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Rutherford’s
VASCULAR
SURGERY AND
ENDOVASCULAR
THERAPY
Rutherford’s
VASCULAR
SURGERY AND
ENDOVASCULAR
THERAPY 9 TH
EDITION
VOLUME 1
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center
and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other
than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or
methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they
have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most
current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be
administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and
contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of
their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient,
and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or
otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the
material herein.
Previous editions copyrighted 2014, 2010, 2005, 2000, 1995, 1989, and 1976.
Printed in China
We both dedicate this book to the patients with vascular disease, for the
confidence they have expressed in all of us, allowing us the absolute privilege of
caring for their vascular surgical needs. And to the trainees and to all those who
care for the vascular patient by all means available—prevention, medical therapy,
and surgical and endovascular techniques—and for whom the lessons of this
book are intended.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Lowell S. Kabnick, MD, RPhS, FACS, FACPh Jordan Knepper, MD, MSc
Director, New York University Vein Center Medical Director of Research and Sponsored Trials
NYU Langone Health Vascular Surgeon
Department of Surgery Henry Ford Allegiance Health
Division of Vascular Surgery Jackson, Michigan
New York, New York
Lisa M. Kodadek, MD
Jeffrey Kalish, MD Fellow
Associate Professor of Surgery and Radiology Department of Surgery
Boston University School of Medicine The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Director, Endovascular Surgery Baltimore, Maryland
Boston Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts Ted R. Kohler, MD
Professor
Manju Kalra, MBBS Department of Surgery
Professor of Surgery University of Washington
Consultant, Vascular Surgery Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Seattle, Washington
Rochester, Minnesota
Larry W. Kraiss, MD
Vikram S. Kashyap, MD, FACS Professor and Chief
Chief, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy Department of Vascular Surgery
Alan H. Markowitz, MD, Master Clinician for Cardiac and University of Utah
Vascular Surgery Salt Lake City, Utah
Director, Vascular Center
Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute Christopher J. Kwolek, MD, FACS
University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Chairman, Department of Surgery
Professor of Surgery Newton-Wellesley Hospital
Case Western Reserve University Newton, Massachusetts
Cleveland, Ohio Visiting Surgeon
Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
Gregory C. Kasper, MD Massachusetts General Hospital
President Associate Professor of Surgery
Jobst Vascular Institute of ProMedica Harvard Medical School
Toledo, Ohio Boston, Massachusetts
It is with a sense of deep professional pride and responsibility This includes basing the content of each chapter on an evidence-
that we accepted our appointment as editors of Rutherford’s based approach to the presentation of information.
Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, and by which we Overall, we increased the number of the chapters in the book
dedicated the past three years to build upon the unparalleled while we worked with our associate editors and contributors
excellence of this textbook. This is the definitive reference text to make the chapters shorter and more focused so the overall
that has carried the name of one of the giants of our specialty, number of pages did not significantly increase. We felt that
the late Dr. Robert Rutherford, who was a dear friend whose the expansion in the number of chapters was necessary to
impact on the education of students, trainees, and practicing incorporate new topics, reflect the rapid generation of new
clinicians has been immeasurable. We are indebted to Dr. information, reorganize information on topics that gained
Rutherford, and to our colleagues, Drs. Jack Cronenwett and more relevance over the years, or add topics that have not been
Wayne Johnston, who edited the seventh and eighth editions, included in past editions. For example, since many of today’s
for handing over to us a superb text to build on; a book that vascular surgeons and interventionalists are being called upon
is without question the bible of vascular surgery. to consult on vascular issues of the pediatric population, we
Technology is advancing at a faster rate than at any time added a section dedicated exclusively to pediatric vascular disease
in our history, in terms of both the diagnosis and treatment and its management. Recognizing the increasing regulatory and
of vascular disease, especially with respect to the endovascular financial pressures faced by contemporary clinicians, this text
treatment of aneurysmal and occlusive disease. Therefore, we includes an entire section on the business of vascular practice
decided to revise the title of this ninth edition to more accurately with a focus on the development and successful operation of
reflect the evolution of our specialty from purely open surgery outpatient vascular centers, multidisciplinary cardiovascular
to incorporating endovascular therapy in our armamentarium. centers, importance of maintaining a vascular registry for the
Indeed, the content of these two volumes reflects the totality of practice, and effective marketing strategies. Also, some sections
care delivered by vascular surgeons in contemporary practice; have been strengthened by adding chapters that cover conditions
namely, open surgery, endovascular therapy, and medical being encountered more frequently in the daily practice of
management of patients with the entire spectrum of circula- our practitioners, such as medial arcuate ligament syndrome
tory disease, as well as presenting the most valuable diagnostic and its contemporary management, vascular reconstructions
modalities. in oncologic surgery, management of complex regional pain
This ninth edition contains 200 chapters organized in 31 syndrome, and management of chronic compartment syndrome,
sections. A concerted effort has been made to create shorter among others. With the increasing performance of endovas-
and more focused chapters to allow easier access to the desired cular interventions, exposure to open surgery is decreasing
information; having that in mind, we also included at the while the contemporary vascular surgeon must continue to
beginning of every chapter a listing of the topics discussed in possess open vascular surgical skills. This text directly addresses
that chapter. The roster of authors in this text includes the that need by adding new chapters devoted to open surgical
innovative leaders from all over the world who have been engaged exposure and operative techniques with extensive illustrations
in the advancement of the scientific basis and management of and videos. In total, the ninth edition includes over 35 new
vascular disease to provide an unparalleled insight into the most chapters.
