw Xmsntnvd Rlngonge Cmmadb Kidrnjk kgb
tld Umrab, Erkgtk Fmmos, Amgbrds, 688>.
Dnrd, J. I. G., Ukr Kekngst tld Nbmas0 Rld Vdcmriktnmg mc Umrslnp crmi
Drksius tm Jkavng,
Jkavng, Jkifrnbed Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss, ;><3.
Dankbd, I., Xkttdrgs ng Jmipkrktnvd Vdanenmg
Vdanenmg,, Zlddb kgb Ukrb, Amgbrds,
;>4<.
Didrsmg, V. U., Zdadjtdb Dsskys,
Dsskys, Xdgeung Fmmos, Lkrimgbswmrtl, ;><4.
Diimgs, V. K., d Jruipadr, J. K., ‑Erktntubd ks k Luikg Ztrdgetl?
Kpprknsnge tld Dvnbdgjd’, @murgka mc Zmjnka kgb Jangnjka Xsyjlmamey
Xsyjlmamey,,
6888, ;>, pp. 43-3>.
Diimgs, V. K., d Ogddzda, R. R., ‑Envnge Rlkgos0 Zpnrntuka kgb Vdanenmus
Jmrrdaktds mc Erktntubd’, @murgka mc Xsyjlmamey kgb Jlrnstnkgnty
Jlrnstnkgnty,, 6884,
62, pp. ;28-2<.
Diimgs, V. K., d IjJuaamuel, I. D., ‑Jmugtnge Fadssnges Sdrsus
Sdrsus Furbdgs0
Kg Dxpdrnidgtka Ngvdstnektnmg mc Erktntubd kgb Zuf`djtnvd Udaafdnge ng
Bknay Ancd’, @murgka mc Xdrsmgkanty kgb Zmjnka Xsyjlmamey
Xsyjlmamey,, 688:, <2, pp.
:55-<>.
Dvkgs, B., Xakjdfm0 Ingb Mvdr Ikttdr ng Imbdrg Idbnjngd,
Idbnjngd, LkrpdrJmaangs,
Amgbrds, 68;8.
Cdabikg, V., Imgkolmw, I., Xrktt, I., d Dfstdng, V. X., ‑Mxytmjng Xktlwky
Edgds0 Dvmautnmgkry Kgjndgt Zystdi Nipkjtnge mg Luikg Kccnanktnmg,
Zmjnkanty, kgb Xsyjlmpktlmamey’, Fnmamenjka Xsyjlnktry
Xsyjlnktry,, 68;3, 5>, pp.
;52-<2.
Cndab, J. B., ‑Zdjuakrnsnge Zdaclmmb? Ulkt Jkg Xmaange Bktk mg tld Xdrsmgka
Zkandgjy mc Vdanenmg Rda Ts Kfmut tld Zjkad kgb Jlrmgmamey mc
Zdjuakrnsktnmg ng Imbdrg Frntkng=’, @murgka mc Fdandcs kgb Skauds
Skauds,, 68;4,
:3, pp. :8<-:8.
Cmx, I., Idnstdr Djolkrt, Gdw Umrab Anfrkry, Gmvktm, JK, 68;2.
Cmx,Zjndgjd
I., d Zldabrkod, Rld, Xlysnjs
kgb ZpnrntsV.,Iddt mc Kgedas0
Lkrpdr Jmaangs, ZêmDxpamrnge
Crkgjnsjm,tld Vdkai Uldrd
;>>3.
Crkzdr, @., Cmao-Amrd ng tld Mab Rdstkidgt
Rdstkidgt, Ikjinaakg, Amgbrds, ;>;<.

Crdub, Z., Imsds kgb Imgmtldnsi,

Imgmtldnsi, Lmekrtl Xrdss, Amgbrds, ;>:>.
Ednssikgg, R., ‑Enffmg Zmges kgb Luikg Iusnj crmi kg Dvmautnmgkry
pdrspdjtnvd’, ng0 Ukaang, G. A., Idrodr, F. d Frmwg, Z. (Mres.), Rld
Mrnengs mc Iusnj,
Iusnj, INR Xrdss, Jkifrnbed, IK, 6888.
Enfadt, V. @., Xdmpad kgb Xakjds mc Gkturd kgb Juaturd
Juaturd,, Ngtdaadjt, Frnstma,
68;;.
Enafdrt, G. ‑K Gkturka Lnel’, Gkturd
Gkturd,, 68;3, 4:;, pp. 443-45.
Embwng, @. Iusnj, Iystnjnsi kgb Ikenj0 K Zmur Zmurjdfmmo
jdfmmo, Vmutadbed d Odeka
Xkua, Amgbrds, ;><3.
Emyka, I. dt. ka., ‑Idbntktnmg Xrmerkis cmr Xsyjlmamenjka Ztrdss kgb
Udaafdnge0 K Zystdiktnj Vdvndw kgb Idtk-kgkaysns’, @KIK Ngtdrgka
Idbnjngd,, 68;2, ;52, pp. :45-3<.
Idbnjngd
Erky, @., Ztrkw Bmes0 Rlmuelts mg Luikgs kgb Mtldr Kgnikas, Kgnikas , Erkgtk
Fmmos, Amgbrds, 6886.
Erky, @., Rld Niimrtkanzktnmg Jmiinssnmg0 Zjndgjd kgb tld Ztrkged [udst tm
Jldkt Bdktl,
Bdktl, Kaaadg Akgd, Amgbrds, 68;;.
Ernccntls, F., Vdturg tm tld Jdgtrd
Jdgtrd, Jmaangs, Amgbrds, ;>53.
Ernccntls, F., Rld Ikrrnked mc Dkst kgb Udst , Jmaangs, Amgbrds, ;><6.
L. I. Emvdrgidgt Ulntd Xkpdr, Rld Gkturka Jlmnjd0 Zdjurnge tld Skaud mc
Gkturd,, Rld Ztktnmgdry Mccnjd, Amgbrds, 68;;.
Gkturd
Lkrby, K., Rld Zpnrntuka Gkturd mc Ikg0 K Ztuby mc Jmgtdipmrkry Vdanenmus
Dxpdrndgjd,, Jakrdgbmg Xrdss, Mxcmrb, ;>5>.
Dxpdrndgjd

Lkrrns, Z., Rld

Gmrtmg, GmvkDgb mc Ckntl0
^mro,
^mro, 6884. Vdanenmg, Rdrrmr, kgb tld Cuturd mc Vdksmg,
Vdksmg,
Lkrrns, Z., Ukonge Tp0 Zdkrjlnge cmr Zpnrntukanty Untlmut Vdanenmg,Vdanenmg,
Rrkgswmrab,
Rrkgswm rab, Amgbrds, 68;2.
Lkrt, B. F., Rld Dxpdrndgjd mc Emb0 Fdnge, Jmgsjnmusgdss, Fanss, Fanss, ^kad
Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss, 68;:.
Lkywkrb, E., Zngenge ks Mgd0 Jmiiugnty ng Zygjlrmgy,
Zygjlrmgy , tdsd bd bmutmrkbm,
Jkifrnbed Tgnvdrsnty, 68;2.
Lkzrkt Ngkykt Olkg, “Rld Iusnj mc tld Zpldrds’, ng0 Vmtldgfdre, B. d
 Tavkdus, I. (Mres.), Rld Fmmo mc Iusnj kgb Gkturd, Gkturd, Udsadykg
Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss, Inbbadtmwg, JR
JR,, 688>.
Ldaadr, D., Rld Bnsngldrntdb Ingb0 Dsskys ng Imbdrg Edrikg Antdrkturd kgb
Rlmuelt, Jkifrnbed Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss, ;>46.

Lntjldgs, J., Emb ns Gmt Erdkt0 Lmw Vdanenmg Xmnsmgs Dvdrytlnge, Lkjldttd,
Gmvk ^mro,
^mro, 688<.
Lóatzda, F. O., Mtt, T., Ekrb, R., Ldipda, L., Udyekgbt, I., Imredg, O. d
Sknta, B. ‑Ngvdstnektnmg mc Ingbcuagdss Idbntktnmg Xrkjtntnmgdrs wntl
Smxda-fksdb Imrplmidtry’, Zmjnka Jmegntnvd kgb Kccdjtnvd
Gdurmsjndgjd
Gdur msjndgjd,, 688<, :, pp. 44-3;.
Lóazda, F. O., Jkrimby, @., Skgeda, I., Jmgeadtmg, J., ^drrkisdttn, Z. I.,
Ekrb, R., d Akzkr, Z. U., ‑Ingbcuagdss Xrkjtnjd Adkbs tm Ngjrdksds ng
Vdenmgka Frkng Erky Ikttdr Bdgsnty’, Xsyjlnktry Vdsdkrjl,
Vdsdkrjl, 68;;, ;>;,
pp. :3-2:.
Lmwdaa, X., ‑Kt Lmid kgb Kstrky’, Jkifrnbed Kauign Ikekzngd,
Ikekzngd, 68;3, 55,
pp. 6<-:4.
Nerd`k Jktúanjk, Jktdjlnsi mc tld Jktlmanj Jlurjl,
Jlurjl, Furgs d Mktds, Amgbrds,

;>>>. D., Zkr`kak, R. d Vkntnm, L., ‑Xrmimtnge Luikg Ldkatl Rlrmuel

Okr`kakngdg,
Cmrdsts? Mvdrvndw kgb Ik`mr Jlkaadgeds’, Dgvnrm
Dgvnrmgidgtka
gidgtka Ldkatl kgb
Xrdvdgtnvd
Xrd vdgtnvd Idbnjngd,
Idbnjngd, 68;8, ;4, pp. ;-<.
Omdgne, L. E., Idbnjngd, Vdanenmg kgb Ldkatl Ldkatl,, Rdipadtmg Xrdss, Udst
Jmgslmlmjodg, XK, 688<.
Omdgne, L., IjJuaamuel, I. D., d Akrsmg, B. F., Lkgbfmmo mc Vdanenmg kgb
Ldkatl,, Mxcmrb Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss, 688;.
Ldkatl
Omdgne, L., Onge, B. D., d Jkrsmg, S. F., Lkgbfmmo mc Vdanenmg kgb Ldkatl
(6ª db.), Mxcmrb Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss, 68;6.
Oulg, R., Rld Ztrujturd mc Zjndgtncnj Vdvmautnmgs,
Vdvmautnmgs, Tgnvdrsd mc Jlnjkem Xrdss,
;>36.
Ouyodg, U., Lkyds, V., Fkrrdtt, F. dt. ka., ‑Dccdjtnvdgdss kgb Jmst-
dccdjtnvdgdss mc Ingbcuagdss-fksdb Jmegntnvd Rldrkpy Jmipkrdb wntl
Ikngtdgkgjd Kgtnbdprdsskgt Rrdktidgt ng tld Xrdvdgtnmg mc Bdprdssnvd
Vdakpsd mr Vdjurrdgjd (XVDSDGR)0 K Vkgbminzdb Jmgtrmaadb Rrnka’,
Rld Akgjdt, 68;4, :<3, pp. 3:-5:.
Ak Cmgtkngd, @. Z., Ngntnktnmg0 Vntuka Brkik kgb Zdjr
Zdjrdt
dt Ogmwadbed Kjrms
Kjrmsss
tld Umrab, Xdgeung, Lkrimgbswmrtl, ;><4.
Aîvn-Ztrkuss, J., Ztrujturka Kgtlrmp
Kgtlrmpmamey
mamey,, Xdgeung, Lkrimgbswmrtl, ;>56.
Advntng, B., Rlns Ns ^mur Frkng mg Iusnj0 Tgbdrstkgbnge k Luikg
Mfsdssnmg,, Ktakgtnj Fmmos, Amgbrds, 6883.
Mfsdssnmg

An, [., ‑Dccdjt mc Cmrdst Fktlnge Rrnps mg Luikgs Niiugd Cugjtnmg’,

Dgvnrmgidgtka
Dgvnr mgidgtka Ldkatl kgb Xrdvdgtnvd
Xrdvdgtnvd Idbnjngd,
Idbnjngd, 68;8, ;4, pp. >-;5.
Amrnidr, B., ‑Zjndgjd kgb Vdanenmg0 K Zurvdy mc Zpnrntuka Xrkjtnjds kgb
Fdgdcnts Kimge Durmpdkg Zmautnmgs, Dgengddrs kgb Idbnjka
Xrmcdssnmgkas’, Zjndgtncnj kgb Idbnjka Gdtwmro Vdvndw,
Vdvndw, 68;5, ;6:, pp.
6:-3.
Amuv, V., Akst Jlnab ng tld Ummbs0 Zkvnge Mur Jlnabrdg crmi
crmi Gkturd-Bdcnjnt
Bnsmrbdr
Bnsmrb dr, Kaemgqung Fmmos, Jlkpda Lnaa, 688<.
Autz, K., Erdnsjlkr, A. A., Vkwanges, G. F., Vnjkrb, I. d Bkvnbsmg, V. @.,
‑Amge-tdri Idbntktmrs Zdac-ngbujd Lnel-kipantubd Ekiik Zygjlrmgy
Burnge Idgtka Xrkjtnjd’, XrmjXrmjddbnges
ddbnges mc tld Gktnmgka Kjkbdiy mc
Zjndgjds (TZ),
(TZ), 6882, ;8;, pp. ;3.:3>-56.
IjJuaamuel, I. D., Diimgs, V. K. d Rskge, @. K., ‑Rld Erktdcua

Bnspmsntnmg0kgb
Xdrsmgkanty K Zmjnka
Jmgjdptuka
Xsyjlmkgb
amey,Dipnrnjka
Xsyjlmamey Rmpmerkply’,
, 6886, <6, pp. ;;6-65. @murgka mc
Ikrkns, D., Rld Zmua mc tld Ulntd Kgt , Idtludg, Amgbrds, ;>:5.
Iksjkrm, @. (Rrkb.), Rld Tpkgnslkbs,
Tpkgnslkbs, Xdgeung Fmmos, Lkrimgbswmrtl,
;>34.
Ikuss, I., Rld Enct0 Rld Cmri kgb Vdksmg cmr Dxjlkged ng Krjlknj
Zmjndtnds,, Gmrtmg, Gmvk ^mro, 6888.
Zmjndtnds
Idrodr, F., ‑Zygjlrmgmus Jlmrusnge kgb Luikg Mrnengs’, ng0 Ukaang, G. A.,
Idrodr, F. d Frmwg, Z. (Mres.), Rld Mrnengs mc Iusnj, Iusnj, INR Xrdss,
Jkifrnbed, IK, 6888.
Injldaa, @., Rld Dkrtl Zpnrnt0 Nts Ukys, Zlrngds kgb Iystdrnds,
Iystdrnds, Rlkids kgb
Lubsmg, Amgbrds, ;>54.
Im`m, Rld Im`m Jmaadjtnmg0 Rld Tatniktd Iusnj Jmipkgnmg (2ª db.),
Jkgmgektd Fmmos, Dbnifurem, 688:.
Imrrns, X. K., ‑Rld Dccdjt mc Xnaerniked mg Kgxndty, Bdprdssnmg kgb
Vdanenmus Kttntubd’, Xsyjlmamenjka Idbnjngd,
Idbnjngd, ;><6, ;6, pp. 6>;->2.
Gkfmomv,, X., Uldrd tld Aneltgnge Ztrnods0 Rld Anvds mc Kidrnjkg Ngbnkg
Gkfmomv
Zkjrdb Xakjds,
Xakjds, Xdgeung Fmmos, Gmvk ^mro, 6883.
Gkeda, R., Ingb kgb Jmsims0 Uly tld Iktdrnkanst Gdm-Bkrwngnkg
 Jmgjdptnmg
Xrdss, 68;6. mc Gkturd ns Kaimst Jdrtkngay Ckasd,
Ckasd, Mxcmrb Tgnvdrsnty

Gnassmg, T., ‑Zmmtlnge Iusnj Jkg Ngjrdksd Mxytmjng Advdas Burnge Fdb
Vdst Kctdr Mpdg-ldkrt Zuredry0 K Vkgbminzdb Jmgtrma Rrnka’, @murgka
mc Jangnjka Gursdry,
Gursdry, 688>, ;<, pp. 6.;4:-;3;.
Xkcckrb, I., Ngeamrnmus Umrbswm
mrbswmrtls0
rtls0 K Ztuby mc Zmid Rrkgsjdgbdgtka
Dxpdrndgjds ng Jlnablmmb kgb Kbmadsjdgjd
Kbmadsjdgjd,, Lmbbdr kgb Ztmueltmg,
Amgbrds, ;>5:.
Xkro, F. @., Rsugdtsueu, ^. Oksdtkgn, R. Okekwk, R. d Inykokzn, ^., ‑Rld
Xlysnmamenjka Dccdjts mc Zlngrng-ymou (Rkonge ng tld Cmrdst Ktimspldrd
mr Cmrdst Fktlnge)0 Dvnbdgjd crmi Cndab Dxpdrnidgts Ng 62 Cmrdsts
Kjrmss @kpkg’, Dgvnrmg
Dgvnrmgidgtka
idgtka Ldkatl kgb Xrdv
Xrdvdgtnvd
dgtnvd Idbnjngd
Idbnjngd,, 68;8,
;4, pp. ;<-63.
Xkrtrnbed, D., Mrnengs0 K Zlmrt Dtyimamenjka Bnjtnmgkry mc Imbdrg Dgeansl,
Dgeansl ,
Vmutadbtd d Odekg Xkua, Amgbrds, ;>33.

