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Development in
Wastewater Treatment
Research and
Processes
This page intentionally left blank
Development in
Wastewater Treatment
Research and
Processes
Innovative Microbe-Based
Applications for Removal of
Chemicals and Metals in
Wastewater Treatment Plants
Edited by
Maulin P. Shah
Senior Environmental Microbiologist, Environmental Microbiology
Lab, Bharuch, Gujarat, India
Susana Rodriguez-Couto
Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering
Science, LUT University, Mikkeli, Finland
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional
practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described
herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety
and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional
responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or
editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a
matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any
methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
8 Detoxification............................................................... 253
9 Different types of bioremediators for heavy metals ............. 256
9.1 Algae...................................................................257
9.2 Fungi...................................................................258
9.3 Bacteria ...............................................................258
10 Integrated system .......................................................... 259
11 Conclusion and future perspectives................................... 260
References ................................................................... 261
CHAPTER 12 Membrane proteins mediated microbial-
electrochemical remediation technology............. 265
Jesús Pérez-Garcı´a, Javier Bacame-Valenzuela,
Diana Mayra Sánchez López,
José de Jesús Gómez-Guzmán,
Martha Leticia Jiménez González,
Luis Ortiz-Frade and Yolanda Reyes-Vidal
1 Introduction ................................................................. 265
2 Microbial electrochemistry ............................................. 267
2.1 Microbial-electrochemical systems for
bioremediation ..................................................... 268
3 Membrane protein complex in electrogenic bacteria for
bioremediation ............................................................. 270
3.1 Respiratory complexes of Shewanella oneidensis and
heavy metals biodegradation................................... 270
3.2 Redox mediators of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in
environmental bioremediation ................................. 272
3.3 Geobacter sulfurreducens cytochromes and
nanowires in heavy metals reduction ........................ 272
4 Biological enzymes for environmental bioremediation......... 273
4.1 Oxidoreductases ................................................... 274
4.2 Peroxidases.......................................................... 274
4.3 Oxygenases.......................................................... 275
4.4 Monooxygenases .................................................. 275
4.5 Methane oxygenase (MMO) ................................... 276
4.6 Laccases.............................................................. 276
5 Electrochemical characterization of redox enzymes ............ 277
5.1 Cyclic voltammetry............................................... 277
5.2 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).......... 278
5.3 Coupled spectroscopic and electrochemical
techniques ........................................................... 279
6 Perspectives ................................................................. 281
References ................................................................... 282
Contents xiii
Index...................................................................................................461
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Contributors
Kunwali Das
Department of Microbiology, Tripura University (A Central University), Agartala,
Tripura, India
Moazam Ali
Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Jayshree Annamalai
Centre for Environmental Studies, Department of Civil Engineering, Anna
University, CEG Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Ambreen Ashar
Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad,
Punjab, Pakistan
Javier Bacame-Valenzuela
Center of Research and Technological Development in Electrochemistry,
Querétaro Technology Park, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, México; CONACYT-
Center of Research and Technological Development in Electrochemistry,
Querétaro Technology Park, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, México
Pujaita Banerjee
Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Sudeshna Banerjee
Department of Microbiology, Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sanchayita Basu
Department of Microbiology, Tripura University (A Central University), Agartala,
Tripura, India
Manaswini Behera
School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Hiren N. Bhalani
College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat,
India
Navneeta Bharadvaja
Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi
Technological University, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Devikaben Bharatbhai Vishani
Department of Microbiology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University,
Vadodara, Gujarat, India
xix
xx Contributors
Deepti Bhardwaj
Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi
Technological University, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Pinal Bhatt
Department of Microbiology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University,
Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Joyani Bhattacharjee
Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West
Bengal, India
Arunima Bhattacharjee
Department of Microbiology, Tripura University (A Central University), Agartala,
Tripura, India
Sourish Bhattacharya
Process Design and Engineering Cell, CSIR Central Salt and Marine Chemicals
Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta
The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter
Bush Campus, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
Pitam Chakrabarti
Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West
Bengal, India
Vivek Chauhan
Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill,
Himachal Pradesh, India
Suraj Chetri
Department of Zoology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, India
Mohita Chugh
Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi
Technological University, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Anjali Dahiya
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati,
Assam, India
Sagar Daki
Process Design and Engineering Cell, CSIR Central Salt and Marine Chemicals
Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
José de Jesús Gómez-Guzmán
Center of Research and Technological Development in Electrochemistry,