appropriate contemporary and future treatment of these condi- We are indebted to our twelve excellent associate editors
tions. No other text can match the level of expertise assembled who were each responsible for editing specific sections of the
in this one book. Optimal patient outcomes increasingly are book; these are Drs. AbuRahma, Blankensteijn, Eidt, Forbes,
achieved through multidisciplinary care; therefore, we have Henke, Hoballah, Killewich, LaMuraglia, Mills, Rockman,
recruited a unique roster of the most respected experts from Upchurch, and Weaver. Their diligence in working with the
the entire spectrum of medical specialties as well as vascular contributors to control the size and direct the focus of each
surgery and basic science, to provide the most comprehensive chapter was instrumental in allowing us to execute our vision
presentation of up-to-date knowledge and future directions in of increasing the number of chapters in the book while meeting
the care of circulatory disease. Likewise, in an increasingly global our page allotment. We would like to thank our contributors
health care system, the authorship is decidedly international in who managed to produce the most up-to-date information
scope to an unprecedented degree. available; they are the ones who did the majority of the work
In many countries reimbursement for clinical services is being while following our, sometimes, burdensome instructions to
linked to quality outcomes rather than volume. The editors make the book look and feel as one entity despite the participa-
have tailored the presentation of information in each chapter tion of over 350 authors. We also greatly appreciate the hard
so that the reader can practically apply the information provided work and attention to details by the production team at Elsevier,
to achieve the optimal outcomes at the least risk for the patient. in particular, Joanie Milnes, Senior Content Development
xxx Preface
GW, guide wire LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy PET, positron emission tomography/ic
HD, hemodialysis MAP, mean arterial pressure PF4, platelet factor 4
HDL, high-density lipoprotein MCA, middle cerebral artery PFA, profunda femoris artery
HIPAA, Health Insurance Portability and MI, myocardial infarction PFT, pulmonary function test/testing
Accountability Act MIP, maximum intensity projection PGE2, prostaglandin E2
HIT, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia MMP, matrix metalloproteinase PGI2, prostaglandin I2
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus MOF, multiple organ failure PICCs, percutaneously inserted central
HLA, human leukocyte antigen MR, magnetic resonance catheters
HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl MRA, magnetic resonance angiography PKC, protein kinase C
coenzyme A MRI, magnetic resonance imaging PMN, polymorphonuclear neutrophil
HR, hazard ratio MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus PPG, photoplethysmography
HRQoL, health-related quality of life aureus PPV, positive predictive value
hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein MRV, magnetic resonance venography PRBCs, packed red blood cells
HTN, hypertension MTHFR, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate PSA, pseudoaneurysm psi, pounds per square
I/R, ischemia-reperfusion reductase inch
ICA, internal carotid artery NAC, N-acetylcysteine PSV, peak systolic velocity
ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 NAD+, oxidized nicotinamide dinucleotide PT, prothrombin time
ICAVL, Intersocietal Commission for the NADH, reduced nicotinamide adenine PTA, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
Accreditation of Vascular Laboratories dinucleotide
PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene
ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator NADPH, reduced nicotinamide adenine
PTT, partial thromboplastin time
ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage dinucleotide phosphate
PVI, peripheral vascular intervention
NAIS, neo-aortoiliac system
ICU, intensive care unit PVR, pulse volume recording
Nd:YAG, neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-
IDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein QALY, quality-adjusted life year
garnet
IEL, internal elastic lamina QoL, quality of life
NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
IFN, interferon RAAA, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
NIH, National Institutes of Health
IFU, instructions for use RAGE, receptor for advanced glycosylation
NIS, National Inpatient Sample
IGF, insulin-like growth factor end products
NOS, nitric oxide synthase
IH, intimal hyperplasia RAO, right anterior oblique
NPV, negative predictive value
IL, interleukin RAS, renal artery stenosis
NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
IL-6, interleukin-6 RBC, red blood cell
NSQIP, National Surgical Quality
IMA, inferior mesenteric artery Improvement Program RCT, randomized controlled trial
iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase OR, odds ratio Re, Reynolds number
IOM, Institute of Medicine OTW, over-the-wire RFA, radiofrequency ablation
IPC, intermittent pneumatic compression PA, pulmonary artery RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp
IPG, impedance plethysmography PAD, peripheral arterial disease RI, resistive index
IPPB, intermittent positive pressure breathing PAI, proximalization of arterial inflow RIND, reversible ischemic neurologic deficit
ISI, international sensitivity index PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 RP, retroperitoneal
IVC, inferior vena cava PAOD, peripheral arterial occlusive disease RR, relative risk
IVUS, intravascular ultrasound PAU, penetrating aortic ulcer RS, Raynaud syndrome
JAK-2, Janus kinase-2 PBI, penile-brachial index rt-PA, recombinant tissue plasminogen
JNK, jun N-terminal kinase PBRCs, packed red blood cells activator
KDOQI, Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality PCA, posterior cerebral artery RUDI, revision using distal inflow
Initiative PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention SBP, systolic blood pressure
KM, Kaplan-Meier PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen SD, standard deviation
LAO, left anterior oblique PCWP, pulmonary artery wedge pressure SE, standard error
LDL, low-density lipoprotein PD, peritoneal dialysis SEPS, subfascial endoscopic perforator
LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin PDE, phosphodiesterase surgery
LOS, length of stay PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor SF-36, Short Form (36) Health Survey
Lp(a), lipoprotein (a) PE, pulmonary embolism SFA, superficial femoral artery
LS, lumbosacral PECAM-1, platelet–endothelial cell adhesion SFJ, saphenofemoral junction
LV, left ventricular molecule-1 SK, streptokinase
LVEDP, left ventricular end diastolic pressure PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus
LVEDV, left ventricular end diastolic volume PEG, polyethylene glycol SMA, superior mesenteric artery
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