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ترانس 22
ترانس 22
Configuration
Saif Aldeen Saad Obayes Al-Kadhim
Saifaldeen.Saad@ieee.org
Abstract
3-phase distribution transformers generally have a Delta (Triangular) connected
primary winding and a Star (Wye) connected secondary winding. The secondary Star
configuration allows for a 3-phase and Neutral, Dy1 supply providing line and phase
voltages and currents. Commonly the Neutral and Earth connections which provide a
5-wire (3-phases + Neutral + Earth) TN-S (separate Neutral and Earth) supply to
homes and buildings are connected together at the star point of the three secondary
windings, thus the Neutral and Earth are effectively bonded together and remain at the
same zero or Earth potential. However, with a TN-C (combined Neutral and Earth) 4-
wire (3-phases + Neutral) supply the Neutral wire also acts as the Earth wire, but the
neutral wire is still bonded along with a separate Earth electrode to the star point of
the secondary windings to provide the required phase voltages and currents. TT and
IT configurations have different Neutral and Earthing arrangements. Being a Delta
connected Primary winding and therefore a balanced load for the supplying network,
there is no Neutral or Earth connection to the three primary windings, (Earthing is
done at the generator source) but it is possible that the physical metal casing of the
transformer has been bonded to the secondaries Earthing bar for safety.
Introduction
Three-phase Transformers are the backbone of electrical power distribution whether
Delta or Star connected windings Thus far we have looked at the construction and
operation of the single-phase, two winding voltage transformer which can be used
increase or decrease its secondary voltage with respect to the primary supply voltage.
But voltage transformers can also be constructed for connection to not only one single
phase, but for two-phases, three-phases, six-phases and even elaborate combinations
up to 24-phases for some DC rectification transformers. If we take three single-phase
transformers and connect their primary windings to each other and their secondary
windings to each other in a fixed configuration, we can use the transformers on a
The advantages of building a single three phase transformer is that for the same kVA
rating it will be smaller, cheaper and lighter than three individual single-phase
transformers connected together because the copper and iron core are used more
effectively. The methods of connecting the primary and secondary windings are the
same, whether using just one Three Phase Transformer or three separate Single-Phase
Transformers. Consider the circuit below:
The combinations of the three windings may be with the primary delta-connected and
the secondary star-connected, or star-delta, star-star or delta-delta, depending on the
transformers use. When transformers are used to provide three or more phases they
are generally referred to as a Polyphase Transformer.
The three available voltages, which themselves are each displaced from the other by
120 electrical degrees, not only decided on the type of the electrical connections used
on both the primary and secondary sides, but determine the flow of the transformer's
currents.
With three single-phase transformers connected together, the magnetic flux’s in the
three transformers differ in phase by 120 time-degrees. With a single the three-phase
transformer there are three magnetic flux’s in the core differing in time-phase by 120
degrees.
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Symbols are generally used on a three-phase transformer to indicate the type or types
of connections used with upper case Y for star connected, D for delta connected
and Z for interconnected star primary windings, with lower case y, d and z for their
respective secondaries. Then, Star-Star would be labelled Yy, Delta-Delta would be
labelled Dd and interconnected star to interconnected star would be Zz for the same
types of connected transformers.
Delta D d
Interconnected Z z
We now know that there are four different ways in which three single-phase
transformers may be connected together between their primary and secondary three-
phase circuits. These four standard configurations are given as: Delta-Delta (Dd),
Star-Star (Yy), Star-Delta (Yd), and Delta-Star (Dy).
Transformers for high voltage operation with the star connections has the advantage
of reducing the voltage on an individual transformer, reducing the number of turns
required and an increase in the size of the conductors, making the coil windings easier
and cheaper to insulate than delta transformers.
The delta-delta connection nevertheless has one big advantage over the star-delta
configuration, in that if one transformer of a group of three should become faulty or
disabled, the two remaining ones will continue to deliver three-phase power with a
capacity equal to approximately two thirds of the original output from the transformer
unit.
In a delta connected (Dd) group of transformers, the line voltage, VL is equal to the
supply voltage, VL = VS. But the current in each phase winding is given
as: 1/√3 × IL of the line current, where IL is the line current.
The star connection requires the use of three transformers, and if any one transformer
becomes fault or disabled, the whole group might become disabled. Nevertheless, the
star connected three phase transformer is especially convenient and economical in
electrical power distributing systems, in that a fourth wire may be connected as a
neutral point, ( n ) of the three star connected secondaries as shown.
