Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ebook download Cyclic Plasticity of Metals: Modeling Fundamentals and Applications 1st Edition - eBook PDF all chapter
ebook download Cyclic Plasticity of Metals: Modeling Fundamentals and Applications 1st Edition - eBook PDF all chapter
https://ebooksecure.com/download/fundamentals-of-laser-powder-
bed-fusion-of-metals-ebook-pdf/
https://ebooksecure.com/download/fundamentals-of-multiscale-
modeling-of-structural-materials-ebook-pdf/
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-fundamentals-and-
applications-of-renewable-energy-1st-edition/
https://ebooksecure.com/download/peridynamic-modeling-numerical-
techniques-and-applications-ebook-pdf/
Rainfall: Modeling, Measurement and Applications 1st
Edition Renato Morbidelli (Editor) - eBook PDF
https://ebooksecure.com/download/rainfall-modeling-measurement-
and-applications-ebook-pdf/
https://ebooksecure.com/download/chemistry-of-functional-
materials-surfaces-and-interfaces-fundamentals-and-applications-
ebook-pdf/
https://ebooksecure.com/download/nanocosmetics-fundamentals-
applications-and-toxicity-micro-nano-technologies-ebook-pdf/
https://ebooksecure.com/download/4d-printing-fundamentals-and-
applications-ebook-pdf/
https://ebooksecure.com/download/chemistry-of-nanomaterials-
fundamentals-and-applications-ebook-pdf/
Cyclic Plasticity of Metals
Modeling Fundamentals and Applications
Elsevier Series on Plasticity of Materials
The Plasticity of Materials book series summarizes foundational knowledge and outlines recent devel-
opments in the field of materials plasticity. Featuring investigations at all scales, including experimental,
constitutive modeling, and numerical approaches for governing equations, each volume in the series aims to
provide vision, insight, and solutions to fundamental and applied problems, as well as unifying multi-scale
approaches. It covers a broad range of content in mechanics, material sciences, manufacturing, mechanical,
automotive, civil, environmental, mining, and petroleum engineering for an array of audiences including
students, researchers, and professional engineers.
Series Editor-in-Chief: Frédéric Barlat
Professor Frédéric Barlat is one of the leading researchers in the field of mechanics of materials and has
published over 250 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Following his PhD, he joined Alcoa Tech-
nical Center outside Pittsburgh, PA where he worked for over 20 years before moving to South Korea where
he became a full professor at Pohang University of Science and Technology. He is an honorary member of
the Romanian Academy and received the 2013 Khan International Award for outstanding life-long contri-
butions to the field of plasticity. His research focuses on the development of innovative plasticity theories
for metals as well as manufacturing technologies for sheet products.
Series Deputy Editor: Oana Cazacu
Dr. Cazacu is a Professor of Mechanics at University of Florida’s Graduate Research Engineering and Edu-
cation Center (UF/REEF). She has Habilitation and Doctoral degrees from the University of Lille (France)
and has been the recipient of visiting chair professorships in Europe and Australia. She is an Associate Edi-
tor of Mechanics Research Communication and the International Journal of Material Forming and also the
author of a monograph, 12 book chapters, over 150 peer-reviewed papers, and has edited another 5 books.
She is widely recognized for her contributions to modeling plastic anisotropy and damage in metallic and
geological materials.
Series Deputy Editor: René De Borst
Dr. De Borst is the Centenary Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Sheffield. He was previ-
ously Distinguished Professor at Delft University of Technology and Eindhoven University of Technology,
and the Regius Professor of Civil Engineering and Mechanics at the University of Glasgow. His work cov-
ers several topics in engineering mechanics and materials, such as plasticity and fracture of concrete, soils,
composites, and rubbers, as well as the development of numerical models for deformation and failure. He
is the author of 2 books, has edited another 14 books and conference proceedings, and has written over 230
peer-reviewed papers and 30 book chapters. He is a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and
Sciences, a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and the Royal Academy of Engineering in London.
He also holds an honorary doctorate from INSA Lyon.
Series Deputy Editor: A. Erman Tekkaya
Dr. A. Erman Tekkaya is currently a professor and the director of the Institute for Metal Forming and
Lightweight Components (IUL) at the Technische Universität Dortmund. His research interests cover fun-
damentals and technology of novel metal forming processes, material characterization for modeling the
material behavior during plastic deformations, and damage-controlled metal forming processes improving
the usability of the formed components. He was awarded the International Prize for Research & Develop-
ment in Precision Forging by the Japanese Society for Technology of Plasticity in 2014. He is a fellow of
the International Academy for Production Engineering (CIRP) and member of the Board of Trustees of the
German Research Association for Steel Application (FOSTA). He has published over 210 peer-reviewed
papers and has over 30 patents granted or filed.
