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 As per the
New
Syllabus Effective
R 2015

Engineering
Chemistry
First Edition
ii Contents

About the Authors

K N Jayaveera is retired Professor of Chemistry and former Director, JNTU Oil
Technological Research Institute, Anantapur. He has a PhD degree in Chemistry
from JNTU, Hyderabad (1991) and MSc in Chemistry from S V University, Tirupati
(1975). He has more than 38 years of teaching and research experience at JNTU-A.
He is a recipient of the state award as best teacher in university education for the year
2009 sponsored by the State Government of Andhra Pradesh. He was nominated by
Department of Bio-technology, Govt. of India, New Delhi, as Member of Programme
Review Committee of Bio-Engineering for Bio-Energy and Bio-Fuels; and also in, ICAR, Govt. of
India, as a Research Advisory Committee Member for Directorate of Oil Seed Research, Hyderabad.
Dr Jayaveera has authored several books, and published and edited several journals under the Science-
Tech Foundation. He has guided 35 PhD scholars, and 15 students are presently pursuing PhD under
his supervision. He has operated several research projects and has many research publications—
national (150) and international (125)—to his credit. He has handled several consultancy projects and
is Life Member of Indian Technical Education, Life Fellow of Institution Chemists (INDIA), Member
of BIS and Member of advisory body of Oil Technologists Association, Indian Chemical Society and
Association of Food Scientists and Technologists (India). He was the former Chairman of Board of
Studies of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Member of Board of Studies of Chemistry, JNTU, Hyderabad.
G V Subba Reddy is Professor & Head of Chemistry and also the Vice Principal,
JNTU-A College of Engineering, Pulivendula. He has done his PhD in Chemistry
(1997), MSc in Analytical Chemistry (1991), BSc (1989) from S V University,
Tirupati, and B.Ed. (1992) from the Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu. He has more
than 20 years of teaching experience with Sri Kalahasteeswara Institute of Technology
(SKIT), Srikalahasti, Chittoor (District) and JNTU-A College of Engineering,
Pulivendula; and rich industrial experience with Sumitra Pharmaceuticals & Fine
Chemicals (A P) and Plant Organics Pvt Ltd. (A P). He is presently supervising 15
students, who are pursuing their PhD degrees. Presently, Dr. Reddy is the Vice Principal at JNTUA
College of Engineering, Pulivendula.
Dr Subba Reddy is a Life Member, ISTE, Life Member, ASCI, Chairman Board of Studies, Chemistry,
for JNTU Anantapur, JNTU Anantapur College of Engineering, Pulivendula and Member Board
of Studies, Pharmacy. He is also the member of the Governing Body for affiliated Pharmacy and
Engineering colleges. His research interest lies in the areas of analytical chemistry, electrochemistry,
environmental chemistry, inorganic chemistry and synthetic chemistry. He has more than 50 research
publications in various reputed National and International journals. Dr. Reddy has completed one major
research project, funded by BRNS, Bombay in December, 2013. He has guided 6 PhD scholars, and 10
students are presently pursuing PhD under his supervision. He stood first in Analytical Chemistry for
which he was awarded the Dr. Suryanarayana Murthy Memorial Award for the year 1991. He has been
actively involved in the developments of drugs like Ibuprofen, Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ranitidine
and Pefloxacin, and also in the Electro-Analytical techniques in drug analysis.
Dr. C. Ramachandraiah is Assistant professor (Sr) & Head of chemistry, Sri
Kalahasteswara Institute of Technology (SKIT), Srikalahasti, Chittoor (District). His
educational qualifications are MSc, MPhil, BEd and PhD. His area of specialization
is inorganic chemistry. His research interest lies in the area of Inorganic chemistry,
Analytical chemistry and Environmental chemistry for both UG and PG. He is the
member of Board of studies of Chemistry, JNTUA, Anantapur. He has more than
26 years of teaching experience in Applied Chemistry, Engineering Chemistry
and Environmental Studies. He has contributed to several research publications
in reputed National and International journals. He has attended various conferences, seminars and
presented papers, both in national as well as international platforms. Several students are pursuing PhD
degrees under his guidance.
 As per the
Newiii
Contents

Syllabus
Effective
R 2015

Engineering
Chemistry
First Edition
K N Jayaveera
Retd Professor of Chemistry & Former Director of OTRI
JNTU Collage of Engineering Anantapur, A.P.

G V Subba Reddy
Vice Principal
Professor & Head
Department of Chemistry
JNTU-A College of Engineering
Pulivendula, A P

C Ramachandraiah
Assistant Professor (Sr)
Department of Chemistry
Srikalahsteeswara Institute of Technology (SKIT)
Srikalahsti, A P

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 Contents

Preface ix

1. Electrochemistry 1-66
1.1 Electrochemical cells 2
1.2 Batteries 18
1.3 Fuel Cells 21
1.4 Electrochemical Sensors 24
1.5 Science of Corrosion 30
1.6 Types of Corrosion 31
1.7 Theories of Corrosion 36
1.8 Galvanic Series 37
1.9 Galvanic Corrosion 38
1.10 Concentration Cell Corrosion or Differential Aeration Corrosion 38
1.11 Factors Influencing Corrosion 39
1.12 Nature of Corroding Environment 41
1.13 Control of Corrosion 42
1.14 Use of Inhibitors 43
1.15 Electroplating 44
1.16 Electroless Plating 46
1.17 Surface Coatings 46
Short Answer Questions 49
Review Question 51
Multiple Choice Questions 57
Fill Up the Blanks Questions 65

2. Polymers 67-106
2.1 Introduction 67
2.2 Basic Concepts 68
2.3 Polymerisation 71
vi Contents

2.4 Mechanism of Addition Polymerization 74

2.5 Mechanism of Condensation Polymerization 76
2.6 Plastomers 77
2.7 Elastomers 87
2.8 Synthetic Rubbers or Elastomers 90
2.9 Conducting Polymers 93
2.10 Liquid Crystals 95
2.11 Inorganic Polymers 97
Short Answer Question 100
Review Question 103
Multiple Choice Questions 104
Fill Up the Blanks Questions 106

3. Fuel Technology 107-138

3.1 Introduction 107
3.2 Classification of Fuels 107
3.3 Characteristics of a Good Fuel 108
3.4 Solid Fuels 108
3.5 Liquid Fuels 114
3.6 Gasoline 117
3.7 Power Alcohol 118
3.8 Synthetic Petrol 119
3.9 Gaseous Fuels 120
3.10 Calorific Value 123
3.11 Determination of Calorific Value by Bomb Calorimeter 124
3.12 Determination of Calorific Value by Junkers Gas Calorimeter 127
3.13 Combustion 128
3.14 Flue Gas Analysis by Orsat’s Apparatus 131
Short Answer Question 132
Review Questions 134
Multiple Choice Questions 136
Fill Up the Blanks Questions 137

4. Chemistry of Engineering Materials 139-208

4.1 Semiconductor Materials 140
4.2 Superconductors 144
4.3 Magnetic Materials 146
4.4 Cement 151
4.5 Refractories 156
4.6 lubricants 160
 Contents vii

4.7 Rocket Propellants 176

4.8 Nanomaterials 178
4.9 Insulators 186
4.10 Thermal Insulators 189
4.11 Explosives 190
Short Answer Question 194
Review Questions 196
Multiple Choice Questions 200
Fill Up the Blanks Questions 206

