@emeraldinsight International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation Effect of chemical admixtures on concrete’s electrical resistivity Diogo Henrique de Bem, Daniel Petzold Barbosa Lima, Ronaldo A. Medeitos-Junior, Article information: To cite this document: Diogo Henrique de Bem, Daniel Petzold Barbosa Lima, Ronaldo A. Medeiros-Junior, (2018) "Effect of chemical admixtures on concrete's electrical resistivity", Intemational Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, Vol. 36 Issue: 2, pp. 174-187, https:/idol.orq/10,1108/JBPA-11-2017-0058 Permanent link to this document: Downloaded on: 20 May 2018, At: 05:50 (PT) References: this document contains references to 36 other documents. ‘To copy this document: permissions@emeraldinsight.com The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 20 times since 2018" ‘Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by emerald- srm:277069 [] For Authors If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. 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MedeirosJunior Department of Givil Construction, Universidade Federal do Parana, Received 2 Naveen 217 Curitiba, Brazil Shes a Negri ow: Abstract Purpose — The purpose ofthis paper isto verify the influence of superplastcizer and air entrainment sumictures (ABS) inthe electrical resistivity of concrete Designimethodology/approach ~ Ten dlleent types of concrete have been studied. Ths sperastiier anda ABs have Deen ed (020,035 al 080 percent), Concrete samples were c ‘Setical resistivity was monitored tthe ages of 28 63 and 1 days Compressive stength snd dens ess have aso been exected Findings ~ The supeplasticzer admixture presented an optimal level of 0.5 percent that significantly Research limitationslimplieations ~ The resis shnd be carey extrapolated for obee rateile find adhintnes, Practical implications - The usage of chemicals adixtue in concrete is extremely common nomads, weve, nla few authors have studied the impacto such materials onthe cacrete’s elects resistivity Since many cthr researchers have already eorelated electrical restaty wth other concrete propertis, suth as stength.cetng time and cortacion probability, itis important to beler understand ow Esperpaslicigers and azeatraming ageat, or instance, impad the ress Orighnalityivalue ~ The vast majthy of stds ony tested the resist of cement pate oe mortar sn usualy for shot period of time (upto 28 days) which seems not tobe adequate since the cement reacion ontinies after that perio, Ths paper ls ths gap and studied the umpact of edmectare on concrete and fr 3 pened of I days Keywords Concrete, Betrical resistivity, Admixtre, None Paper type Research paper ctive testing 1, Introduction Electrical resistivity can be defined as the capacity of a material to resist the passage of clectrcal curent. Therefor, resistivity is the inverse of condctibility. Sine the non-destructive test of electrical resistivity is simple, low-snst and has great repeatability, it can be easily used in the field to contol the quality of the concrete (Hombostel «fal, 2013), An electrical resistivity test can be a powerful tool to predict the service life of concrete structures and to check the concrete’s quality. Therefore, this type of study may help to better implement this technique, aiding in maintenance and rehabilitation projects Resistivity of cementitious materials has been studied for decades and many correlations with different concrete properties have been established, such as chlotide permeability resistance (Sengul, 2013; Ramezanianpour ef al, 2011; van Noort ef al, 2016), degree of cement hydration (Tomlinson ef al, 2017; Dong et al, 2016; Li et al, 2014), compressive and tensile strength (Lubeck ef al, 2012; Wei ef al, 2012, elastic modulus (Shao eal, 2015), setting time (Yim ef al, 2017) and corrosion probability (Horabostel etal, 2013). Tt has also been discussed that water/cement ratio, moisture, cement type and hydration degree have ecu fmianiie great influence aver this property Gengul, 2013) Enicultotteetnst The auhors thank the PostGradkation Program in Gidl Construction (PPGECO) of the Federal Enxiitkemewiansase University of Parana (UFPR) for thei infrastructure support far this research development Downloaded by UNIVERSITY ©Downloaded by UNIVERSITY © ‘The use of chemical admixtures by ready-mix concrete plants has become indispensable