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57724_FM_zill.indd Page i 8/17/13 10:06 PM ff-446 ~/Desktop/17:8:2013/Zill
COMPLEX A First
Course with
Applications
ANALYSIS THIRD EDITION
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94616_TOCX_zilln JB00075/Zill August 16, 2013 19:47
Contents
Preface xiii
Chapter 1. Complex Numbers and the Complex Plane 2

1.1 Complex Numbers and Their Properties 3
1.2 Complex Plane 10
1.3 Polar Form of Complex Numbers 16
1.4 Powers and Roots 22
1.5 Sets of Points in the Complex Plane 27
1.6 Applications 34
Chapter 1 Review Quiz 43
Chapter 2. Complex Functions and Mappings 46

2.1 Complex Functions 47
2.2 Complex Functions as Mappings 54
2.3 Linear Mappings 62
2.4 Special Power Functions 72
2.4.1 The Power Function zn 73
2.4.2 The Power Function z1/n 76
2.5 Reciprocal Function 87
2.6 Applications 96
Chapter 3. Analytic Functions 102

3.1 Limits and Continuity 103
3.1.1 Limits 103
3.1.2 Continuity 110
3.2 Differentiability and Analyticity 121
3.3 Cauchy-Riemann Equations 130
3.4 Harmonic Functions 137
3.5 Applications 141
Chapter 4. Elementary Functions 150

4.1 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 151
4.1.1 Complex Exponential Function 151
4.1.2 Complex Logarithmic Function 156
4.2 Complex Powers 166
ix
x Contents
4.3 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions 171

4.3.1 Complex Trigonometric Functions 171
4.3.2 Complex Hyperbolic Functions 179
4.4 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions 183
Chapter 5. Integration in the Complex Plane 200

5.1 Real Integrals 201
5.2 Complex Integrals 209
5.3 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem 218
5.4 Independence of Path 226
5.5 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their
Consequences 233
5.5.1 Cauchy’s Two Integral Formulas 233
5.5.2 Some Consequences of the Integral
Formulas 237
Chapter 6. Series and Residues 258

6.1 Sequences and Series 259
6.2 Taylor Series 269
6.3 Laurent Series 278
6.4 Zeros and Poles 288
6.5 Residues and Residue Theorem 294
6.6 Some Consequences of the Residue Theorem 302
6.6.1 Evaluation of Real Trigonometric
Integrals 303
6.6.2 Evaluation of Real Improper Integrals 304
6.6.3 Integration along a Branch Cut 310
6.6.4 The Argument Principle and Rouché’s
Theorem 311
6.6.5 Summing Infinite Series 315
Chapter 7. Conformal Mappings 334

7.1 Conformal Mapping 335
7.2 Linear Fractional Transformations 343
7.3 Schwarz-Christoffel Transformations 351
7.4 Poisson Integral Formulas 359
7.5.1 Boundary-Value Problems 367
7.5.2 Fluid Flow 374
Contents xi
Appendixes: I Proof of Theorem 3.1.1 APP-1

II Proof of the Cauchy-Goursat Theorem APP-3
III Table of Conformal Mappings APP-7
Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems ANS-1

Symbol Index IND-1
Word Index IND-5
94616_PREF_Zill JB00075/Zill August 19, 2013 19:8
Preface
Philosophy The first edition of this text grew out the material in Chapters
17–20 of Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Third Edition (Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, 2006), by Dennis G. Zill and the late Michael R. Cullen. This third
edition represents an expansion and revision of that original material and is intended
for use either in a one-semester or a one-quarter course. Its aim is to introduce the
basic principles and applications of complex analysis to undergraduates who have
no prior knowledge of this subject. The writing is straightforward and reflects the
no-nonsense style of Advanced Engineering Mathematics.
The motivation to adapt the material from Advanced Engineering Mathematics
into a stand-alone text came from our dissatisfaction with the succession of textbooks
that we have used over the years in our departmental undergraduate course offering in
complex analysis. It has been our experience that books claiming to be accessible to
undergraduates were often written at a level that was too high for our audience. The
“audience” for our junior-level course consists of some majors in mathematics, some
majors in physics, but mostly majors from electrical engineering and computer science.
At our institution, a typical student majoring in science or engineering is not required
to take theory-oriented mathematics courses such as methods of proof, linear algebra,
abstract algebra, advanced calculus, or introductory real analysis. The only prerequisite
for our undergraduate course in complex analysis is the completion of the third semester
of the calculus sequence. For the most part, then, calculus is all that we assume by way
of preparation for a student to use this text, although some working knowledge of
differential equations would be helpful in the sections devoted to applications. We
have kept the theory in this text to what we hope is a manageable level, concentrating
only on what we feel is necessary in a first course. Many concepts are presented in an
informal and conceptual style rather than in the conventional definition/theorem/proof
format. We think it would be fair to characterize this text as a continuation of the
study of calculus, but this time as the study of the calculus of functions of a complex
variable. But do not misinterpret the preceding words; we have not abandoned theory
in favor of “cookbook recipes.” Proofs of major results are presented and much of
the standard terminology is used throughout. Indeed, there are many problems in the
exercise sets where a student is asked to prove something. We readily admit that any
student—not just majors in mathematics—can gain some mathematical maturity and
insight by attempting a proof. However, we also know that most students have no idea
how to start a proof. Thus, in some of our “proof” problems the reader is either guided
through the starting steps or is provided a strong hint on how to proceed.
Changes in This Edition The original underlying philosophy and the
overall number of sections and chapters are the same as in the second edition. We
have purposely kept the number of chapters in this text to seven. This was done in
order to provide an appropriate quantity of material so that most of it can reasonably
be covered in a one-term course.
Our primary goal for this third edition was to enhance the strengths of the original
text. As such, in this revision:
r Some text in Chapter 2 has been rewritten in order to support a more direct
transition from elementary principles to series and residues. As with previous
editions, we have tried to keep the exposition crisp and straightforward.
xiii
xiv Preface
r Section 2.6 (Limits and Continuity) in the second edition has now become
Section 3.1 in this edition. This move collects all of the introductory concepts
of the calculus of complex functions into Chapter 3 as well as balances out the
number of sections in each chapter.
r Some new problems have been added to the exercises and many problems from
the previous edition have been improved. A significant number of computer
lab assignments have also been added.
r The Mathematica R
syntax from the second edition has been updated to coin-
cide with version 8 of the software.
r Errors and typos in the second edition have been corrected.
Features of This Text We have retained many of the features of the

previous edition. Each chapter begins with its own opening page that includes a table
of contents and a brief introduction describing the material to be covered in the chapter.
Moreover, each section in a chapter starts with introductory comments on the specifics
covered in that section. Almost every section ends with a feature called Remarks,
in which we talk to the students about areas where real and complex calculus differ
or discuss additional interesting topics (such as the Riemann sphere and Riemann
surfaces), which are related to, but not formally covered in, the section. Several of
the longer sections, although unified by subject matter, have been partitioned into
subsections; this was done to facilitate covering the material over several class periods.
The corresponding exercise sets were divided in the same manner in order to make
easier the assignment of homework. Comments, clarifications, and some words of
caution are liberally scattered throughout the text by means of marginal annotations.
We have used a double-decimal numeration system for the numbering of the
figures, theorems, and definitions. For example, the interpretation of “Figure 1.2.3” is
Chapter Section
1.2.3 Third figure in the section
We feel that this type of numeration will make it easier to find figures, theorems, and
definitions when they are referred to in later sections or chapters.
We have provided a lot of examples and have tried very hard to supply all
pertinent details in their solution. Because applications of complex analysis are often
compiled into a single chapter placed at the end of the text, instructors are sometimes
hard-pressed to cover any applications in the course. Complex analysis is a powerful
tool in applied mathematics. So to facilitate covering this beautiful aspect of the
subject, we have chosen to end each chapter with a separate section on applications.
The exercise sets are constructed in a pyramidal fashion, and each set has at least
two parts. The first part of an exercise set is a generous supply of routine drill-type
problems; the second part consists of conceptual word and geometrical problems. In
many exercise sets there is a third part devoted to the use of technology. Since the
default operational mode of all computer algebra systems is complex analysis, we
have placed an emphasis on that type of software. Although we have discussed the
use of Mathematica in the text proper, the problems are generic in nature.
Each chapter ends with a Chapter Review Quiz. We thought that something
more conceptual would be a bit more interesting than the rehashing of the same old
problems given in the traditional Chapter Review Exercises.
Answers to selected odd-numbered problems are given in the back of the text.
Since the conceptual problems could also be used as topics for classroom discussion,
we decided not to include their answers.
Additional Resources A student study guide has been prepared by