Xurjd, @., Rld;>52.

Amgbrds, Iystnj Zpnrka0 @murgdy mc tld Zmua , Rlkids kgb Lubsmg,
Xurjd, @., ‑Zmugb ng Ingb kgb Fmby’, Vdsur
Vdsuredgjd
edgjd,, ikråm-kfrna bd ;><3, pp.
63-:8.
Vdygmabs, E., ‑Lmw Ukaonge ng Gkturd Jlkgeds tld Frkng’, Gdw ^mro
Rnids,, 66 bd `ualm bd 68;4.
Rnids
Vmsdgtlka, @. P., Ermsswkab, Z. Vmss, V. d Vmsdgtlka, G., ‑Dccdjts mc
Rrkgsjdgbdgtka Idbntktnmg ng Sdtdrkgs mc Mpdrktnmg Dgburnge Crddbmi
kgb Mpdrktnmg Nrkqn Crddbmi wntl Xmst-Rrkuiktnj Ztrdss Bnsmrbdr0 K
Xnamt„s Ztuby’, Inantkry Idbnjngd,
Idbnjngd, 68;;, ;53, pp. 363-:8.
Vmszko, R., Uldrd tld Ukstdakgb Dgbs0 Xmantnjs kgb Rrkgsjdgbdgjd ng Xmst-
Ngbustrnka Zmjndty,
Zmjndty, Ckfdr kgb Ckfdr, Amgbrds, ;>5:.
Zkjos, M., Iusnjmplnank0 Rkads mc Iusnj kgb tld Frkng, Xnjkbmr, Amgbrds,
6885.
Zkjos, M., Erktntubd
Erktntubd,, Xnjkbmr, Amgbrds, 68;4.
Zjlwkrtz, Z., ‑Idbntktnmg ‚ Rld Jmgtrmaadb Xsyjlmplysnjka Zdac-rdeuaktnmg
Xrmjdss tlkt Umros’, Dxpamr
Dxpamrd0
d0 Rld @murgka mc Zjndgjd kgb Ldkange,
68;;,, 5, pp. :2<-4:.
68;;
Zjlwdnodr, U., “Rmrturd kgb Vdanenmus Xrkjtnjd„, Bnkame0 K @murgka mc
 Rldmamey, 688<, 25, pp. 68<-;3.
Rldmamey,
Zjmtt, J. @. Lkrrnsmg, V. E. Mwdgs, I. @., Amjowmmb, I., d Fkrgkrb, A.,
‑Dvnbdgjd cmr Zmakr Ungb Imbuaktnmg mc Aneltgnge’, Dgvnrm
Dgvnrmgidgtka
gidgtka

Vdsdkr
Vdsdkrjljl Adttdrs,
Adttdrs, 68;2, >. 844882.
Zdaneikg, I. X., Ztddg, R. K., Xkro, G. d Xdtdrsmg, J., ‑Xmsntnvd Xsyjlmamey
Xrmerdss0 Dipnrnjka Skanbktnmg mc Ngtdrvdgtnmg’, Kidrnjkg Xsyjlmamenst,
6884, 38, pp. 2;8-6;.
Zldabrkod, V., K Gdw Zjndgjd mc Ancd0 Rld Lypmtldsns mc Cmriktnvd
Jkusktnmg,, Famgb kgb Frnees, Amgbrds, ;><<. _Tik
Jkusktnmg _ Tik Gmvk Jnàgjnk bk
Snbk,, pufanjkbm pdak Dbntmrk Juatrnx, Zêm Xkuam, 68;2.Y
Snbk
Zldabrkod, V., Rld Xrdsdgjd mc tld Xkst0 Imrplnj Vdsmgkgjd kgb tld Lkfnts
mc Gkturd,
Gkturd, Jmaangs, Amgbrds, ;><<.
Zldabrkod, V., Rld Vdfnrtl mc Gkturd0 Rld Erddgnge mc Zjndgjd kgb Emb ,
Jdgtury, Amgbrds, ;>>6. _M _M Vdgksjnidgtm bk Gkturdzk0 M
Vdcamrdsjnidgtm
Vdcamrd sjnidgtm bk jnàgjnk d bd Bdus
Bdus,, pufanjkbm pdak Dbntmrk Juatrnx,
Zêm Xkuam, ;>>:.Y
Zldabrkod, V., Bmes RlktXmwdrs
Mtldr Tgdxpakngdb Ogmw mc
Uldg Rldnr, Lutjlngsmg,
Kgnikas
Kgnikas, Mwgdrs Krd
Krd Amgbrds,
Jminge Lmid,
;>>>. Kgb
Zldabrkod, V., Zdvdg Dxpdrnidgts Rlkt Jmuab Jlkged tld Umrab (6ª db.),
_ Zdtd Dxpdrnidgtms [ud Xmbdi
Xkro Ztrddt Xrdss, Vmjldstdr, SR, 6886. _Zdtd
Iubkr m Iugbm,
Iugbm, pufanjkbm pdak Dbntmrk Juatrnx, Zêm Xkuam, ;>>>.Y (cmrk
bd jktëamem)
Zldabrkod, V., Rld Zdgsd mc Fdnge Ztkrdb Kt, kgb Mtldr Kspdjts mc tld
Dxtdgbdb Ingb, Lutjlngsmg, Amgbrds, 688:. _K Zdgskåêm bd Dstkr
Zdgbm Mfsdrvkbm d Mutrms Kspdjtms bk Idgtd Dxpkgbnbk,
Dxpkgbnbk , pufanjkbm
pdak Dbntmrk Juatrnx, Zêm Xkuam, 6882.Y (cmrk bd jktëamem)
Zldabrkod, V., K Gdw Zjndgjd mc Ancd0 Rld Lypmtldsns mc Cmriktnvd
Jkusktnmg (:ª db.), Njmg Fmmos, Amgbrds, 688>. _Tik
_Tik Gmvk Jnàgjnk bk
Snbk ‚ K Lnpútdsd bk Jkuskåêm Cmriktnvk d ms Xrmfadiks Gêm
Vdsmavnbms bk Fnmamenk
Fnmamenk,, pufanjkbm pdak Dbntmrk Juatrnx, Zêm Xkuam,
68;2.Y
Zldabrkod, V., Rld Xrdsdgjd mc tld Xkst0 Imrplnj Vdsmgkgjd kgb tld Lkfnts
mc Gkturd (6ª db.), Njmg Fmmos, Amgbrds, 68;;.
Zldabrkod, V., Rld Zjndgjd Bdausnmg0 Crddnge tld Zpnrnt mc Dgqunry,
Dgqunry, Jmrmgdt,
Amgbrds, 68;6. (Xufanjkbm gms Dstkbms Tgnbms jmim Zjndgjd Zdt Crdd0
 Rdg Xktls tm Gdw Bnsjmvdry,
Bnsjmvdry, Vkgbmi Lmusd, Gmvk ^mro.) _Jn _Jnàgjnk
àgjnk sdi
Bmeiks0 K Gmvk Vdvmauåêm Jndgtécnjk d m Cni bm Xkrkbneik
Iktdrnkanstk,, pufanjkbm pdak Dbntmrk Juatrnx, Zêm Xkuam, 68;2.Y
Iktdrnkanstk

Zldabrkod, V. d Cmx, I., Gkturka Erkjd0 Bnkameuds mg Zjndgjd kgb

Zpnrntukanty,, Fammisfury, Amgbrds, ;>>3.
Zpnrntukanty
Zldabrkod, V., IjOdggk, R. d Kfrklki, V., Rld Dvmautnmgkry Ingb0
Rrnkameuds kt tld Dbed mc tld Tgtlngokfad,
Tgtlngokfad , Rrnkameud Xrdss, Zkgtk Jruz,
JK, ;>><. (Gmvk dbnåêm, Imgocnsl Fmmos, Vlngdfdjo, Gmvk ^mro,
6884).
Zldabrkod, V. IjOdggk, R. d Kfrklki, V., Jlkms, Jrdktnvnty, kgb Jmsinj
Jmgsjnmusgdss,, Xkro Ztrddt Xrdss, Vmjldstdr, SR,
Jmgsjnmusgdss SR, 688;.
Zldabrkod, V. d Zikrt, X., ‑Snbdmtkpdb Dxpdrnidgts mg Rdadplmgd
Rdadpktly’. @murgka mc Xkrkpsyjlmamey,
Xkrkpsyjlmamey, 688:, 35, pp. ;25-33.
Zintl, @. O. K., Lmw (Gmt) Rm Fd Zdjuakr0 Vdkbnge Jlkrads Rkyamr,
Ddrbikgs, Erkgb Vkpnbs, IN, 68;2.
Zpdgjdr, G., Ktldnsts0 Rld Mrneng mc tld Zpdjnds
Zpdjnds,, Fammisfury, Amgbrds,
68;2. B., Erktdcuagdss, Rld Ldkrt mc Xrkydr, Xkuanst Xrdss, Iklwkl,
Ztdngba-Vkst,
G@. ;><2.
Ztrkwsmg, E., ‑Vdkanstnj Imgnsi0 Uly Xlysnjkansi Dgtknas Xkgpsyjlnsi’,
@murgka mc Jmgsjnmusgdss Ztubnds
Ztubnds,, 6883, ;:, pp. :-:;.
Rkyamr, J., K Zdjuakr Ked,
Ked, Lkrvkrb Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss, Jkifrnbed, IK, 6885.
Rkyamr, D., Ngtrmbuåêm di0 Iurply, I., Bmgmvkg, Z. d Rkyamr, D., Rld
Xlysnjka kgb Xsyjlmamenjka Dccdjts mc Idbntktnmg0 K Vdvndw mc
Jmgtdipmrkry Vdsdkrjl wntl k Jmiprdldgsnvd Fnfanmerkply, ;>:;-
;>>3, Ngstntutm bd Jnàgjnks Gmîtnjks, Zkuskantm, JK, ;>>5.
Rldms, Rld Zpnrnt mc Rlnges Tgsddg0 Fdandc ng Xmst-Vdanenmus Frntkng,
Frntkng , Rldms,
Amgbrds, 68;:.
Rlmiks, O., Ikg kgb tld Gkturka Umrab0 Jlkgenge Kttntubds ng Dgeakgb
;488-;<88,, Xdgeung Fmmos, Lkrimgbswmrtl, ;><2.
;488-;<88
Rntzd, N. V., ‑Rld Luikg Ngstruidgt’, Zjndgtncnj Kidrnjkg,
Kidrnjkg, 688<, 6>< (N), pp.
>2-;8;.
Rmaondg, @. V. V., Rld Znaikrnaanmg,
Znaikrnaanmg, Lkrpdr Jmaangs, Amgbrds, 68;:.
Rmiangsmg, E., K Inaanmg ^dkrs mc Iusnj0 Rld Didr Didredgjd
edgjd mc Luikg
Imbdrgnty,, Pmgd Fmmos, Gmvk ^mro, 68;4.
Imbdrgnty
Skg Edggdp, K., Rld Vntds mc Xkssked,
Xkssked, Jlnjkem Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss, ;>56.
Skg Amiida, X., Jmgsjnmusgdss Fdymgb Ancd0 Rld Zjndgjd mc tld Gdkr-Bdktl
Dxpdrndgjd,, LkrpdrMgd, Amgbrds, 68;;.
Dxpdrndgjd