in the last few years, especially with the increase of the concrete strength and the need to reduce costs due to’ the increasing competitive market, Depending on the type of the admixtures, they have the potential to alter different properties of the concrete Some examples are: reducing the amount of water required for pre-established consistency, increasing fluidity, increasing resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and reducing setting However, these admixtures, especially the superplasticizers, can react and chemically interfere with the cement hydration, changing the kinetic of the cement hydration reaction (Juciké ef al, 2016; Hanehara and Yamada, 1999). Chemical interferences between cement and chemical admixture have been extensive studied in the last few decades, although it is not yet fully understood (Gu et al, 1994; Puertas ef al, 2005, Cheung et al, 2011), Many authors suggest that superplasticizers example, are adsorpted by cement particles, especially by mote reactive parts of the Cy, delaying the reaction of this component with sulfate. As a result, components with cubic structure shape can be formed, instead of slender needleshaped crystals of ettringite ‘The usage of superplasticizer can also interfere and delay the C,S and C,S hydration, even, hough less often and less pronounced than the reaction with CyA (Gu et al, 1994), Besides, the molecules of superplasticizers retard the dissolution between water and Ca in the cement-solution interface, inhibiting nucleation and the creation of Ca rich components (Puestas ef al, 2005) ‘The focus of this paper is restricted to superplasticizers (SP) and air entrainment admixtures (AEs). Superplasticizers are used in concrete in order to reduce the water content while maintaining a certain level of consistency and workability. This is obtained through the adsorption of the admixture molecules on the cement particles resulting in the repulsion of the water due to changes of the electrical charges. However, along with the fluidity increase, this kind of admixture is also known to increase setting time, concrete exudation and segregation, besides to cause impacts on the compressive strength of the concrete, especially by adding high dosages (Xiao, 2007; Jolicoeur and Simard, 1998), ‘Yousuf ef al (2017) noticed that the addition of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers increased the setting time of cement pastes (wc ratio constant) and reduced the early and final @8 days) compressive stengths. The usage of the SP also reduced the electrical sistance of these cement pastes during the period of 72 hours. Liao and Wei (2014) noticed that the usage of naphthalene-based superplasticizer increased the setting time of cement pastes proportionally with the increase of the concentration. Due to this delay on the cement hydration, the electrical resistivity also needed a prolonged time to yeach its maximum value. In the period of 24 hours initially studied, the results of electrical resistivity decreased proportionally to the increase of the admixture dosage, following the same behaviour of the setting time. Moreover, final electrical resistivity results 28 days) showed that dosages of 1.0 and 1.2 per cent resulted in smaller resistivity losses than dosages of 06 and 08 per cent. The same was observed for the final compressive strength. Additionally, it was noticed that electrical resistivity and compressive strength results were smaller for all mixtures with superplasticizer, in comparison with the reference. Xiao (2007) analysed the effect of polycarboxylate-based (irom 0.15 to 0.35 per cent) and naphthalene-based (irom O4 per cent to 1.2 per cent) superplastcizer on the electrical esistvity of cement pastes during a period of 24 hours, Cement pastes with dosages of (044 per cent of naphthalene or 0.15 per cent of polycarboxylate showed higher resistivity value than the reference concrete with no admixture, even considering that an increase in setting time was observed with the addition of the admixtures. Higher concentration of superplasticizer showed greater increase in setting time and reduction of the electrical resistance in comparison to the reference, The observed higher resistivity by the lowest Effect of chemical admixtures 175Downloaded by UNIVERSITY © BPA 36,2 176 superplasticizer dosage was expected, since these same pastes also