5. Water Treatment 209-245

5.1 Introduction 209
5.2 Sources of Water 209
5.3 Types of Impurities in Water 210
5.4 Hardness of Water 211
5.5 Estimation of Hardness by EDTA Method 216
5.6 Alkalinity 219
5.7 Chlorides 220
5.8 Acidity 221
5.9 Treatment of Water for Domestic Purpose 222
5.10 Water for Steam Making 224
5.11 Boiler Troubles 224
5.12 Softening of Water 228
5.13 Analysis of Water 236
5.14 Demineralisation of Brakish Water 237
Short Answer Question 238
Review Questions 242
Multiple Choice Questions 243
Fill Up the Blanks Questions 245

6. Phase Rule 246-260

6.1 Introduction 246
6.2 Phase Diagram for 1-Component System (Water System) 248
6.3 Two-component System 250
6.4 Heat Treatment of Alloys 255
Short Answer Questions 256
Review Questions 257
Multiple Choice Questions 259

Appendix 261
Model Question Paper 1 267
Model Question Paper 2 270
 Preface

Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch
which illuminates the world.
– Louis Pasteur
Chemistry affords two general methods of determining the constituent principles of
bodies, the method of analysis, and that of synthesis. When, for instance, by combining
water with alcohol, we form the species of liquor called, in commercial language,
brandy or spirit of wine, we certainly have a right to conclude, that brandy, or spirit
of wine, is composed of alcohol combined with water. We can produce the same result
by the analytical method; and in general it ought to be considered as a principle in
chemical science, never to rest satisfied without both these species of proofs. We have
this advantage in the analysis of atmospherical air, being able both to de-compound
it, and to form it anew in the most satisfactory manner
– Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
(Father of Chemistry)
Order and simplification are the first steps towards the mastery of the subject.
– Thomas Mann
The priest persuades the humble people to endure their hard lot, the politician urges
them to rebel against it and the scientist thinks of a method that does away the hard
lot altogether.
– Max Perutx (Nobel Laureate)

Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with preparation, composition, properties,

structures and reactions of material substances. Since diverse substances are available
in nature, the chemical processes are ubiquitous with a vast scope. Chemistry has
interfaces with all scientific disciplines and thus, knowledge of the subject is essential
for understanding nature as well as for the progress of society. Today, a well-trained
chemist contributes not only to the growth of chemical science and industry but also
in various emerging areas of sciences such as material science and biotechnology,
nanotechnology and engineering technology. It is rightly said that no branch of science
has done more, or promises more in this respect than chemistry. Moreover, thorough
knowledge of chemistry provides the requisite expertise to deal with challenges in
disciplines of engineering related to design and development of new materials. Many
constituents of quality control—an important aspect of engineering—are basically
chemical in nature.
x Preface

New developments in the field of chemistry such as ion-exchange resins, high

polymers, quantum chemistry, nuclear chemistry, surface chemistry, catalysis,
spectroscopy, chromatography, nanomaterials, liquid crystals and metallurgy have
their roots deeply embedded in the development of engineering and technology.
Chemistry has played a vital role in creating new materials such as fibers, composites,
refractories, bonding materials, insulators, conducting polymers, liquid crystals,
superconductors, alloys, paints, batteries, fuels, fuel cells, explosives, propellants,
semiconductors and lubricants that have varied engineering applications. These
materials are scaled to nano size for use in electronics and computer science, for
example, minimisation of supercomputers and electronics components. Hence, we
see that chemistry makes important contributions in the development of science and
technology.

Readers
This book is intended for use in all branches of Engineering and Technology. It
serves as an introductory text to first-year students, enabling them to understand
basic principles and updating them on the advancements in the ever-growing field of
chemistry. The contents of this book have been carefully planned to cover the syllabi
of most Indian universities, particularly the foundation course in the first year at
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur . It would also serve as a
ready reference for preparation of competitive examinations.

Rationale
In many universities, Engineering Ehemistry has been introduced as a paper at the
undergraduate level. But there are hardly any books available that provide requisite
syllabus compatibility and right pedagogy. Therefore, this book has been structured
as per the revised syllabus (current academic year 2014 – 15) for the first-year
students of JNTU, Anantapur. Focused coverage of syllabus, a variety of solved
and unsolved numerical problems and exercises make this book student-friendly.
While preparing this textbook, due attention has been given to provide
comprehensive coverage of all topics at the depth needed for the undergraduate
students. Further, we have emphasised on presenting the content in the light of
modern developments and in a very simple language and structured manner, so that
students can easily understand the topics. A variety of solved problems and exercise
problems, short questions with answers (115), review questions (365) includes short
type and essay type questions, multiple choice questions (277) and fill in the blanks
(111) are given in the chapters to aid students in understanding the subject precisely
and thus, appear for university examinations with confidence.

Organisation
The book has been carefully crafted as per the new syllabus of Engineering Chemistry
for the foundation course (first year) at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Anantapur. The structuring provides a logical flow of concepts supplemented with
clear illustrations. Chapter 1 on Electrochemistry provides a detailed exposition of
review of electrochemical cells, Numerical calculations, Batteries which includes
rechargeable batteries (Lead acid, Ni-Cd, Lithium Ion Batteries), Fuels cells with
 Preface xi

specific examples of hydrogen-Oxygen and methanol-oxygen fuel cells. The

latest topics like Electrochemical Sensors included which are working based on
electrochemistry. Further, Corrosion topic included with basics of electrochemical
theory of corrosion, factors affecting the corrosion, prevention of corrosion using
anodic and cathodic protection and electro and electroless plating techniques.
Chapter 2 on Polymers covered with basic concepts of polymerisation process,
mechanisms, elastomers which includes natural rubber, compounding of Rubber,
synthetic rubbers with preparation, properties and engineering applications,
plastomers including thermosetting and thermoplastics with suitable example
were discussed at a length. Further, new materials finding extensive applications
in the field of engineering like Conducting polymers and mechanism, synthesis
and applications of some selective conducting polymers presented. In addition to
this, Liquid Crystals, their classification and applications, inorganic Polymers with
suitable examples and applications illustrated.
Classification and characteristics of fuel, solid fuels, liquid fuels, gaseous fuels,
Power alcohol, octane and cetane numbers, calorific values, combustion and flue gas
analysis by Orsat’s apparatus are presented with solved problems in Chapter 3 on
Fuels Technology.
Semiconducting and Super conducting materials, magnetic materials , cement,
refractories, lubricants and rocket Propellants, nanomaterials, insulators and
explosives are dealt with in Chapter 4 on Chemistry of Engineering Materials.
Chapter 5 on Water Treatment offers comprehensive coverage of important topics
such Impurities in water, Hardness of water, estimation of hardness by EDTA
method, Alkalinity, acidity and chlorides in water, Water treatment for domestic
purpose, industrial use of water, for steam generation, troubles of Boilers like Scale
& Sludge, Priming and Foaming, Caustic Embrittlement and Boiler Corrosion.
Further, treatment of Boil. Lastly, Chapter 6 on Phase Rule provides with basic
concepts, Gibbs Phase equation, Phase diagrams, eutectic systems, iron-carbon alloy
systems and heat treatment of alloys.

Acknowledgements
We are indebted to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur, for
giving us an opportunity to write this textbook. We extend our appreciation to the
McGraw Hill Education (India) team, especially Shalini Jha, Sohini Mukherjee,
Satinder S Baveja and Anuj K Shriwastava for their courtesy, cooperation and
willingness to go the extra mile so that we could bring out an outstanding product.
This book will highly appeal to teachers and students alike. We look forward
to suggestions and criticism, which may be forthcoming from colleagues, friends,
teachers and students for further refinement of the text.