Sdaak-Furrmws, R., ‑Zngenge kgb Xdmpad wntl Bdidgtnk’, ng

ng00 Janct, Z. (Mre.),
Zngenge, Udaafdnge kgb Ldkatl,
Ldkatl, Jlrnst Jlurjl Tgnvdrsnty Vdsdkrjl
Jdgtdr cmr Krts kgb Ldkatl, Jkgtdrfury, 68;6.
Sntdfsoy, X., Vkngbddr Xdmpad0 Anvnge wntl Kgnikas kgb Zpnrnts ng Znfdrnk
Znfdrnk,,
Lkrpdr Xdrdggnka, Amgbrds, 68;;
68;;..
Snvdnrms bd Jkstrm, D. F., ‑Dxjlkgenge Xdrspdjtnvds0 Rld Rrkgscmriktnmg mc
Mf`djts Ngtm Zuf`djts ng Kidrngbnkg Mgtmamends’, Jmiimg Ogmwadbed,
Ogmwadbed,
6882, ;8, pp. 23:-<2.
Uktongs, X. J., vkg Edabdr, I., d Crnks, K., ‑Curtldnge tld Zjndgjd mc
Erktntubd’, ng
ng00 Ampdz, Z. @. d Zgybdr, J. V. (Mres.), Rld Mxcmrb
Lkgbfmmo mc Xmsntnvd Xsyjlmamey (6ª db.), Mxcmrb Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss,
Gmvk ^mro,
^mro, 688>.
Ukx, V., K Ingbcuagdss Eunbd cmr tld Crkzzadb, Xdgeung, Amgbrds, 68;3.
Unaankis, B. J.,
Tgnvdrsnty Emb„s
Xrdss, 6886.Unabs0 @mlg Iunr Snsnmg mc Gkturd,
Gkturd, Rdxks K&I
Unasmg, D. M., Fnmplnank
Fnmplnank,, Lkrvkrb Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss, ;><2.
Ummbkrb, E. B., d IjJrmgd, U. J., ‑Tgusuka Jrystkaanzktnmg Fdlkvnmr’,
@murgka mc Kppandb Jrystkaamerkply,
Jrystkaamerkply, ;>54, <, p. :26.
Ummbldkb, A., d Jkttm, V., Vdanenmg kgb Jlkged ng Imbdrg Frntkng Frntkng,,
Vmutadbed, Amgbrds, 68;6.
Urmd, K., Fdnge Zldaady0 Rld Xmdt„
Xmdt„ss Zdkr
Zdkrjl
jl cmr Lnisdac, Sngtked, Amgbrds,
6885.
^muge, @., IjEmwg, D. d Lkks, D., Jmymtd„s Eunbd tm Jmggdjtnge wntl
Gkturd,, Mwango Idbnk, Zldatmg, UK,
Gkturd UK, 68;8.
Pnvmtmcsoy, K. P., Erudgbangedr, A. d Lkusbmrcc, @. I., ‑Imbkanty-spdjncnj
Jmiiugnjktnmg Dgkfange Eknt Zygjlrmgnzktnmg Burnge Mvdr-ermugb
Znb-fy-snbd Ukaonge’, Luikg Imvdidgt ZjndgjdZjndgjd,, 68;6, :;, pp. ;.63<-
6<4.
Pujodrikg, X., ‑Ktldnsi0 Jmgtdipmrkry Guifdrs kgb Xkttdrgs’, ng0 Ikrtng,
I. (Mre.), Rld Jkifrnbed Jmipkgnmg tm Ktldnsi, Ktldnsi, Jkifrnbed
Tgnvdrsnty Xrdss, 6885, pp. 25-34.
 Gmtks
]
_ 8; Y Ldaadr, ;>46.
_ 86 Y M bnjnmgërnm Kurîanm trkz kpdgks ‑dpnckgnk’, ‑dpncdgòidgm’,
‑dpncdgmidgkansim’ d ‑dpncdgmidgkanstk’. M bnjnmgërnm Lmuknss anintk-sd k
‑dpnckgnk’, ‑dpncdgmidgkansim’ d ‑dpncdgòidgm’. @ë m bnjnmgërnm SMAX î
fdi ikns jmipadtm0 ‑dpncdgmidgka’, ‑dpncdgmidgkansim’,
‑dpncdgmidgkanstk’, ‑dpncdgmidgkaéstnjm’, ‑dpncdgmiàgnjm’,
‑dpncdgmidgnsim’, ‑dpncdgmidgnstk’, ‑dpncdgmidgéstnjm’ d ‑dpncdgòidgm’.
Bd imbm edrka, ‑dpncdgòidgm’ î ui cdgòidgm kjdssúrnm ju`k prdsdgåk mu
kusàgjnk gêm nipmrtk gk prmbuåêm bm cdgòidgm dssdgjnka qud dstë smf
dxkid. Cmn dssd m tdrim uskbm pmr kaeugs pmsntnvnstks ngeadsds bm sîjuam
\N\ (Luxady d Janccmrb, dgtrd mutrms), pkrk bdcngnr k jmgsjnàgjnk jmim ui
cdgòidgm sdjugbërnm mu kjdssúrnm, qud kjmipkglk ms cdgòidgms jmrpúrdms,
iks î ngjkpkz bd rdkenr
r dkenr smfrd dads. (G. bm R.)
R.)
_ 8: Y lttp0//dpnplkgyplnamsmpldrs.mre. Ðatnim kjdssm di ;5 bd cdvdrdnrm bd
68;5.
_ 82 Y Frkntlwkntd, ;>4:.
_ 84 Y M sdgtnbm antdrka bm tdrim ërkfd wkznck î ‑diprdekr’. Xmr kaeui
imtnvm, pmrîi, gk aégeuk sucn dssd tdrim pkssmu k snegncnjkr ‑kaeugs vdrsms
mu crksds qud kaeuîi rdjntk di fusjk bd ui ckvmr dspdjécnjm bd Kaë’. (G. bm
R.)
_ 83 Y Zufðrfnm km Gmrtd bd Lybdrkfkb, di Kgblrk Xrkbdsl, Égbnk, mgbd k
trkgsinssêm bk ikaërnk pmr imsquntms bm eàgdrm Kgmpldads cmn bdsjmfdrtk
pmr snr Vmgkab Vmss di ;<><. (G. bm R.)
_ 85 Y Xkrk ikns rdcdràgjnks vd`k Ernccntls, ;>53, ;><6.
_ 8< Y Tik Gmvk Jnàgjnk bk Snbk,
Snbk, pufanjkbm pdak Dbntmrk Juatrnx, Zêm Xkuam,
68;2.
_ 8> Y K pkakvrk ‑bzmejldg’ snegncnjk ‑erkgbd jmipadtubd’, rdcdrngbm-sd km
cktm bd qud tmbks ks qukanbkbds bm dstkbm bd ui Fubk dstêm jmipadtks gm

gévda bd rnepk (jmgsjnàgjnk purk), m gévda ikns prmcugbm d cugbkidgtka bd

tmbms. (G. bm R.)
_ ;8 Y lttp0//www
lttp0// www.`naapurjd.jmi.
.`naapurjd.jmi. Ðatnim kjdssm di ;° bd cdvdrdnrm bd 68;5.

_ ;; Y Zldabrkod, 688>, 68;;.

_ ;6 Y Zldaabrkod, 6886.
_ ;: Y Zldabrkod, ;>>>.
_ ;2 Y Zldabrkod, 688:.
_ ;4 Y Zldabrkod d Zikrt, 688:.
_ ;3 Y Omdgne dt ka., 68;6, jkpétuams 5 d >.
_ ;5 Y Nfnb., jkp. 5.
_ ;< Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, jkp. 63.
_ ;> Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, jkp. ;;.
_ 68 Y lttp0//www.pdwcmrui.mre/68;;/;6/;>/eamfka-jlrnstnkgnty-dxdj/.
Ðatnim kjdssm di ;; bd gmvdifrm bd 68;3.
_ 6; Y lttp0//www.pdwcmrui.mre/68;2/86/;8?russnkgs-rdturg/tm-rdanenmg-fut-
gmt-tm-jlurjl/. Ðatnim kjdssm di 64 bd gmvdifrm bd 68;3.
_ 66 Y Xkrk uik bnsjussêm ikenstrka d dsjakrdjdbmrk, vd`k Rkyamr,
Rkyamr, 6885.
_ 6: Y lttp0//www.frng.kj.uo/cneurds/. Ðatnim kjdssm di < bd gmvdifrm bd
68;3.

_mu62‑gkbk
Y Xdssmks qud bdsjrdvdi
di pkrtnjuakr’. (G. bmsuk
R.)nbdgtnbkbd rdanenmsk jmim ktdu, kegústnjm
_ 64 Y lttp0//akgjkstdr.kj.uo/gdws/krtnjads/68;3/wly-gm-rdanenmg-ns-tld-gdw-
rdanenmg/. Ðatnim kjdssm di < bd gmvdifrm bd 68;3.
_ 63 Y lttp0//kfmut-crkgjd.jmi/rdanenmg.lti. Ðatnim kjdssm di < bd
gmvdifrm bd 68;3.
_ 65 Y lttp0//www.pktlwkystmemb.mre/rdsmurjds/tlngonge-ckntl/rdanenmus-
akgbsjkpd-swdbdg. Ðatnim kjdssm di < bd gmvdifrm bd 68;3.
_ 6< Y lttp0//www.nrnsljdgtrka.jmi/gdw/guifdrs-ng-
nrdakgbs/jktlmanj/jlurjl/jmgtngud-tm/brmp/stneik/kttkjldb-tm-kttdgbnge-
ikss-6886;4>>;-6:54545<;.
ikss-6886;4>>;-6:54545 <;. Ðatnim kjdssm di ;3 bd gmvdifrm bd 68;3.

_ 6> Y lttp0//wmrabgdws.gfjgdws.jm/]/68;:/8:/84/;5;<24<<-ks-jlurjl-
kttdgbkgjd-brmps/durmpds-durmpds-imst-jktlmanj/jmugtry-sddos-imbdrg-
pmpd=antd. Ðatnim kjdssm di < bd gmvdifrm bd 68;3.
68;3.

_ :8 Y ;2. Lmut,
rdanenmgs, fdandcI.kgbd Zintl, R.U
R.U.,
prkjtnjd ., ‑Cdwdr Kidrnjkgs
ugjlkgedb’,Kidrn jkgs kccnanktd
prngjnpkns wntl mrekgnsdb
bdsjmfdrtks bd 68;2
Edgdrka Zmjnka Zurvdy, 68;40 lttp0//www.gmrj.mre/XBCs/EZZ%68
Vdpmrts/EZZ]Vdanenmg]68;2.pbc /. Ðatnim kjdssm di < bd gmvdifrm bd
68;3.
_ :; Y lttp0//www.pdwcmrui.mre/68;4/;;/8:/us-pufanj-fdjminge-adss-
rdanenmus/. Ðatnim kjdssm di < bd gmvdifrm bd 68;3.
_ :6 Y Rldms, 68;:.
_ :: Y Kaeugs dxdipams surprddgbdgtds pmbdi sdr dgjmgtrkbms di Bmutlkt,
V., ‑Skrndtnds mc rdanenmus dxpdrndgjd’, Gdw ^mro
^mro Rnids
nids,, 62 bd bdzdifrm bd
68;30 lttp0//www.gytnids.jmi/68;3/;6/62/mpngnmg/sugbky/vkrndtnds-mc-
rdanenmus-dxpdrndgjd.ltia=]r 9m. Ðatnim kjdssm di 65 bd bdzdifrm bd 68;3.
_ :2 Y lttp0//www.plnamsmplycmrancd.mre/tld-spnrntuka-dxpdrndgjds-survdy/.
Ðatnim kjdssm di gmvdifrm bd 68;3.
_ :4 Y Nfnb.
_ :3 Y Ummbldkb d Jkttm, 68;6.
_ :5 Y lttp0//wss.plnamsmplycmrancd.mre/tld-spnrntuka-dxpdrndgjds-survdy/.
Ðatnim kjdssm di > bd gmvdifrm bd 68;3.

_ :< Y Bd Fmttmg, 68;:, p. ;:.

_ :> Y Nfnb., p. ;2.
_ 28 Y Lkrrns, 68;2, pp. 686-8:.
_ 2; Y lttps0//www.skilkrrns.mre/fame/ntdi/lmw-tm-idbntktd. Ðatnim kjdssm
di > bd gmvdifrm bd 68;3.
_ 26 Y K Zugbky Kssdifay (Kssdifadnk bd Bmingem), uik nerd`k ktdéstk
cugbkbk pdams jmidbnkgtds Zkgbdrsmg @mgds d Xnppk Dvkgs, tdi ktrkébm
iuatnbôds di sdus dgjmgtrms sdikgkns. Iuntms kcnriki qud k jmgerdekåêm,
cmrikbk pkrk rdugnr gêm rdanenmsms, tdi sdeunbm ui jkinglm qud tdringkrë
pmr tmrgë-ak uik rdanenêm. (G. bm R.)
R.)
_ 2: Y lttp0//www
lttp0// www.sugbkykssdifay
.sugbkykssdifay.jmi.
.jmi. Ðatnim kjdssm di > bd gmvdifrm bd
68;3.

_ 22 Y lttp0//www
lttp0//www.plnamsmplycmrancd.mre/jktdemry/ktldnsi/.
.plnamsmplycmrancd.mre/jktdemry/ktldnsi/. atnim kjdssm di
> bd gmvdifrm bd 68;3.
_ 24 Y Omdgne dt. ka., 688;.

_ 23 Y Omdgne dt. ka., 68;6.

_ 25 Y Idifrm bd jmiugnbkbd rdanenmsk imgmtdéstk cugbkbk gk Égbnk gm cni
bm sîjuam \S. (G. bm R.)
_ 2< Y Fdgsmg d Oanppdr, 6888.
_ 2> Y Znimgs, G., ‑IXs samw tld Udstingstdr trdkbina wntl wddoay
“ingbcuagdss„ iddtnges’, Luccngetmg Xmst, 2 bd gmvdifrm bd 68;:0
lttp0//www.luccngetmgpmst.jm.uo/68;:/:8/jlrns-rukgd-pkrankidgt-
ingbcuagdss]g]2;5538>.ltia. Ðatnim kjdssm di 63 bd mutufrm bd 68;3.
_ 48 Y GLZ Jlmnjds, Ingbcuagdss, 68;30
lttp0//www.gls.uo/Jmgbntnmgs/strdss-kgxndty-
bdprdssnmg/Xkeds/ingbcuagdss.kspx. Ðatnim kjdssm di 63 bd mutufrm bd
68;3.
_ 4; Y Xkrtrnbed, ;>33, p. :>:.
_ 46 Y Inaadr, O., ‑Krjlkdmamensts cngb dkrandst dvnbdgjd mc luikgs jmmonge
wntl cnrd’, Bnsjmvdr, iknm bd 68;:0
lttp0//bnsjmvdrikekzngd.jmi/68;:/iknm/8>/krjlkdmamensts-cngb-dkrandst-
dvnbdgjd-mc-luikgs-jmmonge-wntl-cnrd. Ðatnim kjdssm di ;> bd sdtdifrm bd
68;3.

_ 4: Y Rkyamr, ;>>5.
_ 42 Y Nfnb.
_ 44 Y Jlmprk, B., “Rld Iklkrnsln ^dkrs ‚ tld ugtmab stmry0 rdjmaadjtnmgs mc k
cmridr bnsjnpad’, Luccngetmg Xmst, ;5 bd gmvdifrm bd 68;;0
lttp0//www.luccngetmgpmst.jmi/bddpko-jlmprk/tld-iklkrnsln-ydkrs-tld-
u]f<32;6.ltia. Ðatnim kjdssm di ;3 bd sdtdifrm bd 68;3.
_ 43 Y Xkrk ikns rdcdràgjnks vd`k Umrab
Umrab Jmiiugnty cmr Jlrnstnkg Idbntktnmg0
lttp0//wjji.mre. Ðatnim kjdssm di ;3 bd sdtdifrm bd 68;3.
_ 45 Y Fdgsmg d Oanppdr, 6888.
_ 4< Y Ouyodg d mutrms, 68;4.
_ 4> Y Fakjoimrd, 68;;.