The voltage between any line of the three-phase transformer is called the “line voltage”,
VL, while the voltage between any line and the neutral point of a star connected
transformer is called the “phase voltage”, VP. This phase voltage between the neutral
point and any one of the line connections is 1/√3 × VL of the line voltage. Then above,
the primary side phase voltage, VP is given as.
Then the relationship between line and phase voltages and currents in a three-phase
system can be summarised as:
Star VP = VL ÷ √3 VL = √3 × VP IP = IL IL = IP
Delta VP = VL VL = VP IP = IL ÷ √3 IL = √3 × IP
Other possible connections for three phase transformers are star-delta Yd, where the
primary winding is star-connected and the secondary is delta-connected or delta-
star Dy with a delta-connected primary and a star-connected secondary.
Delta-star connected transformers are widely used in low power distribution with the
primary windings providing a three-wire balanced load to the utility company while
the secondary windings provide the required 4th-wire neutral or earth connection.
When the primary and secondary have different types of winding connections, star or
delta, the overall turns ratio of the transformer becomes more complicated. If a three-
phase transformer is connected as delta-delta ( Dd ) or star-star ( Yy ) then the
transformer could potentially have a 1:1 turns ratio. That is the input and output
voltages for the windings are the same.
Then each corresponding secondary winding will then have this same voltage induced
in it, and since these windings are delta-connected, the voltage 1/√3 × VL will
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Likewise, for a delta–star ( Dy ) connected transformer, with a 1:1 turns ratio, the
transformer will provide a 1:√3 step-up line-voltage ratio. Then for a delta-star
connected transformer the turns ratio becomes:
Then for the four basic configurations of a three-phase transformer, we can list the
transformers secondary voltages and currents with respect to the primary line voltage,
VL and its primary line current IL as shown in the following table.
Delta – Delta
Delta – Star
Star – Star
Where: n equals the transformers “turns ratio” (T.R.) of the number of secondary
windings NS, divided by the number of primary windings NP. ( NS/NP ) and VL is
the line-to-line voltage with VP being the phase-to-neutral voltage.
Given Data: transformer rating, 50VA, supply voltage, 100v, primary turns 500,
secondary turns, 100.
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A three-phase transformer generally has the three magnetic circuits that are interlaced
to give a uniform distribution of the dielectric flux between the high and low voltage
windings. The exception to this rule is a three-phase shell type transformer. In the
shell type of construction, even though the three cores are together, they are non-
interlaced.
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working of a transformer
When the primary is excited with the three-phase supply source, the currents IR, IY
and IB are starts flowing through individual phase windings. These currents produce
the magnetic fluxes ΦR, ΦY and ΦB in the respective cores. Since the center leg is
common for all the cores, the sum of all three fluxes are carried by it. In three phase
system, at any instant the vector sum of all the currents is zero. In turn, at the instant
the sum of all the fluxes is same. Hence, the center leg doesn’t carry any flux at any
instant. So even if the center leg is removed it makes no difference in other conditions
of the transformer.
Likewise, in three phase system where any two conductors act as return for the
current in third conductor, any two legs acts as a return path of the flux for the third
leg if the center leg is removed in case of three phase transformer. Therefore, while
designing the three-phase transformer, this principle is used.
These fluxes induce the secondary EMFs in respective phase such that they maintain
their phase angle between them. These EMFs drives the currents in the secondary and
hence to the load. Depends on the type of connection used and number of turns on
each phase, the voltage induced will be varied for obtaining step-up or step-down of
voltages.
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• Star-delta
• Delta-star
• Delta-delta
• Star-star
This type of connection is commonly used to step-down the voltages to a lower value
in transmission end substations. Utility companies use this connection to reduce the
voltage levels for distribution systems.
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Delta-delta
• This type of connection is used when the supply source is delta connected and
the secondary load needs single voltage with high current. This is generally
employed for three phase power loads (like three phase motor).
• In this, both primary and secondary windings are connected in delta fashion.
• The voltage across the load is equal to the secondary voltage and voltage
across the primary winding is equal to source voltage. In this, the current flow
through the load will be 1.732 times the secondary current and the feeder
current will equal to the 1.732 times current through the primary winding. Due
to these high supply and load currents, it is recommended to place transformer
much closer to both source and load circuits.