K N JAYAVEERA
G V SUBBA REDDY
C RAMACHANDRAIAH
xii Preface

Publisher’s Note
McGraw Hill Education (India) invites suggestions and comments from you, all
of which can be sent to info.india@mheducation.com (kindly mention the title and
author name in the subject line).
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2/2/2! Fmfduspef!Qpufoujbm
Ju!jt!lopxo!uibu!nfubm!bupnt!ibwf!b!ufoefodz!up!hp!joup!tpmvujpo!bt!nfubm!jpot/!
Fmfduspef! qpufoujbm! jt! b! nfbtvsf! pg! uif! ufoefodz! pg! nfubm! bupnt! up! hp! joup!
tpmvujpo! bt! nfubm! jpot/!Xifo! b! nfubm! tusjq! )N*-! jnnfstfe! jo! b! tpmvujpo! pg! jut!
pxo!jpot!)No,*-!fjuifs!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!uisff!qpttjcjmjujft!pddvst!)Gjh/!2/3*/

Gjh/!2/3! Fmfduspef!frvjmjcsjvn

! )j*! B!nfubm!jpo!)No,*!nbz!dpmmjef!xjui!uif!fmfduspef!boe!voefshp!op!dibohf/
! )jj*! B!nfubm!jpo!)No,*!nbz!dpmmjef!xjui!uif!fmfduspef-!hbjo!ÓoÔ!fmfduspot!boe!
dpowfsufe!joup!b!nfubm!bupn!)N*!)uif!jpo!sfevdfe*/
! )jjj*! B!nfubm!bupn!po!uif!fmfduspef!)N*!nbz!mptf!ÓoÔ!fmfduspot!up!uif!fmfduspef!
boe!foufs!uif!tpmvujpo!bt!No,!)uif!nfubm!jt!pyjejtfe*/
Jg! uif! ufoefodz! pg! uif! nfubm! up! hfu! pyjejtfe! jt! tqfdjbmmz! ijhi-! uifsf! nbz!
cf! tmjhiu! jodsfbtf! jo! uif! ovncfs! pg! nfubm! jpot! )No,*! jo! tpmvujpo! boe! jodsfbtf!
tmjhiumz!ovncfs!pg!fmfduspot!bu!uif!fmfduspeft/!Uifsfgpsf-!uif!fmfduspef!efwfmpqt!
b!tnbmm!ofhbujwf!qpufoujbm!xjui!sftqfdu!up!uif!tpmvujpo/!Uif!fmfduspef!frvjmjcsjvn!!
jt!sfqsftfoufe!bt;
Oxidation
������
N)T*! ������
Reduction
� !No,!)br*!,!ofÏ
�

Jg!uif!tjuvbujpo!jt!ftubcmjtife!gps!uxp!ejggfsfou!nfubmt!)tbz!Dv!boe![jod*!boe!
jg!fmfdusjdbm!dpoubdu!jt!ftubcmjtife!cfuxffo!uif!uxp!nfubmt-!nfubm!!fmfduspeft!boe!
uxp!tpmvujpot-!bo!fmfdusjd!dvssfou!xjmm!Þpx/
Ï
Opuf;!Dv)br*!,!3f !Æ!Dv)T*!pddvst!npsf!sfbejmz!uibo![o3,!)br*!,!3fÏ!Æ![o)T*-!
boe![o!)T*!Æ![o3,!)br*!,!3fÏ!pddvst!npsf!sfbejmz!uibo!Dv)T*!Æ!Dv3,!)br*!,!3fÏ
5! Fohjoffsjoh!Difnjtusz

2/2/3! Hbmwbojd!Dfmmt
Uif!fofshz!gspn!b!cbuufsz!dpnft!gspn!b!tqpoubofpvt!sfepy!sfbdujpo!jo!xijdi!
uif!fmfduspo!usbotgfs!jt!gpsdfe!up!ublf!qmbdf!uispvhi!b!xjsf/!Uif!bqqbsbuvt!uibu!
qspwjeft! fmfdusjdjuz! uispvhi! sfepy! sfbdujpo! jt! dbmmfe! Hbmwbojd! dfmm-! bgufs! Mvjhj!
Hbmwbof!)2848Ï28:9*-!bo!Jubmjbo!bobupnjtu!xip!ejtdpwfsfe!uibu!fmfdusjdjuz!dbo!
dbvtf! uif! dpousbdujpo! pg! nvtdmft/! Ju! bmtp! dbmmfe! b! wpmubjd! dfmm! bgufs!Bmfttboesp!
Wpmub! )2856Ï2938*! xiptf! jowfoujpot! mfe! vmujnbufmz! up! uif! efwfmpqnfou! pg!
npefso!cbuufsjft/
B!hbmwbojd!dfmm!jt!nbef!vq!pg!uxp!ibmg.dfmmt!bt!tipxo!jo!Gjh/!2/4/!Po!uif!mfgu-!b!
tjmwfs!fmfduspef!ejqt!joup!b!tpmvujpo!pg!BhOP4-!boe!po!uif!sjhiu-!b!dpqqfs!fmfduspef!
ejqt!joup!b!tpmvujpo!pg!Dv)OP4*3/!Uif!uxp!fmfduspeft!bsf!dpoofdufe!cz!bo!fyufsobm!
fmfdusjdbm!djsdvju!boe!uxp!tpmvujpot!bsf!dpoofdufe!cz!b!tbmu!csjehf/!Xifo!uif!djsdvju!
jt!dpnqmfufe!cz!b!dmptjoh!txjudi-!uif!sfevdujpo!pg!Bh,!up!Bh!pddvst!tqpoubofpvtmz!
jo!uif!ibmg!dfmm!po!uif!mfgu!boe!pyjebujpo!pg!Dv!up!Dv3,!pddvst!tqpoubofpvtmz!jo!uif!
ibmg!dfmm!po!uif!sjhiu/!Uif!pwfsbmm!dfmm!sfbdujpo!jt!bt!gpmmpxt;
Current flow

Ammeter
Salt bridge
Cathode + – Anode

2+ –
Cu Æ Cu + 2e
+
Oxidation
Ag + e Æ Ag
+
Reduction Ag 2+
AgNO3 Cu Cu(NO3)2
NO3 NO3