_ 38 Y Lkrrns, 68;2.
_ 3; Y GLN, ‑Gktnmgwnbd survdy rdvdkas wnbdsprdkb usd mc ingb kgb fmby
prkjtnjds’, lttp0//www.gnl.emv/gdws-dvdgts/gdws-rdadksds/gk
lttp0//www.gnl.emv/gdws-dvdgts/gdws-rdadksds/gktnmgwnbd-
tnmgwnbd-
survdy-rdvdkas-wnbdsprdkb-usd-ingb-fmby-prkjtnjds,
di 4 bd mutufrm bd 68;3. 68;4. Ðatnim kjdssm
_ 36 Y Fdgsmg d Oanppdr, 6882.
_ 3: Y Xkrk Jaëubnm Ekadgm (j.(j. ;:;-688 k.J.), gksjnbm di Xîrekim (ktuka
Fdrekik, Rurqunk), kaeugs gdrvms drki mjms d trkgspmrtkvki ms ‑dspérntms
kgnikns’, caunbms sutns dgtrd ui úreêm d mutrm, edrkgbm kssni ‑cdgòidgms
snipëtnjms’ jmi k cngkanbkbd bd jmmrbdgkr d prmimvdr jmmpdrkåêm
cnsnmaúenjk dgtrd ms úreêms. Lm`d sd skfd qud dssd snstdik jmgtîi cnfrks
gdrvmsks qud trkgsintdi nipuasms, prmbuzngbm kbrdgkangk mu gmrk-
-brdgkangk, d tdgbdi k bningunr k sdjrdåêm (pmr dxdipam, bd sujms bnedstnvms
gm ngtdstngm), fdi jmim k rdbuznr k tdgsêm d k dakstnjnbkbd bms iðsjuams gêm
dstrnkbms d k prmvmjkr k jmgtrkåêm bms vksms skgeuégdms. Zuk amjkanzkåêm î
iuntm bncusk, m qud m advk k ktngenr bnvdrsms úreêms, dgqukgtm m snstdik
gdrvmsm pkrkssnipëtnjm ked sdiprd di ui úreêm mu rdenêm bm mrekgnsim.
(G. bm R.)
_ 32 Y M ngeaàs cnjmu ikns prdsm ès jmgmtkåôds prnintnvks bd ‑sdgtnidgtm
smanbërnm’? gdssk aégeuk, pmr dxdipam, m sufstkgtnvm syipktly dqunvkad k
‑smanbkrndbkbd’, ‑kcngnbkbd’, ‑pndbkbd’, ‑lkrimgnk’, ‑jmiuglêm’ dtj.
Zyipktldtnj,, pmr suk vdz, dqunvkad k ‑katruéstk’, ‑jmipakjdgtd’, ‑smanbërnm’,
Zyipktldtnj
‑qud sd jkrkjtdrnzk pdak lkrimgnk mu jmiprddgsêm bms dstkbms idgtkns bd
mutrdi’, ‑jkrnbmsm’, ‑luikgntërnm’. (G. bm R.)
R.)
_ 34 Y Nfnb., pp. 34-<6.
_ 33 Y Nfnb., pp. xxn-xxnn.
_ 35 Y Jntkbm di Cmx, 68;2, p. 44.
_ 3< Y Omdgne d mutrms, 688;, 68;6.
_ 3> Y Fdgsmg d Oanppdr, 6882, p. xann.
_ 58 Y Zjlwkrtz, 68;;.
_ 5; Y Vmsdgtlka d mutrms, 68;;
68;;..
_ 56 Y Ummb, B., ‑Sdtdrkgs Cngb Jmicmrt ng Idbntktnmg Rldrkpy’,
Luccngetmg Xmst, : bd ikråm bd 68;40

lttp0//www.luccngetmgpmst.jmi/68;4/86/68/vdts-ptsb-
idbntktnmg]g]35;2422.ltia. Ðatnim kjdssm di 2 bd mutufrm bd 68;3.
_ 5: Y Emyka d mutrms, 68;2.
_bd52 68;20
Y Frnttmg, U., “Rld Bkro Ognelt mc tld Zmua’, Rld Ktakgtnj,
Ktakgtnj, ;4 bd `uglm
www.tldktakgtnj.jmi/ldkatl/krjlnvd/68;2/83/tld-bkro-ognelt-mc-
tld smuas/:56533/. Ðatnim kjdssm di 4 bd mutufrm bd 68;3.
_ 54 Y Fmmtl, V., ‑Ingbcuagdss Rldrkpy Jmids Kt k Lnel Xrnjd cmr Zmid,
Zky Dxpdrts’, Eukrbnkg
Eukrbnkg,, 64 bd kemstm bd 68;2. Ðatnim kjdssm di 4 bd
mutufrm bd 68;2.
_ 53 Y Ztkla, @.D. dt. ka., ‑Vdakxktnmg Vdspmgsd kgb Vdsnandgjy Rrkngnge kgb
Nts Dccdjts mg Ldkatljkrd Vdsmurjd Ttnanzktnmg’, XAMZ Mgd Mgd,, ;: bd mutufrm
bd 68;40 lttp0//`murgkas.pams.mre/pamsmgd/krtnjad=
nb9;8.;:5;/`murgka.pmgd.8;286;6. Ðatnim kjdssm di 2 bd mutufrm bd 68;3.
_ 55 Y Autz dt. ka., 6882.
_ 5< Y Lóazda dt. ka., 688<.
_ 5> Y Zjluatd, F., ‑Lkrvkrb Gdurmsjndgtnsts0 Idbntktnmg Gmt Mgay Vdbujds
Ztrdss, Ldrd„s Lmw Nt Jlkgeds ^mur Frkng’, Ukslngetmg Xmst, 63 bd iknm bd
68;40 lttps0//www.wkslngetmgpmst.jmi/gdws/ngspnrdb-
ancd/wp/68;4/84/63/lkrvkrb-gdurmsjndgtnsts-idbntktnmg-gmt-mgay-rdbujds-
strdss-nt-antdrkaay-jlkgeds-ymur-frkng/. Ðatnim kjdssm di 66 bd mutufrm bd
68;3.
_ <8 Y Lóazda dt. ka., 68;;.
_ <; Y Iksjkrm, ;>34, p. 4;.
_ <6 Y Kqungm, Zêm Rmiës
Rmiës bd, p. 663.
_ <: Y Di suk mrnedi, bkolngn drk m gmid bd uik skjdrbmtnsk tægtrnjk qud,
gk kgtnek Égbnk, advkvk ks kaiks bms imrtms pkrk m jîu. Jmim tka, uik
bkolngn î ès vdzds jlkikbk bd ‑bkgåkrngk jdadstd’ d, di mutrms jmgtdxtms, î
k pdrsmgncnjkåêm cdingngk bk nauingkåêm
n auingkåêm d bk dgdrenk. (G. bm R.)
R.)
_ <2 Y Fkjldamr
Fkjldamr,, 68;5.
_ <4 Y Lkrrns, 68;2, p. ;8,
_ <3 Y Nfnb., p. ;:5.
_ <5 Y Nfnb., pp. ;:4, ;:5.

_ << Y Xmwdrs, F., ‑Rld Gmgbuka Vdkanzktnmg mc Zki Lkrrns0 Rld Cuturd mc kg
Naausnsmg’, 68;20 lttp0//www.ngtderkawmrab.gdt/pmwdrs;5.ltia. Ðatnim
kjdssm di 64 bd mutufrm bd 6883.

__ <>
>8 YY Lkrrns, 68;2, pp. ;54-53.
lttp0//www.skilkrrns.mre/ntdi/lmw-tm-id-bn-tk-td. Ðatnim kjdssm di
63 bd mutufrm bd ;>;3.
_ >; Y Ukx, 68;3.
_ >6 Y Xmr dxdipam, lttp0//www
ltt p0//www.kwkodgdbldkrtprm`djt.mre
.kwkodgdbldkrtprm`djt.mre.. Ðatnim kjdssm di
63 bd mutufrm bd 68;3.
_ >: Y Xmr dxdipam, lttp0//wjji.mre. Ðatnim kjdssm di 63 bd mutufrm bd
68;3.
_ >2 Y Xmr dxdipam, lttp0//sakinjsugrkys.jmi/nsakinj-idbntktnmg-cmr-
rdakxktnmg-kgb-spnrntuka-jmicmrt/. Ðatnim kjdssm di 63 bd mutufrm bd 68;3.
_ >4 Y Znstdik pmr idnm bm quka m prúprnm jmgsuinbmr pmbd rdenstrkr suks
jmiprks d pkekr pmr daks sdi qud lk`k k gdjdssnbkbd bd ui cugjnmgërnm bk
am`k pkrk k`ubë-am. Dssd tnpm bd sdrvnåm î jmiui di kaeugs supdridrjkbms
bk Durmpk, bms Dstkbms Tgnbms d bk Kustrëank. Gm Frksna, k pkakvrk qud dstë
sdgbm pmpuakridgtd uskbk pkrk dssd tnpm bd mpdrkåêm î kutmktdgbnidgtm
kutmktdgbnidgtm.. (G.
bm R.)
_ >3 Y Diimgs d Jruipadr,
Jr uipadr, 6888.
_ >5 Y IjJuaamuel dt. ka., 6886.
_ >< Y Diimgs d Ogddzda, 6884.
_ >> Y Uktongs dt. ka., 688>.
_ ;88 Y Diimgs d IjJuaamuel, 688:.
_ ;8; Y Fmfm dt. ka., 688>.
_ ;86 Y Nfnb.
_ ;8: Y Zdaneikg, 6884.
_ ;82 Y Dlrdgrdnjl, 688>.
_ ;84 Y Nfnb.
_ ;83 Y Bd mrnedi ngbéedgk, k pkakvrk pmtaktjl snegncnjk ‑bmi’ mu ‑bmkåêm’
gk angeukedi gmmtok (tdrim rdaktnvm kms gmmtoks
gmmtoks,, pmvm ngbéedgk qud lkfntk k

jmstk bm Gmrmdstd Xkjécnjm bm Jkgkbë). Xmtaktjl î tkifîi m gmid bd uik

jdrniògnk rdkanzkbk pdams pmvms kfmréedgds bk jmstk bm Gmrmdstd Xkjécnjm bk
Kiîrnjk bm Gmrtd, tkgtm gms Dstkbms Tgnbms jmim gk prmvégjnk bk
Jmaðifnk Frntægnjk bm Jkgkbë. Di tdrims edrkns, Ikuss kvkank k tdsd
sdeugbm k quka k bëbnvk î cugbkidgtm bd tmbk smjnkfnanbkbd d jmiugnjkåêm
luikgks, fdi jmim suk prdsdgåk d suk bncdrdgtd ngstntujnmgkanzkåêm di
vërnks smjndbkbds, jkpntkanstks mu gêm. (G. bm R.)
R.)
_ ;85 Y Ikuss, 6888, p. 68.
_ ;8< Y Xkrtrnbed, ;>33.
_ ;8> Y Zkjos, 68;4.
_ ;;8 Y Î ngtdrdsskgtd gmtkr qud Manvdr Zkjos, m smfrnglm bd @mgktlkg Zkjos,
drk Erêm-Vkfngm bk Erê-Frdtkglk.

_Xrkydr
;;; Y, Ti anvrm kinem
bm idu iuntm ðtna smfrdBkvnb
m nriêm dssd kssugtm î Erktdcuagdss,
Ztdngba-Vkst, ui imgedRld Ldkrt mc
fdgdbntngm.
Dad tkifîi jrnmu ui sntd ngspnrkbmr ngtntuakbm www.erktdcuagdss.mre.
www.erktdcuagdss.mre.
_ ;;6 Y Lkrt, 68;:.
_ ;;: Y Lë iuntms sntds gms qukns pmbdims prmjurkr m sufstkgtnvm cdingngm
erkåks,, dssks cmriks bd kerkbdjnidgtm mu fdgdcéjnms dspnrntukns qud pmbdi
erkåks
sdr dxprdssms di pkakvrks mu jkgtkbms. Ti bdads î www.erkjds.nm.
_ ;;2 Y Kfrki, ;>>5.
_ ;;4 Y Lmingng î qukaqudr idifrm bm erupm cmrikbm pmr tmbms ms sdrds
imbdrgms d dxtngtms
dstrdntkidgtd d sdus kgjdstrkns
rdakjnmgkbks kms sdrdsnidbnktms (smfrdtubm
luikgms imbdrgms ks dspîjnds
bm qud ikns
kms
jlnipkgzîs. M tdrim rdidtd è ‑trnfm’ zmmaúenjk Lmingngn (ckiéank
Lmingnbkd,, mrbdi bms prniktks, ikiécdrms qud kfrkgedi ms lmidgs, ms
Lmingnbkd
ikjkjms, ms aàiurds d cmriks kcngs.) Î ikns jmiuidgtd uskbm pkrk bdsnegkr
idifrms dxtngtms bk anglkedi luikgk, kaeugs bms qukns jmgldjnbms pmr
sdus rdstms cússdns0 Lmim gdkgbdrtlkadgsns
gdkgbdrtlkadgsns,, Lmim drdj
drdjtus
tus,, Lmim lkfnans d
bnvdrsks dspîjnds bd kustrkampntdjms. (G. bm R.)
_ ;;3 Y Bdsjmak, 68;:, p. :>6.
_ ;;5 Y Snvdnrms bd Jkstrm, 6882.
_ ;;< Y Unasmg, ;><2.
_ ;;> Y Lmwdaa, 68;3.

_ ;68 Y Sksms mrgkidgtkns kbmrgkbms jmi camrds, fmtôds camrkns, jkuads d

cmalks, jmidrjnkanzkbms pkrk cngs bd bdjmrkåêm bd ngtdrnmrds. (G. bm R.)
R.)
_ ;6; Y Xmr dxdipam, pmr idnm bm TO Jmgsdrvktnmg Smaugtddrs0
lttp0//www.tjv.uo.
lttp0//www.tjv .uo. Anfdrkbm di ;6 bd cdvdrdnrm
c dvdrdnrm bd 68;5.
_ ;66 Y Vdygmabs, 68;4.
_ ;6: Y Enafdrt, 68;3.
_ ;62 Y Xkro dt. ka., 68;8.
_ ;64 Y An, 68;8.
_ ;63 Y Okr`kakngdg dt. ka., 68;8.
_ ;65 Y Frktikg dt. ka., 68;4.
_ ;6< Y Frktikg, Lkinatmg dt. ka., 68;4.
_ ;6> Y Enafdrt, 68;3,
_ ;:8 Y L. I. Emvdrgidgt Ulntd
U lntd Xkpdr, 68;;.
68;;.
_ ;:; Y Amuv, 688<.
_ ;:6 Y lttp0//www.gai.gnl.emv/idbangdpaus/dgjy/pktndgtngstrujtnmg/888:44.
Ðatnim kjdssm di 6> bd ikråm bd 68;3.
_ ;:: Y lttp0www.ffj.jm.uo/gdws/dbujktnmg-;><58;>>. Ðatnim kjdssm di 6>
bd ikråm bd 68;3.
_ ;:2 Y Lkrby
Lkrby,, ;>5>.

_ ;:4 Y Nfnb., p. ;8<.

_ ;:3 Y Nfnb., p. 2>.
_ ;:5 Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. ::.
_ ;:< Y Xkcckrb, ;>5:, p. ;;5.
_ ;:> Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. ;<2.
_ ;28 Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. ;6;-66.
_ ;2; Y Zldabrkod, ;>>6.
_ ;26 Y Idgnrd
Idgnrdss sêm pdbrks prî-lnstúrnjks, imguidgtms idekaétnjms bm
pdrémbm gdmaétnjm ju`k katurk jldekvk k ;; i d drki vdrtnjkaidgtd cnxkbms gm
smam. ‑Dgtrd mutrks snegncnjkåôds, m idgnr pkrdjd tdr bdsdipdglkbm ui pkpda

bd eukr
eukrbnêm
bnêm bd sdpuaturk
sdpuaturk?? dad sdrnk edrkaidgtd jmamjkbm km akbm mu kfknxm
bd uik tuifk imrtuërnk’.
imrt uërnk’. (G. bm R.)
_ ;2: Y Crkzdr, ;>;<.
_ ;22 Y Fdgtady, ;><4.
_ ;24 Y Fdrrdscmrb, ;><4.
_ ;23 Y K trkbnåêm bks pdrderngkåôds k dstk ‑imgtkglk ikns skerkbk bk
Nrakgbk’ rdimgtk k jngjm ina kgms, bdsbd k Nbkbd bk Xdbrk ktî kms bnks bd
lm`d. Zdu snegncnjkbm rdanenmsm rdjuk è îpmjk bms pkeêms, qukgbm sd nikengk
qud ks pdssmks kan sd rdugnki pkrk jdadfrkr m ngéjnm bk dstkåêm bks jmaldntks.
Jrmkel Xktrnjo tkifîi î jmgldjnbk pdak pdrderngkåêm kguka di lmidgkedi
k Zêm Xktréjnm (Zkngt Xktrnjo). Bnz k adgbk qud dssd skgtm `d`umu 28 bnks gm
juid bdssk imgtkglk di 22; k.J. Tik bks prngjnpkns bktks jmidimrkbks
pdams pdrderngms qud pkrk kan kjmrrdi kms inalôds î ;4 bd kemstm, qukgbm
kjmgtdjd k cdstk bk Kssugåêm bd Gmssk Zdglmrk km Jîu. (G. bm R.)R.)
_ ;25 Y Lnabdekrbk vmg Fngedg, tkifîi jmgldjnbk jmim ‑Znfnak bm Vdgm’.
(G. bm R.)
_ ;2< Y lttp0//wdstdrgiystnjs.wmrbprdss.jmi/68;4/8:/66lnabdekrb-mc-
fngedg/. Ðatnim kjdssm di ;3 bd ikråm bd 68;5.
_ ;2> Y Lkrt, 68;:.
_ ;48 Y Dnrd, ;><3, p. 662.
_ ;4; Y Vmszko, ;>5:? Fdrikg, ;><2.
_ ;46 Y Rlmiks, ;><2.
_ ;4: Y Nfnb., p. 645.
_ ;42 Y Nfnb., p. 64<.
_ ;44 Y Nfnb., p. 633.
_ ;43 Y Nfnb., p. 635? Zmutldy,
Zmutldy, ;<85.
_ ;45 Y Didrsmg, ;><4, pp. :<->.
_ ;4< Y Urmd, 6885.
_ ;4> Y Bkrwng, ;5>2-5>3.
_ ;38 Y Nfnb., p. :3.
_ ;3; Y Fmwadr, ;><2, p. ;:2.

