CE 315

DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES-I

RCC DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS

By
Dr. Md. Naimul Haque

Department of Civil Engineering

East West University
 Structural members must be designed to support specific loads.
 Loads are those forces for which a given structure should be
proportioned.
 Loads that act on structures can be divided into three broad categories-
 Dead load
 Live load
 Environmental load
DEAD LOAD
 Dead loads are those that are constant in magnitude and fixed in
location throughout the lifetime of the structure.

 Dead loads include the weight of the structure (its self-weight) and any
permanent material placed on the structure such as-
 Floor finish (tiles, mosaic, plaster finish)
 Partition Walls
 Plastered Ceilings etc.
LIVE LOAD
 Live loads are those that are variable in magnitude and location
throughout the lifetime of the structure.

 In buildings the sources of live loads are-

 Movement of People
 Furniture etc.

 Uncertainty associated with live load is much higher than the dead load.
 The minimum live loads for which the floors and roof of a building
should be designed are usually specified in the building code.
 ENVIRONMRNTAL LOAD
• Environmental loads consists of-
 Wind pressure & suction
 Snow loads
 Earthquake loads
 Soil pressures on subsurface portions of structures
 Loads from possible ponding of rainwater on flat surfaces
 Forces caused by temperature differentials

 Like live loads, environmental loads at any given time are uncertain in
both magnitude and distribution.
 Specification for the minimum design environmental loads are available
in building code.
 Building Code is defined as a specification of different types of loads that
should be used in designing different types of structures.

 The specification for structural materials are also specified in the code.

 The specification for different loads and materials vary from place to
place.
 Some Building Codes are-

 American Concrete Institute (ACI) Code

 International Building Code (IBC)
 Euro Code
 British Standard (BS) Code

 For Bangladesh we have the following-

 Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC)

BNBC 2006
Live Load
Occupancy Use of Floor
One or Two psf

Dwellings 1 Room, internal corridor, private stair 2.0 40

Family

2 External stair & corridor 3.0 60

1 Bed room, living room, bath room,
2.0 40
Hotel, hostel, apartment, bunglow
(Occupancy – A)

dressing room
RESIDENTIAL

2 Office room 2.5 50

3 Cafeteria, restaurant, lounge, dining hall,
3.0 60
Balcony
4 Corridor, retail store, stair case 4.0 80
5 Store room 5.0 100
6 Garage, car parking floor, ramp 2.5 50
BNBC 2006
Live Load
Occupancy Use of Floor
psf

1 Dressing room, toilet, hospital ward &cabin 2.0 40

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION& HEALTH CARE

School, College, University, Orphanage,

2 Office room, staff room 2.5 50

(Occupancy – B, C & d)

3 X-ray room, operating room, utility room 2.5 50

Hospital, Clinic etc.

4 Class room, lecture room, lounge, cafeteria 3.0 60

5 Laboratory, kitchen, laundry 3.0 60
6 Balcony, corridor, lobby 4.0 80
7 Assembly room, fire escape, store room 5.0 100
8 Stack room for books 6.5 130
DESIGNED STRUCTURED MUST ENSURE
STRUCTURAL SAFETY
SERVICEABILITY
SERVICEABILITY
 To serve its purpose, a structure must be serviceable.

 Serviceability requires that-

 Deflections should be adequately small.
 Cracks should be kept in tolerable limits.
 Vibration should be minimized.
STRUCTURAL SAFETY
 Safety requires that the strength of the structure be adequate or higher
than the stresses that generate for application of all loads.

 There are a number of sources of uncertainty in the analysis, design and

construction of reinforced concrete structures.

 These sources of uncertainty require a definite margin of safety.

SOURCES OF UNCETAINTY
 Actual loads may differ from those assumed.
 Actual loads may be distributed in a different manner from that
assumed.
 The actual structural behavior may differ from that assumed, owing
to imperfect knowledge.
 Actual member dimensions may differ from those specified.
 Reinforcement may not be in its proper position.
 Actual material strength may be different from that specified.
 The design of reinforced concrete structures can be accomplished by-
 Ultimate Stress Design (USD) method
 Working Stress Design (WSD) method
Ultimate Strength Design Method
 Concrete dimensions and reinforcement are selected in such a
manner that member strengths are adequate to resist forces
resulting from certain hypothetical overload stages, significantly
above loads expected actually to occur in service.
 This design concept is known as ultimate strength design.
Working Stress Design Method
 Members were proportioned so that stresses in the steel and
concrete resulting from normal service loads were within specified
limits i.e., 0.4 to 0.5 times the concrete and steel strengths.
 This is known as working stress design.
 USD method WSD method

Based on the highest load that would act Based on the actual calculated load
in the structure from specified factored combinations that would act in the
load combinations. structure.
A portion of the stress is allowed in the
Highest stress allowed in the member
member i.e., 0.4 to 0.5 times of the
i.e., the ultimate strength of concrete
ultimate strength of concrete and the
and the yield strength of steel.
yield strength of steel.

Design method in practice now. Not practiced now-a-days.

Safety Provision
ØSn ≥ Su

Ø, Strength reduction failure

Sn, Actual Response Capacity
Su, Hypothetical Response (Factored load)

ØMn ≥ Mu
ØVn ≥ Vu
ØTn ≥ Tu
ACI Code Service Load Notations
 Dead load, D
 Live load, L
 Wind load, W
 Earthquake load, E
 Earth pressure, H
 Fluid pressure, F
 Snow load, S
 Rain load, R
 Environmental effects, T (include settlement, creep,
shrinkage & temperature change
Load Combination
 Load combinations are used to determine the highest load that a
structure would resist in the service life.
Condition Factored Load, U (ACI CODE)

Basic U = 1.2D+1.6L
Dead plus Fluid U = 1.4 (D+F)

Snow, Rain,
Temperature, Wind

U = 0.9D+1.6W+1.6H
U = 1.2D+1.0E+1.0L+0.2S
Earthquake
U = 0.9D+1.0E+1.6H
Load Combination: BNBC Code
1. U = 1.4D
2. U = 1.4D+1.7L
3. U = 1.4D+1.4S
4. U = 0.9D+1.3 (W or 1.1E)
5. U = 0.9D+1.7 (H or F)
6. U = 1.4D+1.7L+1.7 (H or F)
7. U = 0.75 [1.4D+1.4S+1.7L]
8. U = 0.75 [1.4D+1.4S+1.7 (w or 1.1E)]
9. U = 0.75 [1.4D+1.7L+1.7W]
10. U = 0.75 [1.4D+1.7L+1.7 (H or F)+1.7 (W or 1.1E)]
11. U = 0.75 [1.4D+1.4S+1.7L]+1.7 (H or F)+1.7 (W or 1.1E)]
12. U = 1.4 (D+L+E)
D=Dead load; L=Live load; W=Wind; E=Earthquake; H=Earth pressure; F=Fluid;
S=Environmental effects (include settlement, creep, shrinkage & temperature change
Strength Reduction Factor
Strength Reduction Factor Ø
Strength condition

Tension controlled sections 0.90

Compression controlled sections
Members with spiral reinforcement 0.75
Other reinforced members 0.65
Shear and torsion 0.75
Bearing on concrete 0.65
Post-tensioned anchorage zones 0.85
Strut and tie models 0.75
1. Design of Concrete Structures 14th Editionby Arthur
Nilson (Author), David Darwin (Author), Charles Dolan
(Author), McGraw-Hill Education; 14 edition (July 10,
2009).

2. Lecture Notes prepared under HEQEP Project, CUET.