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Grob’s Basic
Electronics
Grob’s Basic
Electronics
12th Edition
Mitchel E. Schultz
Western Technical College
GROB’S BASIC ELECTRONICS, TWELFTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2016 by McGraw-
Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2011, 2007,
and 2003. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored
in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but
not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.
ISBN 978-0-07-337387-4
MHID 0-07-337387-7
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright
page.
Schultz, Mitchel E.
Grob’s basic electronics / Mitchel E. Schultz, Western Technical College.
-- 12th edition.
pages cm
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-07-337387-4 (alk. paper)
1. Electronics--Textbooks. I. Grob, Bernard. Basic electronics. II.
Title. III. Title: Basic electronics.
TK7816.G75 2016
621.381--dc23
2014042490
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website
does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does
not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
www.mhhe.com
Dedication
This textbook is dedicated to all of my students, both past and present.
Brief Contents
I Introduction to Powers of 10 2
Chapter 1 Electricity 22
Chapter 2 Resistors 54
Chapter 3 Ohm’s Law 76
Chapter 4 Series Circuits 108
Chapter 5 Parallel Circuits 142
Chapter 6 Series-Parallel Circuits 174
Chapter 7 Voltage Dividers and Current Dividers 208
Chapter 8 Analog and Digital Multimeters 232
Chapter 9 Kirchhoff ’s Laws 264
Chapter 10 Network Theorems 288
Chapter 11 Conductors and Insulators 320
Chapter 12 Batteries 350
Chapter 13 Magnetism 386
Chapter 14 Electromagnetism 406
Chapter 15 Alternating Voltage and Current 440
Chapter 16 Capacitance 484
Chapter 17 Capacitive Reactance 524
Chapter 18 Capacitive Circuits 546
Chapter 19 Inductance 572
Chapter 20 Inductive Reactance 618
Chapter 21 Inductive Circuits 640
Chapter 22 RC and L/R Time Constants 668
Chapter 23 Alternating Current Circuits 702
Chapter 24 Complex Numbers for AC Circuits 732
Chapter 25 Resonance 762
Chapter 26 Filters 798
Chapter 27 Diodes and Diode Applications 842
vii
Chapter 28 Bipolar Junction Transistors 890
Chapter 29 Transistor Amplifiers 924
Chapter 30 Field Effect Transistors 966
Chapter 31 Power Amplifiers 1006
Chapter 32 Thyristors 1038
Chapter 33 Operational Amplifiers 1056
Appendix A Electrical Symbols and Abbreviations 1108
Appendix B Solder and the Soldering Process 1111
Appendix C Listing of Preferred Resistance Values 1118
Appendix D Component Schematic Symbols 1119
Appendix E Using the Oscilloscope 1125
Appendix F Introduction to Multisim 1140
Glossary 1182
Answers Self-Tests 1191
Answers Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems 1197
Photo Credits 1219
Index 1220
I Introduction to Powers of 10 2
I–1 Scientific Notation 4 I–6 Reciprocals with Powers
I–2 Engineering Notation and of 10 13
Metric Prefixes 6 I–7 Squaring Numbers Expressed
I–3 Converting between Metric in Powers of 10 Notation 14
Prefixes 10 I–8 Square Roots of Numbers
I–4 Addition and Subtraction Expressed in Powers of
Involving Powers of 10 Notation 14
10 Notation 11 I–9 The Scientific Calculator 15
I–5 Multiplication and Division Summary 17
Involving Powers of
10 Notation 12
Chapter 1 Electricity 22
1–1 Negative and Positive 1–7 Resistance Is Opposition to
Polarities 24 Current 38
1–2 Electrons and Protons in the 1–8 The Closed Circuit 40
Atom 24 1–9 The Direction of Current 42
1–3 Structure of the Atom 27 1–10 Direct Current (DC) and
1–4 The Coulomb Alternating Current (AC) 45
Unit of Electric Charge 30 1–11 Sources of Electricity 46
1–5 The Volt Unit of Potential 1–12 The Digital Multimeter 47
Difference 33
Summary 49