Available and forthcoming volumes
• Gradient-Enhanced Continuum Plasticity by George Voyiadjis (2020)
• Plasticity of Metallic Materials by Oana Cazacu and Benoit Revil-Baudard (2020)
• Material Modeling with the Visco-Plastic Self-Consistent Approach by Carlos Tome and Ricardo
Lebensohn (2021)
• Thermomechanics of Solids and Structures by Marko Canadija (2022)
Elsevier Series on Plasticity of Materials
Series Editors
Frédéric Barlat
Oana Cazacu
René De Borst
A. Erman Tekkaya
Edited by
Hamid Jahed
Ali A. Roostaei
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-12-819293-1
List of contributors xi
Foreword xv
Preface xix
2.2.3 Plasticity 41
2.3 Hardening rules 45
2.3.1 Isotropic hardening 45
2.3.2 Kinematic hardening 46
2.3.3 Combined hardening 50
2.4 Closing remarks 50
References 50
Index 435
List of contributors
Jafar Albinmousa
Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals,
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Yannis F. Dafalias
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, CA,
United States
Department of Mechanics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Institute of Thermomechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Heidi P. Feigenbaum
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ,
United States
Grzegorz Glinka
Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Water-
loo, ON, Canada
Radim Halama
Department of Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB – Tech-
nical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
M. Reza Hirmand
Natural Resources Canada, CanmetMATERIALS, Hamilton, ON, Canada
University of Waterloo, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering,
Waterloo, ON, Canada
xii List of contributors
Hamid Jahed
Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Water-
loo, ON, Canada
Qianhua Kan
Southwest Jiaotong University, Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Labora-
tory of Sichuan Province, School of Mechanics and Engineering, Chengdu, Sichuan,
China
Guozheng Kang
Southwest Jiaotong University, Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Labora-
tory of Sichuan Province, School of Mechanics and Engineering, Chengdu, Sichuan,
China
Kyriakos Kourousis
School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
René Marek
Institute of Thermomechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Francisco J. Montáns
School of Aeronautical Engineering and Space, Technical University of Madrid,
Madrid, Spain
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL, United States
Khanh Nguyen
Imdea Materials Institute, Tecnogetafe, Getafe, Spain
Marek Pagáč
Department of Machining, Assembly and Engineering Metrology, Faculty of Mechan-
ical Engineering, VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
Katerina D. Papoulia
Tesserae Solutions, Waterloo, ON, Canada
York University, Department of Civil Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada
Slavomír Parma
Institute of Thermomechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Zbyněk Paška
Department of Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB – Tech-
nical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
List of contributors xiii
Ali A. Roostaei
Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Water-
loo, ON, Canada
Timothy Topper
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
ON, Canada
A. Varvani-Farahani
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto,
ON, Canada
Meijuan Zhang
Imdea Materials Institute, Tecnogetafe, Getafe, Spain
This page intentionally left blank
Foreword
deformation is beneficial as it significantly reduces the load value required for the
forming process and generates a fine grain structure. The application of constitutive
cyclic plasticity models is here important for achieving an effective forming process
by selecting proper frequency and amplitude of imposed cyclic deformation.
There are several major approaches to develop constitutive models applicable to
simulation of cyclic processes:
A1. Composite structure approach with parallel or series layout of elements
A2. Multisurface models representing the field of hardening moduli
A3. Hardening–recovery models specifying the back stress evolution
A4. Representation of back stress evolution by convolution integrals
The first approach is based on the assumption of a representative material element
to be composed of subelements of simple elastic–plastic properties and arranged in
parallel or series layout, for instance, perfectly plastic for parallel and linearly hard-
ening for series layout with differing yield stress values. Then either strain or stress
fields are uniform within the elements, and an analytical description can be provided.
