1.

Define program and portfolio management and discuss actions related to project
independencies in program management.

A program is defined as a group of related projects, subprograms, and program activities

managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits & not available from managing them
individually.

(Think of a program like baking a cake. Instead of just making the cake itself, you have
several things you need to do: gather ingredients, mix them, bake the cake, and decorate it.
Each of these tasks is like a project. Now, if you coordinate all these tasks together, making
sure they work smoothly and efficiently, that's what we call a program. Instead of just
focusing on one task at a time, you're managing everything together to get the best result,
which is a delicious cake!)

Portfolio management refers to the centralized management of one or more portfolios to

achieve strategic objectives or benifits.

program managers have important tasks to ensure that all the projects within a program
work well together and achieve their goals. Here are the key things they do:

Resolving Resource Constraints and Conflicts: They make sure that projects have enough
resources like people, money, and time. If there are conflicts over resources, they sort them
out to keep everything moving smoothly.

Aligning Organizational/Strategic Direction: They make sure that all the projects fit with the
big goals of the organization. Each project should be helping the organization move in the
right direction.

Resolving Issues and Change Management: They handle any problems that come up and
manage any changes that need to be made. This could mean fixing issues that affect
multiple projects or adjusting plans to keep everything on track.

2. Discuss about the role of project manager and their competencies.

The role of a project manager is critical in leading a team to achieve project objectives effectively
and efficiently. Project managers are responsible for planning, executing, monitoring, controlling,
and closing projects within the constraints of time, cost, scope, and quality. They play a key role
in driving project success and ensuring that deliverables meet stakeholder expectations.
In addition to technical knowledge and project management skills, effective project managers
possess a set of competencies that contribute to their success in leading projects. These
competencies can be categorized into three main areas:
1. Knowledge: Project managers need to have a solid understanding of project
management principles, methodologies, tools, and techniques. They should be
knowledgeable about best practices in project management and stay updated on
industry trends to apply relevant knowledge to their projects.
2. Performance: Project managers should be able to apply their project management
knowledge effectively to accomplish project objectives. This includes skills in planning,
 organizing, leading, and controlling project activities to ensure successful outcomes.
Performance also involves the ability to manage project constraints, make decisions, and
adapt to changes throughout the project lifecycle.
3. Personal: Personal competencies are essential for project managers to effectively lead
their teams and navigate project challenges. This includes having strong communication
skills, leadership abilities, problem-solving skills, and emotional intelligence. Personal
effectiveness encompasses attitudes, core personality characteristics, and leadership
qualities that enable project managers to guide their teams towards project success while
balancing constraints and stakeholder expectations .

3. Define operations management and list the examples of operational stakeholders.

Operations management involves overseeing the processes and activities that transform
inputs (such as materials, labor, and energy) into outputs (products or services) to meet
customer demands efficiently.

It focuses on ensuring that business operations run smoothly, resources are utilized
optimally, and quality standards are maintained throughout the production or service
delivery process

Examples of operational stakeholders in project management may include:

1. Plant operators
2. Manufacturing line supervisors
3. Help desk staff
4. Production system support analysts
5. Customer service representatives
6. Salespersons
7. Maintenance workers
8. Telephone sales personnel
9. Call center personnel
10. Retail workers
11. Line managers
12. Training officers

Plant operators , help desk staff , 2 personnel(TC) , 2 workers(RM) ,salespersons , 2 line(ML) ,

remaining .

4.Give the differences for projects, programs and portfolios