Patrick D. Shanahan to accompany Complex Analysis: A First Course with Applications.
Preface xv
The study guide contains a complete solution of every fourth problem in the exercises
(with the exception of Focus on Concepts and Computer Lab Assignment problems),
hints for every fourth Focus on Concepts problem, summaries of the key ideas for
each section, and important review material from calculus and differential equations.
Complete solutions are also available for qualified instructors. For student and
instructor resources please contact your Jones & Bartlett Learning account represen-
tative at 1-800-832-0034 or visit go.jblearning.com/complex3e.
Acknowledgments We would like to express our appreciation to our

colleagues at Loyola Marymount University who have taught from the text, as well
as those instructors who have taken the time to contact us, for their words of en-
couragement, criticisms, corrections, and thoughtful suggestions. We also wish to
acknowledge the valuable input from past LMU students who used this book in pre-
liminary and published versions. Finally, we extend a deeply felt thank you to the
reviewers of the first and second editions:
Nicolae H. Pavel, Ohio University
Marcos Jardim, University of Pennsylvania
Ilia A. Binder, Harvard University
Joyati Debnath, Winona State University
Rich Mikula, William Paterson University of New Jersey
Jim Vance, Wright State University
Chris Masters, Doane College
George J. Miel, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Jeffrey Lawson, Western Carolina University
Javad Namazi, Fairleigh Dickinson University
Irl Bivens, Davidson College
and to the reviewers of the current edition:
Victor Akatsa, Chicago State University
Joyati Debnath, Winona State University
A.R. Lubin, Illinois Institute of Technology
Lloyd Moyo, Henderson State University, AR
Lastly, many kudos goes to our Production Editor, Tiffany Sliter, for yet another job
well done.
Final Request Compiling a mathematics text, even one of this modest

size, entails juggling thousands of words and symbols. Experience has taught us that
errors—typos or just plain mistakes—seem to be an inescapable by-product of the
textbook-writing endeavor. We apologize in advance for any errors that you may find
and urge you to bring them to our attention. You can email them to our editor at
info@jblearning.com.
Dennis G. Zill Patrick D. Shanahan
57724_CH01_zill JB00075/Zill August 5, 2013 13:9
1 Complex Numbers
and the
Complex Plane
Contents
1.1 Complex Numbers and Their Properties
3π
1.2 Complex Plane
2π
1.3 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
π
1.4 Powers and Roots 0
1.5 Sets of Points in the Complex Plane –π
1.6 Applications –2π

–3π 1
Chapter 1 Review Quiz –1
0 0
1 –1
Riemann surface for arg(z).

See page 85.
In This Chapter In elementary courses you learned about the existence, and some of
the properties, of complex numbers. But in courses in calculus, it is most likely that you did
not even see a complex number. In this text we study nothing but complex numbers and the
calculus of functions of a complex variable.
We begin with an in-depth examination of the arithmetic and algebra of complex numbers.
2
1.1 Complex Numbers and Their Properties

INTRODUCTION No one person “invented” complex numbers, but controversies
surrounding the use of these numbers existed in the sixteenth century. In their quest
to solve polynomial equations by formulas involving radicals, early dabblers in math-
ematics were forced to admit that there were other kinds of numbers besides positive
integers. Equations such as x 2 + 2x + 2 = 0 and x 3 = 6x + 4 that yielded “so-
√ √ √
lutions” 1 + −1 and 2 + −2 + 2 − −2 caused particular consternation
3 3
within the community of fledgling √ mathematical

√ scholars because everyone knew
that there are no numbers such as −1 and −2, numbers whose square is negative.
Such “numbers” exist only in one’s imagination, or as one philosopher opined, “the
imaginary, (the) bosom child of complex mysticism.” Over time these “imaginary
numbers” did not go away, mainly because mathematicians as a group are tenacious
and some are even practical. A famous mathematician held that even though “they
exist in our imagination . . . nothing prevents us from . . . employing them in cal-
culations.” Mathematicians also hate to throw anything away. After all, a memory
still lingered that negative numbers at first were branded “fictitious.” The concept of
number evolved over centuries; gradually the set of numbers grew from just positive
integers to include rational numbers, negative numbers, and irrational numbers. But in
the eighteenth century the number concept took a gigantic evolutionary step forward
when the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss put the so-called imaginary
numbers—or complex numbers, as they were now beginning to be called—on a
logical and consistent footing by treating them as an extension of the real number
system.
Our goal in this first section is to examine some basic definitions and the arith-
metic of complex numbers.
The Imaginary Unit Even after gaining wide respectability, through the
seminal works of Carl Friedrich Gauss and the French mathematician Augustin
Louis Cauchy, the unfortunate name “imaginary” has survived down the centuries.
√
The symbol i was originally used as a disguise for the embarrassing symbol −1.
We now say that i is the imaginary unit and define it by the property i 2 = −1.
Using the imaginary unit, we build a general complex number out of two real
numbers.
DEFINITION 1.1.1 Complex Number
A complex number is any number of the form z = a + ib where a and b are real
numbers and i is the imaginary unit.
Terminology The notations a + ib and a + bi are used interchangeably. The

real number a in z = a + ib is called the real part of z; the real number b is called
the imaginary part of z. The real and imaginary parts of a complex number z are
Note: The imaginary part of z = 4 − 9i abbreviated Re(z) and Im(z), respectively. For example, if z = 4 − 9i, then Re(z) = 4
▲
is −9 not −9i. and Im(z) = −9. A real constant multiple of the imaginary unit is called a pure
imaginary number. For example, z = 6i is a pure imaginary number. Two complex
numbers are equal if their corresponding real and imaginary parts are equal. Since
this simple concept is sometimes useful, we formalize the last statement in the next
definition.
4 CHAPTER 1 Complex Numbers and the Complex Plane
DEFINITION 1.1.2 Equality
Complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal, z1 = z2 , if a1 = a2

and b1 = b2 .
In terms of the symbols Re(z) and Im(z), Definition 1.1.2 states that z1 = z2 if
Re(z1 ) = Re(z2 ) and Im(z1 ) = Im(z2 ).
The totality of complex numbers or the set of complex numbers is usually
denoted by the symbol C. Because any real number a can be written as
z = a + 0i, we see that the set R of real numbers is a subset of C.
Arithmetic Operations Complex numbers can be added, subtracted,