Gjh/!2/4! Hbmwbojd!dfmm

! ! ! 3Bh,!)br*!,!3fÏ! Æ!3Bh)T*! Sfevdujpo! )b*

! !! Dv)T*!!! Æ!Dv3,!)br*!,!3fÏ! Pyjebujpo! )c*
! ! 3Bh,!)br*!,!Dv!)T*! Æ!3Bh!)T*!,!Dv3,!)br*! Dfmm!sfbdujpo
Xifo! fmfduspot! bqqfbs! bt! b! sfbdubou-! uif! qspdftt! jt! sfevdujpo-! xifo! uifz!
bqqfbs!bt!b!qspevdu-!ju!jt!pyjebujpo/
Xifo! uiftf! sfbdujpot! ublf! qmbdf-! fmfduspot! mfgu! cfijoe! cz! pyjebujpo! pg! uif!
dpqqfs-!usbwfm!uispvhi!bo!fyufsobm!djsdvju!up!uif!puifs!fmfduspef!xifsf!uifz!bsf!
usbotgfssfe! up! uif! tjmwfs! jpot-! bt!Bh,! jt! sfevdfe! up!uif! tijoz! tmjwfs! nfubm/!Uif!
pwfsbmm!sfbdujpo!uibu!ublft!qmbdf!jo!uif!hbmwbojd!dfmm!jt!dbmmfe!uif!dfmm!sfbdujpo/!
Uif!fmfduspot!mptu!jo!uif!pyjebujpo!pg!uif!hsbn!bupn!pg!dpqqfs!nfubm!jo!)c*!bsf!
hbjofe!jo!uif!sfevdujpo!pg!uxp!hsbn!jpot!pg!tjmwfs!up!zjfme!uxp!hsbn!bupnt!pg!
tjmwfs!nfubm!jpo!)b*/
Fmfdusjd! dvssfou! Þpxt! gspn! ofhbujwf! fmfduspef! )pyjebujpo*! up! qptjujwf!
fmfduspef! )sfevdujpo! pddvst*/! Uivt-! jo! uif! dfmm-! dpqqfs! fmfduspef! jt! dbmmfe!
ofhbujwf! fmfduspef! xijmf! uif! tjmwfs! fmfduspef! jt! dbmmfe! qptjujwf! fmfduspef/!
 Fmfduspdifnjtusz! 6

Ifodf-!uif!ejsfdujpo!pg!Þpx!gspn!dpqqfs!fmfduspef!up!tjmwfs!fmfduspef!uispvhi!
fyufsobm!djsdvju!cvu!mpoh!tuboejoh!dpowfoujpo!efÝoft!uibu!dvssfou!Þpxt!gspn!
qptjujwf! up! ofhbujwf! fmfduspef/! Uif! Þpx! pg! fmfdusjdjuz! gspn! pof! fmfduspef! up!
bopuifs! fmfduspef! jo! b! hbmwbojd! dfmm! joejdbuft! uibu! uif! uxp! fmfduspeft! ibwf!
ejggfsfou! qpufoujbmt/! Uif! ejggfsfodf! pg! qpufoujbm! xijdi! dbvtft! uif! Þpx! pg!
dvssfou! gspn! pof! fmfduspef! xijdi! jt! bu! ijhifs! qpufoujbm! up! bopuifs! fmfduspef!
xijdi! jt! bu! mpxfs! qpufoujbm! jt! dbmmfe! uif! ÓFmfduspnpujwf! gpsdf! )FNG*Ô! pg! uif!
dfmm/

2/2/4! Ofsotu!Frvbujpo!gps!Fmfduspef!boe!Dfmm!Qpufoujbm
Fmfduspef!qpufoujbm!gps!uif!fmfduspef!sfbdujpo-
No,!)br*!,!ofÏ!Æ!N)t*
Sfmbujwf!up!uif!izesphfo!fmfduspef!jt!hjwfo!cz!b!tjnqmf!gpsn!pg!uif!Ofsotu!
frvbujpo!bt
RT
E M n + / M = E ∞M n + / M + ln (M n + )
nF
Ifsf! F¡No,0N! jt! uif! tuboebse! fmfduspef! qpufoujbm! gps! b! npmbs! tpmvujpo! pg! b!
nfubm!jpo!)No,*!bu!3:9¡!L!xijdi!jt!efufsnjofe!cz!vtjoh!uif!tuboebse!izesphfo!
fmfduspef! S! jt! uif! hbt! dpotubou! boe! jt! 9/42! K0L0npm-! U! jt! uif! ufnqfsbuvsf! jo!
Lfmwjo! ÓoÔ! jt! uif! ovncfs! pg! npmft! pg! fmfduspot! joejdbufe! jo! uif! cbmbodfe!
frvbujpo!boe!G!jt!uif!Gbsbebz!):7-611!D0npm*/
Gjh/!2/5!qspwjeft!b!cfuufs!voefstuboejoh!pg!bmm!pyjebujpo.sfevdujpo!sfbdujpot!
jo! tpmvujpot! jssftqfdujwf! pg! xifuifs! uifz! ublf! qmbdf! jo! b! dpnqbsunfou! pg! b!
cbuufsz! ps! cz! ejsfdu! dpoubdu! jo! b! cfblfs/! Ju! jt! qpttjcmf! up! efnpotusbuf! uibu! boz!
nfubm!dbo!ejtqmbdf!uif!nfubmt!hjwfo!cfmpx!ju!gspn!uifjs!tbmu!tpmvujpo/

!Gjh/!2/5! Tdifnf!gps!efufsnjojoh!fmfduspef!qpufoujbm!pg!b!wpmubjd!dfmm/!Uif!tuboebse!fmfduspef!qpufoujbm!
pg!uif!ibmg!dfmm!)pg!xijdi!fmfduspef!qpufoujbm!jt!up!cf!efufsnjofe*!frvbmt!uif!tuboebse!dfmm!
f/n/g/!boe!jg!uif!izesphfo!fmfduspef!jt!qptjujwf!fmfduspef!uifo!F¼dfmm!xjmm!cf!frvbm!up!)ÐFNo,0N*/
7! Fohjoffsjoh!Difnjtusz

Jo!uif!Ebojfmm!dfmm-
)mfgu*![o)t*}![o3,!)br*!}}!Dv3,!)br*!}!Dv)t*!)Sjhiu*-
uif!fmfduspef!qpufoujbm!pg!uif!sjhiu!iboe!fmfduspef!)ibmg!dfmm*!jt!xsjuufo!bt;
RT
E Cu 2+ / Cu = E∞Cu 2 + / Cu + ln [Cu 2+ (aq )]
2F
boe!uif!mfgu!iboe!fmfduspef!jt!xsjuufo!bt;
RT
E Zn 2 + /Zn = E ”Zn 2 + /Zn + ln [ Zn 2+ (aq)]
! 2F
\! Uif!dfmm!qpufoujbm!Fdfmm! >! Fmfduspef!qpufoujbm!pg!sjhiu!fmfduspef!Ï!
! ! Fmfduspef!qpufoujbm!pg!mfgu!fmfduspef
! >! Fsjhiu!Ï!Fmfgu

Ï RT ¸
\! Fdfmm!> ÌE∞Cu 2 + / Cu + ln [Cu 2+ (aq )]˝ !Ï
Ó 2F ˛
Ï RT ¸
! ! ÌE∞Zn 2 + / Zn + ln [ Zn 2+ (aq)]˝
Ó 2F ˛
RT [Cu 2+ (aq )]
! >!(E∞Cu 2 + /Cu - E∞Zn 2 + /Zn ) + ln
2F [ Zn 2+ (aq )]
RT [Cu 2+ (aq )]
! Fdfmm!>!E∞cell + ln ! !)E!F¡dfmm!>! E∞ 2 + - E∞ 2 + *
2F [ Zn 2+ (aq )] Cu /Cu Zn /Zn

F¡Dfmm! jt! dfmm! qpufoujbm! jo! tuboebse! tubuf/! Cz! dpowfsujoh! obuvsbm! mphbsjuin! up!
uif!cbtf!21-!boe!tvctujuvujoh!uif!wbmvft!S-!U!)3:9!L*!boe!G-!xf!hfu!