Querétaro Technology Park, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, México
Contributors xxi
Subhasish Dutta
Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West
Bengal, India
Salman Farissi
Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Science Systems, Central
University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
Janhavi Gadkari
Department of Microbiology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University,
Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Priya Gautam
Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill,
Himachal Pradesh, India
Bhaswati Ghosh
Department of Microbiology, Sarsuna College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata,
West Bengal, India
Martha Leticia Jiménez González
Center of Research and Technological Development in Electrochemistry,
Querétaro Technology Park, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, México
Rishee K. Kalaria
ASPEE Shakilam Biotechnology Institute, Navsari Agricultural University, Surat,
Gujarat, India
Ayesha Kanwal
Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, The Islamia
University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Shamsher S. Kanwar
Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill,
Himachal Pradesh, India
Priya Khadgawat
Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Khushbu
Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi,
Delhi, India
Veena Gayathri Krishnaswamy
Department of Biotechnology Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Affiliated to
University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Deepak Kumar
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, Haryana,
India
xxii Contributors
Lakhan Kumar
Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi
Technological University, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Ashutosh Kumar
Department of Microbiology, Tripura University (A Central University), Agartala,
Tripura, India
Sangeeta Kumari
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, Haryana,
India
Sidak Minocha
Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Muthukumar Muthuchamy
Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Science Systems, Central
University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
Anbazhagi Muthukumar
Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Science Systems, Central
University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
Iqra Muzammil
Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Luis Ortiz-Frade
Center of Research and Technological Development in Electrochemistry,
Querétaro Technology Park, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, México
Ashok Pandey
CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicological Research, Lucknow, Uttar Praesh, India
Shubhangi Parmar
Process Design and Engineering Cell, CSIR Central Salt and Marine Chemicals
Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
Hiren K. Patel
School of Sciences, P P Savani University, Surat, Gujarat, India
Bhisma K. Patel
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati,
Assam, India
S.M. Paul Khurana
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, Haryana,
India
Contributors xxiii
Jesús Pérez-Garcı́a
Center of Research and Technological Development in Electrochemistry,
Querétaro Technology Park, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, México
Sneha Ramesh
Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Science Systems, Central
University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
Sathish Raam Ravichandran
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamil
Nadu, India
Aryama Raychaudhuri
School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Yolanda Reyes-Vidal
Center of Research and Technological Development in Electrochemistry,
Querétaro Technology Park, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, México; CONACYT-
Center of Research and Technological Development in Electrochemistry,
Querétaro Technology Park, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, México
Dipanjan Roy
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ramkrishna Mission Vivekananda
Educational and Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Ashish Kumar Sahoo
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati,
Assam, India
Mothil Sengottian
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamil
Nadu, India
Aveepsa Sengupta
Department of Microbiology, Tripura University (A Central University), Agartala,
Tripura, India
Bipin Kumar Sharma
Department of Microbiology, Tripura University (A Central University), Agartala,
Tripura, India
Muhammad Shoaib
Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan;
Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of
Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou
Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
xxiv Contributors
Anupama Shrivastav
Department of Microbiology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University,
Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Pragati Singh
Department of Microbiology, Tripura University (A Central University), Agartala,
Tripura, India
Rajalakshmi Sridharan
Department of Biotechnology Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Affiliated to
University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Diana Mayra Sánchez López
Center of Research and Technological Development in Electrochemistry,
Querétaro Technology Park, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, México
Sabeela Beevi Ummalyma
Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), An Autonomous
Institute Under Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Takyelpat,
Imphal, Manipur, India
Divyesh K. Vasava
College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat,
India
Chitra Devi Venkatachalam
Department of Food Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamil Nadu,
India
Sivakumar Venkatachalam
Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech Campus, Anna University,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
CHAPTER
A comparative study
between physicochemical
and biological methods for
effective removal of textile
1
dye from wastewater
Subhasish Dutta, Joyani Bhattacharjee
Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal, India
1. Introduction
One of the major sources of pollution in nature is industrial wastewater. Due to high
global development, various chemical agents like dyes, pigments, and other aro-
matic compounds are used in industries such as textile, printing, pharmaceuticals,
and plastics to generate products with better results (Khan and et al., 2020). Various
studies have confirmed that an average sized textile industry consumes around 1.6
million liters of water per day for the production of about 8000 kg of fabric. A
research from World Bank has said around 17%e20% of textile industry water
pollution comes from dyeing and finishing treatments that are applied to the fabric.