multiplied, and divided. If z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 , these operations
are defined as follows.
Addition: z1 + z2 = (a1 + ib1 ) + (a2 + ib2 ) = (a1 + a2 ) + i(b1 + b2 )
Subtraction: z1 − z2 = (a1 + ib1 ) − (a2 + ib2 ) = (a1 − a2 ) + i(b1 − b2 )
Multiplication: z1 · z2 = (a1 + ib1 )(a2 + ib2 )
= a1 a2 − b1 b2 + i(b1 a2 + a1 b2 )
z1 a1 + ib1
Division: = , a2 = 0, or b2 = 0
z2 a2 + ib2
a1 a2 + b1 b2 b1 a2 − a1 b2
= +i
a2 + b2
2 2
a22 + b22
The familiar commutative, associative, and distributive laws hold for complex
numbers:
⎧
⎨z +z = z +z
1 2 2 1
Commutative laws:
⎩ z z =z z
1 2 2 1
⎧
⎨ z + (z + z ) = (z + z ) + z
1 2 3 1 2 3
Associative laws:
⎩ z (z z ) = (z z )z
1 2 3 1 2 3
Distributive law: z1 (z2 + z3 ) = z1 z2 + z1 z3
In view of these laws, there is no need to memorize the definitions of addition,

subtraction, and multiplication.
Addition, Subtraction, and Multiplication
(i) To add (subtract ) two complex numbers, simply add (subtract ) the corre-
sponding real and imaginary parts.
(ii) To multiply two complex numbers, use the distributive law and the fact that
i 2 = −1.
The definition of division deserves further elaboration, and so we will discuss that
operation in more detail shortly.
EXAMPLE 1 Addition and Multiplication
If z1 = 2 + 4i and z2 = −3 + 8i, find (a) z1 + z2 and (b) z1 z2 .
Solution (a) By adding real and imaginary parts, the sum of the two complex numbers
z1 and z2 is
z1 + z2 = (2 + 4i) + (−3 + 8i) = (2 − 3) + (4 + 8)i = −1 + 12i.
(b) By the distributive law and i 2 = −1, the product of z1 and z2 is
z1 z2 = (2 + 4i) (−3 + 8i) = (2 + 4i) (−3) + (2 + 4i) (8i)

= −6 − 12i + 16i + 32i 2
= (−6 − 32) + (16 − 12)i = −38 + 4i.
Zero and Unity The zero in the complex number system is the number
0 + 0i and the unity is 1 + 0i. The zero and unity are denoted by 0 and 1, respectively.
The zero is the additive identity in the complex number system since, for any
complex number z = a + ib, we have z + 0 = z. To see this, we use the definition
of addition:
z + 0 = (a + ib) + (0 + 0i) = a + 0 + i(b + 0) = a + ib = z.
Similarly, the unity is the multiplicative identity of the system since, for any complex
number z, we have
z · 1 = (a + ib) · (1 + 0i) = a − 0 + i(b − 0) = a + ib = z.
Conjugate If z is a complex number, the number obtained by changing the

sign of its imaginary part is called the complex conjugate, or simply conjugate, of
z and is denoted by the symbol z̄. In other words, if z = a + ib, then its conjugate
is z̄ = a − ib. For example, if z = 6 + 3i, then z̄ = 6 − 3i; if z = −5 − i, then
z̄ = −5 + i. If z is a real number, say, z = 7, then z̄ = 7. From the definitions of
addition and subtraction of complex numbers, it is readily shown that the conjugate
of a sum and difference of two complex numbers is the sum and difference of the
conjugates:
z1 + z2 = z̄1 + z̄2 , z1 − z2 = z̄1 − z̄2 . (1)
Moreover, we have the following three additional properties:

z1 z̄1
z1 z2 = z̄1 z̄2 , = , z̄¯ = z. (2)
z2 z̄2
Of course, the conjugate of any finite sum (product) of complex numbers is the sum
(product) of the conjugates.
The definitions of addition and multiplication show that the sum and product of
a complex number z with its conjugate z̄ is a real number:
z + z̄ = (a + ib) + (a − ib) = 2a (3)

zz̄ = (a + ib)(a − ib) = a − i b = a + b .
2 2 2 2 2
(4)
The difference of a complex number z with its conjugate z̄ is a pure imaginary

number:
z − z̄ = (a + ib) − (a − ib) = 2ib. (5)
Since a = Re(z) and b = Im(z), (3) and (5) yield two useful formulas:
z + z̄ z − z̄
Re(z) = and Im(z) = . (6)
2 2i
However, (4) is the important relationship in this discussion because it enables us to
approach division in a practical manner.
Division
To divide z1 by z2 , multiply the numerator and denominator of z1 /z2 by the
conjugate of z2 . That is,
z1 z1 z̄2 z1 z̄2
= · = (7)
z2 z2 z̄2 z2 z̄2
and then use the fact that z2 z̄2 is the sum of the squares of the real and imaginary
parts of z2 .
The procedure described in (7) is illustrated in the next example.
EXAMPLE 2 Division
If z1 = 2 − 3i and z2 = 4 + 6i, find z1 /z2 .
Solution We multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate z̄2 = 4 − 6i of

the denominator z2 = 4 + 6i and then use (4):
z1 2 − 3i 2 − 3i 4 − 6i 8 − 12i − 12i + 18i 2 −10 − 24i
= = = = .
z2 4 + 6i 4 + 6i 4 − 6i 42 + 62 52
Because we want an answer in the form a + bi, we rewrite the last result by dividing
the real and imaginary parts of the numerator −10 − 24i by 52 and reducing to
lowest terms:
z1 10 24 5 6
= − − i = − − i.
z2 52 52 26 13
Inverses In the complex number system, every number z has a unique

additive inverse. As in the real number system, the additive inverse of z = a + ib
is its negative, −z, where −z = −a − ib. For any complex number z, we have
z + (−z) = 0. Similarly, every nonzero complex number z has a multiplicative
inverse. In symbols, for z = 0 there exists one and only one nonzero complex
number z−1 such that zz−1 = 1. The multiplicative inverse z−1 is the same as the
reciprocal 1/z.
EXAMPLE 3 Reciprocal
Find the reciprocal of z = 2 − 3i.

Solution By the definition of division we obtain
1 1 1 2 + 3i 2 + 3i 2 + 3i
= = = = .
z 2 − 3i 2 − 3i 2 + 3i 4+9 13
1 2 3
Answer should be in the form a + ib. = z−1 = + i.
▲
That is, z 13 13
You should take a few seconds to verify the multiplication

2
zz−1 = (2 − 3i) 13
+ 3
13
i = 1.
Remarks COMPARISON WITH REAL ANALYSIS
(i) Many of the properties of the real number system R hold in the complex
number system C, but there are some truly remarkable differences as well.
For example, the concept of order in the real number system does not carry
over to the complex number system. In other words, we cannot compare
two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 , b1 = 0, and z2 = a2 + ib2 , b2 = 0,
by means of inequalities. Statements such as z1 < z2 or z2 ≥ z1 have no
meaning in C except in the special case when the two numbers z1 and z2
are real. See Problem 55 in Exercises 1.1. Therefore, if you see a statement
such as z1 = αz2 , α > 0, it is implicit from the use of the inequality
α > 0 that the symbol α represents a real number.
(ii) Some things that we take for granted as impossible in real analysis, such
as ex = −2 and sin x = 5 when x is a real variable, are perfectly correct
and ordinary in complex analysis when the symbol x is interpreted as
a complex variable. See Example 3 in Section 4.1 and Example 2 in
Section 4.3.
We will continue to point out other differences between real analysis and complex
analysis throughout the remainder of the text.
EXERCISES 1.1 Answers to selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-1.
1. Evaluate the following powers of i.

(a) i 8 (b) i 11
(c) i 42 (d) i 105
2. Write the given number in the form a + ib.

(a) 2i 3 − 3i 2 + 5i (b) 3i 5 − i 4 + 7i 3 − 10i 2 − 9
3
5 2 20 2
(c) + 3 − 18 (d) 2i +
6
+ 5i −5 − 12i
i i i −i
In Problems 3–20, write the given number in the form a + ib.