0.0592 [Cu 2+ (aq )]

Fdfmm!>!F¡dfmm!,! log !
2 [ Zn 2+ (aq )]
Uijt!frvbujpo!jt!bmtp!xsjuufo!bt!
0.059 [ Zn 2+ (aq )]
! Fdfmm!>!F¡dfmm! - log !!
2 [Cu 2+ (aq )]
Gps!b!sfbdujpo!xijdi!jowpmwft!npopwbmfou!boe!cjwbmfou!jpot-!
Mfu!vt!dpotjefs!uif!dfmm-!
Oj)t*!}!Oj3,!)br*!}}!Bh,!)br*!}!Bh)t*
Uif!fyqsfttjpo!gps!f/n/g/!pg!dfmm!jt!xsjuufo!bt!!
RT [Ag + (aq )]2
Fdfmm!>!F¡dfmm!,! ln
2F [ Ni 2+ (aq)]
)ps*!gps!b!hfofsbm!fmfduspdifnjdbm!dibohf!pg!uif!uzqf!
ne-
aA + bB æææ
Æ cC + dD
 Fmfduspdifnjtusz! 8

Uif!Ofsotu!frvbujpo!dbo!cf!xsjuufo!bt
2.303 [C]c [D]d
Fdfmm!>!F¡dfmm!Ï! log
RT [A]a [B]b

2/2/5! FNG!Nfbtvsfnfou
Uif! FNG! pg! b! dfmm! dbo! cf! nfbtvsfe! cz! dpoofdujoh! uxp! fmfduspeft! up!
uif! uxp! ufsnjobmt! pg! b! wpmunfufs/! Uijt! nfuipe! jt! jobddvsbuf! evf! up! uif!
gpmmpxjoh! sfbtpot;! )j*! tpnf! dvssfou! esbxo! gspn! uif! dfmm! cz! wpmunfufs!
dbvtft!bmufsbujpo!pg!difnjdbm!frvjmjcsjvn!)jj*!xjui!Þpx!pg!dvssfou-!b!qbsu!pg!
FNG! jt! vtfe! jo! pwfsdpnjoh! uif! joufsobm! sftjtubodf! pg! uif! dfmm/!Up! nfbtvsf!
FNG! wbmvf! bddvsbufmz! xjuipvu! ejtuvscjoh! uif! fmfduspdifnjdbm! frvjmjcsjvn-!
QphhfoepsggÔt!dpnqfotbujpo!qsjodjqmf!jt!xjefmz!vtfe/!Jo!uijt!ufdiojrvf-!uif!
FNG!up!cf!nfbtvsfe!jt!cbmbodfe!cz!frvbm!boe!pqqptjuf!FNG!gspn!bopuifs!
dfmm!ps!cbuufsz!boe!uifsf!jt!op!ofu!Þpx!pg!dvssfou!jo!uif!djsdvju/!Uif!fmfdusjdbm!
bttfncmz!vtfe!jt!lopxo!bt!qpufoujpnfufs/!Ju!dpotjtut!pg!b!vojgpsn!xjsf!BC!
pg! ijhi! sftjtubodf! dpoofdufe! up! b! tupsbhf! cbuufsz! pg! dpotubou! fng! xijdi!
tipvme! cf! mpohfs! uibo! uif! FNG! pg! dfmm! up! cf! nfbtvsfe! jt! dpoofdufe! bu! uif!
foet!B!boe!C!pg!uif!xjsf!)Gjh/!2/6*/!Uif!dfmm!ÓYÔ-!uif!FNG!pg!xijdi!jt!up!cf!
efufsnjofe! jt! jodmvefe! jo! uif! djsdvju! cz! dpoofdujoh! uif! qptjujwf! qpmf! bu! uif!
tbnf!qpjou!ÓBÔ!boe!uifo!uispvhi!b!hbmwbopnfufs!ÓHÔ!up!b!tmjejoh!dpoubdu!ÓEÔ!
bt!tipxo!jo!Gjh/!2/6/
Uif!tmjejoh!dpoubdu!jt!npwfe!bmpoh!uif!xjsf!ÓBCÔ!ujmm!uifsf!jt!op!dvssfou!Þpx!
jo!uif!hbmwbopnfufs/!Uif!qptjujpo!ÓEÔ!jt!uifo!opufe/!Uif!fng!pg!uif!dfmm!tbz!Fy!
jt!qspqpsujpobm!up!uif!ejtubodf!ÓBEÔ-!j/f/-
! Fy!μ!BE! )2*
Uif!dfmm!ÓYÔ!jt!opx!sfqmbdfe!cz!tuboebse!dfmm!ÓTÔ-!uif!FNG!pg!xijdi!tbz!Ft!
jt! lopxo/!Uif! qptjujpo! pg! tmjejoh! dpoubdu! jt! sfbekvtufe! cz! npwjoh! ju! pwfs! uif!
xjsf!BC!ujmm!uif!qpjou!pg!op!dvssfou!jo!uif!hbmwbopnfufs-!j/f/!uif!Óovmm!qpjouÔ!jt!
sfbdife!bhbjo!tbz!bu!ÓE¢Ô!bt!tipxo!jo!Gjh/!2/6/

+ –

D D¢
A B

G
X

Gjh/!2/6! Qpufoujpnfusjd!nfuipe!gps!uif!nfbtvsfnfou!pg!FNG
9! Fohjoffsjoh!Difnjtusz

Uifo!fwjefoumz-! ! Ft!μ!BE¢! ! )3*

Ex AD
\!Gspn!)2*!boe!)3*! = ! )4*
Es AD¢
AD
\!Uifsfgpsf!FNG!pg!ÓYÔ!)Fy*!jt! ¥ Es ! )5*
AD¢
Lopxjoh!Ft!-!Fy!dbo!cf!dbmdvmbufe!fbtjmz/
Uif!tuboebse!dfmm!nvtu!cf!dbqbcmf!pg!hjwjoh!dpotubou!boe!sfqspevdjcmf!fng!
boe!jut!wbsjbujpo!xjui!ufnqfsbuvsf!xjmm!cf!ofhmjhjcmz!tnbmm/

2/2/6! Tuboebse!Fmfduspef!Qpufoujbm
Uif! ufoefodz! pg! bo! fmfduspef! up! mptf! ps! hbjo! fmfduspot! xifo! ju! jt! jo! dpoubdu!
xjui! jut! pxo! jpot! jo! tpmvujpo! jt! dbmmfe! Ófmfduspef! qpufoujbmÔ/! Uif! nbhojuvef!
pg! bdrvjsfe! fmfduspot! boe! qspdffe! bt! b! sfevdujpo! jt! fyqsfttfe! cz! uif! ibmg.
sfbdujpoÔt! qpufoujbm/! Xifo! ju! jt! nfbtvsfe! voefs! tuboebse! dpoejujpot! obnfmz!
36¡D-!dpodfousbujpo!pg!2/1!N!gps!bmm!tpmvuf!boe!qsfttvsf!pg!2!bunptqifsf-!uif!
sfevdujpo!qpufoujbm!jt!dbmmfe!ÓTuboebse!Sfevdujpo!QpufoujbmÔ/!Tuboebse!sfevdujpo!
qpufoujbmt!bsf!bmtp!dbmmfe!ÑTuboebse!Fmfduspef!QpufoujbmtÒ/!Up!sfqsftfou!tuboebse!
fmfduspef!qpufoujbm-!bee!tvctdsjqu!up!uif!tzncpm!F¡dfmm/
Xifo! uxp! ibmg.dfmmt! bsf! dpoofdufe! up! nblf! b! hbmwbojd! dfmm-! pof! xjui! uif!
mbshfs!tuboebse!sfevdujpo!qpufoujbm!)uif!pof!xjui!uif!hsfbufs!ufoefodz!up!voefshp!
sfevdujpo*! bdrvjsft! fmfduspot! gspn! uif! ibmg.dfmm! xjui! mpxfs! tuboebse! sfevdujpo!
qpufoujbm-!xijdi!jt!uifsfgpsf!gpsdfe!up!voefshp!pyjebujpo/
Ê Standard reduction potentialˆ Ê Standard reduction potentialˆ
-
Ë of the substance reduced ˜¯ ÁË of the substance oxidised ˜¯
F¡dfmm!>! Á