produced a higher compressive strength at 24 hours. However, higher dosages reduced the 2-hour compressive strength, indicating a strong correlation between compressive strength and electrical resistivity. The mixtures with polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer revealed an inversion point of the 28-day compressive strength, Dosage of 0.25 per cent showed a higher result than dosages of 0.15 and 0:35 per cent. ‘Air ABs are used to internally create small stable bubbles of air uniformly distributed through the concrete mix, increasing plasticity and improving the resistance of the concrete against freeze-thaw cycles. These admixtures contain surface-active molecules, also known as surfactants, which decrease the surface tension of the water and allow the entraining of air Sahin ef al, 2017). ABs, as well as superplasticizers, can react with cement particles, slowing down the cement hydration, However, this phenomenon occurs less frequently and is much less pronounced when compared to SP. ABs also have the tendency of decreasing, the compressive strength due to the voids created by the admixture (Jucike et al, 2016) The interference of AE on durability and electrical resistivity is ess studied and hardly found in the literature, Recent studies Eskandari et al, 2016; Yim ef al, 2017) with mortar showed that the increment of air entrained obtained by the usage of AEs may increase the probability of reinforcement corrosion by chloride penetration, leading to a lower electrical resistivity. ‘When analysing the electrical resistivity of concrete, instead of mortar or cement paste, ‘one relevant point is the size of the coarse aggregate, The larger the aggregate size, the greater the impacts on the electrical resistivity measurements (Hou et al, 2017). It occurs because the electrical resistivity value ofthe gravel used as coarse aggregate is higher than the cement paste (Xiao, 2007. ‘As noticed, the majority of the studies found focused on the effect of the chemical admixtures on mortar or cement paste and for short period (up to 72h). However, cement hydration takes longer than 72) to be completed and, as previously commented, there are differences in the electrical resistivity measurement from mortar or cement paste to conerete, This paper has the objective of contributing to the topic through the evaluation of the influence of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer and air-entraining admixture fn the electrical resistivity of the concrete for @ period up to 91 days, This is a period of time when the cement hydration reactions are extremely advanced. It is important to understand the effect of chemical admixtures on conerete’s electrical resistivity for a longer period of time, since, as mentioned before, resistivity can be used to measure concrete quality in a non-destructive testing. Ifthe influence of these admixtures over the clectrical resistivity is not fully understood, false conclusions of the concrete’s quality could occur. Therefore, this paper has the purpose of understanding this influence so th electrical resistivity tests can be safely performed in the building pathology area to assist in the prediction of service life 2. Materials and methods 21 Materials Cylindrical samples of 010 x 20 cm of height were produced following the recommendations of the NBR $738 (2008) standard. The values of electrical resistivity need to be corrected according to the size of the specimens. Thus, the choice of this size and shape of the specimens occurred due to previous knowledge of the form correction factor necessary for the measuring of electrical resistivity, which was 0.377, aocarding to the UNE 8398-2 standard (38). Table I presents the quantity of materials kg/m’). The admixture proportions (SP and AE) were 0.20, 035 and 0.50 per cent by cement weight. Limestone filler-modified Portland cement (10 per cent of limestone fillet) was used. Table If shows the chemical, physical and mechanical characterisation of this cementDownloaded by UNIVERSITY © Effect of Cones! Fine geneqe Coe agente Srna tain em Tete come chemical admixtures ost ~ &s) oa 0 1 = 177 me it = : 0 = oa 3) = on Taber z a ofa Popes Tate Toh aie 1B Listen igus ie a ss 83 1 Fa as is os on ua Ina eting tine is Fil nting ue 5 ante Expunsily 262 cuaneptine Ernest stengh @ 279) 3ST camel gs Conprssie ste a) ap Oe Compress tenes dye) & sii ‘The fine and coarse aggregate used in this study was natural sand and basalt gravel, respectively, Both aggregates are commercially available and commonly used in the eady-mnix concrete centrals of the region where the study took place. The sand used is classified as fine, with a maximum aggregate size of 236 mm, specific gravity of 271 giem’, bulk density of 1.53 glem’, water absorption of 0.7 per cent and fineness modulus of ‘The gravel has a maximum aggregate size of 95mm, specific gravity of 261 glcm’ bulk density of 1.37 gicm’ and fineness modulus of 6 04 ‘The superplasticizer used was a third generation polycarboxylate-based admixture with specific gravity of 110 + 0.02 glen. The air ARs had specific gravity of 100 + 002 g/em* and dosage recommended by the manufacturer from 0.1 to 0 per cent by cement weight 22 Methods Alter the concrete production process, slump test (NBR NM 67, 1988) and flow test (NBR 15823-1, 2017) have been executed (Figure 1) to determine the consistency of the coneretes. Since there are differences between the consistency of the concretes produced, with and without admixtures, the slump test was conducted for the concrete that presented any consistency up to 250mm, Above that value, the flow test was performed,Downloaded by UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO LIBRARIES At 05:50 20 May 2018 (PT) BPA 362 178 Figure 1. Exection of forsstency tests of the samples ‘Table IL Concrete consistency O) [Notes: (a) Slump ofthe REF sample; (6) slump of the AEO.50 sample; (c) low test ofthe '$P0.35 sample Primarily, the reference concrete was produced, followed by the concrete with superplasticizer and air AEs, Final, after the determination cf the consistency of the samples with SP, new concrete without admixture and with more water were mixed. The water/cement ratio was raised until the concrete hit a consistency similar to the mixture with superplastcizer admixtures, ‘Therefore, the mixtures WO060, WO0.66 and WC080 were defined after the casting of the SP020, SPO35 and $050 samples. Mixture WC0.60 (waterlcement ratio equal to 0.60) has a similar consistency to the concrete with 020 per cent of superplastcizer (SP020), for example. ‘Table Ml presents the consistencies of the concretes. Alter 24 hours érom casting, the samples were demolded and put in a moist chamber (temperature = 23° 22°C and relative humidity > 95%) until testing ‘The clectrical resistivity test was executed at 28, 63 and 91 days. The test was always performed on the same samples in order to avoid result interference due to variations on the concrete production process. For this test, four samples of each test condition were used. On each sample, three resistivity measurements were executed, spaced by a 120° angle, resulting ina total of 12 measurements for each condition. This test was executed inside the moist chamber and with the specimens in a saturated dry surface condition, according to UNE 83988-2 2014) standard. This condition avoids variations in result due to differences in humidity conditions and temperature. Electrical resistivity tests were executed under the UNE 83988-2 (2014) European regulation, which is based on the four-point method (Wenner's technique). This technique Mixture ‘Slurp test um) Flow test em) EF % - seo.z0 = a spss al spn.so n Woon 8 Woo66 = o W080 = 2 ABD20 350 ‘ABDSS 180, = ‘aBD30 30 =Downloaded by UNIVERSITY © consists of using an equipment that holds four electrodes spaced by an equal distance (005m, as shown in Figure 2). By positioning the electrodes on the surface ofthe comerete, an electrical ccurent is applied between the two external electrodes and the resulting difference on the potential is measured by the two intemal electrodes. ‘The compressive strength was measured in all samples at 28 and 91 days. The test was performed according to the NBR 5739 2007) standard. The equipment for the rupture of the samples had a capacity of 1,000 KN, with a load speed of 045 + 0.15 MPals. ‘The density of the concrete i fresh state was determined by the rato between the weight and the volume of the freshly produced concrete. 