Pathology Final 2022

‫ ص‬11:59 2022/‫‏‬6/‫‏‬27 General Pathology Final Exam (2021-2022)
one of the following is NOT in apoptosis *
plasma membrane disruption
rupture of lysosomal enzyme
nucleus degradation
inflammation
Overgrowth of a heterotopic rest of cells at a localised region is: *
Hamartoma
Malignant tumor
Choristoma
Polyp
all of above
one of the following is an example of caseous necrosis *
. leprosy
. tuberculosis
. sarcoidosis
Crohne disease
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A 35-year-old lady develops cervical carcinoma. Which ONE of the following *

organisms is likely to have a causative role?
Herpes simplex virus
Human papillomavirus
Epstein-Barr virus
Varicella zoster virus
The enzyme which builds a mRNA strand complimentary to the DNA *

transcription unit is called:
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Helicase
DNA ligase
Which of the following potentially represents the most dangerous situation? *
Rh+ve mother with 2nd Rh-ve child
Rh-ve mother with 2nd Rh+ve child
Rh+ve mother with 1st Rh-ve child
Rh-ve mother with 1st Rh+ve child
In Acute blood loss anemia *
polychromatic erythrocytes and reticulocytes
normocytic and normochromic anemia
transient leukocytosis
all of the above
- None of the above
IN Megaloblastic Anemias *
hypochromic and microcytic red cell indices
low serum ferritin and serum iron levels
- increased total iron-binding capacity
low serum and red cell folate and vitamin B12 levels
Which of the following is an oncogenic RNA virus? *
Hepatitis B virus
Human papilloma virus
( Epstein Barr virus
Hepatitis C virus
which of the followings is not from the virus with skin manifestation *
Rubella virus
b. Varicella-zoster virus
c. Herpes simplex
d. HTLV-1
all of the following features are seen in ageing cells except? *
Shortened telomeres
Activation of TP53
Increased autophagy
Increased length of telomeres
the disorder that occurs because of the fixation of complement which is *

enhanced by the slight decrease in blood pH that accompanies sleep is
Immunohemolytic Anemias
Thalassaemia major
- Thalassaemia minor
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of stem cells? *
They are undifferentiated cells.
They are capable of self-renewal.
They are specialised cells.
They divide to give rise to specialised cell types
Hamartoma is: *
Proliferation of cells in foreign site
Proliferation of native cells in tissue
Malignant condition
Acquired condition
Chronic viral hepatitis C *
A- DNA virus
B- Found in all body fluids, with the exception of stool.
C- long incubation period (4-26weeks)
D- It is a single-stranded RNA virus
AGGTATCGCAT is sequence from the coding strand of a gene. What will be the *
corresponding sequence of the transcribed mRNA?
ACCUAUGCCU
AGGUAUCGU
UGTUTCGCAT
UCCAUAGCGUA
Hepatic Adenoma *
It is composed of sheets of cells that may resemble normal hepatocytes
It is composed of vascular channels and intervening stroma
They appear as discrete red-blue
less than 2 cm in diameter, often directly beneath the capsule.
All of the above
identify the anti-inflammatory cytokine among the following *
TNF-alpha
TGF-beta
IL-12
IL--4
The tumor that yellow-tan, well demarcated nodules, up to 30 cm in diameter *

and is often located beneath the capsule is
Hepatocellular Carcinomas
-Hepatic Adenoma
-Cavernous hemangiomas
-Adenocarcinoma
Point mutations of RAS family genes is *
Insensitivity to Growth Inhibition
. Evasion of apoptosis
Growth-Promoting Metabolic Alterations
Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals
Increased production of which of the following cytokines is common to *

chronic inflammation, atrophy and cancer?
IL-1
TGF -beta
TNF alpha
IL-12
General Pathology Final Exam (2021-2022)