_ ;36 Y Bkrwng, ;<54, pp. 5-<.

_ ;3: Y Bkrwng, ;<4>, jkp. :.
_ ;32 Y Rdmrnk sdeugbm k quka ms bnvdrsms jkipms bm jmgldjnidgtm,
ngjausnvd ks jlkikbks jnàgjnks luikgks, bdvdi dadvkr k césnjk è jmgbnåêm bd
pkrkbneik jndgtécnjm ðgnjm, supmgbm qud tmbms ms kspdjtms bk rdkanbkbd,
ngjausnvd dstkbms idgtkns d kcdtnvms, smidgtd kbqunrdi padgk
jmiprddgsnfnanbkbd d jmgjrdtubd sd kgkanskbms jmim rdkanbkbds césnjks. (G.
bm R.)
_ ;34 Y Sdr k bnsjussêm di Zldabrkod, 68;6, jkp. 2.
_ ;33 Y Ztrkwsmg, 6883.
_ ;35 Y Gkeda, 68;6.
_ ;3< Y Rdrim qud kpkrdjdrë iuntks vdzds gm bdjmrrdr bdstd anvrm. M
pkipsnqunsim î uik bmutrngk sdtdjdgtnstk, gmtkfnanzkbk dspdjnkaidgtd pmr
_Emttcrndb-UnaldaiY Adnfgnz (;323-;5;3), sdeugbm k quka k iktîrnk pmssun
uik dssàgjnk dspnrntuka mu kgéinjk. M pkipsnqunsim jmgsnstd di rdbuznr k
prúprnk iktîrnk è kaik, nstm î, k prmprndbkbds mu ktrnfutms pséqunjms? jmi
nssm, k iktîrnk gêm î gdekbk, iks ms sdus ktrnfutms cugbkidgtkns ‚ k
dxtdgsêm d m imvnidgtm, pmr dxdipam ‚ sêm rdbuznbms è kåêm bd cmråks mu
ktrnfutms dspnrntukns. M pkipsnqunsim î k idtkcésnjk bm dspnrntukansim
jmgtdipmrægdm. (G. bm R.)
_ ;3> Y Ztrkwsmg, 6883.
_ ;58 Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. 65.
_ ;5; Y Dssd dgjmgtrm cmn edgdrmskidgtd cngkgjnkbm pdak Ancdfrnbed
Cmugbktnmg bd Gmvk ^mro,
^mro, è quka smu erktm pmr tà-am
t à-am tmrgkbm pmssévda.
_ ;56 Y lttp0//smlmwww.gksjmi.gksk.emv/spkjdwdktldr/. Ðatnim kjdssm di
;3 bd sdtdifrm bd 68;3.
_ ;5: Y Kgsdai, 688<, jkp. ;3.
_ ;52 Y ^muge dt. ka., 68;8.
_ ;54 Y @mem bd rdjrdkåêm qud pmstdrnmridgtd cmn trkgscmrikbm di dspmrtd.
Jmgsnstd di emapdkr fmaks bd ikbdnrk mu paëstnjm ktrkvîs bd krjms
dgjknxkbms gm jkipm bd `mem,
pdrjursm prdbdtdringkbm. ui tdrrdgm erkikbm
Kpkrdgtdidgtd, gm ngvdgtkbm
m `mem cmn quka bdvd gk
sdeunr ui
Nrakgbk

pmr vmatk bd ;<:8, sdgbm ui bdrnvkbm bm emacd? jrmqudt, jrmqudtd (di

Xmrtueka, tmqud-difmqud). (G. bm R.)
R.)
_ ;53 Y Xràinm Crkgo Zikrt bd Fmtægnjk pdak Tgnvdrsnbkbd bd Jkifrnbed,
;>36.
_ ;55 Y lttp0//www.sldabrkod.mre/rdsdkrjl/pakgt-kgb-jdaa-fnmamey. Ðatnim
kjdssm di :8 bd `kgdnrm bd 68;5.
_ ;5< Y Jmim lë jdrtk vkrnkåêm gk trkbuåêm bm tdrim dvmautnmgkry
dvmautnmgkry,, d lë tkgtm
pmanssdink qukgtm smfrdpmsnåêm bms tdrims ‑dvmautnvm’, ‑dvmaujnmgërnm’ d
‑dvmaujnmgnstk’, k idalmr ikgdnrk bd trkbuznr k pkakvrk ngeadsk pkrdjd sdr k
sdeungtd (d kssni cmn uskbk kqun, qukgbm bd suks ngjnbàgjnks)0 (;)
‑dvmautnvm’ ‚ kb`dtnvm jmrrdspmgbdgtd k cdgòidgms d prmjdssms bd dvmauåêm
fnmaúenjk, jmim di ‑fnmamenk dvmautnvk’, ‑prmjdssms dvmautnvms’
(jmgsnbdrkgbm-sd qud tkns prmjdssms rdakjnmgki-sd è dvmauåêm jmim jkusk
mu jmgsdquàgjnk), ‑fnúamem dvmautnvm’ (kqudad qud dstubk k dvmauåêm),
‑tdmrnk dvmautnvk’ (kqudak qud dxpanjk k dvmauåêm bms sdrds vnvms)? (6)
‑dvmaujnmgërnm’ ‚ kb`dtnvm jmrrdspmgbdgtd k kaem qud ‑jkusd’ k dvmauåêm
fnmaúenjk, jmim di ‑prmjdssms dvmaujnmgërnms’ (kqudads qud advki è
dvmauåêm)? (:) ‑dvmaujnmgnstk’ ‚ kb`dtnvm qud rdidtd è jmrrdgtd cnamsúcnjk bm
Dvmaujnmgnsim, jmim di ‑cnaúsmcm dvmaujnmgnstk’ (‚ kqudad qud bdcdgbd k
tdmrnk dvmautnvk), ‑fnúamem dvmaujnmgnstk’ (kqudad qud bdcdgbd k tdmrnk
dvmautnvk? jmipkrkr jmi ‑fnmamenk dvmautnvk’, gm ntdi ;. (G. ( G. bm R.)
R.)
_ ;5> Y Vmtk tdi kqun m snegncnjkbm bd ‑anstk bd jmnsks qud prdjnski sdr cdntks
d bks pdssmks dsjkakbks pkrk ckzà-aks’? ‑dsjkak bd sdrvnåm’, ‑rmbéznm’, (G. bm
R.)
_ ;<8 Y Jkra Gnassmg Anggkdus (tkifîi jmgldjnbm pdaks cmriks
kpmrtueudskbk Jkrams Angdu, sudjk Jkra vmg Anggî (kpús gmfnantkåêm) d
aktngnzkbk Jkrmaus Anggkdus). (Vȥsluat, ;585 ‚ Tppskak, ;55<). (G. bm R.)
_ ;<; Y Kfrdvnkåêm di ngeaàs, kssni jmim bnjmts
bnjmts,, gm pkrëerkcm sdeungtd. (G.
bm R.)
_ ;<6 Y Bkrwng, ;<<6, p. ;<4.
_ ;<: Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. ;<3.
__ ;<2
;<4 YY Nerd`k Jktúanjk, ;>>>, p. ;5.
Lkrt, 68;:.
_ ;<3 Y Kgsdai, 688<, p. >5.

_ ;<5 Y K erkgbd jnvnanzkåêm bm rnm Ngbm, uik bks prnidnrks bm iugbm,

sntukvk-sd gm Xug`kf d cmn bdsjmfdrtk gk sdeugbk idtkbd bm sîjuam \N\. Gk
bîjkbk bd ;>68, bdsjmfrnrki-sd uik sîrnd bd tðiuams qud jmgbuznrki è
dsjkvkåêm bd buks jnbkbds di ruégks. Dssds nidgsms d nipmrtkgtds jdgtrms,
jmi uik dxtdgsêm bd ikns bd 4 oi bd bnæidtrm di sdu imidgtm bd iknmr
dspadgbmr, drki Imldg`m-Bkrm, gm Zngb, d Lkrkppk, gm Xug`kf mjnbdgtka. M
jmgldjnidgtm bdssks jnvnanzkåôds gêm î iuntm jmipadtm, d ui bms imtnvms
bdssd bdsjmgldjnidgtm jdrtkidgtd î m cktm bd qud ktî lm`d gngeuîi
jmgsdeunu bdjncrkr, bd cmrik jmgvngjdgtd, k dsjrntk bm Ngbm. M rdenstrm
krqudmaúenjm gêm gms pdrintd dstkfdadjdr qudi cmrki ms cugbkbmrds bk
Jnvnanzkåêm bm Skad bm Vnm Ngbm, qud ktukaidgtd sd amjkanzk gm Xkqunstêm
imbdrgm. (G. bm R.)
_ ;<< Y Bdf, 6885.

_ ;<> Y Crkzdr, ;>;<, vma. :, p. 36.

_ ;>8 Y Cneudnrk-bd-fdgekak. (G. bm R.)
_ ;>; Y M lkgkin
lkgkin,, mu k kprdjnkåêm bdssks camrds, kjmgtdjd gm @kpêm amem kpús
m ngvdrgm, dgtrd m cngka bd ikråm d m ngéjnm bd kfrna, qukgbm k prnikvdrk
jmidåk gm Ldinscîrnm Gmrtd. Tik bks prngjnpkns ktnvnbkbds î m trkbnjnmgka
pnqudgnqud smf ks jdrd`dnrks di camr.
camr. (G. bm R.)
R.)
_ ;>6 Y Kgbdrsmg d Lnjos, ;>>8.
_ ;>: Y Jntkbm di lttps0//www.wkabdg.mre/Anfrkry/Kfmut
]Rlmrdku„s]Ancd]kgb]U
]Rlmrdku„ s]Ancd]kgb]Urntnges0]Rld]Vdsdkrjl]Jmaadjtnmgs/Rlmrd
rntnges0]Rld]Vdsdkrjl]Jmaadjtnmgs/Rlmrdku]kgb]t
ku]kgb]t
ld]Dgvnrmgidgt. Ðatnim kjdssm di 6< bd `kgdnrm bd 68;3.
_ ;>2 Y Unaankis, 6886.
_ ;>4 Y Enfadtt, 68;;.
_ ;>3 Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. ;2:.
_ ;>5 Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. ;24.
_ ;>< Y
lttp0//dg.wnonpdbnk.mre/wnon/Anst]mc]Zntds]mc]Zpdjnka]Zjndgtncnj]Ngtdrdst]fy
]Krdk]mc]Zdkrjl. Ðatnim kjdssm di ;; ;; bd gmvdifrm bd 68;3.
_supdrnmrds.
;>> Y Injmrrnzks sêm kssmjnkåôds
Dssks kssmjnkåôds dgtrd
edrkaidgtd sêm cugems d rkézds
iutukanstks, uik bd
vdzpakgtks
qud m
cugem kbqunrd uik cmgtd jmgstkgtd bd kåðjkrds k pkrtnr bks pakgtks, d dstks

mftài ëeuk d skns ingdrkns bm smam ktrkvîs bks lncks bm cugem. Lncks sêm
ugnbkbds dstruturkns vdedtktnvks bk iknmrnk bms cugems, qud pmssudi
kpkràgjnk cnakidgtmsk. (G. bm R.)
R.)

_ 688
q9slmw&pr9pr]gek&nb9:<;>.Y lttp0//www0ekrbdg.mre/kfmut/prdss.plp=
Ðatnim kjdssm di :8 bd ikråm
i kråm bd 68;3.
_ 68; Y lttp0//www.bnjondsstmrd.jm.uo/fame/68;2/82/;3/ngcmerkplnj-
ekrbdgnge-uo. Ðatnim kjdssm di ;3 bd ikråm bd 68;3.
_ 686 Y Gm Frksna, tkifîi `ë dxnstdi lmrtks jmiugntërnks lë iuntm tdipm.
Ks prnidnrks surenrki gk jnbkbd pkuanstk bd Fnrneun (gmrmdstd bm dstkbm) gk
bîjkbk bd ;><8, jmim katdrgktnvks pkrk m prmfadik bms tdrrdgms
kfkgbmgkbms. Ms lkfntkgtds kbmtkrki dssk nbdnk d, bms kgms ;><8 ktî ms bnks
bd lm`d, pksskrki k junbkr bdssds tdrrdgms vnskgbm k bdcngnr m pkbrêm bd
qukanbkbd bks lmrtkanåks qud ktdgbdrnki ès gdjdssnbkbds d prdcdràgjnks bm
jmgsuinbmr cngka. M pakgd`kidgtm bdssks lmrtks, pmrîi, dstë iuntm amged bd
tdringkr pmr ké. Cdanzidgtd, tdims uik erkgbd vkrndbkbd bd sntds di qud sd
imstrki ks dtkpks pkrk sdu pakgd`kidgtm d suk nipakgtkåêm, sd`ki daks
rurkns d/mu urfkgks. Di tdrims fësnjms, m pakgd`kidgtm jmidåk pdak
pdsqunsk bd idrjkbm pkrk bdcngnr k qukgtnbkbd d m pkbrêm bd qukanbkbd bks
lmrtkanåks qud vêm ktdgbdr ès gdjdssnbkbds d prdcdràgjnks bm cuturm
jmgsuinbmr.. Rkifîi
jmgsuinbmr Rkifîi î niprdsjngbévda jmipkrkr dgtrd ms vërnms mråkidgtms.
Jmi suks bnidgsôds jmgtngdgtkns, m Frksna rdqudr uik dgmrid qukgtnbkbd
bd pdsqunsks kgtds bk nipakgtkåêm bdcngntnvk bms prm`dtms, bdgtrd ms qukns
jntkrdims kpdgks kaeugs0 k rdkanzkåêm bd ui advkgtkidgtm tmpmerëcnjm, bm
justm jmi bd
pdsqunsks k ëeuk pkrk dtj.
idrjkbm nrrnekåêm, bmsiuatnpanjmu-sd
K nbdnk prdåms bms ldjtkrds, bmsdauekrds,
pdam pkés, bks
bdak tdims
dxdipams gmtëvdns di tmbms ms dstkbms d rdenôds, bdgtrd ms qukns Imen bks
Jruzds (ZX), Vmgbmgúpmans (sua bd Iktm Ermssm), Xkaiks (RM), Emnægnk dtj.,
di uik anstk qud uatrkpksskrnk vërnks jdgtdgks. Gk pnmgdnrk Fnrneun, mgbd lë
ikns bd ;88 lmrtks jmiugntërnks, m prm`dtm tkifîi jldemu km ugnvdrsm
dsjmakr, di ui dxdipam qud sd dspkalmu pmr tmbm m Frksna. [ukgbm fdi
pdgskbms d nipadidgtkbms, tmbms dssds prm`dtms jmgsdeunrki prmimvdr k
jmgsjndgtnzkåêm d k jkpkjntkåêm bms imrkbmrds, ngjdgtnvkgbm k prmbuåêm bd
kanidgtms sdi kermtúxnjms, uik kanidgtkåêm skubëvda d m sdu
kprmvdntkidgtm ngtderka pdak prúprnk jmiugnbkbd. Rkifîi edrmu
mpmrtugnbkbds bd mjupkåêm d rdgbks, kaîi bk ngtderkåêm d mrekgnzkåêm di

jmiugnbkbd, k dbujkåêm kifndgtka d m kuidgtm gk qukanbkbd bd vnbk. (G. bm

R.)
_ 68: Y Ztrdlamw, jntkbm di Aîvn-Ztrkuss, ;>56, p. 6:4.
_ 682 Y Mp. jnt., p. 6:3.
_ 684 Y Dankbd, ;>4<, p. :>;.
_ 683 Y Zldabrkod d Cmx, ;>>3.
_ 685 Y vkg Edggdp, ;>56.
_ 68< Y Ak Cmgtkngd, ;><4.
_ 68> Y Xkrk ikns rdcdràgjnks vd`k
lttp0//sjlmmamcamstfmrbdrs.mre/jmgtdgt/luccngetmg-pmst-wlkt-vnsnmg-qudst-
kgb-wly-bm-mgd. Ðatnim kjdssm di ;5 bd cdvdrdnrm bd 68;5.

