AI Open

Enhancing Conversational AI: A Research Study on Leveraging Open Source LLM

Falcon 7B and Langchain for Advanced Chatbot Development.
--Manuscript Draft--

Manuscript Number:

Full Title: Enhancing Conversational AI: A Research Study on Leveraging Open Source LLM
Falcon 7B and Langchain for Advanced Chatbot Development.

Short Title:

Article Type: Full Length Article

Keywords: Falcon LLM; Machine Learning; Ai; Chatbot; Deep Learning

Corresponding Author: Sankhadeep Debdas, B.Tech

Amity University Chhattisgarh
Raipur, Chattisgarh INDIA

Corresponding Author Secondary

Information:

Corresponding Author's Institution: Amity University Chhattisgarh

Corresponding Author's Secondary

Institution:

First Author: Sankhadeep Debdas, B.Tech

First Author Secondary Information:

Order of Authors: Sankhadeep Debdas, B.Tech

Order of Authors Secondary Information:

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence is a new field and lots of developments have been happening in
this booming field. In the world of AI/ML, there are some chatbots as a first stage of
human to machine interaction thought text responses and We have managed such
hardware for large scale Data Training and Testing using Machine Learning Models. In
this paper, I have proposed a Chatbot Solution Written in Python3, with Falcon 7B LLM
which is a Open-Source Large Language Model (LLM) and Langchain is a Open-
Source Framework created to simplify the development of chatbots using LLM models
like ChatGPT 3.5, Etc. This solution mainly fetches the LLM from the source and uses
it in a Langchain Environment where its simplified and ready to use as a chatbot. This
process is working on the Chatbot and LLM integration where we use a LLM and feed
it to a chatbot environment to get a AI bot which can answer our question as we ask
them.

Opposed Reviewers:

Additional Information:

Question Response

Free Preprint Service YES, I want to share my research early and openly as a preprint.

Do you want to share your research early

as a preprint? Preprints allow for open
access to and citations of your research
prior to publication.

AI Open offers a free service to post your

Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation
paper in a journal-branded First Look
space on SSRN, an open access
research repository, when your paper
enters peer review. Once on SSRN, your
paper will benefit from early registration
with a DOI and early dissemination that
facilitates collaboration and early citations.
It will be available free to read regardless
of the publication decision made by the
journal. This will have no effect on the
editorial process or outcome with the
journal. Please consult the SSRN Terms
of Use and FAQs.

Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation
Conflict of Interest

Declaration of interests

☐ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships
that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

☐ The author is an Editorial Board Member/Editor-in-Chief/Associate Editor/Guest Editor for [Journal

name] and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article.

☐ The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered
as potential competing interests:

SANKHADEEP DEBDAS
Manuscript Click here to view linked References

1
2
3
4
5 Title of the Invention:
6
7
8
Enhancing Conversational AI: A Research Study on Leveraging
9
10
Open Source LLM Falcon 7B and Langchain for Advanced Chatbot
11 Development.
12
13
14 Abstract:
15
16 Artificial Intelligence is a new field and lots of developments have been happening in this booming field.
17 In the world of AI/ML, there are some chatbots as a first stage of human to machine interaction thought
18 text responses and We have managed such hardware for large scale Data Training and Testing using
19
20 Machine Learning Models. In this paper, I have proposed a Chatbot Solution Written in Python3, with
21 Falcon 7B LLM which is a Open-Source Large Language Model (LLM) and Langchain is a Open-Source
22 Framework created to simplify the development of chatbots using LLM models like ChatGPT 3.5, Etc. This
23 solution mainly fetches the LLM from the source and uses it in a Langchain Environment where its
24
25 simplified and ready to use as a chatbot. This process is working on the Chatbot and LLM integration where
26 we use a LLM and feed it to a chatbot environment to get a AI bot which can answer our question as we
27 ask them.
28
29
30
31
32 1. Introduction
33
34 As advancements in AI and deep learning continue to transform the world, chatbots have become an integral
35 part of our lives. While we often take online large language models for granted, local models have lagged
36
behind. However, with the introduction of Falcon 7B, we now have a powerful tool that can be run on our
37
38 devices with ease. This enables us to integrate modern machine learning practices and leverage these
39 capabilities on our own local machines.
40
41 Problem statement:
42
43 We aim to develop a functional chatbot utilizing the Falcon 7B large language model (LLM). Our
44
45 objectives include evaluating the capabilities of Falcon 7B, training the model with specific datasets,
46 and testing its performance. We will analyze the accuracy of the chatbot's responses and assess its
47 effectiveness in various conversational scenarios.
48
49
50 2. Objective:
51 a. Development: Create a fully functional chatbot powered by the Falcon 7B LLM.
52 b. Capability Assessment: Evaluate the inherent capabilities of Falcon 7B in understanding and
53
54 generating human-like text.
55 c. Training: Train the Falcon 7B model with diverse datasets to enhance its performance and
56 adapt it to specific use cases.
57
d. Testing: Conduct rigorous testing using various datasets to evaluate the chatbot's response
58
59 accuracy and reliability.
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4 e. Performance Analysis: Analyze the chatbot's performance based on different metrics,
5
6 including accuracy, relevance, coherence, and user satisfaction.
7 f. Iteration and Improvement: Use the insights gained from testing to iteratively improve the
8 chatbot's functionality and accuracy.
9
3. Methodology:
10
11 The methodology for developing a functional chatbot using Falcon 7B LLM, integrated with
12 Weights & Biases (wandb) and Hugging Face, will involve the following steps:
13
14
15 a. Literature Review: Conduct a comprehensive review of existing literature on the
16 application of large language models (LLMs) and deep learning in chatbot development.
17 Focus on understanding the challenges in creating functional chatbots, the various LLMs
18 used, and the results obtained in different studies. This will provide a solid foundation and
19
20 context for our project.
21
22 b. Problem Identification: Identify specific problems that can be addressed by the Falcon
23
24 7B chatbot. These problems could range from customer service automation to personalized
25 educational assistance. The problem chosen will be one that showcases the strengths of the
26 Falcon 7B model in understanding and generating human-like text.
27
28
29 c. Data Collection: Collect diverse and comprehensive datasets relevant to the identified
30 problem. The data will include various conversational contexts, intents, and responses.
31 Both qualitative and quantitative data will be gathered to ensure the model is trained on a
32
33 wide range of scenarios.
34
35 d. Data Pre-processing: Clean and preprocess the collected data to remove any outliers,
36 irrelevant information, or inconsistencies. This step is crucial to ensure the quality of data
37
38 fed into the model, which directly impacts the performance of the chatbot.
39
40 e. Model Development: Develop the chatbot using the Falcon 7B LLM. This involves fine-
41
42
tuning the model with the preprocessed data to enhance its contextual understanding and
43 response generation capabilities. We will also explore other algorithms and techniques
44 such as decision trees, random forests, and neural networks to complement the LLM where
45 necessary. The model will be designed specifically to address the identified problem.
46
47
48 f. Integration with Weights & Biases and Hugging Face: Utilize Weights & Biases
49 (wandb) for experiment tracking, hyperparameter tuning, and visualization of model
50
51
performance. Integrate the Falcon 7B model with Hugging Face to leverage its robust
52 infrastructure and tools for model deployment and management. This integration ensures
53 a seamless workflow from development to deployment.
54
55
56 g. Model Deployment: Deploy the developed chatbot on local machines and cloud-based
57 platforms such as AWS or Azure for accessibility and scalability. Use Hugging Face's
58 model hub for deployment, making the chatbot readily available for testing and usage by