Uif! tuboebse! fmfduspef! qpufoujbmt! pg! b! ovncfs! pg! fmfduspeft! bsf! hjwfo! jo!!
Ubcmf! 2/2/! Uiftf! wbmvft! bsf! tbje! up! cf! po! izesphfo! tdbmf! tjodf! jo! uiftf!
efufsnjobujpot-! qpufoujbm! pg! uif! tuboebse! izesphfo! fmfduspef! vtfe! bt! uif!
sfgfsfodf! fmfduspef! ibt! cffo! ublfo! bt! {fsp/! Uif! wbmvft! pg! tuboebse! qpufoujbmt!
bssbohfe!jo!uif!efdsfbtjoh!psefs!jt!dbmmfe!uif!ÓFmfduspdifnjdbm!TfsjftÔ/
Ubcmf!2/2! Fmfduspdifnjdbm!tfsjft!tuboebse!fmfduspef!qpufoujbmt!)Sfevdujpo*!bu!36¡D/

Fmfduspef Fmfduspef!Sfbdujpo!)Sfevdujpo* F¡)wpmut*

G3! )h*<!3GÏ G3!,!3fÏ! � !3GÏ ,!3/98
DP4,<!DP3,<!Qu DP4,!,!fÏ! � !DP3, ,!2/93
Dm3!)h*<!3DmÏ<!Qu Dm3!)h-!2!bun/*!,!3f! � !3DmÏ ,!2/47
Cs3<!3CsÏ!)m*<!Qu Cs3!)m*!,!3fÏ! � !3CsÏ ,!2/17
Bh,<!Bh Bh,!,!f! � !Bh)t* ,!1/91

Dpoue/
 Fmfduspdifnjtusz! :

Gf4,<!Gf3,<!Qu Gf4,!,!f! � !Gf3, ,!1/88

3Ï<!Ih
Bh3TP5)t*-!TP5 Ih3TP5)t*!,!3f! � !3Ih!,!TP53Ï ,!1/72
J3<!3JÏ!)t*<!Qu J3!)t*!,!3f! � !3JÏ ,!1/64
3,<!Dv
Dv Dv3,!,!3f! � !Dv)t* ,!1/45
Ih3Dm3!)t*<!DmÏ<!Ih Ih3Dm3!,!3f! � !3Ih!,!3DmÏ ,!1/39
Ï<!Bh
BhDm!)t*<!Dm BhDm!)t*!,!f! � !Bh)t*!,!DmÏ ,!1/33
To5, 3,
<!To <!Qu To5,!,!3f! � !To3, ,!1/25
Ih3Cs3!)t*<!CsÏ<!Ih Ih3Cs3!)t*!,!3f! � !3Ih!,!3CsÏ ,!1/24
Ï
BhCs)t*<!Cs <!Bh BhCs)t*!,!f! � !Bh)t*!,!CsÏ ,!1/18
3I,<!I3)h*<!Qu 3I,!,!3f! � !I3!)h-!m!bun/* ±!!1/1111
3,<!Qc
Qc Qc3,!,!3f! � !Qc!)t* Ï!1/24
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 Fmfduspdifnjtusz! 22

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RT [ Zn 2 + (0.1)]
! !! Fdfmm! >!! ln
nF Zn 2 + (0.01)
2.303RT (0.1)
! !! ! >!! log at 25”C
2F 0.01
! !! ! >!!1/13:6!W
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Cu /Cu Cd /Cd
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23! Fohjoffsjoh!Difnjtusz

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RT [Ag ]2 [ Zn 2 + ]
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nF [Ag + ]2 [ Zn ]
RT [ Zn 2 + ]
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nF [Ag + ]2
2.303 RT [ Zn 2 + ]
! !! >!F¼dfmm!Ï! log ! )E!dpod/!pg!tpmjet!ublfo!bt!vojuz*
nF [Ag + ]2
! ! Tvctujuvujoh!uif!wbsjpvt!wbmvft!jo!Ofsotu!frvbujpo-!xf!ibwf
2.303 ¥ 8.314 ¥ 298 0.1
Fdfmm!>!2/67!Ï! log !>!2/73!Wpmut/
2 ¥ 96500 10
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 Fmfduspdifnjtusz! 24