• In this, there exists no phase difference between the primary and secondary
voltages.
• The three phase voltages remain constant even with unbalanced load, thus
allows unbalanced loading.
• The main advantage of this connection is if the one transformer is defective or
removed for service (open delta connection), then remaining two transformers
continue to deliver thee phase power at reduced load capacity.
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• In this, both primary and secondary windings are connected in star fashion and
also there exist no phase difference between the primary and secondary
voltages.
• In this, current flowing through both primary and secondary windings are
equal to the currents of the lines to which they are connected (supply source
and load). And voltages between line phases on either end equal to 1.732
times respective winding voltages.
• Due to neutral availability, it is well suited for three phase four wire system.
• This type connection satisfactorily works if the load is balanced. But if the
load is unbalanced, the neutral point shift causes unequal phase voltages.
• Large third harmonic voltages would appear in both primary and secondary
windings without the neutral tie. This may lead to the insulation failures.
• This connection considerably generates interference with communication lines
and hence with this connection configuration, telephone lines cannot be run
in parallel.
• Due to these disadvantages, the star-star connection is rarely used and not
employed in practice.
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• This connection is used to convert the three-phase power into two phase power
using two single phase transformers.
• One transformer called as main transformer having center or 50 percent tap
and is connected between the two lines of the three phase wires. The other
transformer called as teaser transformer having 86.6 tap and is connected
between the third phase wire and 50 percent tap of the main transformer.
• The secondary winding of each transformer provides the phases of two-phase
systems.
• The secondary voltages in the two transformers will be equal in magnitude if
both transformers are wound for equal number of turns on secondary. And
produced voltages are 90 degrees out of phase with each other.
• This connection is mainly used to supply the power to the two-phase motor.
Conclusion
The advantages of Three Phase Transformers are:
In case of fault or loss of one phase results to the complete unit shut down. This is
because in three phase transformers, a common core is shared for all three units.
If one unit is defective, the core of this defective unit would immediately saturate
because the absence of an opposing magnetic field. This causes the greater escape of
magnetic flux to the metal enclosures from the core. This further raises the heating of
the metallic parts and in some cases this heat would enough to cause to fires. Therefore,
a three-phase transformer (or entire unit) must be shut down if any one phase is
defective.
References
1. Saif Aldeen Saad Obayes Al-Kadhim, Prototype Wireless Controller System based
on Raspberry Pi and Arduino for Engraving Machine, UKSim-AMSS 19th
International Conference on Modelling & Simulation, DOI:
10.1109/UKSim.2017.20.
2. Saif Aldeen Saad Obayes Al-Kadhim, Industrial Workshop Based on Internet of
Things : Automated Manufacturing Systems Technology, Noor Publishing (August
1, 2017), ISBN-10: 3330965754, ISBN-13: 978- 3330965751.
3. Saif Aldeen Saad Obayes Al-Kadhim, CNC Machine Based on Embedded
Wireless and Internet of Things for Workshop Development Article in IJCDS
Journal Volume 6(Issue 4):205 · July 2017, DOI: 10.12785/ijcds/060406.
13. Alkadhim, Saif Aldeen Saad, An Overview of Electronic Scalar (January 15, 2019).
Available at
SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3340333 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3340333
14. Alkadhim, Saif Aldeen Saad, Hot Air Oven for Sterilization: Definition & Working
Principle (December 14, 2018). Available at
SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3340325 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3340325
15. Alkadhim, Saif Aldeen Saad, Autoclave Sterilization Process Guide (December 1,
2018). Available at
SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3340320 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3340320
16. Alkadhim, Saif Aldeen Saad, Application of Computer Numerical Control Machine
Based on Internet of Things System (May 25, 2017). Available at
SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3329570
17. Alkadhim, Saif Aldeen Saad, Solar Cell Parameter Extraction From Data using
MATLAB and Simulink (February 3, 2019). Available at
SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3328004 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3328004
18. Alkadhim, Saif Aldeen Saad and Aboud, Sarah Kadhim, Light Sensor to Switch On a
Light or Any Device (January 18, 2019). Available at
SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3318154 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3318154
19. Alkadhim, Saif Aldeen Saad, Communicating with Raspberry Pi via MAVLink
(January 18, 2019). Available at
SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3318130 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3318130
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