_adekaidgtd
6;8 Y Znstdik pdam quka
rdjrutkbms kaeugsui
k pksskr `mvdgs, smfrdtubm
pdrémbm bm ksdxm
bd tdipm iksjuangm,
sdrvnåm sêm
bks Cmråks
Krikbks. Gk Ngeaktdrrk, m Zdrvnåm Gkjnmgka cmn kfmanbm di ;>36. (G. bm R.)
_ 6;; Y ‑Snkedi drrkbk’, ‑ië vnkedi’, eérnk pkrk bdsjrdvdr uik dxpdrnàgjnk
psnjmaúenjk dxtrdikidgtd bdskerkbëvda. Fkb trnp gugjk dgjmgtrmu uik fmk
trkbuåêm di pmrtueuàs, imtnvm pdam quka sdiprd cmn uskbk gm mrnengka
ngeaàs. Tik fkb trnp iuntks vdzds rdsuatk bk ngedstêm bd brmeks psnjmbîanjks,
di pkrtnjuakr m ëjnbm ansîrenjm (AZB). [ukgbm mjmrrd, prmvmjk iuntks mutrks
rdkåôds pmssévdns0 ui dstkbm bd pægnjm, k kipankåêm bms idbms
ngjmgsjndgtds, m idbm bd dgamuqudjdr mu bd gêm ikns vmatkr km gmrika, uik
bdprdssêm
kidkåkbmr prmcugbk,
dtj. (G. bm tdgbàgjnk
R.)
R.) sunjnbk, k sdgskåêm bd qud tubm î iuntm
_ 6;6 Y Jmrkzzk, 688<.
_ 6;: Y lttp0nkgbs.mre/gbds/kfmut-gbds.ltia. Ðatnim kjdssm di ;4 bd `uglm
bd 68;3.
_ 6;2 Y Jkrtdr, 68;8.
_ 6;4 Y lttp0//nkgbs.mre/gbds/kfmut-gbds/jmiimg-kctdrdccdjts.ltia. Ðatnim
kjdssm di ;4 bd `uglm bd 68;3.
_ 6;3 Y vkg Amiida, 68;;.
_ 6;5 Y Zjlwdnodr, U., “Rmrturd kgb rdanenmus prkjtnjd„, 688<.
lttp0//mgangdanfrkry.wnady
lttp0//mgangdanfrkry.wnady.jmi/bmn/;8.;;
.jmi/bmn/;8.;;;;/`.;428-3:<
;;/`.;428-3:<4.688<.88:>4.x/cuaa.
4.688<.88:>4.x/cuaa.

atnim kjdssm di ;4 bd `uglm bd 68;3.

_ 6;< Y Dssk tmjk drk ngtrmbuznbk gk fmjk bk vétnik, guik tdgtktnvk bd ckzà-
ak jldekr è trkqudnk? pmstdrnmridgtd, vdrtnk-sd ëeuk smfrd dssd tdjnbm qud, km
dgjlkrjkr-sd,
jmgvuasnvms bmprmvmjkvk
dstòikem,gmvnskgbm
rîu uikk bdvmavdr
sdgskåêm tmbk
bd kcmekidgtm
k ëeuk quddsdimvnidgtms
kjuiuakrk
di sdu dstòikem. Drk jmiui qud, pkrk ckjnantkr dssd `mrrm, m jkrrksjm
skatkssd iuntks vdzds, d jmi tmbm sdu pdsm, smfrd m dstòikem bm tmrturkbm.
[ukgbm quksd gêm lkvnk ikns ëeuk, rdngnjnkvk-sd tmbm m prmjdssm. (G. bm R.)
R.)
_ 6;> Y Nfnb.
_ 668 Y Crdub, ;>:>, p. >4.
_ 66; Y IjBmuekaa, B., ‑Ngbnkg Juat Onaas Jlnabrdg cmr Embbdss.’
lttps0//www.tldeukrbnkg.jmi/wmrab/6883/ikr/84/ngbnk.tldmfsdrvdr. Ðatnim
kjdssm di ;5 bd `uglm bd 68;3.
_ 666 Y Xkyd-Akyadl, @. ‑N Ktd Jlnabrdg„s Ldkrts, Dx-rdfda Zkys.’
lttp0//gdws.ffj.jm.uo.n/ln/wmrab/kcrnjk/5688;8;.sti. Ðatnim kjdssm di 68
bd ikråm bd 68;5.
_ 66: Y Dlrdgrdnjl, F., ;>>5.
_ 662 Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. 28.
_ 664 Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. 4>.
_ 663 Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. 2;.
_ 665 Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. 42.
_ 66< Y (Crddbmi cneltdrs). Xdssmks qud pkrtnjnpki bd ui imvnidgtm bd
rdsnstàgjnk jmgtrk ui snstdik pmaétnjm mu smjnka mprdssnvm pkrk kajkgåkr
mf`dtnvms pmaétnjms, rdjmrrdgbm k iîtmbms vnmadgtms ju`k cngkanbkbd dspdjécnjk
î k bdrrufkbk bd ui emvdrgm d k tmikbk bm pmbdr. (G. bm R.)
_ 66> Y @nlkb (bd mgbd prmvîi `nlkbnstk) î ui tdrim rdanenmsm nsaæinjm qud
quksd sdiprd rdidtd k ui tnpm bd autk ngtdrnmr di fusjk bk jmgjrdtnzkåêm bd
ui mf`dtnvm dspnrntuka. Antdrkaidgtd, k pkakvrk snegncnjk ‑autk’. @nlkb î ui
jmgjdntm nipmrtkgtd gm Nsaê, kpkrdjdgbm bdzdgks bd vdzds gm Kajmrêm, di
edrka gm sdgtnbm bd autk ngtdrnmr bd ui jrdgtd pkrk tmrgkr-sd ui fmi
iuåuaikgm
gk d juiprnrd jmi
iébnk mjnbdgtkns, dgtrdsdus bdvdrds
kaeugs rdanenmsms
erupms dssdgjnkns. `nlkb
bd iuåuaikgms, Gk juaturk
î iknsd
jmiuidgtd uskbm pkrk snegncnjkr ‑eudrrk skgtk’, mu ui vnmadgtm jmifktd

jmgtrk ms mfstëjuams è cî iuåuaikgk mu kms ngninems bk mrbdi nsaæinjk. (G.

bm R.)
_ 6:8 Y ‑Cdstk bm Zkjrncéjnm’, k ikns nipmrtkgtd bm jkadgbërnm iuåuaikgm,
qud jdadfrk
di uik k bdvmåêm
pksskedi bd Kfrkêm
jmgtkbk tkgtm gk(Nfrklni, gk trkbnåêm
Féfank qukgtm iuåuaikgk)
gm Kajmrêm0 k Bdus
k bm skjrncéjnm
bd sdu cnalm di ui katkr. Dssd cnalm (Nskqud pkrk ms `ubdus d jrnstêms, Nsikda
pkrk ms iuåuaikgms) gêm î skjrncnjkbm pmrqud Bdus mrbdgk km Krjkg`m
Ekfrnda qud dgvnd ui jkrgdnrm pkrk sufstntunr m cnalm bd Kfrkêm/Nfrklni gm
imidgtm dxktm di qud m skjrncéjnm sdrnk jmgsuikbm. Jmim adifrkgåk bdssd
dvdgtm, qud î gkrrkbm pdaks tràs rdanenôds kfrkæinjks, ms iuåuaikgms sêm
jmgvnbkbms k rdprmbuznr m skjrncéjnm bm jkrgdnrm burkgtd m cdstnvka bd Dnb ka-
Kblk, qud tdi k burkåêm bd quktrm bnks. (G.
( G. bm R.)
_ 6:; Y
lttp0//www
lttp0//www.luikgdsmjndty
.luikgdsmjndty.mre/nssuds/fnmidbnjka]rdsdk
wdrs.ltia. Ðatnim .mre/nssuds/fnmidbnjka]rdsdkrjl/qk/qudstnmgs]kgs
kjdssm di ;5 bd `uglm bd 68;3. rjl/qk/qudstnmgs]kgs
_ 6:6 Y
lttp0//www.saktd.jmi/fames/adxnjmg]vkaady/68;4/85/8>/tld]surprnsnge]lnstmr
y]mc]sjndgtncnj]rdsdkrjldrs]usnge]tld]wmrab]skjrncnjd.ltia. Ðatnim kjdssm
di ;5 bd `uglm bd 68;3.
_ 6:: Y lttp0//www0akfant.jmi/krtnjad/:>2. Ðatnim kjdssm di ;5 bd `uglm bd
68;3.
_ 6:2 Y Tik jmgtrkåêm bk amjuåêm Emb fd wntl ymu (mu yd yd)?
)? k sufstntunåêm bd
Emb pmr emmb tkavdz sd bdvk è kssmjnkåêm jmi cúriuaks bd pkrtnbk, jmim
emmb bky
bky,, emmb gnelt dtj. M ngeaàs tdi uik sîrnd prmerdssnvk bd frdvds
jmgtrkåôds0 Embfy, Embfy„d, Embfwyd, Emb f„w„y, Emb fwy ydd, Emb fuy
ymu, Emb fd wn„ ymu _‑ Emb fd wntl yd’Y.
_‑Emb yd’Y. (G. bm R.)
_ 6:4 Y Zldabrkod, 68;6.
_ 6:3 Y Zldabrkod, ;><<.
_ 6:5 Y Zldabrkod, 688>, 68;;.
_ 6:< Y Ummbkrb d IjErmgd, ;>54.
_ 6:> Y Jntkbm di Ummbkrb
Ummbkrb d IjJrmgd, ;>54.
_ 628 Y Bdtkalds cmrgdjnbms di Zldabrkod, 688>, 68;
68;;.
;.
_ 62; Y Nfnb.

_ 626 Y Zldabrkod, 688>.

_ 62: Y Sdr k bnsjussêm di Zldabrkod d Cmx, ;>>3, jkp. 3.
_ 622 Y lttp0//www.psyjlmameytmbky.jmi/fame/lnbd-kgb-sddo/68;286/tld-
lnstmry-onssnge. Ðatnim kjdssm di 5 bd `ualm bd 68;3.
_ 624 Y Bdus td kfdgåmd. Rdrim uskbm pkrk bdsnegkr k mrkåêm jktúanjk bk
Anturenk bks Lmrks, smfrdtubm qukgbm cdntk km cngka bk tkrbd pmr pkbrds d
rdanenmsms d jkgtkbks gks cdstnvnbkbds ikns smadgds, iuntks vdzds jmi
kjmipkglkidgtm ngstruidgtka. Di kaeuiks bktks cdstnvks, sêm jkgtkbms bmns
sdrvnåms bks Sîspdrks jmi Jmrka. Jkbk uik jmidåk jmi m vdrséjuam d
rdspmgsúrnm Bdus ng Kb`utmrnui
Kb`utmrnui,, sdeunbm, bd kjmrbm jmi k utnanzkåêm
rmikgk, bd jngjm skaims dsjmalnbms jmgcmrid m bnk mu k cdstnvnbkbd. K
iðsnjk bd Sîspdrks bncugbnu-sd burkgtd k Nbkbd Iîbnk, prmvkvdaidgtd è
idbnbk qud kuidgtmu m gðidrm bd prmjnssôds. K pkrtnr bm sîjuam \N\,
tmrgmu-sd iuntm rkrk dgtrd ms jmipmsntmrds drubntms k jmipmsnåêm bd iðsnjk
pkrk k Anturenk bks Lmrks, pkrtnjuakridgtd k mrkåêm bk bk tkrbd. (G. bm R.)
R.)
_ 623 Y Jmgcmrid k dstkåêm bm kgm, k kprdsdgtkåêm bks Sîspdrks jmi Jmrka
vkrnkvk dgtrd k bîjnik lmrk (;3l88) d k bîjnik sdeugbk (;<l88), iks
pmstdrnmridgtd bdnxmu bd sdr kprdsdgtkbk gm cni bk tkrbd d cmn trkgscdrnbk
pkrk bdpmns bm jrdpðsjuam vdspdrtngm. Gk rdkanbkbd, gêm kjmgtdjnk ikns è
gmntd, iks, sni, kgtds bm cni bm bnk. Xmrtkgtm, ks kprdsdgtkåôds pksskrki k
prdsjngbnr bd auzds krtncnjnkns
krtnc njnkns jmim kgtds, qukgbm tmbms ms krjlmtds cnjkvki
kjdsms. Kgtds bdssk îpmjk, dssk sngkxd vdspdrtngk (kssdifadnk bd jrnstêms gms
prnidnrms tdipms bm jrnstnkgnsim) drk jdadfrkbk jmi tmbms ms krjlmtds
nauingkbms. M sdrvnåm bd Sîspdrks (m prnidnrm sdrvnåm bm bnk antðrenjm) tnglk
m mf`dtnvm bd gms adifrkr bk îpmjk bm Kgtnem Rdstkidgtm, bk jrnkåêm bm
iugbm, bms prnidnrms sdrds luikgms jkébms di pdjkbm, bd suk dxpuasêm bm
Xkrkésm, bd sdu krrdpdgbnidgtm d mrkåôds pmr suk skavkåêm, bk dspdrkgåk bk
luikgnbkbd, bd kjmrbm jmi k prmidssk bd Bdus, bm dgvnm bd ui Zkavkbmr
d, pmr ðatnim, bk jmgjrdtnzkåêm bdssk prmidssk. Dvdgsmge î ui tdrim
dspdjncnjkidgtd ngeaàs. Î k anturenk qud sd tmrgmu
tmr gmu k ikns kgeanjkgk bd tmbks d
m ikns prdjnmsm fkaukrtd bk trkbnåêm. K pkakvrk Dvdgsmge kpkrdjd
bmjuidgtkbk pdak prnidnrk vdz pdam Mab Dgeansl Bnjtnmgkry gm Kgeam-
Zkxêm bms Jægmgds bd Ǧacrnjm (j. ;888) jmim ãcdg-skge. Ktî k Vdcmrik,
dssd tdrimbdngeaàs
bm erupm cmn uskbm
mntm mcéjnms pkrkrdkanzkbms
bnërnms bdsjrdvdrui
m Mcéjnm
pmujm bks
kgtdsSîspdrks,
bm pòr bmm sma.
sîtnim
(G.
bm R.)