3, Results and discussion Figure 3 shows the electrical resistivity results ofthe concretes at 28, 63 and 91 days. These results were analysed statistically to check ifthe differences between mixtures were due to the changes of the variables or due to noise during the tests. The one-way ANOVA variance sethod was applied (significance level of 5%), followed by a multiple variance analysis to verily the differences between each parameter tested, According to Table IV, all parameters (GP, AE and water/cement ratio) showed statistically relevant differences, ‘Tables V-VIT show the results of the multiple variance analysis of each individual admixture dosage and water/cement ratio. According to these tables itis possible to notice that Only the mixture SPO:35 caused statistically significant alterations on the electrical resistivity, in comparison to the control sample (REF). The samples with 0.20 and (050 per cent of SP were considered statistically equal (Table V), + The AE admixture generated statistical differences not only in comparison to the reference mixture, but also in comparison to the mixtures with different admixture content (Table VD. The same was observed for the different watericement ratio (able Vip ‘The electrical resistivity of the mixtures with superplasticizers is in agreement with Xiao (2007). The results from Liao and Wei 2014) also presented a similar behaviour although with the usage of a naphthalene-based superplasticizer. According to Liao and Resisivty oGem equipment “Test specimen Effect of chemical admixtures 179 Figure 2 letra resistivity techniqueDownloaded by UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO LIBRARIES At 05:50 20 May 2018 (PT) BPA (8 28 aye mes aays 91 eave 362 : 180 as & i Bs Figure 3. ' Heslesviy | socegeen REF" san” sPaas” S050 "Wone "CORE WoDe0” AEDQD "Aas "AERIS ce Pome Fanal Sinica abe Spelt a Ye ce wixova Peet bs 38 is cadens Whecane ts sat 38 1S kaw Te of en Amp atinane St ear xs 12 ow % Rerismse so & Tate. Riv ysu0 oa x Meare 50x S35 sa = Sioso 3 san is x Boeri S035 SIua0 is ® aes it of iin reaped Sigua KER x Ami om 3 Ye heed 8 iS table vt Rar Anas ie is Meee eos oa ie sapere Ae Agnan oe is Seer Asana is 1S Wei 2014), electrical resistivity increases when dosages of admixture are higher. However, the maximum dosage of 12 per cent used by Liao and Wei (2014) did not reach the inflection point, differently from the results shown in Figure 3 that shows an infliction point at 0.35 per cent,Downloaded by UNIVERSITY © According to Figure 3, the electrical resistivity ofthe concrete increased with the air ABs content, with the exc imple AEO.35, This behaviour is different from the study of Yim et al, 2017), However, Yim ef al 2017) only studied resistivity in mortars for 24 hous Since samples SP020 and WC0.60 are equivalent in terms of consistency, as well as the samples SP0:35-W00.66 and SPO50-WCO80, the variance test was applied to these conditions. The results are presented in Table VIII and show that there is a significant difference in the resistivity’ when obtaining certain concrete's consistency through the ‘increase of the water/eement ratio or through the dosage of superplasticizer. The concrete with superplasticizer presented a superior resistivity than the concrete with higher water! cement ratio (Figure 3). This is related to the quantity of capillary voids generated by the higher watec/cement ratio. This phenomenon is well understood inthe literature (Tomlinson. et al, 2017; Lubeck et al, 2012; Medeiros Junior and Lima, 2016; Xiao and Wei, 2017). These voids contribute to redtcing the electrical resistivity of concrete and the excessive water acts as a conductor inside the concrete, According to Figure 4, the concrete with air AEs presents lower density. The mixtures with 020 and 0.35 per cent of SP resulted in lower density compared to the reference However, with dosages of 0.50 per cent, the density is very close to the reference mixture. This same behaviour was observed by Xiao (2007) ‘The compressive strength of the concrete with no admixtures behaved as expected According to Figure 5, the compressive strength was lower when the water/cement ratio was increased {WC mixtures). However, the behaviour of the compressive strengths of the mixtures with admixture was different, although the water/cement ratio was kept constant, The concretes produced with AE presented mechanical strength proportional to density Therefore, the higher the air entrainment of the concrete, the lower the compressive strength. Itis also possible to observe that there is an inflection point, not only in the density tut also in the mechanical strength, indicating