1–6 Charge in Motion Is
Current 35
Chapter 2 Resistors 54
2–1 Types of Resistors 56 2–5 Power Rating of
2–2 Resistor Color Coding 59 Resistors 66
2–3 Variable Resistors 63 2–6 Resistor Troubles 68
2–4 Rheostats and Summary 70
Potentiometers 64
ix
3–7 Electric Power 86 3–11 Electric Shock 95
3–8 Power Dissipation in 3–12 Open-Circuit and Short-
Resistance 90 Circuit Troubles 96
3–9 Power Formulas 91 Summary 99
3–10 Choosing a Resistor for a
Circuit 93
x Contents
Chapter 7 Voltage Dividers and Current
Dividers 208
7–1 Series Voltage Dividers 210 7–4 Series Voltage Divider
7–2 Current Divider with Two with Parallel Load
Parallel Resistances 214 Current 217
7–3 Current Division by Parallel 7–5 Design of a Loaded Voltage
Conductances 216 Divider 219
Summary 221
Contents xi
11–9 Temperature Coefficient 11–12 Troubleshooting Hints for
of Resistance 336 Wires and Connectors 342
11–10 Ion Current in Liquids and Summary 345
Gases 338
11–11 Insulators 340
xii Contents
15–13 Harmonic Frequencies 465 15–16 Three–Phase AC Power 470
15–14 The 60-Hz AC Power Summary 474
Line 465
15–15 Motors and Generators 468
Contents xiii
19–13 Energy in a Magnetic Field 19–15 Measuring and Testing
of Inductance 601 Inductors 604
19–14 Stray Capacitive Summary 609
and Inductive Effects 602
xiv Contents
Chapter 24 Complex Numbers for AC
Circuits 732
24–1 Positive and Negative 24–9 Converting Polar to
Numbers 734 Rectangular Form 743
24–2 The j Operator 734 24–10 Complex Numbers in Series
24–3 Definition of a Complex AC Circuits 745
Number 736 24–11 Complex Numbers in Parallel
24–4 How Complex Numbers Are AC Circuits 747
Applied to AC Circuits 736 24–12 Combining Two Complex
24–5 Impedance in Complex Branch Impedances 749
Form 737 24–13 Combining Complex
24–6 Operations with Complex Branch Currents 750
Numbers 739 24–14 Parallel Circuit with Three
24–7 Magnitude and Angle of a Complex Branches 751
Complex Number 740 Summary 753
24–8 Polar Form of Complex
Numbers 742
Contents xv
27–5 Diode Ratings 855 27–7 Special Diodes 874
27–6 Rectifier Circuits 856 Summary 882
xvi Contents
Chapter 33 Operational Amplifiers 1056
33–1 Differential Amplifiers 1058 33–4 Popular Op-Amp
33–2 Operational Amplifiers and Circuits 1082
Their Characteristics 1065 Summary 1098
33–3 Op-Amp Circuits with
Negative Feedback 1072
Contents xvii
Preface
The twelfth edition of Grob’s Basic Electronics provides students and instruc-
tors with complete and comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals of electricity
and electronics. The book is written for beginning students who have little or no
experience and/or knowledge about the field of electronics. A basic understanding
of algebra and trigonometry is helpful since several algebraic equations and right-
angle trigonometry problems appear throughout the text.
The opening material in the book, titled “Introduction to Powers of 10,”
prepares students to work with numbers expressed in scientific and engineering
notation as well as with the most common metric prefixes encountered in elec-
tronics. Students learn how to add, subtract, multiply, divide, square, and take the
square root of numbers expressed in any form of powers of 10 notation.
Chapters 1 through 12 cover the basics of atomic structure, voltage, current,
resistance, the resistor color code, Ohm’s law, power, series circuits, parallel cir-
cuits, series-parallel (combination) circuits, voltage and current dividers, analog
and digital meters, Kirchhoff’s laws, network theorems, wire resistance, switches,
insulators, primary and secondary cells, battery types, internal resistance, and
maximum transfer of power. The first 12 chapters are considered DC chapters
because the voltages and currents used in analyzing the circuits in these chapters
are strictly DC.