_ 625 Y Rkifîi jmgldjnbm jmim ‑jkgtm bms lkriògnjms’, m jkgtm bncògnjm î

kqudad di qud uik ðgnjk pdssmk prmbuz bmns mu ikns smgs km idsim tdipm.
M sngògnim ‑jkgtm bms lkriògnjms’ î kssni jlkikbm bdvnbm km cktm bd uik
sú pdssmk rdsskatkr ms lkriògnjms bk prúprnk vmz km ikgnpuakr ms dspkåms bk
jkvnbkbd fujka, prmbuzngbm smgs prmvdgndgtds bks pkrtds ikns prmcugbks bk
ekrekgtk. Dssk dxpdrnàgjnk jmgbuz k gmvms pakgms bd dsjutk d bd dinssêm
vmjka. (G. bm R.)
_ 62< Y www
www.ldkangevmnjd.jmi.
.ldkangevmnjd.jmi. Ðatnim kjdssm di :; bd bdzdifrm bd 68;3.
_ 62> Y Zkjos, 6885, pp. x-xn.
_ 648 Y Bkrwng, ;<<4, p. 435.
_ 64; Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. 43>.
_ 646 Y Jrmss, 68;3.
_ 64: Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. ;;.
_ 642 Y Bkrwng, ;<<4, p. 456.
_ 644 Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. 45;.
_ 643 Y Frmwg, 6882.
_ 645 Y Jrmss d Imrady, 688<.
_ 64< Y Idrodr, 6888.
_ 64> Y Ednssikgg, 6888.
_ 638 Y K pkakvrk dgtrkngidgt, kqun trkbuznbk jmim ‑jmgdxêm smjnka’, sd
rdcdrd è rdakåêm jrmgmfnmaúenjk, césnjk d jmipmrtkidgtka bd ui ngbnvébum
jmi sdu idnm kifndgtd. Dspdjncnjkidgtd, nssm sd rdcdrd è kbkptkåêm césnjk d
idgtka km cusm lmrërnm di qud dad vnvd. Nssm ngjaun m cusm lmrërnm luikgm
(62 lmrks), qud m jmgbnjnmgk è lmrk bd bmrinr d kjmrbkr, km imidgtm di qud
bdvd jmidr dtj. Snk`kr pdrturfk dssk jmgdxêm, d bdimrk kaeugs bnks pkrk m
jmrpm sd kbkptkr è gmvk rdenêm d rdbdcngnr m rntim jnrjkbnkgm bm jmrpm.
Jmgdxêm iusnjka ngtdrpdssmka î m qud kjmgtdjd qukgbm ks pdssmks sd rdðgdi
pkrk k prëtnjk bd ktnvnbkbds qud dgvmavdi k iðsnjk ‚ jmgjdrtms, fknads,
rntukns rdanenmsms dtj. (G. bm R.)
_ 63; Y Pnvmtmcsoy dt. ka., 68;6.
_ 636 Y Frmwg, 6882.
_ 63: Y Jrmss d Imrady, 688<.

_ 632 Y Nfnb.
_ 634 Y Fdaakl, 68;;.
_ 633 Y www
www.ldkangevmnjd.jmi.
.ldkangevmnjd.jmi. Ðatnim kjdssm di ;: bd `kgdnrm bd 68;5.
_ 635 Y Xurjd, ;><3.
_ 63< Y Nfnb.
_ 63> Y Ti dstubm ingujnmsm pmbd sdr dgjmgtrkbm di Lkywkrb (6882)0
lttps0//jkifrnbed.kjkbdink.dbu/EuyLkywkrb. Ðatnim kjdssm di 68 bd
cdvdrdnrm bd 68;5.
_ 658 Y Zldabrkod, 68;;.
_ 65; Y Jancc dt. ka., 688<.
_ 656 Y Jancc dt. ka., 68;8.
_ 65: Y Jlkgbk d Advntng, 68;:.
_ 652 Y Janc dt. ka., 68;8.
_ 654 Y Sdaak-Furrmws, 68;6.
_ 653 Y Jancc dt. ka., 68;8.
_ 655 Y Jlkgbk d Advntng, 68;:.
_ 65< Y Nfnb.
_ 65> Y Advntng, 6883.
_ 6<8 Y Jlkgbk d Advntng, 68;:, p. ;<3.
_ 6<; Y Advntng, 6883, p. ;5:.
_ 6<6 Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. ;>;.
_ 6<: Y Cdabikg dt. ka., 68;3.
_ 6<2 Y Jlkgbk d Advntng, 68;:.
_ 6<4 Y Nfnb.
_ 6<3 Y Gnassmg, 688>.
_ 6<5 Y Cmn suk tmikbk bd jmgsjnàgjnk bd uik jmrrdakåêm dgtrd m erku bd
kpkrdgtd bdsdgvmavnidgtm gks smjndbkbds d, gdaks, k ckatk bd jkgtm d
dgtmkåêm di jmg`ugtm qud, mrnengkaidgtd, ngspnrmu @naa Xurjd k ugnr ks
pdssmks di uik tdgtktnvk bd ckzà-aks rdbdsjmfrnr
rdbdsjmfrnr m pmbdr bm jkgtm di erupm.

_ 6<< Y Lman î ui cdstnvka bd prnikvdrk qud tkifîi î jlkikbm bd ‑cdstnvka

bks jmrds’ mu ‑cdstnvka bm kimr’. Bdpmns bd cnjkr jmgldjnbm gm sua bk Ësnk,
m cdstnvka sd bncugbnu pmr pkésds bk Durmpk d bms Dstkbms Tgnbms. Ks pdssmks
sd rdðgdi pkrk jkgtkr d bkgåkr d, gk ikglê sdeungtd, tdi ngéjnm ui cdstnvka
bd jmrds d frngjkbdnrks, jmi ms pkrtnjnpkgtds frngjkgbm, jmamrngbm-sd d
pdrsdeungbm ugs kms mutrms jmi fkaôds jldnms bd ëeuk iuatnjmamrnbk. Rubm
nssm kjmgtdjd gks ruks d pkrquds, cmrk bms tdipams? kaeugs erupms advki
tkifmrds, mutrms tmjki ngstruidgtms iusnjkns ikns rdcngkbms, d tmbms vêm bd
ui auekr pkrk mutrm, jkgtkgbm, erntkgbm d bkgåkgbm. (G. bm R.)
_ 6<> Y Crkzdr, ;>;<.
_ 6>8 Y Dlrdgrdnjl, 6883, p. 4:.
_ 6>; Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. 34.
_ 6>6 Y Xmstd bd ikbdnrk (‑Ikstrm bd Iknm’) katm d dgcdntkbm di sdu tmpm
jmi uik eunrakgbk bd camrds bk quka pdgbdi amgeks cntks vdridalks d
frkgjks, mu iuatnjmamrnbks, uskbm pkrk jdadfrkr m bnk ;° bd iknm (Cdstk bk
Xrnikvdrk). Jkbk idifrm dsjmald uik cntk bd suk jmr prdcdrnbk d tmbms
jmidåki k enrkr di imvnidgtm burkgtd m quka ks cntks vêm sdgbm trkgåkbks.
Di iuntms mutrms pkésds, dssd î m Bnk
Bn k bm Rrkfkalm. (G. bm R.)
_ 6>: Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. ;:5.
_ 6>2 Y M rdtmrgm bm rdjkajkbm (mu bm rdprninbm) î m prmjdssm pdam quka
dadidgtms rdprninbms (uik nbdnk mu jmg`ugtm bd nbdnks) qud lkvnki snbm
rdjkajkbms pkrk k dscdrk bm ngjmgsjndgtd, tdgbdi k rdkpkrdjdr, gk jmgsjnàgjnk
mu gm jmipmrtkidgtm,
psnjkgëansd, bd ikgdnrk
gdssd rdtmrgm ikns mu
è jmgsjnàgjnk m idgms
pksskbmnrrdjmgldjévda.
sd kprdsdgtk bdZdeugbm
ikgdnrkk
bdcmrikbk mu bnstmrjnbk - jmim m rdjkajkbm,
rdjkajkbm, ms akpsms
akpsms,, smglms
smglms,, ktms ckalms
dtj. (G. bm R.)
_ 6>4 Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. 2.
_ 6>3 Y lttp0//www.dvdrybkyldkatl.jmi/ls/ik`mr-bdprdssnmg/bdprdssnmg-
stktnstnjs/. Ðatnim kjdssm di 68 bd `kgdnrm bd 68;5.
_ 6>5 Y [ukgbm ui ckakgtd bk aégeuk ngeadsk pdgsk, dsjrdvd mu ckak di tld
fauds,, m qud ald vkn pdak idgtd î ‑ië smrtd’, ‑trknåêm’, ‑krrdpdgbnidgtm’
fauds
dtj. M idsim
pmr sdu kimr, kjmgtdjd
qukgbm sduqukgbm dad pdrbd
jkjlmrrm imrrdmddiprdem, qukgbm
tkgtks mutrks î kfkgbmgkbm
jmnsks bm eàgdrm.
Gdssd jksm, dssds sdgtnidgtms sêm jmgldjnbms pdam tdrim edgîrnjm tld fauds,
fauds,

di qud fauds jmstuik sdr prdjdbnbm pdam krtnem bdcngnbm tld tld.. Bk idsik
ikgdnrk qud k iðsnjk pmpuakr gderk gmrtd-kidrnjkgk qud surenu gk bîjkbk
bd ;>28, m fauds (gêm gdjdsskrnkidgtd kgtdjdbnbm pmr tld tld)) tkifîi bdsjrdvd
ui dstkbm bd dspérntm jkrkjtdrnstnjkidgtd idakgjúanjm? suks adtrks di edrka
trktki bd tmbms ms tnpms bd rdvdzds pdssmkns, iks k iðsnjk vkn iuntm kaîi bk
kutmpndbkbd, uik vdz qud tkifîi bnz rdspdntm è supdrkåêm bk ië smrtd. Î
vnsjdrka, jktërtnjk, anfdrkbmrk bd dimåôds mu tdgsôds rdprninbks d
prmcugbkidgtd dimjnmgka. (G. bm R.) R.)
_ 6>< Y Bm ërkfd ‫ ﺺﻧ‬sůrkl. Gmid bkbm k jkbk jkpétuam bm Kajmrêm (lë ;;2
surks gm anvrm skerkbm bk rdanenêm nsaæinjk). (G.
( G. bm R.)
R.)
_ 6>> Y Jntkbm pmr Nrvng, @., d IjAdkr, J. (Mres.) di Rld Im`m Jmaadjtnmg (2.
db.), Jkgmgektd Fmmos, 688:, p. 68.
_ :88 Y Jntkbm di Embwng, ;><3, p. 3.
_ :8; Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, pp. ;8-;.
_ :86 Y Rntzd d Umrady, 688<.
_ :8: Y Lkzrkt Ngkykt Olkg, 688>.
_ :82 Y Rmaondg, 68;:.
_ :84 Y K Kssdifadnk bd Bmingem î uik jmiugnbkbd sdjuakr qud usk
dstruturks, prëtnjks d rntukns rdanenmsms pkrk mcdrdjdr kms ktdus mu pdssmks gêm
rdanenmsks di edrka ui dspkåm mgbd pmsski sd rdugnr. Jrnkbk di 68;: pdams
luimrnstks Zkgbdrsmg @mgds d Xnppk Dvkgs, ktukaidgtd `ë jmgtk jmi ikns bd
58 jmiugnbkbds
bd qud di tmbm
m qud nipmrtk sêmmmsiugbm.
vkamrdsBdsbd m jmidåm kbmtmu
jmipkrtnalkbms, d gêm mmspmgtm bd vnstk
bmeiks. Di
uik ikglê bd bmingem, jdgtdgks bd pdssmks sd rdðgdi pkrk idbntkr, jkgtkr
d muvnr pmdsnk d trdjlms di prmsk. K qukaqudr imidgtm, uik fkgbk jmidåk
k tmjkr jkgåôds bms Fdktads, bms Vmaange Ztmgds, @drry Add Adwns dtj. D, di
vdz bm trkbnjnmgka sdriêm bks nerd`ks, m qud sd muvd, pmr dxdipam, î uik
pkadstrk bd @dssnjk Lnaa, psnjúamek dxpdrnidgtka d gdurmjndgtnstk, smfrd k
fnmamenk bd nbdgtncnjkåêm bd eàgdrm d bd mrndgtkåêm sdxuka. K inssêm bk
Kssdifadnk bd Bmingem î k`ubkr tmbms k vnvdr jmi m iëxnim bd padgntubd
pmssévda. (G. bm R.)
R.)

_ :83 Y Amjka
jmgtdðbm mgbd sdTickzdi
bdvmjnmgka. mrkåôds
flk`kg d rntukns
gêm tdi cmrikspadgms bd snegncnjkbm
prdsjrntks gdi rderksd

dstkfdadjnbks. Zuk cmrik î anvrd, edrkaidgtd aérnjk d fksdkbk di rkeks

idaúbnjks (imbms idaúbnjms bk iðsnjk jaëssnjk ngbnkgk). (G. bm R.)
_ :85 Y lttps0//smjndtyx.wmrbprdss.jmi/68;:/86/tld-bkgjd-mc-tld-onge-cnsl/.
Ðatnim kjdssm di : bd cdvdrdnrm bd 68;5.
_ :8< Y lttp0//www.gkturd.jmi/krtnjads/srdp666;>. Ðatnim kjdssm di : bd
cdvdrdnrm bd 6885.
_ :8> Y Sntdfsoy, 68;;.
_ :;8 Y Gk juaturk kfmréedgd, dssks lnstúrnks kgjdstrkns d skerkbks sêm
trkgsintnbks jmim erkgbds jnjams bd jkgåôds. Ks pdssmks pmbdi sd
dspdjnkanzkr di jkpétuams mu sdåôds bd uik smgeangd qud rdaktk tmbk k
lnstúrnk bk jrnkåêm kssmjnkbk k uik dspdjécnjk dxtdgsêm bd tdrrdgm. Ms
lkfntkgtds bks tdrrks vnznglks tdrêm ms jkpétuams sdeungtds bm qud kjmgtdjdu
jmi ms kgjdstrkns qukgbm pksskrki pmr suks pkrtds bm pkés. Ks smgeangds
pmbdi sdr dgtdgbnbks, pmrtkgtm, jmim ‑pnstks jkgtkbks’0 ui jkinglm gk
tdrrk (ès vdzds gm jîu) qud kssngkak k trk`dtúrnk sdeunbk pmr ui kfmréedgd
kgjdstrka burkgtd m Zmglm (Brdki
Brdkinge
nge). K cnamsmcnk kfmréedgd î jmgldjnbk
jmim ‑M Zmglm’, d sd fksdnk gk ngtdr-rdakåêm bd tmbks ks pdssmks d tmbks ks
jmnsks. (G. bm R.)
_ :;; Y Fmyads, ;>>;.
_ :;6 Y Injldaa, ;>54, p. ;8.
_ :;: Y Nfnb.