a saturation point of the AE near 0.35 per cent. Figure 6 presents a cortelation between the density and the compressive strength of the concrete According to Figure 6, there is a clear correlation between density and compressive strength (R*= 0.92). Higher density generates higher compressive strength. As observed in the electrical resistivity test (Figure 3, there is also an inilexion point in the compressive strength for the SP admixtures (0.35 per cent content). In this case, this inflexion point cannot necessarily be attributed to a saturation point, ance the use of 0.50 per cent admixture still increased workability, as demonstrated in Table 1 Analysis Limit of decision Average diferences Sigs REF x WoDg0| on 999 Yee REE x WCD66 su Yes REF x Wend 728 Yes ‘wonso x Wo. 1s Yes WOo80 x WCos0 208 Yes ‘wODBE x WD. ur Yes Effect of chemical admixtures 181 Table VIL Maine variance nals = water Analysis Limit of decision Average diferences Significant sspnz0 x wen60| ost 7a Yes S55 Woes vat Yes wong 9658 Yes ‘Table VIN, ‘Mulipie variance anaiyss “SP and AEDownloaded by UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO LIBRARIES At 05:50 20 May 2018 (PT) BPA 362 182 Figure 4 Deny of the fea fonrete mixtures Figure 5 Comressive strength ft the concrete a Band dave 2.00) 2.300) 2.100) Density (kat) REF $020. Soa Se0s0 Aco20 AED. AEDS Mixtures Peon mot dye Compressive stength (MPs) REF” $P020” $P035” $Pas0 “WCOS0 "WOD8s ~WCD8)” AED20 "AEDS ”AEDSO Matures As previously commented, this behaviour has probably a correlation with the form of action of this SP and the possibilty ofthe combination of SP with cement particles, This is also the possible reason why the compressive strength of the concrete with SP was slightly lower than the result without admixture. ‘The level of superplasticizer of 035 per cent has shown to be optimal from the mechanical strength and electrical resistivity point of view. Probably, lower dosages were enough fora proper dispersion, while higher dosages interfered negatively on the hydration of the cement or the rheology of the concrete, generating negative effects not only in theDownloaded by UNIVERSITY © an on oh = Frm 8 00 yorgrotzana meow Compressive strength (MPa) ‘mechanical resistance, but also in the electrical resistivity. The use of this 035 per cent dosage generated an increase of the compressive strength at 91 days of approximately 8 per cent, while it increased electrical resistivity by more than 50 per cent Concerning the AE, the concentration of 035 per cent presented the highest air entrainment value, generating lower density and mechanical strength and lower electrical resistivity. The 020 per cent concentration is probably insufficient to maximise air entrainment, allowing even higher air entrainment with higher dosages. The dosage of 050 per cent generated an opposite effect, reducing the air level, indicating an excess cof admixture. The use ofthis type of admixture reduced the compressive strength in more than 70 per cent, although it, generated lower impact on the electrical resistivity ‘The resistivity for AE increased on the dosages from 0.20 and 0.50 per cent and had a slightly decrease with 0.35 per cent (Figure 3 and Table VD. According to Figures 3 and 5, mixtures with higher water/cement ratio bad lower compressive strength and electrical resistivity. This occurred due to the higher porosity. generated by this water increase. As observed in other studies (Yim ef al, 2017; Sharbai f al, 2017; Xiao and Wei, 2017; Medeiros junior and Lima, 2016; Xiao et af, 2016), lower watericement ratio produce denser microstructures, with less porosity and less interconnectivity of the existent pores Figure 7 shows a correlation between mechanical strength and electrical resistivity. According to other studies (Medeiros-Junior ef al, 014), the best fit or this correation is the Jogarithmical curve. In this study, compressive strengti tests were only performed at 28 and 91 days. The reason for not showing the correlation at $1 days is because there is no significant difference compared to the correlation at 28 days, At 91 days, the corrclation R* was 0.79. In general, as the compressive strength increases, the electrical resistivity also increases. The same behaviour was also observed by other authors (Ferreiza and Jalal, 2010; Wei ef al, 2012; Medeiros-funior ef al, 2014; Labeck ef al, 