3. (5 − 9i) + (2 − 4i) 4. 3(4 − i) − 3(5 + 2i)
5. i(5 + 7i) 6. i(4 − i) + 4i(1 + 2i)

7. (2 − 3i)(4 + i) 8. 12 − 14 i 23 + 53 i
1 i
9. 3i + 10.
2−i 1+i
2 − 4i 10 − 5i
11. 12.
3 + 5i 6 + 2i
(3 − i)(2 + 3i) (1 + i)(1 − 2i)
13. 14.
1+i (2 + i)(4 − 3i)
(5 − 4i) − (3 + 7i) (4 + 5i) + 2i 3
15. 16.
(4 + 2i) + (2 − 3i) (2 + i)2
17. i(1 − i)(2 − i)(2 + 6i) 18. (1 + i)2 (1 − i)3

2
1 2−i
19. (3 + 6i) + (4 − i)(3 + 5i) + 20. (2 + 3i)
2−i 1 + 2i
In Problems 21–24, use the binomial theorem∗

n n−1 n(n − 1) n−2 2
(A + B)n = An + A B+ A B + ···
1! 2!
n(n − 1)(n − 2) · · · (n − k + 1) n−k k
+ A B + · · · + Bn,
k!
where n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , to write the given number in the form a + ib.
3
21. (2 + 3i)2 22. 1 − 12 i
23. (−2 + 2i)5 24. (1 + i)8
In Problems 25 and 26, find Re(z) and Im(z).

i 1 1
25. z = 26. z =
3−i 2 + 3i (1 + i)(1 − 2i)(1 + 3i)
In Problems 27–30, let z = x + iy. Express the given quantity in terms of x and y.
27. Re(1/z) 28. Re(z2 )
29. Im(2z + 4z̄ − 4i) 30. Im(z̄2 + z2 )
In Problems 31–34, let z = x + iy. Express the given quantity in terms of the symbols Re(z)
and Im(z).
31. Re(iz) 32. Im(iz)
33. Im((1 + i)z) 34. Re(z2 )
In Problems 35 and 36, show that the indicated numbers satisfy the given equation. In each
case explain why additional solutions can be found.
√ √
2 2
35. z2 + i = 0, z1 = − + i. Find an additional solution, z2 .
2 2
36. z4 = −4; z1 = 1 + i, z2 = −1 + i. Find two additional solutions, z3 and z4 .
∗
Recall that the coefficients in the expansions of (A + B)2 , (A + B)3 , and so on, can also be obtained using Pascal’s
triangle.
In Problems 37–42, use Definition 1.1.2 to solve each equation for z = a + ib.
37. 2z = i(2 + 9i) 38. z − 2z̄ + 7 − 6i = 0
39. z = i
2
40. z̄2 = 4z
2−i z
41. z + 2z̄ = 42. = 3 + 4i
1 + 3i 1 + z̄
In Problems 43 and 44, solve the given system of equations for z1 and z2 .
43. iz1 − iz2 = 2 + 10i 44. iz1 + (1 + i)z2 = 1 + 2i
−z1 + (1 − i)z2 = 3 − 5i (2 − i)z1 + 2iz2 = 4i
Focus on Concepts
45. What can be said about the complex number z if z = z̄? If (z)2 = (z̄)2 ?
46. Think of an alternative solution to Problem 24. Then without doing any significant work,
evaluate (1 + i)5404 .
47. For n a nonnegative integer, i n can be one of four values: 1, i, −1, and −i. In each of
the following four cases, express the integer exponent n in terms of the symbol k, where
k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
(a) i n = 1 (b) i n = i
(c) i n = −1 (d) i n = −i
48. There is an alternative to the procedure given in (7). For example, the quotient (5 + 6i)/
(1 + i) must be expressible in the form a + ib:
5 + 6i
= a + ib.
1+i
Therefore, 5 + 6i = (1 + i)(a + ib). Use this last result and Definition 1.1.2 to find the
given quotient. Use this method to find the reciprocal of 3 − 4i.
√
49. Assume for the moment that 1 + i makes sense in the complex number system. How
would you then demonstrate the validity of the equality
√ √ √
1+i = 1
2
+ 1
2
2 + i − 12 + 1
2
2?
50. Suppose that z1 and z2 are complex numbers. Use Definition 1.1.2 to prove that if
z1 z2 = 0, then z1 = 0 or z2 = 0.
51. Suppose the product z1 z2 of two complex numbers is a nonzero real constant. Show that
z2 = k z̄1 , where k is a real number.
52. Without doing any significant work, explain why it follows immediately from (2) and (3)
that z1 z̄2 + z̄1 z2 = 2Re(z1 z̄2 ).
53. Mathematicians like to prove that certain “things” within a mathematical system are
unique. For example, a proof of a proposition such as “The unity in the complex number
system is unique” usually starts out with the assumption that there exist two different
unities, say, 11 and 12 , and then proceeds to show that this assumption leads to some
contradiction. Give one contradiction if it is assumed that two different unities exist.
54. Follow the procedure outlined in Problem 53 to prove the proposition “The zero in the
complex number system is unique.”
55. A number system is said to be an ordered system provided it contains a subset P with
the following two properties:
First, for any nonzero number x in the system, either x or −x is (but not both) in P.
Second, if x and y are numbers in P, then both xy and x + y are in P.

In the real number system the set P is the set of positive numbers. In the real number
system we say x is greater than y, written x > y, if and only if x − y is in P . Discuss
why the complex number system has no such subset P . [Hint: Consider i and −i.]
Computer Lab Assignments

In Problems 56–59, use a CAS∗ to write the given complex number in the form a + bi. In
Mathematica use the command ComplexExpand.
1 5i
56. 2 + i − 57.
3−i 2 + 3i
1+i (1 + 3i)(2 + i)
58. 59.
2 − 5i 3−i
1.2 Complex Plane

INTRODUCTION A complex number z = x + iy is uniquely determined by an
ordered pair of real numbers (x, y). The first and second entries of the ordered pairs
correspond, in turn, with the real and imaginary parts of the complex number. For
example, the ordered pair (2, −3) corresponds to the complex number z = 2 − 3i.
Conversely, z = 2 − 3i determines the ordered pair (2, −3). The numbers 7, i, and
−5i are equivalent to (7, 0), (0, 1), (0, −5), respectively. In this manner we are able
y-axis to associate a complex number z = x + iy with a point (x, y) in a coordinate plane.
or
imaginary axis
Complex Plane Because of the correspondence between a complex num-
z = x + iy or ber z = x + iy and one and only one point (x, y) in a coordinate plane, we shall
y (x, y)
use the terms complex number and point interchangeably. The coordinate plane
illustrated in FIGURE 1.2.1 is called the complex plane or simply the z-plane. The
horizontal or x-axis is called the real axis because each point on that axis represents
x-axis
x or a real number. The vertical or y-axis is called the imaginary axis because a point on
real axis that axis represents a pure imaginary number.
FIGURE 1.2.1 z-plane
Vectors In other courses you have undoubtedly seen that the numbers in an
A brief review of vectors can be found in ordered pair of real numbers can be interpreted as the components of a vector. Thus,
▲
Section 1.2 of the student study guide.