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Hepatic failure and hepatocellular carcinoma are the immediate causes of *

death in
Hepatic steatosis
Alcoholic hepatitis
- Alcoholic Cirrhosis
Acute viral hepatitis A
Acute viral hepatitis B
Which of the following is known as the “guardian of the genome”? *
p53 ATM
Mdm2 Rb
p14
Immediate Hypersensitivity reaction, all are true except one *
Antigen-antibody complexes produce tissue damage
Systemic reactions result from parenteral administration of drugs
Anaphylaxis has a rapid onset, often within minutes.
It is genetically determined
What is the mechanism behind plasma membrane swelling in reversible cell *

injury?
Influx of water due to direct damage to Na-K-ATPase pump
B) Plasma menrane damage leading to increased leakiness to sodium ion.
C) Depletion of ATP resulting in oxygen deficiency interfering in Na-KATPase pump

activity.
D) All of the above
Which ONE of the following may stimulate apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway? *
Binding of to the death receptor
Mitochondrial damage
breakdown of cytoskeleton
endonuclease activation
The haemolytic crises in G6PD deficiency condition are frequently precipitated *

by
ingestion of fova [broad] beans
certain drugs ( phenacitin and aspirin)
infections
All of the above
None of the above
Which of the following statements about carcinogenesis is false *
Asbestos exposure increases the incidence of lung cancer
Papilloma viruses produce tumors in animals but not in humans
Exposure to aniline dyes predisposes to cancer of the urinary bladder
) Hepatitis B virus has been implicated in hepatocellular
No change of genetic material occurs in which of the following cytogenetic *

abnormalities?
Deletion
Insertion
Translocation
Inversion
all of above
cell-matrix adhesion are mediated by *
cadherins
. integrins
selectins
. calmodulin
all of above
Which of the following is an example of physiologic apoptosis *
Cell death due to radiation damage
Reduced cell proliferation by apoptosis to maintain homeostasis
Cell death due to infectious process
Cell death triggered by accumulation of misfolded proteins
Sure sign of malignancy is *

Mitoses
Polychromasia
Nuclear pleomorphism
Metastasis
none of above
none of above
. Which of the following is NOT a malignant tumour *
Follicular lymphoma
Lipoma
Colonic adenocarcinoma
Leiomyosarcoma
which of the following features differentiated invasive carcinoma from *

carcinoma in situ
. anaplasia
number of mitosis
. basement membrane invasion
pleomorphism
none of above
Deposition of immune complexes occur *
directly after antigen injection
after 1week circulation
after 10 days
. after 1month
Asymmetric replication i.e after each cell division, one cell will be *
differentiated while other cell remain undifferentiated,is characteristic
- Quiescent cells
Permanent cells
- Stem cells
Labile cells
None of the above
An example of a tumor suppressor gene is *
myc
fos
ras
Rb
Ecchymosis is *
3 to 5 mm hemorrhages
1 to 2 mm hemorrhages
1 to 2 cm subcutaneous hematomas
bruise
haemoglobinuria and spleenomegaly are seen in *
Hereditary spherocytosis
Sickle cell disease
- Acute blood loss anemia
Polycythemia
A&B
Systemic Anaphylaxis is *
type I hypersensitivity
type II hypersensitivity
type III hypersensitivity
. type IV hyper sensitivity
An extra finger in humans is rare but is due to a dominant gene. When one *
parent is normal and the other parent has an extra finger but is heterozygous
for the trait, what is the probability that the first child will be normal?
0%.
25%.
50%.
75%.
Edema in nephrotic syndrome occurs due to *
Na+ and water restriction
Increased venous pressure
Decreased serum albumin
Decreased fibrinogen
The alternate form of a gene is *
Alternate type
Recessive character
Dominant character
Allele
anemias caused by an inadequate dietary supply of substances that are *

needed for hematopoiesis, are
aplastic anemia
- myelophthisic anemia
- Iron deficiency anaemia
-Megaloblastic Anemias
C&D
Keratin pearls and intercellular bridges are histological characteristics of which *

type of malignanttumour
Adenocarcinoma
Small cell carcinoma
High grade serous carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
on the basis of red cell morphology, the normocytic, microcytic, or macrocytic *

related to
-Cell size
-color of the cells
Shape of the cells
All of the above
-None of the above
Which of the following statements is false regarding necrosis? *
Necrosis is always pathological
Caseous necrosis is most common in the brain
Caseous necrosis is characteristic of a tubercular granuloma
Morphologically, necrotic cells show increased eosinophilia in a hematoxylin and