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 Fmfduspdifnjtusz! 26

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Another random document with
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discharged on account of disability, and is now an
inmate of the Disabled Soldier’s Home, at Dayton,
Ohio. From his letters to me he seems the same jolly,
good natured hero as of old. I hope to see him before
many months, for the first time since he shook me by
the hand and passed in and out of his tunnel from the
Marine Hospital and to freedom.
The two cousins Buck, David and Eli S., I last saw
top of some corn in an army wagon I jumped from
when I first encountered the 9th Mich. Cavalry. Little
thought that would be the last time I should see
them. Their command belonged to the Eastern Army
in the region of the Potomac, and when
communication was opened at Savannah they were
sent there on transports. I afterward received letters
from both of them, and David’s picture; also his wife’s
whom he had just married. David’s picture is
reproduced in this book and I must say hardly does
him justice as he was a good looking and active
fellow. Presume Eli is a farmer if alive, and “Dave”
probably preaching.
“Limber Jim,” who was instrumental in putting
down the raiders at Andersonville, was until recently
a resident of Joliet, Illinois. He died last winter, in
1880, and it is said his health was always poor after
his terrible summer of 1864. He was a hero in every
sense of the word, and if our government did not
amply repay him for valiant service done while a
prisoner of war, then it is at fault.
Sergt. Winn of the 100th Ohio, who befriended me
at Savannah, is, I think, a citizen of Cincinnati, Ohio,
and a prosperous man. Any way, he was in 1870 or
thereabouts. Was an upright man and good fellow.
Every one knows the fate of Capt. Wirtz, our prison
commander at Andersonville, who was hung at
Washington, D. C., in 1866, for his treatment of us
Union prisoners of war. It was a righteous judgment,
still I think there are others who deserved hanging
fully as much. He was but the willing tool of those
higher in command. Those who put him there knew
his brutal disposition, and should have suffered the
same disposition made of him. Although, I believe at
this late day those who were in command and
authority over Capt. Wirtz have successfully thrown
the blame on his shoulders, it does not excuse them
in the least so far as I am concerned. They are just
as much to blame that thirteen thousand men died in
a few months at that worst place the world has ever
seen, as Capt. Wirtz, and should have suffered
accordingly. I don’t blame any of them for being
rebels if they thought it right, but I do their inhuman
treatment of prisoners of war.
 Hub Dakin is now a resident of Dansville, Mich.,
the same village in which lives Wm. B. Rowe. He has
been more or less disabled since the war, and I
believe is now trying to get a pension from the
government for disability contracted while in prison. It
is very difficult for ex-prisoners of war to get
pensions, owing to the almost impossibility of getting
sufficient evidence. The existing pension laws require
that an officer of the service shall have knowledge of
the origin of disease, or else two comrades who may
be enlisted men. At this late day it is impossible to
remember with accuracy sufficient to come up to the
requirements of the law. There is no doubt that all
were more or less disabled, and the mere fact of their
having spent the summer in Andersonville, should be
evidence enough to procure assistance from the
government.
And now a closing chapter in regard to myself. As
soon as Savannah was occupied by our troops and
communications opened with the North, a furlough
was made out by Capt. Johnson, of our company,
and signed by Assistant Surgeon Young, and then by
Col. Acker. I then took the furlough to Gen. Kilpatrick,
which he signed, and also endorsed on the back to
the effect that he hoped Gen. Sherman would also
sign and send me North. From Gen. Kilpatrick’s
head-quarters I went to see Gen. Sherman at
Savannah and was ushered into his presence. The
Gen. looked the paper over and then said no men
were being sent home now and no furloughs granted
for any cause. If I was permanently disabled I could
be sent to Northern hospitals, or if I had been an
exchanged prisoner of war, could be sent North, but
there was no provision made for escaped prisoners
of war. Encouraged me with the hope, however, that
the war was nearly over and it could not be long
before we would all go home. Gave me a paper
releasing me from all duty until such time as I saw fit
to do duty, and said the first furlough granted should
be mine, and he would retain it and send to me as
soon as possible. Cannot say that I was very sadly
disappointed, as I was having a good time with the
company, and regaining my health and getting better
every day, with the exception of my leg, which still
troubled me. Stayed with the company until Lee
surrendered, Lincoln assassinated and all the fighting
over and then leaving Chapel Hill, North Carolina, in
April, went to my home in Michigan. In a few weeks
was followed by the regiment, when we were all
mustered out of the service. As had been reported to
me at the regiment, I had been regarded as dead,
and funeral sermon preached.
It was my sad duty to call upon the relatives of
quite a number who died in Andersonville, among
whom were those of Dr. Lewis, John McGuire and
Jimmy Devers. The relics which had been entrusted
to my keeping were all lost with two exceptions, and
through no fault of mine. At the time of my severe
sickness when first taken to Savannah, and when I
was helpless as a child, the things drifted away from
me some way, and were lost. But for the fact that
Battese had two of my diary books and Sergt. Winn
the other, they also would have been lost.
I hope that this Diary may prove successful in its
mission of truly portraying the scenes at
Andersonville and elsewhere during the time of my
imprisonment, and if so, the object of its author shall
have been accomplished.
Yours Very Respectfully,
JOHN L. RANSOM,
Late 1st Sergt. Co. A, 9th Mich. Cav.
 John L. Ransom.
[From a photograph taken three months after
escape.]
 MICHAEL HOARE’S ESCAPE

National Soldiers’ Home. }

Dayton, Ohio, May 5th, 1881. }
Comrade John L. Ransom,
Dear Friend:— * * * * The night I left the
stockade, going within twelve feet of a guard, I went
down to the city. Had never been there before and
did not know where to go, but wandered about the
streets, dressed in an old suit of rebel clothes, until
12 o’clock that night. It was Oct. 18th, 1864, and I
had been captured March 5th, in Col. Dahlgreen’s
raid, the object of which was to release the officers
confined in Libby prison and the privates confined on
Belle Island and Pemberton prisons. * * * * My whole
uniform was disposed of * * * and I had to wear dirty
rebel rags. They marched us to Stevensville. We
remained there but a short time when we were
marched about two miles and into the heart of a
swamp. We did not know what the matter was but
found out that Kilpatrick had turned back to look for
us, the “forlorn hope,” as we were called. If he had
been one hour sooner, he would have released us;
but fate would have it the other way. From the
swamp we were marched to Richmond, surrounded
by the mounted mob. They would not let us step out
of the ranks even to quench our thirst, and we had to
drink the muddy water from the middle of the road.
Every little town we came to the rebels would
assemble and yell at us, the women the worst. * * * *
When we reached the head-quarters of rebeldom the
whole rebel city was out to meet us * * * * and the
self-styled rebel ladies were the worst in their vim
and foul language. They made a rush for us, but the
guard kept them off until we were safely put in the
third story of the Pemberton building, where we were
searched and stripped of everything we were not
already robbed of. * * * * The next morning the
Richmond people cried out for Jeff Davis to hang us,
saying we were nothing but outlaws and robbers, on
an errand of plunder and rapine. The press tried to
excite hostility against us, and succeeded, in a
measure. We were kept by ourselves and not
allowed to mix with the other prisoners. A special
guard was kept over us, and we were allowed but
two-thirds the small rations issued to the other men.
The windows were all out of the room we were in,
and a cold March wind blowing and cutting through
our starving, naked bodies. * * * * In July we were
going to get hanged in Castle Thunder. We were told
the same story every day, and it was getting stale, so
we paid no attention to it; but sure enough, we were
called out one morning and thought our time had
come. They marched us up Casey street toward
Castle Thunder, and as we approached it some fairly
shivered at their promised doom; but instead of
stopping at that celebrated hotel, we were taken
across the river and put in cattle cars. Where we
were going none knew; but we started and the next
day reached Dansville. We were removed from the
cars and put into a tobacco warehouse and were
kept there until the next morning, when we were put
aboard the cars and started south again until we
came to the world renowned hell-hole, Andersonville.
When we arrived several men were dead in the cars,
and the rebels would not let us remove them. The
cars were packed like herring boxes, so you may
imagine our situation. * * * * From there I was
transferred to Savannah, and from the latter place I
made my escape, as previously mentioned.
As I have said, I wandered about until 12 o’clock,
and was then in a worn out condition. Not knowing
where to turn or lay my head, I sat down under a tree
to rest myself, and as I sat there, who should come
along but a watchman. “Hello!” says he, “what are
you doing here at this hour of the night?” I answered
that I was one of the guards guarding the Yankees at
the stockade, and that I had been down to Bryan
street to see my sister. “All right,” said he, “You
fellows have a hard time guarding them d—d
Yankees. Why don’t you shoot more of ’em and get
’em out o’ the way?” I passed on until I came to a
place with a high board fence. I crawled over and
looked around and found a small shed divided by a
board partition. In one end they kept a cow and in the
other some fodder. I went in where the fodder was
and threw myself down and went to sleep, intending
to be up before day; but what was my surprise when
it proved to be broad daylight before I awoke. I lay
there thinking what to do, when I heard the gate of
the fence open. I jumped up and looked through a
crack in the boards and saw an old man enter with a
pail in his hand. Presently he came where I was in
the fodder to get some for the cow. As he opened the
door he started back with fright, saying, “Who are
you and what brings you here?” I saw by his face and
voice that he was an Irishman, and I made up my
mind to tell him the truth. * * * He told me to remain
where I was and he would try and get me something
to eat. He went away and presently returned with a
tin pan full of sweet potatoes and bacon. * * * * He
told me the only way to get away was by the Isle of
Hope, ten miles from the city on the Skidaway shell
road. There was a picket post of twelve men right on
the road, but I started off, and when I reached the
picket put on a bold face and told them I belonged to
Maxwell’s battery, stationed at the Isle of Hope, and
they let me pass. * * * I passed officers and soldiers
on the road, but they never took any notice of me
further than to return my kindly greeting. I finally
reached the outpost on the road, about a mile from
freedom. I had known, even before starting, that to
pass that post I should have to have a pass signed
by the commanding officer at Savannah; but there
were swamps on both sides the road, and I thought I
could swim in the marsh and flank the post. I took off
my jacket and made the attempt, but had to return to
the road. * * * * I saw there was no use trying to
escape by the Isle of Hope. I could not pass the
outpost, and besides, there was great danger that I
should be hung as a spy. So I put back to Savannah
that night. I had to wade the marsh to get by the post
I first passed. I got safely back to my cowshed and
laid there till woke up the next morning by my friend
Gleason. When I told him where I had been he would
hardly believe me. * * * * He brought me something
to eat and went away, but returned at night with two
other men. Their names were Wall and Skelley and
they belonged to the 3d Georgia artillery. They said
they were northern men, but were in Savannah when
the war broke out and had to join the rebel army. I
told them the history of my adventure by the Isle of
Hope and they were astonished. They said the only
way was by the river to Fort Pulaski, fourteen miles
from Savannah. The question was, where to get a
boat. They were known in Savannah and their
movements would be watched. They said they knew
where there was a boat, but it was a government
boat. I said that made it better, and if they would
show me where the boat was, I would do the
headwork. So they showed me and left me the
management. I went when everything was ready, and
muffled the oars and oarlocks, with a sentinel within
twenty feet of me. The boat lay in the river, near the
gas-house and a government store-house, and the
river was guarded by gunboats and the floating
battery, and paved with torpedoes; but there is what
is called “the back river,” which flows into the
Savannah above Smith Island. The mouth of this
stream was guarded by a picket crew, sent from the
battery every night; so when we left we had to lay in
a rice sluice, where we ran the boat in about an
eighth of a mile, and raised the grass as the boat
passed along to conceal our tracks. We heard them
searching the next morning, after the boat had been
missed, but the search was at last given up. About
this time Skelley began talking about being
recaptured, as the shore was picketed all the way.
He said there would be nothing done with me, if I
was recaptured but to put me back in the stockade,
while he and Wall would be shot as deserters. He
proposed returning to Savannah at once. * * * * He
began to win the other fellow over and I saw the
game was up with me. Skelley was the only one of
us who was armed and he had a Colt’s revolver. * * *
* I told him that his plan was the best and that I didn’t
want to be the means of getting him into trouble. I
gained his confidence, but the thought of returning to
Savannah never entered my head. I watched my
chance, and at a favorable opportunity, snatched his
pistol. * * * I rose to my feet with the pistol at full
cock, pointed it at his breast and told him that one
move towards returning to Savannah would end his
career by a bullet from his own revolver. He turned all
colors, but said nothing. I kept my distance, and at
four o’clock in the afternoon told them to get into the
boat. I then sat down in the stern and told them to
pull out, which they did with a vim. Just as we passed
the mouth, we heard the click of oars on the picket
boat; but they were too late, and all the danger we
had to encounter was the pickets on the shore which
we had to hug on account of torpedoes in the
channel. I don’t know how we ever passed safely
over the torpedoes and by the pickets, which latter
were within forty yards of us all the way along until
we reached Pulaski. All that saved us was that the
pickets had fires lighted and were looking at them,
and our oars and oarlocks being muffled, they did not
hear or see us. It was very dark when we struck the
mouth of the Savannah, and whereabouts Fort
Pulaski lay we knew not; but we kept pulling until
halted by a soldier of the 144th N. Y. Infantry, who
was guarding the place at that time. We were
ordered to pull in, which we did, and were taken up to
the commanding officer and questioned. He said it
was the most daring escape ever made, up to that
time, considering the obstacles we had to encounter.
We were kept in the guard house until my statement
was confirmed by the war department, when I was
released and sent to Washington, where I reported to
the Adjutant-General who gave me a furlough and
sent me to the hospital. I remained there until spring,
when I rejoined my regiment and was mustered out
at the close of the war. * * * * *
I remain,
Your true friend,
MICHAEL HOARE.
 R E B E L T E S T I M O N Y.