a complex number z = x + iy can also be viewed as a two-dimensional position
y vector, that is, a vector whose initial point is the origin and whose terminal point is
the point (x, y). See FIGURE 1.2.2. This vector interpretation prompts us to define
z = x + iy
the length of the vector z as the distance x 2 + y 2 from the origin to the point (x, y).
This length is given a special name.
DEFINITION 1.2.1 Modulus
The modulus of a complex number z = x + iy is the real number

x

|z| = x 2 + y 2 . (1)
FIGURE 1.2.2 z as a position vector
The modulus |z| of a complex number z is also called the absolute value of z.
We shall use both words modulus and absolute value throughout this text.
EXAMPLE 1 Modulus of a Complex Number
If z = 2 − 3i, then√from (1) we find the modulus of the number to

be |z| = 22 + (−3)2 = 13. If z = −9i, then (1) gives |−9i| = (−9)2 = 9.
∗
Throughout this text we shall use the abbreviation CAS for “computer algebra system.”
1.2 Complex Plane 11
Properties Recall from (4) of Section 1.1 that for any complex number
z = x+ iy the product zz̄ is a real number; specifically, zz̄ is the sum of the squares
of the real and imaginary parts of z: zz̄ = x 2 + y 2 . Inspection of (1) then shows that
|z|2 = x 2 + y 2 . The relations
√
|z|2 = zz̄ and |z| = zz̄ (2)
deserve to be stored in memory. The modulus of a complex number z has the additional
properties.
z1 |z1 |
|z1 z2 | = |z1 | |z2 | and = . (3)
z2 |z2 |
Note that when z1 = z2 = z, the first property in (3) shows that
z2 = |z|2 . (4)
The property |z1 z2 | = |z1 | |z2 | can be proved using (2) and is left as an exercise. See
Problem 49 in Exercises 1.2.
z1 + z 2
y
or Distance Again The addition of complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and
z2
(x1 + x2, y1 + y2) z2 = x2 + iy2 given in Section 1.1, when stated in terms of ordered pairs:
(x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
z1 is simply the component definition of vector addition. The vector interpretation of

x
the sum z1 + z2 is the vector shown in FIGURE 1.2.3(a) as the main diagonal of a
parallelogram whose initial point is the origin and terminal point is (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ).
(a) Vector sum The difference z2 − z1 can be drawn either starting from the terminal point of
z1 and ending at the terminal point of z2 , or as a position vector whose initial
y point is the origin and terminal point is (x2 − x1 , y2 − y1 ). See Figure 1.2.3(b).
In the case z = z2 − z1 , it follows from (1) and Figure 1.2.3(b) that the distance
z 2 – z1 z2 between two points z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 in the complex plane is the
or z2
–z same as the distance between the origin and the point (x2 − x1 , y2 − y1 ); that is,
(x2 – x1, y2 – y1) 1
|z| = |z2 − z1 | = |(x2 − x1 ) + i(y2 − y1 )| or
z1
x |z2 − z1 | = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 . (5)
(b) Vector difference When z1 = 0, we see again that the modulus |z2 | represents the distance between the
origin and the point z2 .
FIGURE 1.2.3 Sum and difference
of vectors
EXAMPLE 2 Set of Points in the Complex Plane
y Describe the set of points z in the complex plane that satisfy |z| = |z − i|.
i
Solution We can interpret the given equation as equality of distances: The distance
|z – i| from a point z to the origin equals the distance from z to the point i. Geometrically, it
z seems plausible from FIGURE 1.2.4 that the set of points z lie on a horizontal line.
|z|
To establish this analytically, we use (1) and (5) to write |z| = |z − i| as:
x
x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + (y − 1)2
FIGURE 1.2.4 Horizontal line is the

x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + (y − 1)2
set of points satisfying |z| = |z − i| x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + y 2 − 2y + 1.
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[I thought of these words many a time after that short and
merry life had come to its miserable close, and that fair
head, with the crown it coveted and wrought for, lay
together on the scaffold. I did never believe the shameful
charges brought against her, by which her death was
compassed, but 'tis impossible to acquit her of great
lightness of conduct, and want of womanly delicacy, or of
the worse faults of lawless ambition and treachery against
her kind mistress, than whom no one need wish a better.
Though I am and have long been of the reformed religion,
my feelings have ever been on the side of Queen
Catherine.]
The next day we went across the moor, to see the woman,
Magdalen Jewell, of whom Dame Lee had told us. Mistress
Anne was not with us, pleading a headache as an excuse,
and I was not sorry to miss her company, but we had
Master Griffith instead, and a serving man, who led the
Queen's donkey. The rest of us walked; and oh, what joy it
was to me to feel the springy turf under foot, and smell the
fresh odors of the moorland once more! How beautiful the
world is! I can't think why God hath made it so fair, and
then set it before us as our highest duty to shut ourselves
from it between stone walls. "The earth is the Lord's and
the fulness thereof," we sing in the Venite, and all the
Psalms are full of such thoughts. But this is beside the
matter.
We had a charming walk over the high, breezy moor, and

Master Griffith entertained us with remembrances of his
own country of Wales, where he says the people speak a
language of their own, as they do in some parts of Cornwall.
The Queen riding before us, would now and then put in a
word to keep him going.
Presently the path dipped into a little hollow, and there we
saw the cottage at the foot of the Tor which had been our
landmark all the way. 'Twas to my mind more like a nest
than a cottage, so small was it, and so covered (where the
vine gave the stones leave to show themselves) with gray
and yellow lichens. A humble porch well shaded with a great
standard pear, and fragrant with honeysuckle and
sweetbriar, held the good woman's chair, wherein lay a
spindle and distaff.
Magdalen herself was at work in her garden, gathering of

herbs to dry, and attended by quite a retinue. There was a
very old dog lying blinking in the sunshine, and a motherly
cat with two or three mischievous kitlings, and also a lame
and tame goose, which attended her mistress' footsteps,
and now and then with hisses and outspread wings chased
away the kitlings, when they made too free. A more
important member of the party was the little orphan maid,
a child of some five years, who with grave and womanly
industry, was carrying away the cut herbs, and spreading
them in the shade to dry. A row of beehives reached all the
length of the garden wall, and before them a bed of sweet
flowers and herbs, such as bees love. On one side was a
field in which fed a cow and an ass, while on the other was
a small and old, but well-tended orchard, and at the bottom
of this a still, glassy pool. Behind all, rose the gray, steep
Tor, like a protecting fortress. It was a lovely picture, and
one on which I could have gazed an hour; but presently, the
woman catching sight of us, laid aside her industry, and
came forward to give us welcome, which she did I must say
somewhat stiffly at the first. But she presently thawed into
more cordiality under the charm of her Grace's manner, and
remarking that we had had a long walk, she busied herself
to provide refreshment.
"Pray do not incommode yourself, my good woman," said
the Queen: "we have come but from the convent yonder,
where I am at present abiding, and this is one of the young
pupils, whom I dare say you have seen."
"Not I, madam!" she answered, somewhat bluntly. "I have

no errand to take me to the convent since I desire no alms
at the hands of the ladies, and I have naught to sell but
that which their own gardens supply."
"You might go thither for purposes of devotion," said the

Queen: "'tis a great privilege to worship in a church
possessed of so many holy relics."
A strange look, methought, passed over the woman's face,

as her Grace spoke, but she made no answer to the Queen,
only to press us to eat and drink.
"And you live here quite alone, save this child?" said the
Queen, after she had asked and heard an account of the
little maiden.
"Aye, madam, ever since my old father died, some ten

years since, till this child was sent me, as it were."
"But had you no brother, or other relative?" Again the

strange look crossed Magdalen's face, as she answered: "I
had a brother once, and for aught I know he may be living
now; but 'tis long since I have seen or heard from him. Our
paths went different ways."
"How so?" asked the Queen.
"Because I chose to maintain my old father in his

helplessness, and he chose to bestow himself in yonder
abbey of Glastonbury, with his portion of my gaffer's
goods."
"Doubtless he chose wisely!" she added, with a scorn which
I cannot describe. "'Twas an easier life than tilling barren
land, and bearing with the many humors of a childish, testy
old man."
"You should not speak so of your brother," said the Queen,

somewhat severely.
"You are right, Madam;" answered Magdalen, softening.