Chapters 13 through 26 cover the basics of magnetism, electromagnetism, re-
lays, alternating voltage and current, capacitance, capacitor types, capacitive reac-
tance, capacitive circuits, inductance, transformers, inductive reactance, inductive
circuits, RC and L/R time constants, real power, apparent power, power factor,
complex numbers, resonance, and filters. Chapters 13–26 are considered the AC
chapters since the voltages and currents used in analyzing the circuits in these
chapters are primarily AC.
Chapters 27 through 33 cover the basics of electronic devices, which include
semiconductor physics; diode characteristics; diode testing; half-wave and full-
wave rectifier circuits; the capacitor input filter; light-emitting diodes (LEDs);
zener diodes; bipolar junction transistors; transistor biasing techniques; the
common-emitter, common-collector, and common-base amplifiers; JFET and
MOSFET characteristics; JFET amplifiers; MOSFET amplifiers; class A, class B
and class C amplifiers; diacs; SCRs; triacs; UJTs; op-amp characteristics; invert-
ing amplifiers; noninverting amplifiers; and nonlinear op-amp circuits. These
seven additional chapters covering electronic devices may qualify this text for
those who want to use it for DC fundamentals, AC fundamentals, as well as
electronic devices.
Appendixes A through F serve as a resource for students seeking additional
information on topics that may or may not be covered in the main part of the
text. Appendix A lists all of the electrical quantities and their symbols. It also
includes a listing of the most popular multiple and submultiple units encountered
in electronics as well as a listing of all the Greek letter symbols and their uses.
Appendix B provides students with a comprehensive overview of solder and the
soldering process. Appendix C provides a list of preferred values for resistors. The
list of preferred values shows the multiple and submultiple values available for a
specified tolerance. Appendix D provides a complete listing of electronic compo-
nents and their respective schematic symbols. Appendix E provides students with
an introduction on how to use an oscilloscope. Both analog and digital scopes
xviii
are covered. Appendix F provides an extensive overview on the use of Multisim,
which is an interactive circuit simulation software package that allows students
to create and test electronic circuits. Appendix F introduces students to the main
features of Multisim that directly relate to their study of DC circuits, AC circuits,
and electronic devices.
Preface xix
Ancillary Package
The following supplements are available to support Grob’s Basic Electronics,
twelfth edition.
Digital Resources
Connect Engineering
The online resources for this edition include McGraw-Hill Connect®, a web-
based assignment and assessment platform that can help students perform better
in their coursework and master important concepts. With Connect®, instructors
can deliver assignments, quizzes, and tests easily online. Students can prac-
tice important skills at their own pace and on their own schedule. Ask your
McGraw-Hill Representative for more details, and check it out at www.mc-
grawhillconnect.com.
McGraw-Hill LearnSmart®
McGraw-Hill LearnSmart® is an adaptive learning system designed to help stu-
dents learn faster, study more efficiently, and retain more knowledge for greater
success. Through a series of adaptive questions, Learnsmart® pinpoints concepts
the student does not understand and maps out a personalized study plan for suc-
cess. It also lets instructors see exactly what students have accomplished, and it
features a built-in assessment tool for graded assignments. Ask your McGraw-
Hill Representative for more information, and visit www.mhlearnsmart.com for
a demonstration.
McGraw-Hill SmartBook™
Powered by the intelligent and adaptive LearnSmart engine, SmartBook™
is the first and only continuously adaptive reading experience available today.
xx Preface
Distinguishing what students know from what they don’t, and honing in on con-
cepts they are most likely to forget, SmartBook personalizes content for each
student. Reading is no longer a passive and linear experience but is an engaging
and dynamic one, where students are more likely to master and retain important
concepts, coming to class better prepared. SmartBook includes powerful reports
that identify specific topics and learning objectives that students need to study.