eosin staining
- Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain.
The pancytopenia is the feature of *
Pernicious anaemia
- aplastic anemia
Thalassaemia
- Iron deficiency anaemia
Which of the following can be associated with an embolism? *
Bone marrow
Tumour
Air
All of the above
An albino girl gets married to a normal boy, what are the chances of their *
having an affected child and what are the chances of their children being
carriers?
None affected, all carriers
All normal
50% carriers
50% affected, 50% carriers
The hemolytic anemia that is caused by a point mutation in the gene coding for *
the B-globin chain of haemoglobin is
Sickle cell disease
-Thalassaemia
-Immunohemolytic Anemias
-Hereditary spherocytosis
-Traumatic hemolytic anemia
main cause of autoimmune disease is *
circulating antibodies
loss of self –tolerance
. infection
immunosuppression
In β –thalassaemia(all true except one) *
There are two possible degrees, thalassaemia major and thalassaemia minor
caused by deletions that remove one or more of the α-globin gene loci.
hepatoslpenomegalyand marrow hyperplasia
the red cell appear hypochromic and microcytic
In hemolytic anemias *
transient leukocytosis
polychromatic erythrocytes and reticulocytes
normocytic and normochromic anemia
all of the above
None of the above
MYC gene is: *
Protein kinase inhibitor
Growth factor inhibitor
GTPase
Transcription activator
An asymptomatic carrier state, Fulminant hepatitis, Non-progressive or *

Progressive ending in cirrhosis can be seen in
Hepatitis B Virus
- Chronic viral hepatitis A
All of the above

None of the above
An individual’s collection of genes is called *
Genotype
Phenotype
Trait
None of the above
lipofuscin deposition is one example of intracellular accumulation *
Deposition of lipids
Deposition of proteins
Deposition of glycogen
. Deposition of pigments
Which of the following is not a labile cell *
Bone marrow
Epidermal cells
Small intestine mucosa
Hepatocytes
all of above
The secondary hemochromatosis *
- adult onset caused by mutations in the HFE gene.
- this genetic disease
show Diabetes mellitus
seen in Multiple transfusions
- None of the above
The most common causes of B12 deficiency are *
Congenital lack of intrinsic factor
Pernicious anaemia
Chronic blood loss
A&B
B&C
A 23-year-old woman nursing her newborn develops a tender red area around *
the nipple of her left breast. The painful site of the patient's affected breast is
primarily due to which of the folliowing mediators
Bradykinin, Histamine and PGE2
b-IL-1 and TNF - alpha
-C3a and C5a
PGF2 and PG D2
identify the false statement regarding reversible cell injury. *
Generalized cell swelling
Fatty change
Increased basophilia of cells
Accumulation of myelin figures
A 50 year old man presented with mild abdominal pain with mildly raised ALT *
and AST. Fatty liver was suspected, which of the following changes is not seen
ultrastructurally in this condition?
Generalized swelling of cell and plasma membrane.
Nuclear changes such as pyknosis,karyorrhexis and karyolysis are seen.
Accumulation of “myelin figures” in the cytosol composed of phospholipids derived

from damaged cellular membranes.
Dilation of the ER, with detachment of polysomes.
White infarcts occur in *
venous occlusion
lung
Kidney
All the above.

Option 5
one of the followings is not in Molecular Hallmarks of Cancer *
Sustained angiogenesis
Ability to evade the host immune response
sensitivity to infectious disease
Ability to invade and metastasize
β –thalassaemia caused by *
deletions that remove one or more of the α-globin gene loci
a mutation of the B-globin genes leading to either reduced or absent synthesis of the
B-globin gene
a point mutation in the gene coding for the B-globin chain
All of the above
All are autosomal dominant disorders except *
Albinism
) Marfan’s syndrome
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Von-Hippel Lindau syndrome
chemotactic is *
Migration across the endothelium and vessel wall
Migration in the tissues
margination to endothelium
adhesion to endothelium
polycythemia *
an increase in the number of red cells
reduction in the oxygen-transporting capacity of blood.
a decrease in the red cell mass to subnormal levels.
A&B
B&C
During which phase of the cell cycle the cellular content of DNA is doubled *
Mitotic phase
G1 phase
G2 phase
S phas
Detection of anti-HAV IgM antibody is the best diagnostic marker for the: *
viral hepatitis B
-Hepatitis C Virus
-Hepatitis D Virus
Acute viral hepatitis A *