"Scorn becomes not any sinner, whose own transgressions
have been many. Nevertheless, under your favor, I believe
my brother did mistake his duty in this thing."
"Yet you yourself have chosen a single life, it seems!" said

the Queen. "Why was that?"
"I did not choose it," she said quietly, but yet her face was
moved. "'Twas so ordered for me, and I make the best of it.
I doubt not many married women are happier than I; but
yourself must see, Madam, that no single woman, so she be
good and virtuous, can possibly be as miserable as is many
a good and virtuous wife, through no fault of her own; aye
—and while she hath nothing of which she may complain
before the world."
"'Tis even so!" said her Grace; and again saw the cloud
upon her brow. I wonder if she is unhappy with her
husband? After a little silence, the Queen fell to talking of
the child, and after some discourse, she offered to leave
with the parish priest such a sum of money as should be a
dower for the girl, whether she should marry or enter a
convent. Magdalen colored and hesitated.
"I thank you much for your kindness," said she, at last. "I
have never yet received an alms, but the child is an orphan,
and hath no earthly protection but myself; and should I die
before my brother, he, or the men with whom he has placed
himself, would take that small portion of goods which
belongs to me, and little Catherine would be left wholly
destitute. I believe Sir John, the village priest, to be a good
man, so far as his lights go, and anything you may be
pleased to place in his hands will be safe. I therefore accept
your offer and thank you with all my heart; and may the
blessing of the God of the fatherless abide upon you."
"That seems like a good woman," remarked Master Griffith

to Mistress Patience, after we had left the cottage.
"Yet I liked not her saying about the priest," returned Mrs.
Patience, austerely. "What did she mean by her limitation
—'A good man, so far as his lights go,' forsooth! What is
she, to judge of his lights? Methinks the saying savored
somewhat too much of Lollardie, or Lutheranism."
"Then, if I thought so, I would not say so," said Master

Griffith, in a low tone. "You would not like to cast a
suspicion on the poor creature, which might bring her to the
stake at last."
Whereat Mistress Patience murmured something under her

breath about soft-heartedness toward heretics being
treason to the Church; but she added no more. I think
Master Griffith hath great influence over her, and if I may
venture to say so, over his mistress as well; and I wonder
not at it, for he hath a calm, wise way with him, and a
considerate manner of speaking, which seems to carry
much weight. It was odd, certainly, what Magdalen Jewell
said about the priest, and also about her brother. It does
seem hard that he should have gone away and left her to
bear the whole burden of nursing and maintaining her
father, and yet, as we are taught to believe, it is he who
hath chosen the better part. Another thing which struck me
about this same Magdalen was, that she was so wonderful
well spoken, for a woman in her state of life. Even her
accent was purer than that of the women about here, and
she used marvellous good phrases, as though she were
conversant with well-educated people.
This was the last of our walks. To-morrow the Queen goes,
and then I shall fall back into my old way of life again, I
suppose—writing, and working, and walking in the garden
for recreation. Well, I must needs be content, since there is
no other prospect before me for my whole life. It will not be
quite so monotonous as that of the poor lady who lived for
twenty years in the Queen's room, and never looked out.
I ought to say, that when we returned from visiting

Magdalen Jewell, we found that a post had arrived with
letters for the Queen, and also a packet for Mistress Anne,
who seemed wonderful pleased with her news, and with a
fine ring which she said her brother had sent her.
"Your brother is very generous," said her Grace, (and I saw

her face flush and her eyes flash.) "Methinks I have seen
that same ring before. 'Tis not very becoming for your
brother to make so light of his Majesty's gifts, as to bestow
them, even on his sister."
"I trust your Grace will be so good as not to betray my poor

brother's carelessness to his Majesty," answered Mrs.
Bullen, with an air and tone of meekness, which seemed to
me to have much of mocking therein. "It might prove the
ruin of us both."
To my great terror and amazement, the Queen turned

absolutely pale as ashes, and put out her hand for support.
Both Mrs. Anne and myself sprang forward, but she
recovered herself in a moment, and her color came back
again.
"'Tis nothing," said she, quietly. "I think the heat was too
much for me. Patience, your arm; I will lie down awhile."
The glance which Patience cast on Mrs. Bullen in passing,

was such as one might give to a viper or other loathsome
reptile. Mrs. Bullen, on her part, returned it, with a mocking
smile. Presently I saw her in the garden in close conference
with Amice, as indeed I have done several times before. I
cannot guess what they should have in common, and it is
all the more odd that I know Amice does not like her.
CHAPTER XIV.
August 14.
HER Grace left us yesterday, and to-day Amice and I have
been helping Mother Gertrude to put her rooms to rights,
and close them once more.
"How lonely they look," said I, as we were going round

closing the shutters. "I suppose they will always be called,
'The Queen's Chambers,' after this; and will be looked on as
a kind of hallowed ground."
"They will always be hallowed ground to me, I am sure,"

said Amice, so warmly, that I looked at her in surprise.
"Well, well, I am not sorry they are empty once more," said
Mother Gertrude. "I trust now we shall go back to our old
quiet ways, and at least we shall have no more singing of
love songs and receiving of love tokens, within these holy
walls. Yonder fair Bullen is no inmate for such a place as
this."
"Why should you think of love tokens, dear Mother?" I

asked, feeling my checks burn, and wondering whether she
referred to me, though indeed I might have known she did
not. 'Tis not her way to hint at anything.
"Because Mistress Anne must needs show me her fine

diamond ring, and tell me in a whisper how it was a token
from a gallant gentleman, as great as any in this realm."
"She said it came from her brother," said I, unguardedly,

and then I all at once remembered what she had said in the
presence, and the Queen's answer. Can it be that her Grace
was jealous, and that she had cause for jealousy? However,
that is no business for me.
Mrs. Bullen must needs watch her chance and ask me

whether I had no message or token for my cousin? I told
her no—that in my position, it did not become me to be
sending messages or tokens: but I did not add what I
thought—that if I had any such message, she would be the
last person I should trust therewith.
"Well, well, I meant you naught but kindness," said she. "I
dare say our squire wont break his heart."
To which I made no answer.
Mother Superior gave me leave to write to my father by

Master Griffith, who kindly offered to carry a letter. When I
had finished, I carried it to her, as in duty bound. She just
glanced at it, and then opening a drawer, she took
therefrom poor Richard's packet and enclosed all together,
sealing them securely, and said she would give the parcel
into Master Griffith's hands, together with certain letters of
her own. My heart gave a great leap at sight of the packet,
and I must confess a great ache when I saw it sealed up
again, because I knew how sadly Richard would feel at
having his poor little letter and token returned on his
hands; and I am quite sure he meant no harm in sending
them, though it was ill considered.
The Queen gave magnificently to the Church and house on

leaving, and also bestowed presents on those members of
the family who have waited on her, mostly books of
devotion, beads, and sacred pictures. She hath also
provided for an annual dole of bread and clothing on her
birthday to all the poor of the village.
CHAPTER XV.
August 25.
WE have begun the general reformation which Mother