59
60
end-users.
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4
5
6 h. Model Evaluation: Evaluate the performance of the developed chatbot using relevant
7 metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and user satisfaction. Compare the evaluation
8 results with existing solutions to determine the effectiveness and improvements brought by
9
our model.
10
11
12 i. Iteration and Improvement: Based on the evaluation results and user feedback,
13 iteratively improve the chatbot. This involves refining the data, adjusting the model
14
15 parameters, and enhancing the overall functionality to achieve the desired accuracy and
16 user experience standards.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41 Fig. 1 How Falcon LLM works
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4 Fig. 2: Convergence of model regards to train/loss
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 Technical Details
12
13 Deep learning models are trained using large amounts of data and require significant computing resources.
14
15 The training process involves feeding the model with data and adjusting its parameters until it can accurately
16 predict the desired output. In this context, we leverage advanced deep learning architectures, particularly
17 transformers, to develop a high-performance chatbot. The technical approach is structured into several key
18
components:
19
20
21 Model Architecture:
22
23 a. Transformers: We utilize transformer models, which have demonstrated state-of-the-art
24 performance in natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Transformers allow for handling long-
25 range dependencies in text and provide robust contextual understanding, essential for chatbot
26
27 functionality.
28 b. BitsAndBytes: This library is employed to optimize the performance of the model. It facilitates
29 efficient quantization and mixed-precision training, which reduces memory usage and accelerates
30
the training process, making it feasible to train large-scale models on available hardware.
31
32 c. Einops: This library is used for tensor operations, offering a simple and flexible interface for
33 reshaping, stacking, and transforming tensors. These operations are crucial for managing the data
34 flow within the model efficiently.
35
36 d. Torch: PyTorch serves as the primary deep learning framework, providing the necessary structures
37 and functionalities for building, training, and evaluating neural networks.
38
39 Data Handling:
40
41 Datasets Library: The datasets library is used for loading and processing data. It offers an easy-to-use
42
43
interface for accessing various datasets, enabling seamless preprocessing and data feeding into the model.
44 For this project, we use the "timdettmers/openassistant-guanaco" dataset, which provides a comprehensive
45 set of conversational data.
46
47 Model Initialization:
48
49
a. Model Selection: The selected model is falcon-7b-sharded-bf16, a state-of-the-art transformer
50
51 model pre-trained for causal language modeling tasks.
52 b. Quantization Configuration: Utilizing the BitsAndBytesConfig, the model is configured to load
53 in 4-bit precision, optimizing both memory usage and computational efficiency. This is crucial for
54
55 handling the large-scale data and model parameters involved in training.
56
57 Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT):
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4 LoraConfig: Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is used for efficient fine-tuning, which reduces the number of
5
6 trainable parameters. This approach allows us to adapt pre-trained models to specific tasks without incurring
7 the full computational cost of training from scratch.
8
9 Training Configuration:
10
11 TrainingArguments: This setup defines the parameters for training the model, including batch size,
12
learning rate, gradient accumulation steps, and optimization algorithms. These configurations ensure that
13
14 the training process is efficient and effective, adapting to the constraints of our computational resources.
15
16 Model Training and Evaluation:
17
18 SFTTrainer: The training process is managed using the SFTTrainer, which leverages the specified
19 configurations to train the model on the provided dataset. The training includes steps such as gradient
20
21 checkpointing, mixed-precision training, and efficient data handling to maximize performance.
22
23 Performance Evaluation: The model's performance is evaluated using metrics such as accuracy, precision,
24 recall, and F1 score. This evaluation helps in understanding the model's effectiveness and identifying areas
25 for improvement.
26
27
28 Experiment Tracking and Visualization:
29
30 Weights & Biases (wandb): This tool is integrated for experiment tracking, hyperparameter tuning, and
31 visualization of model performance. Wandb facilitates logging the training metrics, visualizing results, and
32 comparing different model runs, providing insights into the model's learning process and aiding in the
33
34 iterative improvement of the model.
35
36 Steps to Build the Model:
37
38 a. Data Collection: Gather a diverse dataset of conversational data relevant to the intended
39 application. This includes data on various conversational contexts, intents, and responses.
40
b. Data Preprocessing: Clean and preprocess the collected data to remove noise and outliers. This
41
42 involves tokenization, normalization, and splitting the data into training, validation, and testing
43 sets.
44
45