DNA virus
benign, self-limited disease with an average incubation period of 4 weeks
Detection of anti-HAV IgM antibody is the best diagnostic marker for the disease.
- B&C
All of the above
A
nemia *
an increase in the number of red cells
reduction in the oxygen-transporting capacity of blood
a decrease in the red cell mass to subnormal levels.
A&B
B&C
on the basis of red cell morphology, the normochromic or hypochromic related *

to
Cell size
color of the cells
- Shape of the cells
All of the above
None of the above
The autosomal dominant condition caused by abnormality of the cytoskeletal- *

associated membrane proteins, spectrin is
Sickle cell disease
Thalassaemia
Immunohemolytic Anemias
- Hereditary spherocytosis
Traumatic hemolytic anemia
In the mononuclear phagocyte system which is true? *
Chemotactic stimuli for monocytes include C5a and certain growth factors
Monocytes transform into smaller macrophages when they reach extravascular tissue
Half life of blood monocytesis about 1 month
Aggregation of macrophages in kidney is known as Kupffer cells
Option 5
Immunohemolytic Anemias *
haemolytic crises are frequently precipitated by infections
-Antibodies on red cell membranes cause these uncommon forms of hemolytic

anemia
-The red blood cells are abnormally sensitive to lysis by complement
the fixation of complement is enhanced by the slight decrease in blood pH that

accompanies sleep
Hepatocellular Carcinomas is soft in consistency *
- HCC displays scant connective tissue stroma
- globules of bile may be found within the cytoplasm of cells
Mallory bodies may be found within the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells.
- Central necrosis in the broad trabeculae
Male to male transmission is not seen in *
Autosomal dominant diseases
( Autosomal recessive disease
X-linked dominant disease
Genomic imprinting
Scarlet fever is caused by *
Enterococci
S. pyogenes
Actinomyces israelii
N. meningitides
Which of the following is essential for tumor metastasis? *
Angiogenesis
Tumorogenesis
Apoptosis
Inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity
Iron deficiency anaemia is type ofA- *
-Chronic blood lose anaemia
-Megaloblastic Anemias
- myelophthisic anemia
aplastic anemia
The marrow is hypocellular and is replaced by fat is caused by *
- Radiation
viral hepatitis.
- Antineoplastic chemotherapy
All of the above
None of the above
Chromosomes measurements are generally taken during *
Interphase
Prophase
Anaphase
Non-of these
Option 5
Which of the following is NOT a general feature of benign tumours? *

Local recurrence
Infiltrating margin
Encapsulated
Slow growing
The final, irreversible form of alcoholic liver disease is *
- Alcoholic hepatitis
- Alcoholic Cirrhosis
- Hepatic steatosis
All of the above
The effect of folate deficiency are *
Malabsorption
Lesions of the nervous system
Megaloblastic anaemia with associated neutropenia
B&C
A&C
The correct sequence of cell cycle is *
G0-G1-S-G2-M
( G0-G1-G2-S-M
G0-M-G2-S-G1
G0-G1-S-M-G2
What are the repeating units of nucleic acids? *
phosphate molecules
nucleotides
bases
sugar molecules
Smoking is a risk factor for all carcinomas, except *
Oral
Bronchial
Bladder
Thyroid
A human female with Turner's syndrome *
has 45 chromosomes with XO
has one additional X chromosome
exhibits male characters
is able to produce children with normal husband
Regarding cell necrosis, which ONE of the following terms refers to nuclear *
condensation?
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Colliquative
wound healing is one of the following *
hypertrophy
Metaplasia
Hyperplasia
. atrophy
all cells responsible on repair except *
macrophage
fibroblast
epithelial cells
eosinophil
Burkitt lymphoma due to translocated into an antigen receptor gene locus, *