These valuable reports also provide instructors with insight into how students are
progressing through textbook content and are useful for identifying class trends,
focusing precious class time, providing personalized feedback to students, and
tailoring assessment. How does SmartBook work? Each SmartBook contains
four components: Preview, Read, Practice, and Recharge. Starting with an initial
preview of each chapter and key learning objectives, students read the material
and are guided to topics for which they need the most practice based on their
responses to a continuously adapting diagnostic. Read and practice continue until
SmartBook directs students to recharge important material they are most likely to
forget to ensure concept mastery and retention.
Electronic Textbooks
This text is available as an eBook at www.CourseSmart.com. At CourseSmart,
your students can take advantage of significant savings off the cost of a print text-
book, reduce their impact on the environment, and gain access to powerful web
tools for learning. CourseSmart eBooks can be viewed online or downloaded to
a computer. The eBooks allow students to do full text searches, add highlighting
and notes, and share notes with classmates. CourseSmart has the largest selection
of eBooks available anywhere. Visit www.CourseSmart.com to learn more and to
try a sample chapter.
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ister to experience how McGraw-Hill Create empowers you to teach your students
your way.
Preface xxi
Before you read . . .
I
Chapter Outlines guide you through
Introduction to
the material in the chapter ahead. The
outlines breakdown the individual topics Powers of 10
covered, and each outline is tied to a
main heading to emphasize important
topics throughout the chapter. T he electrical quantities you will encounter while working in the field of
electronics are often extremely small or extremely large. For example, it is
not at all uncommon to work with extremely small decimal numbers such as
0.000000000056 or extremely large numbers such as 1,296,000,000. To enable us
to work conveniently with both very small and very large numbers, powers of 10
notation is used. With powers of 10 notation, any number, no matter how small or
Chapter Outline
1–1 Negative and Positive Polarities 1–8 The Closed Circuit
1–2 Electrons and Protons in the Atom 1–9 The Direction of Current
1–3 Structure of the Atom 1–10 Direct Current (DC) and Alternating
Current (AC)
1–4 The Coulomb Unit of Electric Charge
1–11 Sources of Electricity
1–5 The Volt Unit of Potential Difference
1–12 The Digital Multimeter
1–6 Charge in Motion Is Current
1–7 Resistance Is Opposition to Current
Chapter Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to
■ List the two basic particles of electric ■ Describe the difference between voltage and Chapter Objectives organize and
charge. current.
■ Describe the basic structure of the atom. ■ Define resistance and conductance and list highlight the key concepts covered within
the unit of each.
■ Define the terms conductor, insulator, and
semiconductor and give examples of each ■ List three important characteristics of an
the chapter text.
term. electric circuit.
■ Define the coulomb unit of electric charge. ■ Define the difference between electron flow
sch73874_intro_002-021.indd 2 09/12/14 2:59 PM
■ Define potential difference and voltage and and conventional current.
list the unit of each. ■ Describe the difference between direct and
■ Define current and list its unit of measure. alternating current.
Important Terms
alternating current conductor electron valence ohm
(AC) conventional current element potential difference Important Terms help students
ampere
atom
coulomb
current
free electron
insulator
proton
resistance
identify key words at the beginning of
atomic number dielectric ion semiconductor each chapter. They are defined in the
circuit direct current (DC) molecule siemens
compound electron neutron static electricity
text, at the end of the chapter, and in the
conductance electron flow nucleus volt glossary.
xxii
sch73874_ch01_022-053.indd 23 09/12/14 11:22 AM
While you read . . .
Figure 1–5 Physical force between electric charges. (a) Opposite charges attract. (b) Two
negative charges repel each other. (c) Two positive charges repel.
development of electronics.
repel in Fig. 1–5b, and two positive charges of the same value repel each other in
Fig. 1–5c.
PIONEERS
Good to Know boxes provide IN ELECTRONICS Polarity of a Charge
French natural philosopher Charles- An electric charge must have either negative or positive polarity, labeled 2Q or
additional information in the margins of Augustin Coulomb (1736–1806) 1Q, with an excess of either electrons or protons. A neutral condition is considered
the text. developed a method for measuring zero charge. On this basis, consider the following examples, remembering that the
electron is the basic particle of charge and the proton has exactly the same amount,
the force of attraction and
although of opposite polarity.
repulsion between two electrically
charged spheres. Coulomb
established the law of inverse
squares and defined the basic unit
of charge quantity, the coulomb.
