CE 315

DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES-I

Introduction

By
Dr. Md. Naimul Haque

Department of Civil Engineering

East West University
REINFORCED CONCRETE

CONCRETE REINFORCING STEEL

SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR
BEAM
DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR
BEAM
T - BEAM
DESIGN OF BEAM FOR SHEAR
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, SPLICES AND BAR
CUT-OFF

Cut-
off
ONE-WAY & TWO-WAY SLABS
Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock or other aggregates held
together in a rocklike mass with a paste of cement and water. Concrete is
weak in tension but strong in compression.
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel. Concrete has a high
compressive strength and a very low tensile strength. Steel reinforcement
provides the tensile strength in concrete.
 Steel Reinforcement

Compressive Stress
(In Concrete)
NA

Tensile Stress
(In Steel)
ADVANTAGES OF RC STRUCTURES
• The ability to be cast in any desired shape is an extraordinary feature of
Reinforced Concrete.

• The structures constructed with Reinforced Concrete are very rigid having
small deflection.

• RC structures are quite durable.

DISADVANTAGES OF RC STRUCTURES
• Concrete has a very low tensile strength of about one-tenth of its
compressive strength and requires use of tensile reinforcing.
• It needs mixing, casting and curing; all of which affect the final strength of
concrete.
• Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently.
The cost of the forms is relatively high.
• Cracks develop in concrete due to shrinkage and the application of live
loads.
RCC STRUCTURES

IDB BUILDING, DHAKA CITY CENTER, DHAKA

RCC STRUCTURES

RUPSHA BRIDGE, KHULNA

RCC STRUCTURES

HOOVER DAM, USA

STUDY THE CONSTITUENT OF RC MATERIALS

1. Quality of cement.
2. Proportion of cement in relation to water in the mixture.
3. Strength and cleanliness of aggregate.
4. Interaction or adhesion between cement paste and aggregate.
5. Adequate mixing of the ingredients.
6. Proper placing, compaction , finishing and curing of the fresh concrete.
7. Curing at a temperature not below 50F.
8. Chloride content not to exceed 0.15% in reinforced concrete exposed to
chlorides in service.
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Properties of Concrete In Properties of Hardened
Plastic Range Concrete
1) Workability 1) Strength and Modulus of
2) Segregation Elasticity
3) Bleeding 2) Impermeability
3) Resistance to wear,
weather & chemical
attacks
4) Shrinkage
5) Creep
6) Thermal Expansion
WORABILITY
It is a measure of ease with which concrete can be handled from the mixer
stage to its final fully compacted stage. The proportion and properties of
water, cement and aggregates influence the workability of concrete.
Factor Corresponding Effect
Quantity of water in the
Increased amount of water increases workability
mix
Proper grading of
If FA as well as CA are properly graded, workability increases
aggregate mix
Amount of cement Increased amount of cement increases workability
If proportion of CA is reduced in relation to FA, workability can be
Ratio of FA & CA
improved
Particle shape Rounded size particles increases workability
Admixture Adding of admixture increases workability
Stiff or less workable concrete can be used, if compacted by
Method of Compaction
vibrator
SEGREGATION
Tendency of separation of CA particles from the concrete mass is called
segregation. Harmful for concrete strength.
CAUSES OF SEGREGATION
When concrete mixture is lean and too wet. When larger and rough textured
aggregate is used.
AVOIDANCE
 Restricting the amount of water to smallest possible amount.
 All the operations like handling, placing & compaction are carefully
conducted.
 Concrete should not be allowed to fall from larger heights.
BLEEDING
The tendency of water to rise to the surface of freshly laid
concrete is known as bleeding.
Problems due to  Delays in finishing
Bleeding  Loss of particles of sand & cement
 Lack of fines
Causes of Bleeding  Too much amount of water

 By adding more cement

 By properly designing the mix and using
Remedies of Bleeding minimum quantity of water
 By using little air entraining agent
 By increasing finer part of fine aggregate
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
 The compressive strength of concrete is determined by short-time
compression tests on cylinders 6 inch in diameter and 12 inch high; made,
cured, and tested in accordance with ASTM Standards C31 & C39 at a
specified rate of loading.
 Depending on the type of mixture, the properties of aggregates and the time
& quantity of curing, compressive strengths of concrete can be obtained up
to 20,000 psi or more.
 The most common concrete strength ranges between 3000 to 4000 psi for
ordinary applications.
 The strength of concrete varies with time and the specified concrete strength
is usually that strength that occurs 28 days after the placing of concrete.
 Generally, concrete attains approximately 70% of its 28-day strength in 7
days and approximately 85% to 90% in 14 days.
TENSILE STRENGTH
 Concrete tensile stresses occur as a result of shear, torsion and other
actions and in most cases member behavior changes upon cracking.
 It is therefore important to be able to predict the tensile strength of
concrete with reasonable accuracy.
 The tensile and compressive strengths of concrete are not proportional
and an increase in compressive strength is accompanied by smaller
percentage increase in tensile strength.
TENSILE STRENGTH
SHEAR STRENGTH
 Shear strength is more difficult to determine experimentally because of
the difficulty in isolating shear from other stresses.

 Shear stress varies from 20% of the compressive strength in normal

loading to a considerably higher percentage of up to 85% of the
compressive strength.

 Control of a design by shear strength is significant only in rare cases.