We cannot do better than copy into this book a

very complete description of Andersonville Prison, by
Joseph Jones, Surgeon P. A. C. S., Professor of
Medical Chemistry in the Medical College of Georgia,
at Augusta, Ga., as given at the Wirtz trial at
Washington, D. C., he being a witness for the
prosecution:

“Hearing of the unusual mortality among

the prisoners confined at Andersonville, in
the month of August, 1864, during a visit to
Richmond, I expressed to the Surgeon
General, S. P. Moore, Confederate States of
America, a desire to visit Camp Sumpter,
with the design of instituting a series of
inquiries upon the nature and causes of the
prevailing diseases. Small-pox had appeared
among the prisoners, and I believed that this
would prove an admirable field for the study
of its characteristic lesions. The condition of
Peyer’s glands in this disease was
considered as worthy a minute investigation.
It was believed that a large portion of the
men from the Northern portion of the United
States, suddenly transported to a Southern
climate, and confined upon a small portion of
land, would furnish an excellent field for the
investigation of the relations of typhus,
typhoid, and malarial fevers.
The Surgeon General of the Confederate
States of America furnished me with letters
of introduction to the surgeon in charge of
the Confederate States Military prison at
Andersonville, Ga., and the following is my
description of that place:
The Confederate Military Prison at
Andersonville, Ga., consists of a strong
stockade, twenty feet in height, enclosing
twenty-seven acres. The stockade is formed
of strong pine logs, firmly planted in the
ground. The main stockade is surrounded by
two other similar rows of pine logs, the
middle stockade being sixteen feet high, and
the outer one twelve feet. These are
intended for offense and defense. If the inner
stockade should at any time be forced by the
prisoners, the second forms another line of
defense; while in case of an attempt to
deliver the prisoners by a force operating
upon the exterior, the outer line forms an
admirable protection to the Confederate
troops, and a most formidable obstacle to
cavalry or infantry. The four angles of the
outer line are strengthened by earthworks
upon commanding eminences, from which
the cannon, in case of an outbreak among
the prisoners, may sweep the entire
enclosure; and it was designed to connect
these works by a line of rifle pits running zig-
zag around the outer stockade; those rifle
pits have never been completed. The ground
enclosed by the innermost stockade lies in
the form of a parallelogram, the larger
diameter running almost due north and
south. This space includes the northern and
southern opposing sides of two hills,
between which a stream of water runs from
west to east. The surface soil of these two
hills is composed chiefly of sand with varying
mixtures of clay and oxide of iron. The clay
is sufficiently tenacious to give a
considerable degree of consistency to the
soil. The internal structure of the hills, as
revealed by the deep wells, is similar to that
already described. The alternate layers of
clay and sand, as well as the oxide of iron,
which forms in its various combinations a
cement to the sand, allows of extensive
tunneling. The prisoners not only
constructed numerous dirt houses with balls
of clay and sand, taken from the wells which
they had excavated all over these hills, but
they have also, in some cases, tunneled
extensively from these wells. The lower
portion of these hills, bordering on the
stream, are wet and boggy from the constant
oozing of water. The stockade was built
originally to accommodate ten thousand
prisoners, and included at first seventeen
acres. Near the close of the month of June
the area was enlarged by the addition of ten
acres. The ground added was situated on
the northern slope of the largest hill.
Within the circumscribed area of the
stockade the Federal prisoners were
compelled to perform all the functions of life,
cooking, washing, the calls of nature,
exercise, and sleeping. During the month of
March the prison was less crowded than at
any subsequent time, and then the average
space of ground to each prisoner was only