Section Self-Reviews allow students to
check their understanding of the material Example 1-1
A neutral dielectric has 12.5 3 1018 electrons added to it. What is its charge in
just presented. They are located at the GOOD TO KNOW coulombs?
end of each section within a chapter, As an aid for determining the
ANSWER This number of electrons is double the charge of 1 C. Therefore,
added charge (6Q) to a neutral
with answers at the end of the chapter. 2Q 5 2 C.
dielectric, use the following
equation:
Number of electrons added or removed
oved
6Q 5 ________________________
6.25 3 1018 electrons/C
___
■ 1–1 Self-Review
GOOD TO KNOW Answers at the end of the chapter.
p w w . ,
then, is a voltage source, or a source of electromotive force (emf). The schematic
Multisim Icons, identify circuits for MultiSim Figure 1–8 Chemical cell as
symbol for a battery or DC voltage source is shown in Fig. 1–8b.
Sometimes the symbol E is used for emf, but the standard symbol V represents
a voltage source. (a) Voltage output is the
which there is a Multisim activity. potential difference between the two any potential difference. This applies either to the voltage generated by a source or
terminals. (b) Schematic symbol of any to the voltage drop across a passive component such as a resistor.
Multisim files can be found on the DC voltage source with constant polarity. It may be helpful to think of voltage as an electrical pressure or force. The higher
Longer line indicates positive side. the voltage, the more electrical pressure or force. The electrical pressure of voltage is
Instructor Resources section for in the form of the attraction and repulsion of an electric charge, such as an electron.
The general equation for any voltage can be stated as
Connect. W
V 5 __ (1–1)
Q
where V is the voltage in volts, W is the work or energy in joules, and Q is the charge
in coulombs.
Let’s take a look at an example.
Example 1-5
What is the output voltage of a battery that expends 3.6 J of energy in moving
0.5 C of charge?
I 5 Q/T
Self-Test
Multiple-Choice Self-Tests at the Answers at the back of the book. 4. The electron valence of a neutral
copper atom is
7. In a metal conductor, such as a
copper wire,
end of every chapter allow for quick 1. The most basic particle of negative
charge is the
a. 11. a. positive ions are the moving
charges that provide current.
b. 0.
learning assessment. a. coulomb.
b. electron.
c. 64. b. free electrons are the moving
charges that provide current.
d. 21.
c. proton. c. there are no free electrons.
sch73874_ch03_076-107.indd 98 d. neutron. 09/12/14 11:23 AM
5. The unit of potential difference is d. none of the above.
the
2. The coulomb is a unit of a. volt. 8. A 100-V resistor has a conductance,
a. electric charge. G, of
b. ampere.
b. potential difference. a. 0.01 S.
c. siemens.
c. current. b. 0.1 S.
d. coulomb.
d. voltage. c. 0.001 S.
Essay Questions
1. Name two good conductors, two good insulators, and 7. List three important characteristics of an electric The Essay Questions at the end of
two semiconductors. circuit.
2. In a metal conductor, what is a free electron? 8. Describe the difference between an open circuit and a
each chapter are great ways to spark
3. What is the smallest unit of a compound with the same
short circuit. classroom discussion, and they make
chemical characteristics? 9. Is the power line voltage available in our homes a DC or
an AC voltage? great homework assignments.
4. Define the term ion.
10. What is the mathematical relationship between
5. How does the resistance of a conductor compare to that resistance and conductance?
of an insulator?
11. Briefly describe the electric field of a static charge.
6. Explain why potential difference is necessary to produce
sch73874_ch01_022-053.indd 50 09/12/14 11:22 AM
current in a circuit.
chapter provide students with more 1–8 What is the output voltage of a battery if 12 J of energy 1–20 Calculate the resistance value in ohms for the following
conductance values: (a) 0.002 S (b) 0.004 S (c) 0.00833
is expended in moving 1 C of charge?
challenging problems, allowing them to S (d) 0.25 S.