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
MATERIALS IN RCC
 Cement
 Aggregates
 Coarse Aggregate (Crushed Stone/Brick Chips)
 Fine Aggregate (Sand)
 Water & Air
 Reinforcing Steel
 Admixture
ROLE OF MATERIALS
Cement • Impart binding properties & convert the
plastic mix to a solid mass

Aggregates • Provide mass or volume to the concrete &

reduce shrinkage effects on it
• Chemical reaction with cement
Water
• Provide workability

Reinforcing Steel • Provide Tensile Strength to Concrete

Admixture • To impart the desired performance such

as to increase workability
CEMENT
 Cement is binder material and all the cement constituents are in dry
state.
 As soon as water is added to cement, chemical reactions start
simultaneously between them which is defined as hydration of cement.
 The process of hydration is essentially the formation of minute crystals
of calcium and gels from the solution of cement and water.
 As the crystals adhere to one another and to the surface of sand or
inert particles of aggregate (with which cement is mixed), the entire
mixture gets set and hardened resulting in gaining strength.
 The surface area of the particles of finely ground cement is greater than
that of coarsely ground cement. Therefore, greater rate of reactions with
water and a more rapid hardening process.
TYPES OF CEMENT
Type I • used in ordinary construction, where special properties
(Normal) are not required

Type II • lower heat of hydration than Type I; where moderate

(Modified) heat of hydration is desirable

Type III • used when high early strength is desired; has

(High Early Strength) considerably higher heat of hydration than Type I.

Type IV • developed for use in mass concrete dams and other

(Low Heat) structures where heat of hydration is dissipated slowly.

Type V • used in footings, basement walls, sewers, and so on that

(Sulfate Resisting) are exposed to soils containing sulfates.
AGGREGATES
 In ordinary structural concretes, the aggregates occupy 65 to 75
percent of the volume of the hardened mass.

 The remainder consists of hardened cement paste, uncombined water

(water not involved in the hydration of cement) and air voids.

 In general, the more densely the aggregate can be packed, the better
the durability and economy of the concrete.
WATER
 Water is used to-
 Precipitate chemical reaction
 To wet the aggregates
 To lubricate the mixtures for easy workability
 It is preferable to use potable or drinking Water in mixing.
 The water should be free from acids, alkalis & decayed vegetable matter as
their presence can be destructive to the strength and setting properties of
cement.
 The proportion of water relative to cement (not to whole mixture) is of
great importance because-
 Too much water leaves an uneven honeycombed skeleton in the
finished product after hydration.
 Too little water prevents complete chemical reaction with the cement.
WATER CEMENT RATIO
 It is the ratio of the amount of water to the amount of cement by
weight.

 It is an important measure of concrete strength.

 The ratio can be expressed in terms of gallons of water per bag of

cement.

 For complete hydration of cement in a mix, a w/c ratio of 0.35 to 0.40

is desired.
REINFORCING STEEL
 The main drawback of concrete as a structural material is its weakness in
tension.
 In reinforced concrete, steel is provided to aid tensile strength to
concrete.
 Additional steel is also provided in compression zone sometimes to
reduce long-term deflection.
 The two materials are best used in combination, when the concrete is
made to resist compressive stresses and the steel to resist tensile
stresses. Both of their thermal coefficient are same and have good
natural bonding.
 The cost of steel is high compared to concrete.
FORMS OF STEEL
 Steel Bars
• Plain Bars
• Deformed Bars
 Welded wire fabrics composed of steel wire
 Structural Steel Shapes
• I – Section
• L – Section
• T – Section
• Channel – Section
 Steel Pipes
FORMS OF STEEL

DEFORMED BAR

PLAIN BAR
REBAR SIZE
Cross-Sectional
Bar No. Diameter Nominal Weight
Area
English SI inch mm lb/ft kg/m
#3 10 0.375 9.5 0.11 71 0.376 0.560
#4 13 0.500 12.7 0.20 129 0.668 0.994
#5 16 0.625 15.9 0.31 199 1.043 1.552
#6 19 0.750 19.1 0.44 284 1.502 2.235
#7 22 0.875 22.2 0.60 387 2.044 3.042
#8 25 1.000 25.4 0.79 510 2.670 3.973
#9 29 1.128 28.7 1.00 645 3.400 5.060
#10 32 1.270 32.3 1.27 819 4.303 6.404
#11 36 1.410 35.8 1.56 1006 5.313 7.907
#14 43 1.693 43.0 2.25 1452 7.650 11.380
#18 57 2.257 57.3 4.00 2581 13.600 20.240
REBAR SPACING
 Also, to protect the reinforcing steel from corrosion and loss of strength
in cases of fire, the ACI Code 318 required minimum concrete cover:

 Clear distance between parallel bars in layers must not be less than bar
diameter db or 1in. (25.4 mm).
 Clear distance between longitudinal bars in columns must not be less than
1.5db or 1.5 in.
 Minimum clear cover in cast-in-situ concrete beams and columns should not be
less than 1.5 in (38.1 mm) when there is no exposure to weather or contact
with ground.
REBAR SPACING AND CLEAR COVER

Clear
Cover

Spacing
1. Design of Concrete Structures 14th Editionby Arthur
Nilson (Author), David Darwin (Author), Charles Dolan
(Author), McGraw-Hill Education; 14 edition (July 10,
2009).

2. Lecture Notes prepared under HEQEP Project, CUET.