2012; Dong et al, 2018) However, the results of the mixtures with AE do not fit effectively inthis correlation, mainly due to such admixture generated significant reduction of the compressive strengths, but with no considerable impact on the resistivity results. That occurs due to the fact that the air by AEs are not interconnected, therefore not generating alterations on the electrical resistivity on the same proportions of the compressive strength, This fac is clear once the relationship between the electrical resistivity and the compressive strength is analysed, as presented in Figure 8. Samples with ABs are the ones that presented, the higher resistivity/MPa ratio, The resistivity/compressive strength ratio has an Important significance to show that depending on the chemical admixture, especially AE, Effect of chemical admixtures 183 Figure 6. Correlations deity ot inesh concrete veDownloaded by UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO LIBRARIES At 05:50 20 May 2018 (PT) BPA Ree esp ewe 362 y=-2149IN9)-271 * ~ z “ FR=081 . T 2° ae Z% 184 Bos za * 2m s Bos Eto Figure 7 eo. 1 Enea rstivty dod compres ° strength correlation — o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a a soma cave local resistivity (k2.om) 70 ca 291 aoe Ha £8 0 B= os & FF oe Figure 8. 08 esa and compressive oor REF” §P020" SP035” SPOS) WGRED’ W068” WOOO” AED20 " AEDS ” AEDSO Sreng’h r8i0 ‘Sample the resistivity is not always proportional to the compressive strength. By using an AB admixture, the compressive strength is drastically reduced without major resistivity loss, generating a higher resistivity/MPa ratio. The other mixtures (WC and SP) presented a very similar result betwen them and smaller than the results from the AE mixtures. 4, Conclusions The results of this study showed that the usage of superplasticizer and air AEs has an influence on the electrical resistivity of concrete Its also possible to observe that producing a concrete with high fluidity by increasing the wic ratio, instead of using @ superplasticizer admixture, generates a substantial loss in the mechanical strength and also in the electrical resistivity, as expected The use of superplasticizer admixtures only generated statistically significant differences at the 0.35 per cent dosage, Superior or inferior dosages do not create anyDownloaded by UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO LIBRARIES At 05:50 20 May 2018 (PT) Impact on the electrical resistivity, in comparison to the reference mixture. However, ll the variations of water/oement ratio and air AEs dosages show statistically significant differences, The usage of ABs reciced the compressive strength due tothe reduction on the density ofthe concrete, However, AEs can increase the electrical resistivity. ‘The results showed a strong correlation between meckanical strength and electrical resistivity. The rests o the superplastcizer mixtures showed that the intermediate dosage (035 per cent) presented the best results in temas of electrical resistivity and compressive strength, This same dosage decreased the compressive strength and electrical resistivity of the concrete with AE admixture, However, the electrical resistivity per MPa ratio was a lot superior for samples with the AE, but there are difficulties to comelate the electrical resistivity with the compressive strength for samples with this admixture. 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(2017, “Evaluation ofthe influence ofa superplasticizr on the hyéation ‘varying composition cements bythe electrical resistivity measurement method", Construction ‘aed Building Material, Vol. 44, pp. 253, Further reading Hernbostel, K, Elener, B, Andst, U.and Geiker, MR. 2017), ‘Limitations ofthe use of concrete bulk ‘esistivty as an indicator for the rate of chlridedndced macro-cell corrosion" Concrete, Vol. 18 No.2, pp. 326833. Spragg,R, Vln, C, Snyder, K, Bens, DP. and Bullard, JW. 2019), "Factors that induenceelectical ‘esstivty measurements in cementitious systems", Journal of Transportation Research Board, Vol 2342, pp. 9058. ‘Structural Corresponding author Ronaldo A. Medeiros can be contacted at ronaldodemedeitosjr@yahoo com br For instructions on how to order reprints of this article, please visit our website ‘www.emeraldgrouppublishing com/licensing/reprints htm (Or contact us for further details: permissionsemeraldinsight.com