1–9 How much is the potential difference between two 1–21 Calculate the conductance value in siemens for each of
polish critical skills needed on the job. points if 0.5 J of energy is required to move 0.4 C of
charge between the two points?
the following resistance values: (a) 200 V (b) 100 V
(c) 50 V (d) 25 V.
1–10 How much energy is expended, in joules, if a voltage 1–22 Calculate the conductance value in siemens for each of the
of 12 V moves 1.25 C of charge between two following resistance values: (a) 1 V (b) 10 k V (c) 40 V
points? (d) 0.5 V.
Critical Thinking
1–23 Suppose that 1000 electrons are removed from a 1–25 Assume that 6.25 3 1015 electrons flow past a given
neutral dielectric. How much charge, in coulombs, is point in a conductor every 10 s. Calculate the current I
stored in the dielectric? in amperes.
1–24 How long will it take an insulator that has a charge 1–26 The conductance of a wire at 100°C is one-tenth its
of 15 C to charge to 130 C if the charging current value at 25°C. If the wire resistance equals 10 V at 25°C
is 2 A? calculate the resistance of the wire at 100°C.
Measuring Current
Measuring Voltage
Set the DMM to measure DC current. Also, move the red test
Set the DMM to measure DC voltage. Be sure the meter leads
are inserted into the correct jacks (red lead in the VV jack and
lead to the appropriate jack for measuring small DC currents Laboratory Application
(usually labeled mA). Turn off the variable DC power supply.
the black lead in the COM jack). Also, be sure the voltmeter
range exceeds the voltage being measured. Connect the
Connect the red test lead of the DMM to the positive (1) Assignments, reinforce one or more
terminal of the variable DC power supply as shown in Fig.
DMM test leads to the variable DC power supply as shown in
Fig. 1–18a. Adjust the variable DC power supply voltage to any
1–18c. Also, connect the black test lead of the DMM to one lead of the chapter’s main topics by asking
of the 1 kV resistor as shown. Finally, connect the other lead of
value between 5 and 15 V. Record your measured voltage.
V 5 __________ Note: Keep the power supply voltage set to
the resistor to the negative (2) terminal of the variable DC students to build and test circuits in a
power supply. Turn on the variable DC power supply. Record
this value when measuring the current in Fig. 1-18c. your measured current. laboratory environment.
I 5 __________
Figure 1–18 Measuring electrical quantities. (a) Measuring voltage. (b) Measuring resistance. (c) Measuring current.
(red) (red) (black)
A
R
Variable DC DMM
V DMM 1 k Variable DC
power supply R = 1 k
power supply
Troubleshooting Challenge
Table 4–1 shows voltage measurements taken in Fig. 4–50. The first row shows the normal values that exist when the circuit is
sch73874_ch01_022-053.indd 53
operating properly. Rows 2 to09/12/14
15 are11:22
voltage
AM
measurements taken when one component in the circuit has failed. For each row,
identify which component is defective and determine the type of defect that has occurred in the component.
Figure 4–50 Circuit diagram for Troubleshooting Challenge. Normal values for V1, V2, V3,
V4, and V5 are shown on schematic.
3V 5.4 V
R1 100 R2 180
V1 V2
Troubleshooting Challenges appear
in selected chapters to give students a V T 24 V
6.6 V V 3 R3 220
feel for troubleshooting real circuits, 5.4 V
V5
3.6 V
V4
chapter content.
I would also like to extend a very special thank you to Bill Hessmiller, and Pat
Hoppe. Thank you, Bill, for the work you did on the supplements. Also, thank
you, Pat, for your work in updating Appendix F, “Introduction to Multisim,” to
version 12.1. My hat goes off to both of you!
Mitchel E. Schultz
xxvi Acknowledgments
About the Author
Mitchel E. Schultz is an instructor at Western Technical College in La
past 34 years.
Technician and also holds his Extra Class Amateur Radio License.
Electronic Communication.
xxvii
Grob’s Basic
Electronics
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