__ :;2
:;4 YY Crkzdr,
Jmadikg ;>;<, vma. 6,;>>4.
d Dasgdr, p. 53.
_ :;3 Y Nfnb.
_ :;5 Y Jkrkvkgåkrkn tkifîi drk, gm Mrndgtd Iîbnm, uik dstkakedi pkrk
lmspdbkr erktuntkidgtd ks jkrkvkgks qud vnk`kvki pmr rdenôds bdsîrtnjks.
(G. bm R.)
_ :;< Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. 68.
_ :;> Y Bk Bdusk Zérnk Zérnk,, uik bdsjrnåêm bm juatm bk bdusk Ktkrektns qud m
kutmr, Aujnkgm bd Zkiúsktk, pkrdjd dqunpkrkr è Ldrk erdek, d bd kaeugs
amjkns mgbd dssd juatm tnglk auekr. K mfrk, dsjrntk mrnengkaidgtd di erdem,
cmn trkbuznbk pkrk m aktni jmim Bd Bdk Zyrnk
Zyrnk.. Aujnkgm gksjdu j. ;64 di
Zkiúsktk, gk prmvégjnk rmikgk bk Zérnk, d imrrdu pmujm bdpmns bd ;<;,

pmssnvdaidgtd di Kadxkgbrnk, Dentm. Iuntm pmujm sd skfd k rdspdntm bdssd

dsjrntmr prmaécnjm (cmrki-ald ktrnfuébks ikns bd <8 mfrks), iks î jdrtm qud m
kpmedu bd suk ktnvnbkbd antdrërnk trkgsjmrrdu dgtrd ;3; d ;<8, burkgtd m
rdngkbm bd Ikrjm Kurîanm. Zktnrnzmu d jrntnjmu kjnbkidgtd ms jmstuids d k
smjndbkbd bk îpmjk. (G. bm R.)
_ :68 Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. 64.
_ :6; Y Frmwg, 68;4.
_ :66 Y Jmadikg d Dasgdr, ;>>4.
_ :6: Y lttp0//www.ymro.kj.uo/prm`djts/pnaerniked/jmgtdgt/rdcmri.ltia.
Ðatnim kjdssm di ;4 bd `uglm bd 68;3.
_ :62 Y Gkfmomv, 6883.
_ :64 Y Kafdrk d Dkbd, 68;4.
_ :63 Y Erky, 68;;.
_ :65 Y lttps0//dg.wnonpdbnk.mre/wnon/Adgng%65s]Ikusmadui. Ðatnim kjdssm
di 64 bd `kgdnrm bd 68;3.
_ :6< Y Bkvnds, ;>><, p. <8.
_ :6> Y Xkrtrnbed, ;>33, pp. 33:-32.
_ ::8 Y lttp0//www.stktnstk.jmi/tmpnjs/>36/eamfka-tmurnsi/. Ðatnim kjdssm
di 65 bd `kgdnrm bd 68;3.
_ ::; Y Imgúantm sntukbm gm Gmrtd bk ërdk jdgtrka bk Kustrëank. Kydrs Vmjo
cmn m gmid bkbm k dad pmr jmamgms durmpdus di lmidgkedi km prnidnrm-
ingnstrm kustrkankgm Ldgry Kydrs, iks `ë bdsbd k bîjkbk bd ;><8 cmn-ald
bkbm m gmid kfmréedgd mcnjnka bd Mauru. Rdi ikns bd :;< idtrms bd katurk,
d ms gêm kustrkankgms kngbk sd rdcdrdi k dad jmim Kydrs
Kydrs Vmjo. (G. bm R.)
R.)
_ ::6 Y ‑Fmgbkbd’, ‑erkåk’? ‑bëbnvk bms bdusds’. Xrkskb î k pmråêm bd uik
mcdrdgbk jmgskerkbk d pmstdrnmridgtd bdvmavnbk kms bdvmtms, di edrka smf k
cmrik bd kanidgtms qud sêm pkrtnalkbms pmr dads. (G. bm R.)
_ ::: Y Bkvnbsmg d Entantz, 6886.
_ ::2 Y lttp0//www.js`.mre.uo/tld-prdsdgt-bky-pnaerniked/tlmuelts-kgb-
dsskys/6888-ydkrs-mc-tld-pnaerniked/.
68;3. Ðatnim kjdssm di 65 bd `kgdnrm bd
_ ::4 Y Nfnb.

_ ::3 Y lttp0//mcnjngkbdapdrderngm.jmi/dstkbnstnjks/. atnim kjdssm di ;4 bd

`kgdnrm bd 68;3.
_ ::5 Y lttp0//pnadernisadbdg.gm/dg.
lttp0//pna dernisadbdg.gm/dg. Ðatnim kjdssm di 65 bd `kgdnrm bd 68;3.
_ ::< Y lttp0//frntnslpnaerniked.jm.uo/tld-fpt/. Ðatnim kjdssm di 65 bd
`kgdnrm bd 68;3.
_ ::> Y Xmr dxdipam, Imrrns, ;><6.
_ :28 Y
lttps0//www.wkaongecmrldkatl.mre.uo/sntds/bdckuat/cnads/U
lttps0//www .wkaongecmrldkatl.mre.uo/sntds/bdckuat/cnads/Ukaonge%68wmros]
kaonge%68wmros]
AMGE]KU]Udf.pbc. Ðatnim kjdssm di :8 bd `kgdnrm bd 68;3.
_ :2; Y
lttp0//www.ingbngemurfmbnds.jk/kfmut]tld]prm`djt/antdrkturd]rdvndws/tld]g
urturd]mc]gkturd. Ðatnim kjdssm di :8 bd `kgdnrm bd 68;3.
_ :26 Y lttp0//www.//k`mt.kmtk.mre/krtnjad.kspx=krtnjadnb9;<362<4. Ðatnim
kjdssm di :8 bd `kgdnrm bd 68;3.
_ :2: Y Xmr dxdipam, lttp0//www.ldkatl.lkrvkrb.dbu/ingb-kgb-
immb/dxdrjnsd/kgb/bdprdssnmg-rdpmrt-dxjdrpt. Ðatnim kjdssm di :8 bd
`kgdnrm bd 68;3.
_ :22 Y Dvkgs, 68;8.
_ :24 Y lttps0//dg.wnonpdbnk.mre./wnon/Amurbds. Ðatnim kjdssm di :8 bd
`kgdnrm bd 68;3.
_ :23 Y lttp0//dg.amurbds-crkgjd.mre/wnon/Amurbds. Ðatnim kjdssm di :8 bd
`kgdnrm bd 68;3.
_ :25 Y Jntkbm di Injldaa, ;>54, p. ;:.
_ :2< Y lttp0//www.,ijmcs.mre.uo/anelgnge.ksp. Ðatnim kjdssm di 63 bd
`kgdnrm bd ;>;3.
_ :2> Y Zjmtt dt. ka., 68;2.
_ :48 Y lttp0//www.anelgngeikps.mre. Ðatnim kjdssm di : bd cdvdrdnrm bd
68;5.
_ :4; Y Imguidgtm fubnstk jmgstruébm di cmrik bd tmrrd, edrkaidgtd jògnjk
dsuk
jnrjugbkbk pmr Ks
jmsimemgnk. uikrdaéqunks
kfúfkbk,edrkaidgtd
jmim rdprdsdgtkåêm tkgeévda
sêm eukrbkbks gdssdbmamjka.
Tgnvdrsm
(G. bmd
R.)

_ :46 Y Bm ngeaàs iîbnm, vnk crkgjàs kgtnem sdjuadr, bm aktni tkrbnm

skdjuakrns,, bm aktni, ‑qud sú kpkrdjd uik vdz k jkbk sîjuam’, bm crkgjàs
skdjuakrns
skdjuaui, ‑sdidgtd’, ‑edrkåêm’? kgëamem km aktni sdrd
sdrdrd,
rd, ‑sdidkr’, ‑edrkr’.
(G. bm R.)
_ :4: Y Rkyamr, 6885, p. 6.
_ :42 Y K bncdrdgåk dgtrd ‑snegncnjkbm’ (gdstd tdxtm, idkgnge) d
‑snegncnjkåêm’ (tkifîi kqun, snegncnjkgjd
snegncnjkgjd)) dstë di qud k prnidnrk pkakvrk
bdsnegk m vkamr snifúanjm bd kaeuik jmnsk, d k sdeugbk rdidtd km erku bd
nipmrtægjnk bd kaeuik jmnsk. Zêm bmns tdrims bd erkgbd jmipadxnbkbd, d m
adntmr qud qunsdr sd kprmcugbkr gdads pmbdrë jmgsuatkr, pmr dxdipam, m
Bnjnmgërnm bd Zdinútnjk bd K. @. Erdniks d @. Jmurtîs (pufanjkbm pdak
Dbntmrk Juatrnx, Zêm Xkuam, ZX, ;><:). Gdad sd bnz, pmr dxdipam, gm vdrfdtd
‑snegncnjkbm’0 ‑Gk trkbnåêm skussurnkgk, bdsnegk-sd jmi m gmid bd
snegncnjkbm
snegncnjkgtd),ui ju`kbms bmns (mu
rdugnêm pakgms bk angeukedi
sdinmsd) (sdgbm qudjmgstntun
gm ktm bd angeukedi m mutrmsnegms
î m
pmrtkbmrds bd snegncnjkåêm’. Zmfrd ‑snegncnjkåêm’0 ‑Jmim snegncnjkåêm î m
jmgjdntm-jlkvd di rdbmr bm quka sd mrekgnzk tmbk k tdmrnk sdinútnjk, gêm î
bd kbinrkr và-am ngstkakbm gks bncdrdgtds pmsnåôds bm jkipm bd prmfadiks
qud k tdmrnk sd prmpôd trktkr. Jmim tmbms ms sufstkgtnvms bdssk sufjakssd
_...Y, k snegncnjkåêm î susjdtévda bd bdsnegkr mrk m ckzdr (k snegncnjkåêm jmim
prmjdssm, mrk m dstkbm (kqunam qud î snegncnjkbm
snegncnjkbm),
), d rdvdak, kssni, uik
jmgjdpåêm bngæinjk mu dstëtnjk bk tdmrnk suf`kjdgtd. Bdssd pmgtm bd vnstk,
snegncnjkåêm pmbd sdr pkrkcrksdkbk qudr jmim ‑prmbuåêm bd sdgtnbm’, qudr
jmim ‑sdgtnbm prmbuznbm’. Gm mrnengka ngeaàs bdstk trkbuåêm, Vupdrt
Zldabrkod diprdemu ms tdrims idkgnge d snegncnjkgjd
snegncnjkgjd,, smfrd ms qukns kngbk
pkrdjd lkvdr ui vkstm jkipm bd bdfktd bdfktd di kfdrtm. (G. bm R.)
R.)
_ :44 Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. 664.
_ :43 Y Tik fmk ségtdsd bms kreuidgtms bd Rkyamr pmbd sdr dgjmgtrkbk di
Zintl, 68;2.
_ :45 Y Rkyamr, 6885, p. 22>.
_ :4< Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. 43?
_ :4> Y Zpdgjdr
Zpdgjdr,, 68;2.
_ :38 Y Rkyamr, 6885, p. 6.

_ :3; Y lttp0//www.dgjyjampdbnk.jmi/lnstmry/dgjyjampdbnks-kaikgkjs-
trkgsjrnpts-kgb-ikps/adkeud-inantkgt-embadss. Ðatnim kjdssm di :; bd
bdzdifrm bd 68;3.

_tdi
:36ekrkgtnbm
Y Jmgtubm, bdsbd ;>5<
k anfdrbkbd k Jmgstntunåêm bk Vdpðfanjk Xmpuakr bk Jlngk
rdanenmsk.
_ :3: Y Rkyamr, 6885, p. 4,
_ :32 Y Erky
Erky,, 6886, pp. ;65-6<.
_ :34 Y lttps0//dg.wnonpdbnk.mre/wnon/Zpkgnsl]Ngqunsntnmg. Ðatnim kjdssm di
6: bd bdzdifrm bd 68;3.
_ :33 Y Erky, 68;;, p. ;<6.
_ :35 Y lttp0//www0nftnids.jmi/lmw-ikgy-pdmpad-bnb-@msdpl-Ztkang-onaa-
;;;;5<>. Ðatnim kjdssm di 6 bd `kgdnrm bd 68;5.
_ :3< Y lttp0//www.nftnids.jmi/lmw-ikgy-pdmpad-Ztkang-onaa-;;;;5<>.
Ðatnim kjdssm di 6 bd `kgdnrm bd 68;5.
_ :3> Y lttp0//www.lnstmrypakjd.jmi/wmrablnstmry/edgmjnbd/pma-pmt.lti.
Ðatnim kjdssm di 6 bd `kgdnrm bd 68;5.
_ :58 Y Zldabrkod, 68;6.
_ :5; Y Omdgne, 688<.
_ :56 Y Nfnb.
Nfnb.,, p. ;26.
_ :5: Y Nfnb.
_ :52 Y Sngtd d quktrm lmrks pmr bnk, sdtd bnks pmr sdikgk? m tdipm tmbm. (G.
bm R.)
_ :54 Y Pujodrikg, 6885.
_ :53 Y Cndab, 68;4.
_ :55 Y Rldms, 68;:.
_ :5< Y Amrnidr, 68;5.
_ :5> Y Zldabrkod, IjOdggk d Kfrklki, ;>><, 688;.
_ :<8 Y lttp0//www.sldabrkod.mre/kubnms/tld-sldabrkod-ijodggk-kfrklki-
trnkameuds. Ðatnim kjdssm di ;° bd cdvdrdnrm bd 68;5.
_ :<; Y lttp0//www.sldabrkod.mre/vnbdms/tld-gkturd-mc-tld-ingb-k-
bnsjussnmg-fdtwddg-`-ornslgkiurtn-bkvnb-fmli-`mlg-lnbady-kgb-rupdrt-

sldabrkod. atnim kjdssm di ;° bd cdvdrdnrm bd 68;5.

_ :<6 Y Zldabrkod d Cmx, ;>>3? Cmx kgb Zldabrkod, ;>>3.
_ :<: Y lttp0//www.sldabrkod.mre/kubnms/bnsjussnmgs/fdtwddg-rupdrt-
sldabrkod-kgb-ikttldw-cmx. Ðatnim kjdssm di ;5 bd cdvdrdnrm bd 68;5.
_ :<2 Y lttp0//www
lttp0//www.sldabrkod.mre/kubnms/bnk
.sldabrkod.mre/kubnms/bnkameuds-wntl-fnslmp-ikrj-kgbrus-
ameuds-wntl-fnslmp-ikrj-kgbrus-
kt-erkjd-jktldbrka. Ðatnim kjdssm di ;° bd cdvdrdnrm bd 68;5.
_ :<4 Y lttp?//www.sldabrkod.mre/kubnms/sjndgjd-sdt-crdd-pmbjkst. Ðatnim
kjdssm di ;° bd cdvdrdnrm bd 68;5.