gene responsible is
RAS
. HER2/Neu
. TGF-α
MYC
ABL
In a thrombus, the dark lines of zahn are due to *
Coagulated fibrin
Aggregated proteins
Aggregated platelets
Aggregated RBCs
Which ONE of the following processes is unlikely to result in infarction? *
Thrombosis
Venous obstruction
Embolism
Dissection
If a genetic disease is transferred from a phenotypically normal but carrier *

female to only some of the male progeny, the disease is_
autosomal dominant
autosomal recessive
sex-linked
down syndrome
α-thalassaemia caused by *
deletions that remove one or more of the α-globin gene loci
caused by a mutation of the B-globin genes leading to reduced synthesis of the B-

globin gene
caused by a mutation of the B-globin genes leading to absent synthesis of the B-

globin gene
A&b
A&c
removing of immature T cells expressing TCRs specific for self –antigen by *

apoptosis is called
receptor editing
Anergy . Suppression by regulatory Tcell
negative selection or clonal deletion

35/36
True statement about inheritance of an X linked recessive trait is:( *
50% of boys of carrier mother are affected
50% of girls of diseased father are carrier
(Father transmits disease to the son
Mother transmits the disease to the daughter
Which among the following is not a neoplastic virus *
Cytomegalovirus
Hepatitis B virus
Human papilloma virus
All of these
Examples of type II hypersensitivity disorders include: all true except one *
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia,
myasthenia gravis,
- Drug metabolite adsorbed on a cell surface or matrix.
Allergic rhinitis

Pathology Final 2022

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Pathology Final 2022

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‫ ص‬11:59 2022/‫‏‬6/‫‏‬27 General Pathology Final Exam (2021-2022)

one of the following is NOT in apoptosis *

plasma membrane disruption

rupture of lysosomal enzyme

Overgrowth of a heterotopic rest of cells at a localised region is: *

one of the following is an example of caseous necrosis *

A 35-year-old lady develops cervical carcinoma. Which ONE of the following *

Herpes simplex virus

Varicella zoster virus

The enzyme which builds a mRNA strand complimentary to the DNA *

Which of the following potentially represents the most dangerous situation? *

Rh+ve mother with 2nd Rh-ve child

Rh-ve mother with 2nd Rh+ve child

Rh+ve mother with 1st Rh-ve child

Rh-ve mother with 1st Rh+ve child

In Acute blood loss anemia *

polychromatic erythrocytes and reticulocytes

normocytic and normochromic anemia

all of the above

- None of the above

hypochromic and microcytic red cell indices

low serum ferritin and serum iron levels

- increased total iron-binding capacity

Which of the following is an oncogenic RNA virus? *

Human papilloma virus

( Epstein Barr virus

all of the following features are seen in ageing cells except? *

Increased length of telomeres

the disorder that occurs because of the fixation of complement which is *

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of stem cells? *

They are undifferentiated cells.

They are capable of self-renewal.

They are specialised cells.

They divide to give rise to specialised cell types

Proliferation of cells in foreign site

Proliferation of native cells in tissue

Chronic viral hepatitis C *

B- Found in all body fluids, with the exception of stool.

C- long incubation period (4-26weeks)

D- It is a single-stranded RNA virus

It is composed of sheets of cells that may resemble normal hepatocytes

It is composed of vascular channels and intervening stroma

They appear as discrete red-blue

less than 2 cm in diameter, often directly beneath the capsule.

All of the above

identify the anti-inflammatory cytokine among the following *

The tumor that yellow-tan, well demarcated nodules, up to 30 cm in diameter *

Point mutations of RAS family genes is *

Insensitivity to Growth Inhibition

Growth-Promoting Metabolic Alterations

Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals

Increased production of which of the following cytokines is common to *

General Pathology Final Exam (2021-2022)

Your email will be recorded when you submit this form

Hepatic failure and hepatocellular carcinoma are the immediate causes of *

Acute viral hepatitis A

Acute viral hepatitis B

Which of the following is known as the “guardian of the genome”? *

Immediate Hypersensitivity reaction, all are true except one *

Antigen-antibody complexes produce tissue damage

Systemic reactions result from parenteral administration of drugs

Anaphylaxis has a rapid onset, often within minutes.

What is the mechanism behind plasma membrane swelling in reversible cell *