Both discrete and continuous versions of element distribution can be treated, and
the yield stress distribution can be identified from the monotonic stress–strain curve
(Iwan, 1967; Zienkiewicz et al., 1972). The loading–unloading–reloading rules can be
expressed analytically, as they satisfy Masing rule: if for an initial loading the stress–
strain relation is σ = f (ε) then unloading and reloading relations are expressed as
σ̄ /2 = f (ε̄/2), where σ̄ = σ − σA , ε̄ = ε − εA , and σA , εA are the stress reversal
states. These models can be attributed to a two-phase composite, where one phase is
strong and only deforms elastically, while the other phase is weaker and deforms in an
elastic–plastic regime. Then the back stress X does not exhibit recovery and is repre-
sented by a residual stress field with its evolution following Melan–Prager normality
rule, dX = cdεp .
The second class of models is based on the concept of the field of hardening mod-
uli generated by plastic deformation (Mróz, 1967). It is represented by a set of nesting
surfaces of constant moduli values. Such surfaces are different from the experimen-
tally determined yield surfaces assuming constant plastic offset values (e.g., 0.2%).
They should not intersect each other, so proper translation rules are stated. Both a
discrete set of several surfaces or a continuous set of infinitely many surfaces can be
used. The memory of maximal prestress is naturally incorporated in multisurface con-
figuration and, similarly, the discrete memory of last stress reversals is stored. Also
the proportional loading concept can be redefined along the stress reversal paths. Two
surface models using yield and bounding surfaces, combined with analytical expres-
sion of hardening modulus evolution (Dafalias and Popov, 1975; Krieg, 1975), became
popular for modeling cyclic response of metals and soils.
The third class of models based on hardening–recovery interaction of back stress
and combined kinematic-isotropic hardening (Armstrong and Frederic, 1966) is now
widely used in simulation of ratcheting effect of structural elements. The back stress
evolution rule dX = cdεp − γ Xdλ now depends on the hardening and recovery
parameters c and γ . In a uniaxial cyclic tension test for stress oscillating between
σmin ≥ 0 and σmax > 0, an excessive ratcheting strain is then predicted. Similarly, for
Foreword xvii
Z. Mróz
Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Warsaw, Poland
May 2021
This page intentionally left blank
Preface
Cyclic plasticity is truly a multidisciplinary field of study. The field has been en-
riched by contributions from many researchers with diverse expertise in areas such as
materials science; mechanical, biomechanical, chemical, and civil engineering; solid
mechanics, applied mathematics, computational mechanics; design, and manufactur-
ing of parts/components. The cyclic plasticity field has also garnered a very wide
range of applications, as many manufactured components are inevitably exposed to
cyclic loads in their service life. Whether it is intended to avoid crack initiation in au-
tomotive components, assess damage in aerospace/power generation/nuclear industry
components, study reaction of biological/synthetic cells/tissues to cyclic stimuli, or
characterize and model the mechanical response of emerging additively manufactured
materials, one would need to consult the cyclic plasticity field. The field has a very
deep history dating back to the late 19th century and great works of pioneers such as
Bauschinger.
The motivations behind the present book are twofold. Firstly, this book fills the gap
in the literature regarding the cyclic plasticity of metals as a comprehensive review
resource covering fundamental rules of cyclic plasticity alongside established classical
models, as well as various applications. The book can therefore be used as a study
source book for many upper-year undergraduate and graduate engineering students,
as well as academic researchers in the fields of cyclic plasticity modeling and fatigue
analysis. Secondly, the book serves as an important reference text for industry R&D
researchers and practicing design engineers, especially durability analysts. A major
part of the book is thus devoted to the practical applications of cyclic plasticity such
as notch analysis.
The book is structured in three main parts. Part One gives introductory relevant
material required in order to introduce the underlying physics of main cyclic plasticity
phenomena observed in experiments, to review the basic foundation of continuum
plasticity, and to understand and employ existing cyclic plasticity models. It con-
sists of a chapter on experimental observations in cyclic loading of metals, together
with a chapter covering fundamentals of cyclic plasticity models. Part Two, written
by internationally-renowned researchers, elaborates on the established cyclic plas-
ticity models in the continuum plasticity framework. This part includes chapters on
multisurface, two-surface, nonlinear kinematic hardening, and distortional hardening
cyclic plasticity models. Also included in this part is a comprehensive background
on the foundation of numerical implementation of cyclic plasticity, with brief review
of generalized and endochronic plasticity models. Finally, in Part Three, practical
applications of cyclic plasticity models toward design and manufacturing of com-
ponents are demonstrated in four chapters contributed by leading experts in their
respective areas of specialization. Two chapters of this part are devoted to describing
xx Preface
fatigue and notch analyses of engineering components, two practical subject matters
closely connected with cyclic plasticity modeling. As another important application,
the ratcheting prediction capabilities of cyclic plasticity models are also addressed,
alongside experimentally observed evolution features of ratcheting and their appli-
cation in design analyses. The final chapter of the book discusses the application
of cyclic plasticity models in capturing the inherent anisotropy in additively man-
ufactured metals, an emerging class of engineering metals. In all three parts, the
authors have attempted to maintain generality in terms of different metal crystal struc-
tures including body-centered cubic (BCC), face-centered cubic (FCC), and hexagonal
closed-packed (HCP), hence taking into account a wide spectrum of engineering met-
als such as steel, aluminum, titanium, and magnesium.
