Nat. Sci.

101 (PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS)

TOPIC 9: THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

I. Introduction
Thermodynamics is a branch of Physics that explains how thermal energy is changed to other
forms of energy and the significance of thermal energy in matter. Or it simply means the relationship
between heat and other forms of energy. The behavior of heat, work, and temperature, along with their
relations to energy and entropy are governed by the Four Laws of Thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics is the study of relations between heat, work, temperature, and energy, focusing
on the laws that govern the transformation of energy within a system and its capability to perform work in
its environment. These principles delineate how energy shifts within a system and assess the system’s
potential to execute beneficial work.
The transfer of heat is normally from a high temperature object to a lower temperature object. Even
though heat is not fluid itself, it transfers kind of like fluids. When fluid moves, there is always a driving
force behind them, specifically difference in either pressure or velocity. With heat transfer, the driving force
is the difference in temperature. Therefore, if you don’t have a temperature difference, you can’t have heat
transfer.
Heat transfer changes the internal energy of both systems involved according to the First Law of
Thermodynamics.

This topic includes the following discussions:

1. Temperature and heat;
2. Conversion of different temperature scales;
3. Methods of heat transfer;
4. Phase changes; and
5. Pressure and boiling point.

II. Objectives
1. Differentiate temperature and heat.
2. Discuss the different methods of heat transfer.
3. Derive the formula for conversion of different temperature scales.

III. Materials/Equipment
Android phone / Laptop / Personal Computer
Workbook
Pen and paper
Scientific calculator
Resources may be in the books or from the websites stated below

IV. Procedure
1. Video tutorials are provided below. Watch, read, comprehend, and analyze the topic.
2. Take notes of the topic. You can further research the topic.
3. Answer the questions for discussions.
4. Solve the problem sets given. Show your COMPLETE solutions.
5. Clarify your handwriting for ease of reading.
6. Scores will be based on the correct process of solving.
7. A correct answer with the wrong process will not be considered.

V. Guide Questions
1. What is heat transfer?
2. What is happening at the particle level when energy is being transferred between two objects?
3. Why thermal equilibrium is always established when two objects transfer heat?
4. How does heat transfer work within the bulk of an object?
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5. Is there more than one method of heat transfer? If so, how are they similar and different than one
another?

VI. References
Books:
1. Raquel D. Quiambao and Jose C. Floresta. 2010. Physics. Worktext Revised Edition. Part 1.
C&E Publishing, Inc.
2. Hans C. Ohanian and John T. Markert. 2007. Physics for Engineers and Scientists. Third Edition.
Volume 1 (Chapter 1-21). W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
3. Robert L. Weber, Kenneth V. Manning, Marsh W. White, and George A. Weygand. College
Physics. 5th Edition. McGraw-Hill Publishing.

Websites:
4. Hyperphysics. Heat Transfer. Retrieved from
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heatra.html

Video Tutorials:
5. Professor Dave Explains. Heat and Temperature. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LL54E5CzQ-A
6. Professor Dave Explains. Heat Capacity, Specific Heat, and Calorimetry. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhNHJ7WdT8A
7. Professor Dave Explains. Internal Energy. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=aDXQBE4r65Y
8. Professor Dave Explains. The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Flow, Entropy, and
Microstates. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrwW4w2nAMc
9. CrashCourse. Temperature: Crash Course Physics #20. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BHbJ_gBOk0
10. CrashCourse. Kinetic Theory and Phase Changes: Crash Course Physics #21. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WOEvvHbc240
11. CrashCourse. The Physics of Heat: Crash Course Physics #22. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuSC0ObB-qY
12. CrashCourse. Thermodynamics: Crash Course Physics #23. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4i1MUWJoI0U
13. CrashCourse. Engines: Crash Course Physics #24. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1woKh2mdVQ
14. CrashCourse. Heat Transfer: Crash Course Engineering #14. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YK7G6l_K6sA

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NAME: _________________________________________________________

COURSE, YEAR, and SECTION: __________________________________

LABORATORY ACTIVITY – HEAT TRANSFER

GENERAL DIRECTIONS:
 Read the instructions carefully.
 Strictly NO ERASURES.
 Write your answers on an A4 bond paper.
 The deadline will be on May 3, 2024.

A. Discussions
Discuss the following situational problems. Explain as briefly and accurately as possible. If research
is done, rephrase and cite your reference.
1. How do you account for the fact that solids and liquids generally expand when heated?
2. Discuss the statement that “every object that we see or feel possesses heat energy”.
3. What kind of bodies are good insulators? Why?
4. There are three ways in which heat is transferred. Name these and give examples of each.
5. A human body is said to be cooling off when it perspires. Explain the cooling effect of perspiring.

B. Problem Sets.
In answering the problem sets, follow the directions written below.
 Read and comprehend the problem.
 Practice the use of a Free-Body Diagram (FBD) to simplify and understand the problem.
 Solve the problem/problem sets in a step-by-step manner. Show your COMPLETE SOLUTIONS.
When we say COMPLETE SOLUTION, this includes equations, signs, units, and applications.
 When dealing with decimal numbers, use up to THREE digits (Thousandths).
 When dealing with units, make sure to include them in the process (especially cancellations) to avoid
the power of MAGIC. Note: Be careful with SIGNS and UNITS.
 If queries arise, please do visit our group chat (Messenger). Some of the queries are the same.

1. Liquid oxygen freezes at -218.4°C and boils at -183.0°C. Express these temperatures in terms of
Fahrenheit scale.
2. A gas having a volume of 100 ft 3 at 27°C is expanded to 120 ft 3 by being heated at constant pressure.
To what temperature has it been heated to have this new volume?
3. When a 25 g of ice at -20°C has absorbed 2,500 calories of heat, what is the temperature of the
resulting water?
4. What is the final temperature if 200 g of copper with a specific heat of 0.1 cal/(g)(°C) at a
temperature of 80°C is added to 200 g of water at 20°C that is held in a 50 g aluminum cup having a
specific heat of 0.22 cal/(g)(°C).
5. The temperature of the sun is about 6,000°K, and when the sun is directly overhead its radiation
provides about 1.4x103 W/m2 at the Earth’s surface. Calculate the decrease in this rate of heat
transfer if the sun’s temperature should drop 500°C.

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