EE335- Half-Wave Dipole

21 Lecture pp 387-390 9-3

3-D plot of radiation at far field

S (R, θ , φ )
F (θ , φ ) = FHDipole = sin 2 θ
S max

crosssection:

looking down

21-1
 φ

Toroid, Donut

r 2π π
(
Prad = ∫ Pave ⋅ dS = ∫ ∫ S 0 sin 2 θ R 2 sin θ dθ dφ
0 0
)
2
⎡ dl ⎤
= 40π ⎢ ⎥ I 02
2

⎣λ ⎦

21-2
 1 2
The radiation is in the form of Prad = I rms
2
Rrad = I 0 Rrad The radiation resistance is
2
2 Prad dl 1
ficticious: Rrad = if = ⇒ Rrad = 2Ω Hard to match impedance to real
2
I0 λ 20
transmission line, also need large Rrad to transmit large power.

Conclusion: Hertzian dipole is very inefficient antenna.

EXAMPLE

A magnet field strength of 5µA/m is required at θ = π/2, 2km from the antenna in air.
How much power must the antenna transmit if it is a hertzian dipole of l = λ/25?

I 0 β dl sin θ λ 2π λ 2π
Hφ = dl = ⇒ β dl = =
4πR 25 λ 25 25
π
⎛ 2π ⎞⎛⎜ sin 2 ⎞
I0 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎯ ⎯
⎯ →1⎟⎟
⎝ 25 ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⇒ I = .5 A
5 × 10 −6 =
(
4π 2 × 10 3
) 0

2 2
⎡ dl ⎤ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= 40π ⎢ ⎥ I 02 = 40π 2 ⎜ ⎟ (.5) = 158mW
2 2
Prad
⎣λ ⎦ ⎝ 25 ⎠

Half Wave Dipole Antenna

λ
Length of antenna: l=
2

θ' R'

dz θ R
looks like a chain
λ/2
of Hertzian Dipoles

µ I 0 cos β z − jβ R′
dAz = e each element will contribute a portion of the MVP, we will
4π R ′
assume a sinusoidal current distribution because the current must vanish at the ends. This
is not exact, for exact solution must solve M.E. using B.C.

21-3
 R − R ′ = z cos θ
also Assume R>>lÎ R=R’ for distance but not for phase:
R ′ = R − z cos θ

µ I 0 λ4 − jβ ( R − z cos θ )
4π R ∫− 4
Az = λe cos β zdz

⎛π ⎞
µ I 0 e − jβ R cos⎜ cosθ ⎟
= ⎝2 ⎠
2π Rβ sin 2 θ
r r r r r
find H and E B = µ H = ∇× A ∇ × H = jω ε E

halfwave dipole:

jI 0 e − jβ R cos(π2 cosθ )
Hφ = Eθ = η H φ
2π R sin θ

2 η I 2 cos 2 (π cosθ ) ˆ
S ave = 12 η H φ Rˆ = 0 0 2 2 2 2 R
8π R sin θ
2π π η I cos (π cos θ )
2 2
Prad = ∫ S ave dS = ∫ ∫ 0 0 2 2 2 2 R 2 sin θ dθ dφ
0 0 8π R sin θ
⎡ (2π )2 (2π )4 (2π )6 ⎤ x2 x4 x6
= 15 I 02 ⎢ − + − L⎥ from cos x = 1 − + − +L
⎣ 2(2!) 4(4!) 6(6!) ⎦ 2! 4! 6!
= 36.56 I 02

2 Prad (2)(36.56)I 02
Radiation Resistance: Rrad = 2 = ≅ 73Ω
I0 I 02

Total impedance of halfwave dipole : Z in = Rin + jX in = 73 + j 42.5Ω

21-4
Actually tune length of antenna to force Xin = 0

If l = .485λ then Xin = 0 and Rin = 75 Ω

Î 75Ω cable is used to couple between generator and halfwave dipole antenna

⎡ cos 2 (π2 cosθ )⎤

2

⎥ (W / m )
Eθ
S (R,θ ) = = S0 ⎢ 2

2η 0 ⎣ sin θ
2
⎦
Antenna pattern:
2
15I 0
S 0 = S max =
π R2

Normalized Radiation Intensity:

S (R,θ ) ⎡ cos(π2 cosθ )⎤

2

f (θ , φ ) = R S ave
2
= =⎢ ⎥
S0 ⎣ sin θ ⎦

Directivity:

f (θ , φ )max 4π R 2 S max 4π R 2 ⎛ 15 I 02 ⎞
D= = = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ π R 2 ⎟ = 1.64 = 2.15dB
f ave Prad 36.56 ⎝ ⎠

EXAMPLE

An E-field of 10µV/m is to be measured at θ = π/2 500 km from λ/2 resonant dipole

antenna operating at 50 MHz.

What is the length of the dipole?

c 3 × 10 8
λ= = = 6m ⇒ l = 3m
f 50 × 10 6

What is the current feed to the antenna?

η 0 I 0 cos(π2 cos θ ) Eφ 2π R sin θ (10 × 10 −6 )(2π )(500 × 10 3 )(1)

Eθ = ⇒ I0 = = = 83.3mA
2π R sin θ η 0 cos(π2 cos θ ) (377 )(1)
Find the average power radiated by the antenna:

(
Prad = 12 I 02 Rrad = ( 12 ) 83.3 × 10 −3 ) (73) = 253.5mW
2

If the Transmission line has Z0 = 75 Ω fine the SWR

21-5
 Z L − Z 0 (73 + j 42.5) − 75
Γ= = = .2763∠76.7 o
Z L + Z 0 (73 + j 42.5) + 75
1+ Γ 1.2763
SWR = = = 1.763
1− Γ 1 − .2673

21-6