There are many individuals who have helped this book becomes a reality. First and
foremost, we are deeply indebted to the scholars who have contributed to this book.
We thank them all for their passion in providing unique writings on their expertise,
and for their boundless dedication to complete this project on time despite hurdles
and mishaps of a global pandemic. We would also like to acknowledge the sincere
efforts by Elsevier’s project managerial team of Dennis McGonagle, Joshua Mearns,
Julie Luanco, and Rafael Trombaco towards timely response to enquiries and seamless
publication process turnaround.
Introduction
This page intentionally left blank
Experimental observations in cyclic
loading of metals 1
Ali A. Roostaei and Hamid Jahed
Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
ON, Canada
1.1 Introduction
The cyclic plasticity of a ductile metal, concerned with its elastic-plastic stress–strain
response under cyclic loading conditions, is playing a crucial role in fatigue and failure
analyses of load-bearing engineering components. Before diving deep into the com-
plex realm of the cyclic plasticity, to help the readers with the basic understanding,
as well as critical evaluation of established cyclic constitutive models, some general
observations and fundamental concepts are first introduced in this chapter. Underly-
ing microstructure features (local deformation systems and interaction between them)
in relation with the macroscopic observations are also briefly discussed to give the
readers an understanding of the physics of the observed phenomena.
In the continuum (phenomenological) plasticity framework, experimental obser-
vations during cyclic loading, to be described in this chapter, are modeled through a
mathematical relationship between stress and strain, which is based upon two principal
concepts: defining a yield surface, which determines the onset of plastic deformation;
and adopting a hardening rule, which describes the change in yield surface with further
plastic deformation.
Figure 1.3 Experimental curves of two aluminum alloys showing various aspects of the Bauschinger
phenomenon: (a) with and (b) without reverse yield plateau [3].
Figure 1.4 TEM micrographs of polycrystalline aluminum deformed at 230 °C: (a) at the end of forward
loading, (b) upon reverse yielding [5].
texture, prestrain, and deformation temperature [4]. Fig. 1.3a shows the work harden-
ing stagnation during reverse loading of an AA1050-O alloy.
strong obstacles to be responsible for work hardening during forward straining, the
wipe-out of the pile-ups by reverse straining would recover a portion of the expended
strain.
Other researchers attributed the Bauschinger phenomenon to individual interac-
tions between mobile dislocations and obstacles lying on their slip planes [7], and a
residual lattice stress generated due to heterogeneous elastic and plastic deformation
of hard and soft phases in a multiphase microstructure [8,9].
Figure 1.5 Evolutions of hysteresis loop responses for three different high strength steel grades: (a) deep
drawing (cyclic hardening), (b) low yield ratio (cyclic softening), and (c) high formability (no cyclic hard-
ening or softening).
Figure 1.6 The variations of stress amplitude with cyclic uniaxial straining of stainless steel 304 at differ-
ent strain amplitudes [15].
8 Cyclic Plasticity of Metals
Figure 1.7 The variations of equivalent stress amplitude with cyclic multiaxial straining at different phase
angle shifts [17].
Figure 1.8 Formation of (a) PSBs and (b) dislocation cell structures during cyclic straining in a cyclically-
softened X10CrAl24 ferritic steel (g = [010], and g = [110] in (a), and (b), respectively) [19].
low dislocation density (seen in the left part of Fig. 1.8a) in the wall structure are
reported as sites of easy cyclic slip for strain concentration, resulted in a decrease of
stress amplitude.
The occurrence of the additional nonproportional hardening is directly related to a
metal ability to cross-slip under rotating principal axes, since crossing of dislocations
from different slip systems effectively hinders their free movement [20]. Hence, it
is expected that carbon steels with very high stacking fault energy, i.e., easy cross
slipping, show insignificant additional hardening [18].