Superior promised us. I suppose, like other storms, it will
clear the air when all is done, but at present it raises a good
deal of dust, and makes every body uncomfortable.
Mother Gabrielle and Mother Gertrude still keep their old

places, the one as sacristine, the other as mistress of the
novices and pupils. But Sister Catherine is discharged of the
care of the wardrobe, and Sister Bridget, of all people, set
in her place. Sister Bonaventure takes Sister Bridget's place
in the laundry, and Sister Mary Paula is in charge of the
kitchen, which I fancy she does not like over well, though
she says nothing. Sister Mary Agnes has the accounts, and
Sister Placida the alms. As to Sister Catherine, she is
nowhere and nobody, which I suppose will give her all the
more time to meddle with everybody. She has been in
retreat for a week, and is still very mum and keeps quiet. I
have still charge of the library, to my great joy, and Amice is
by special favor appointed to help Mother Gabrielle in the
sacristy.
Our rules are to be more strictly enforced in future. No

more exclusive friendships are to be permitted. Silence is to
be rigidly enforced, and in short we are to turn over a new
leaf entirely. A great deal of needlework is to be put in hand
directly, including new altar covers for the shrine of Saint
Ethelburga in the garden, for which her Grace hath given
very rich materials. Besides we are to make many garments
for the poor against winter.
A good many wry faces have been made over all these
changes. For my own part I like them well enough. I think
people are always more comfortable when each one knows
his own place and his own work. Perhaps I should feel
differently if I had been put out of office, like Sister
Catherine, or set to work I did not like, as was Sister Mary
Paula. Poor Sister Catherine! She little thought how it was
to end when she used to talk about the enforcement of
discipline. I must say, that as far as the wardrobe goes, she
had no right to complain, for she did keep everything at
sixes and sevens, so that two whole pieces of nice black
serge were spoiled by her negligence, and many of the
spare napkins were moulded through and through. I
ventured to ask Mother Gertrude how she thought Sister
Bridget would succeed.
"Why, well enough, child," she answered. "Sister Bridget's

mind is not very bright, but she always gives the whole of it
to whatever she does."
"I have noticed that," said I. "If she is folding a napkin, or

ironing an apron, you may ask her as many questions as
you will, and you will get no answer from her till she has
done folding or ironing, as the case may be."
"Just so; and she hath another good quality, in that she will
take advice. When she does not know what to do she will
ask, which is to my mind a greater argument of humility
than any kissings of the floor, or such like performances."
Amice and I do not see as much of each other as we used,

but she is always loving when we meet. She appears to me,
somehow, very greatly changed. At times she seems to
have an almost heavenly calmness and serenity in her face;
at others she seems sad and anxious, but she is always kind
and gentle. She is much in prayer, and reads diligently in
the Psalter, which the Queen gave her. Sister Gabrielle has
grown very fond of her, though she was vexed at first that
Amice was assigned to her instead of myself; but she says
Amice is so gentle and humble, so anxious to please, and to
improve herself in those points wherein she is deficient, that
she cannot but love the child. I have, at Amice's own
request, taught her all the lace and darning stitches I know,
and she practises them diligently, though she used to
despise them. I am teaching her to knit stockings, an art I
learned of Mistress Patience, and we mean to have a pair
made for the Bishop against his next visit.
CHAPTER XVI.
St. Michael's Eve, Sept. 28.
IT is a long time since I have touched this book, and many

things have happened. Ours is now a sad household. Out of
the twenty-three professed Sisters and novices who used to
meet in the choir, but fifteen remain. The rest lie under the
turf in our cemetery. Mother Gabrielle is gone, and poor
Sister Bridget, and of the novices, Sisters Mary Frances and
Agatha. Mother Gertrude had the disease, but was spared.
Three others recovered. The rest were not attacked. The
disease was the dreadful Sweating sickness. It began first in
the village, in the household of that same Roger Smith, but
broke out in three or four other cottages the same day. The
news was brought to the convent gates the next morning by
some who came for alms, as they use to do on Wednesdays
and Fridays, and produced great consternation.
"What are we to do now?" said Sister Catherine, while the

elders were in conference by themselves.
"We shall do as we are told, I suppose," answered Sister

Bridget, with her wonted simplicity.
"But don't you suppose Mother Superior will order the gates
to be shut, and no communication held with the villagers?"
said Sister Mary Paula.
"I should certainly suppose not;" answered Sister Placida.

"Think what you are saying, dear Sister! Would you deprive
the poor souls of their alms, just when they are most
wanted? Methinks it would ill become religious women to
show such cowardly fears."
"Beside that I don't believe it would make any difference,"

said I. "Master Ellenwood, who has studied medicine, told
my father the disease was not so much infectious, as in the
air. I wish we might go out among the poor folk, to see
what they need, and help to nurse the sick, as my mother
and her women used to do."
"Rosamond is always ready for any chance to break her

enclosure," said Sister Catherine, charitable as usual. "She
would even welcome the pestilence, if it gave her a pretext
to get outside her convent walls."
"Sister Catherine," said Sister Placida, reprovingly, "you are

wrong to speak so to the child. Why should you be so ready
to put a wrong construction on her words? I am sure the
wish is natural enough. I had thought of the same thing
myself."
"O yes, I dare say," retorted Sister Catherine. And then,

with one of her sudden changes, "but I am wrong to answer
you so, Sister. It is my part to accept even undeserved
reproof with humility, and be thankful that I am despised."
"Nonsense," returned Sister Placida, who is by no means so

placid as her name, "I think you would show more humility
by considering whether the reproof was not deserved. As to
being thankful for being despised, that is to my mind a little
too much like being thankful for another's sin."
"How so?" I asked.
"Why, in order to being despised, there must needs be

some one to despise you, child, and is not contempt a sin?"
I do like Sister Placida, though she is just as often sharp

with me as Sister Catherine, but it is in such a different
way.
"Anyhow, I hope they wont shut out the poor folk," said
Sister Bridget.
"Who is talking about shutting out the poor folk?" asked

Mother Gertrude's voice, coming in sharp and clear as
usual, (by the way I ought to call her Mother Assistant now,
but I never can remember to do so.) "Children, why are you
all loitering here, instead of being about your business in
the house? Let every one set about her duty just as usual,
and at obedience, you will hear what has been decided."
[Obedience is that hour in a convent when the nuns

assemble with the Superior to give an account of their
labors, to receive special charges, and not seldom special
reproofs as well. In our house this gathering took place just
after morning recreation. Amice and I, not being even
regular postulants, had no business there, and since the
reformation in the house, we have never attended, but we
were called in to-day, and took our places at the lower end
of the line, and therefore next the Superior, who addressed
us in few but weighty words, which I will set down as well
as I can remember them.]
There was no doubt, she said, that the pestilence known as

the sweating sickness had broken out in the village, and we
might with reason expect its appearance among ourselves,
at any time. She said she had heard with sorrow that some
of her children had desired to have the gates closed against
the poor folk who used to come for alms. Such cowardliness
as this was unbecoming to any well-born lady, and above all
to religious, who were doubly bound to set a good example
of courage and resignation: but she was willing to think this
only a momentary failing, which a second thought would
correct; and she bade us consider that there would be no
use in shutting the gates now, since they were opened
yesterday, as usual.
Then she told us what she, with the advice of our confessor
and the other elders, had decided upon. The doles were to
be given out at the outer gate, by the proper officers, only
they were to be given every day, instead of Wednesdays
and Fridays. The two distributing Sisters were to be helped
by two others, taken in turn from the professed, to hand
the things as they were wanted. All embroidery, with other
unnecessary work of every kind, was to be laid aside, and
all were to employ themselves under the direction of the
Mother Assistant and herself in making linen and in
preparing food, cordials, and drinks for the poor. If any
Sister felt herself ill in any way, she was at once to repair to
the infirmary, and report herself to Sister Placida. Finally,
we were all to have good courage, to give ourselves as
much as possible to prayer, and such religious meditation as
should keep us in a calm, cheerful, and recollected frame of
mind, observing our hours of recreation as usual; and she
added that nobody was to presume to take on herself any
extra penances or exercises without express permission
from her superior or confessor.
"We are all under sentence of death, dear children, as you

know!" concluded Mother, "And it matters little how our
dismissal comes, so we are ready. Let us all confess
ourselves, so that the weight, at least, of mortal sin may
not rest on our consciences here, or go with us into the
other world. If we are called to suffer, let us accept those
sufferings as an atonement for our sins, considering that
the more we have to endure here, the less we may believe
will be the pains of purgatory hereafter. As for these
children," she added, turning to Amice and myself, who
stood next her, "what shall I say to them?"
"Say, dear Mother, that we may take our full share of work
and risk with the Sisters!" exclaimed Amice, kneeling before
her. "I am sure I speak for Rosamond as well as myself,
when I say that is what we desire most of all, is it not,
Rosamond?"
"Surely," I answered, as I knelt by her side: "I ask nothing