The processes included in the main steps of textile industry are resizing, dyeing,
printing and some finishing steps. The finishing steps are softening, cross-linking
and waterproofing and they require a huge amount of water supply (Nemr, 2012;
Bhatia et al., 2017). Large amount of effluents are generated from dyeing and the
finishing processes. Dyeing can be defined as the process of applying colors to
the fabrics which are resistant to the effect of light, water, and soap. Tannin and
lignin are considered examples of coloring agents. For various other processes to
be carried out in the textile industry, a particular mixture is made out of chemicals,
dye stuffs, and water. Once the process is completely done this mixture is released
into various water bodies (Anjaneyulu et al., 2005). The presence of suspended solid
particles, high chemical oxygen demand (COD), synthetic dyes, and heavy metals
such as lead, mercury, and cadmium have been considered to increase the toxicity
of water. These textile effluents alter the color and composition of the water bodies
making it very hazardous for the marine ecosystem (Nguyen and Ruey-Shin, 2013).
Dyes have high thermal and photo stability which helps them to persist for an
extended period of time in the water environment if left untreated. The dark color
imparted by these toxic chemicals reduces the sunlight penetration thus hampering
photosynthesis. They also inhibit the growth and activity of microorganisms.
The effluents generated from these textile industries are not only considered to be
toxic for the aquatic ecosystem but they are also enriched by the presence of various
carcinogenic and mutagenic substances which are harmful to human beings too. For
instance, the very famous azo dye, which is one of the main components of textile
industry, is very much responsible for bladder cancer in humans (Ramachandran
et al., 2013). They also cause severe damage to kidney, brain, reproductive system.
Therefore, in this chapter an effort has been made in discussing the preexisting phys-
iochemical methods to remove toxicity from textile effluents and their inefficiencies
and cost effectiveness, with special focus on biological methods which have been
found beneficial.
Based on the presence of chromophoric groups, dyes can be classified into more
than 20e30 groups. Out of which most important ones are nitro dyes, nitroso dyes,
azo dyes, trimethyl ethane dyes, phthalein dyes, indigo dyes, anthraquinone dyes,
and sulfur dye (Benkhaya et al., 2020; Ramachandran et al., 2013).
3. Physical methods
Physical methods can be defined as a straight forward method to remove toxic efflu-
ents from wastewater by the application of forces such as gravitation, electrical
3. Physical methods 5
Modified from El Harfi, S., El Harfi, A., 2017. Classifications, properties and applications of textile dyes: a
review. Appl. J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 3 (3), 00000e00003 and Singh, P.K., Ram, L.S., 2017. Bio-removal
of azo dyes: a review. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. 5 (2), 108e126.
attraction, and van der Waal’s force. Of all the three methodologies (physical, chem-
ical, and biological), physical method is the most used one as it is much simpler, effi-
cient, and the least amount of chemicals and biological organisms are used (Vanitha
et al., 2018).
3.1 Adsorption
Of all the available physical methods, adsorption has been proven to be the most effi-
cient and widely used technology to treat waste water effluents (Anjaneyulu et al.,
2005). Adsorption can be defined as a physicochemical mass transfer process where
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