1.4.2 Ratcheting
During asymmetrical stress-controlled cyclic loading, when a mean applied stress is
present, the peak and valley strain responses may change with increasing the number
of cycles. If the applied stress amplitude is higher than a material yield strength, plastic
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
apua siitäkään. Se mahtoikin olla jotain henkistä sairautta, päätteli
hän siinä kävellessään sohjuista maantietä. Olisiko se tämä kirottu
osuuskauppa-asia? koetti hän tutkia olemustaan, vaan ei sekään
tuntunut syynä olevan. Se oli jotain outoa ja ennen tuntematonta.
Valitettuaan outoa oloaan suutari Horttanaiselle, joka kyläili
sattumalta Ylä-Rietulassa, oli tämä suutari arvellut:
Miirun Eedla pesi yhä vaatteita joen rannalla. Tällä välin oli hän
käynyt kotonaan ja pukeutunut pyhähameeseensa, jonka helmat oli
kumminkin varovaisuuden vuoksi kietaistu vyötärölle.
Punaposkisena ja reippaana siinä vaan liehui ollenkaan
aavistamatta, että veti puoleensa ohi kulkevien ijäkkäitten
poikamiesten huomion, ja sai vakaiset miehet ajattelemaan naima-
asioita silloin, kun muut tärkeämmät asiat olivat kysymyksessä.
— Kuka?
— Kuuletko sinä…!
— Ka, mitä?
Rietula terästyi.
— Oleppa nyt lautamies tai mikä tahansa, niin anna sille sapiskat.
— Niin, minä vaan kysyn, että mitä varten sinä tulet tänne
kokoukseen puhumaan puuta heinää ja sotkemaan ihmisten asioita
ja yrityksiä, aloitteli Rietula. Ja minä kysyn vielä, mikä sinä olet
olevinasi, kun sinun pitää aina haukkua meitä huonosta sovusta ja
pahanilkisyydestä. Sinä et ole edes lautamies ja siltä sinä otat
suuvuoron ja esiinnyt näissä julkisissa paikoissa komentavasti kuin
kukko kanaparvessa. Mutta me emme kuuntele enää tästälähin
sinun turhia jaarituksiasi. Sinut ajetaan ulos, jollet pidä visusti kiinni
leipälaukkuasi. Ajetaan pian koko kyläkunnasta ja Kuivalan
seurakunnasta sinne Hämeeseen, josta olet tänne tullutkin
sekaannusta aikaansaamaan.
Taisi tulla ihan ilkoiset häpeät. Mikä se saikin nyt miehen niin
pehmenemään? Eihän vaan tuo Eedla…? Kyllä se taisi olla sen
ansio, että ryhti meni mieheltä. Mokomakin tallukka siinä…! Ilmankos
se Salomoni sanoikin, että älä katso naisen puoleen. Ja ilmankos
Simsonilta voimat meni, kun nainen leikkasi hiukset. Voi tätä Eedlan
lepukkata, minkä teki!
— Kuuletko sinä!
— Että mitä?
— Älä tolita!
— Kuulkaahan sitä!
— Ulos, Kyrmyniska!
— … vää!
— En!
Kun Iisakki oli saanut kaikki lestit nakelluksi tuvasta, otti hän
rikkinäisen padan ja paistinpannun ja lennätti ne rantakiville niin että
rämähti. Niitä seurasi pöytä ja sänkyrenkkana, joka aukeni kokonaan
liitoksistaan saatuaan potkun rantakivikolle.
— Tartuhan kiinni!
Ja tupa pyllähti nyt vuorostaan jokeen, josta kauhistunut suutari
yhä harasi lestejään.
— Ei ole lysti Iisakilla käräjissä, sen minä takaan. Jos olisi muuten,
mutta meneppäs vierittämään toisen osuutta jokeen. Kyllä se häpeä
vielä maksetaan.
— Pois piti lähteä näiltä mailta. Riita ja tora vaan kiihtyy tässä
kurjassa kyläkunnassa, ja minun vanhat korvani eivät sitä kestä
enää kuunnella. Pois rauhallisemmille maille, jossa ihmisten
asumuksia ei vieritellä jokeen eikä juorut terävien käärmeenkielien
lailla myrkytä ihmisten elämää. Ei minusta ole riitelijäksi enää…
— Enkä minäkään rupea ketään panettelemaan, virkkoi suutarin
eukko ja lähti menemään miehensä häntä seuratessa.