46 c. Model Training: Fine-tune the falcon-7b-sharded-bf16 model using the preprocessed data.
47 Employ bitsandbytes for efficient training and PyTorch for building the neural network. Log the
48 training process using wandb for experiment tracking.
49
50
51
52 d. Model Evaluation: Assess the model's performance on the test set using relevant metrics. Utilize
53 wandb to visualize and analyze the performance metrics.
54
55
56 e. Fine-Tuning: Adjust the model's hyperparameters to enhance its performance. Monitor and log the
57 results using wandb, iterating the process to achieve optimal performance.
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4 f. Deployment: Deploy the fine-tuned model on Hugging Face or similar platforms to enable real-
5
6 time inference, making the chatbot accessible for practical use.
7
8
9
10 In summary, developing this chatbot involves meticulous selection and preprocessing of the dataset,
11 designing an appropriate transformer-based architecture, training the model, and evaluating its
12
performance. The integration of libraries like transformers, bitsandbytes, einops, torch, wandb, and datasets
13
14 ensures a robust and efficient workflow, from model development to deployment.
15
16
17
18 5.Expected Results:
19
20 The expected outcomes from implementing the described technical approach are as follows:
21
22
23
24
25 a. Effective Model Architecture Utilization:
26 Demonstrate proficient utilization of transformer models, specifically leveraging their capability to
27 handle long-range dependencies and provide robust contextual understanding in natural language
28
processing tasks.
29
30 b. Optimized Model Performance:
31 Achieve enhanced model efficiency and computational effectiveness through the integration of
32 BitsAndBytes for quantization and mixed-precision training, thereby reducing memory usage and
33
34 accelerating training processes.
35 c. Efficient Data Handling:
36 Successfully utilize the datasets library to streamline data loading, preprocessing, and management,
37
ensuring seamless integration of diverse datasets and optimal data utilization.
38
39 d. Model Initialization and Fine-Tuning:
40 Initialize the falcon-7b-sharded-bf16 model with BitsAndBytesConfig for 4-bit precision, leading
41 to improved computational efficiency and effective adaptation for specific natural language
42
43 processing tasks.
44 e. Training and Evaluation Metrics:
45 Demonstrate robust training and evaluation processes using SFTTrainer, incorporating gradient
46 checkpointing, mixed-precision training, and meticulous performance evaluation metrics
47
48 (accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score) to validate model efficacy and reliability.
49 f. Experiment Tracking and Optimization:
50 Utilize Weights & Biases (wandb) for comprehensive experiment tracking, hyperparameter tuning,
51
52 and visualization of model performance metrics. Ensure iterative refinement of model parameters
53 to achieve optimal performance and deployment readiness.
54 g. Real-World Deployment Readiness:
55 Prepare the fine-tuned chatbot model for deployment on platforms like Hugging Face, ensuring
56
57 seamless integration and real-time inference capabilities for practical applications in natural
58 language processing.
59 h. Impact and Application Potential:
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4 Showcase the potential impact of the developed chatbot model in improving operational efficiency,
5
6 user experience, and task automation in various domains requiring advanced natural language
7 understanding and interaction capabilities.
8 i. Contribution to Knowledge and Innovation:
9
Contribute valuable insights and advancements to the field of deep learning and natural language
10
11 processing through innovative application of transformer models and supporting technologies.
12 Foster continuous improvement and future research directions in model-driven solutions.
13 j. Validation of Approach and Methodology:
14
15 Validate the chosen approach and methodologies through rigorous experimentation, comparative
16 analysis with existing solutions, and documentation of lessons learned. Ensure reproducibility and
17 scalability of findings for broader application and research purposes.
18
19
20
21 References:
22 1. Penedo, G., Malartic, Q., Hesslow, D., Cojocaru, R., Cappelli, A., Alobeidli, H., Pannier, B.,
23
24 Almazrouei, E. and Launay, J., 2023. The RefinedWeb dataset for Falcon LLM: outperforming
25 curated corpora with web data, and web data only. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.01116.
26 2. Basyal, L. and Sanghvi, M., 2023. Text summarization using large language models: a comparative
27 study of MPT-7B-instruct, Falcon-7b-instruct, and OpenAI Chat-GPT models. arXiv preprint
28
29 arXiv:2310.10449.
30 3. Rogozhnikov, A., 2021, October. Einops: Clear and reliable tensor manipulations with einstein-
31 like notation. In International Conference on Learning Representations.
32
33 4. Wolf, T., Debut, L., Sanh, V., Chaumond, J., Delangue, C., Moi, A., Cistac, P., Rault, T., Louf, R.,
34 Funtowicz, M. and Davison, J., 2020, October. Transformers: State-of-the-art natural language
35 processing. In Proceedings of the 2020 conference on empirical methods in natural language
36 processing: system demonstrations (pp. 38-45).
37
38 5. Reed, J., DeVito, Z., He, H., Ussery, A. and Ansel, J., 2022. torch. fx: Practical program capture
39 and transformation for deep learning in python. Proceedings of Machine Learning and Systems, 4,
40 pp.638-651.
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65