more than that."
"And what becomes of the Latin and Music lessons, and the
embroidery, and our learned librarian's translations?" asked
Mother Superior, smiling on us.
"They can wait," I answered.
"And surely, dearest Mother, the lessons we shall learn will

be far more valuable than any Latin or music," added
Amice.
"Well, well, be it as you will!" said dear Mother, laying her

hands on our heads as we knelt before her. "Surely, dear
children, none of us will show any fear or reluctance, since
these babes set us such a good example. Well, hold
yourselves ready, my little ones, and wherever you are
wanted, there shall you be sent."
That afternoon there was a great bustle in the wardrobe;

taking down of linen, and cutting out of shifts and bed-
gowns, and the like, and in the still-room and kitchen as
well, with preparing of medicines, chiefly cordial and
restoratives, and mild drinks, such as barley and apple
waters, and the infusion of lime blossoms, balm and mint.
This was by the advice of Mother Mary Monica, who has
seen the disease before, and understands its right
treatment. She says that those who on the first sign of the
disorder took to their beds and remained there for twenty-
four hours, moderately covered, and perfectly quiet, and
drinking of mild drinks, neither very hot, nor stimulating,
nor yet cold, almost all recovered; but that purges,
exercise, hot or cold drinks and stimulants, were equally
fatal. The dear old Mother has seemed failing of late, but
this alarm has roused her up and made her like a young
woman again.
Thus things went on for more than a week. We heard of

great suffering among the villagers for lack of nurses who
knew how to treat the disease, and also because from
selfish fear of taking the pestilence, people refused to go
near the sick and dying. One day Mother Superior was
called to the grate, and presently sent for me to the parlor,
where I found her talking through the grate to a woman
whom I at once knew as Magdalen Jewell of Torfoot. Hers is
not a face to be forgotten.
"This good woman says she believes you were at her house
with her Grace," says Mother.
I answered that I was so, and added that her Grace did
much commend the neatness of the place and the kindness
of Magdalen in taking the little one. I saw Magdalen's face
work.
"The babe hath been taken home!" said she, almost sternly.
"God's will be done! I have been telling these ladies that
there are divers orphan maids in the village (left so by this
sickness), who are running wild, and are like either to die
for lack of care, or worse, to fall into the hands of gypsies
and other lawless persons, whom this pestilence seems to
have let loose to roam about this wretched land."
"Are there so many dead in the village?" asked Mother

Gertrude.
"There is not a house where there is or hath not been one

dead!" answered Magdalen; "And the terror is worse than
the pestilence; children are deserted by parents, and they
in their turn by children, and 'tis the same with all other
relations. 'Tis a woeful spectacle!"
"Could not you yourself take these poor babes to your

home, since you have one?" asked Mother Gertrude.
"I cannot be spared, madam," answered Magdalen: "I must

nurse the sick."
"That is very good in you, and you must take comfort in the
thought that you are thereby laying up merit for yourself!"
said Mother Superior.
I saw an odd expression pass over Magdalen's face, but she

made no reply.
"And you think we might take these babes and care for
them, at least till the present emergency is passed?" said
Mother.
"Nay, madam, I did but state the case to you," answered

Magdalen; "'tis not for me to presume to offer advice."
"But what to do with them, if we took them?" said Mother

Superior, in a musing tone. Then catching my eye, which I
suppose ought to have been on the floor instead of on her
face: "Here is Rosamond, with a ready-made plan, as usual.
Well, child, you have permission to speak. What is brewing
under that eager face?"
"I was thinking, dear Mother, that I am used to young

children," said I. "Why could I not take these little maids
into one of the rooms called the Queen's room, and tend
them there? I suppose there are not many of them."
"I know of but five utterly friendless maids," answered

Magdalen.
"Then I am sure I could care for them, with some help and
advice," said I. "They would be away from the rest of the
family, and would disturb no one; and if we were kept in
health, I might teach them as well."
"'Tis a good thought, but we must do nothing hastily," said

Mother Superior. "We ought to have the permission of our
visitor, the Bishop, but he is now in Bristol, and some days
must elapse before we could hear from him, and this seems
a case for instant action."
"I am sure you would say so, madam, could you see the
state of these poor babes!" returned Magdalen.
"Well, well, come to-morrow, and we will see," said Mother.

"Meantime the holy relics are exposed in the church for the
comfort of the faithful in this trying time. You had better
visit them, and then go to the buttery and obtain some
refreshment."
However, she did neither—I suppose from want of time. The

next day she came again, and to my great joy, Mother
consented, the need being so great, to receive the five little
maidens, who were placed under my care in the Queen's

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Chapter 1. Complex Numbers and the Complex Plane 2

Chapter 2. Complex Functions and Mappings 46

Chapter 3. Analytic Functions 102

Chapter 4. Elementary Functions 150

4.3 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions 171

Chapter 5. Integration in the Complex Plane 200

Chapter 6. Series and Residues 258

Chapter 7. Conformal Mappings 334

Appendixes: I Proof of Theorem 3.1.1 APP-1

Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems ANS-1

Features of This Text We have retained many of the features of the

Additional Resources A student study guide has been prepared by

Acknowledgments We would like to express our appreciation to our

Final Request Compiling a mathematics text, even one of this modest

1.6 Applications –2π

Riemann surface for arg(z).

1.1 Complex Numbers and Their Properties 3

1.1 Complex Numbers and Their Properties

within the community of fledgling √ mathematical

DEFINITION 1.1.1 Complex Number

Terminology The notations a + ib and a + bi are used interchangeably. The

4 CHAPTER 1 Complex Numbers and the Complex Plane

DEFINITION 1.1.2 Equality

Complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal, z1 = z2 , if a1 = a2

Arithmetic Operations Complex numbers can be added, subtracted,

Subtraction: z1 − z2 = (a1 + ib1 ) − (a2 + ib2 ) = (a1 − a2 ) + i(b1 − b2 )

Multiplication: z1 · z2 = (a1 + ib1 )(a2 + ib2 )

Distributive law: z1 (z2 + z3 ) = z1 z2 + z1 z3

In view of these laws, there is no need to memorize the definitions of addition,

Addition, Subtraction, and Multiplication

1.1 Complex Numbers and Their Properties 5

EXAMPLE 1 Addition and Multiplication

If z1 = 2 + 4i and z2 = −3 + 8i, find (a) z1 + z2 and (b) z1 z2 .

z1 + z2 = (2 + 4i) + (−3 + 8i) = (2 − 3) + (4 + 8)i = −1 + 12i.

(b) By the distributive law and i 2 = −1, the product of z1 and z2 is

z1 z2 = (2 + 4i) (−3 + 8i) = (2 + 4i) (−3) + (2 + 4i) (8i)

z + 0 = (a + ib) + (0 + 0i) = a + 0 + i(b + 0) = a + ib = z.

z · 1 = (a + ib) · (1 + 0i) = a − 0 + i(b − 0) = a + ib = z.

Conjugate If z is a complex number, the number obtained by changing the

z1 + z2 = z̄1 + z̄2 , z1 − z2 = z̄1 − z̄2 . (1)

Moreover, we have the following three additional properties:

z + z̄ = (a + ib) + (a − ib) = 2a (3)

6 CHAPTER 1 Complex Numbers and the Complex Plane

The difference of a complex number z with its conjugate z̄ is a pure imaginary

z − z̄ = (a + ib) − (a − ib) = 2ib. (5)

The procedure described in (7) is illustrated in the next example.

If z1 = 2 − 3i and z2 = 4 + 6i, find z1 /z2 .

Solution We multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate z̄2 = 4 − 6i of

Inverses In the complex number system, every number z has a unique