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Circulatory System 1
Circulatory System 1
Chapter 14
Lymphatic System and
Immunity
Lecture Outline
Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Eleventh Edition
Cinnamon VanPutte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
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Functions of the Lymphatic System
1. Fluid balance
2. Fat Absorption
3. Defense
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Lymphatic System and Lymph Drainage
Figure 14.1
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Components of the Lymphatic System
Lymph:
• fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries composed of water
and some solutes
Lymphocytes
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Spleen
Thymus gland
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Lymphatic Capillaries
Lymphatic capillaries:
• tiny, closed-ended vessels
• fluid moves easily into capillaries
• in most tissues
• join to form lymphatic vessels
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Lymphatic vessels:
Lymphatic Vessels
• resemble small veins
• where lymphatic capillaries join
• One-way valves
Right lymphatic duct:
• where lymphatic vessels from
right upper limb and right head,
neck, chest empty
• empties into right subclavian vein
Thoracic duct:
• collects lymph from the from
remaining lymphatic vessels
which do not enter the right
lymphatic duct.
• empties into left subclavian vein
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Lymphatic Organs
Tonsils:
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Lymph Nodes
Lymph nodes are:
• Is activated (lymphocytes
produced) if foreign substances are
detected
• Removes microbes by
macrophages
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The Spleen
The spleen is:
• white pulp: lymphatic tissue
• size of clenched fist surrounding arteries
• located in abdomen
• red pulp: contains macrophages and
• filters blood red blood cells that connect to veins
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The Thymus Gland
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Immunity
Types of immunity:
• innate
• adaptive
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Innate Immunity
• present at birth
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Physical Barriers
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Chemical Mediators 1
• Lysozyme:
• Mucous membranes:
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Chemical Mediators 2
• Histamine:
• Interferons:
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Inflammatory Response 1
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Adaptive Immunity
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Terms Related to Adaptive Immunity
Antigen:
• substance that stimulates an immune response
• Example—bacteria, virus, pollen, food, drugs
Self-antigen:
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Origin and Development of Lymphocytes
Stem cells:
• Live in red bone marrow
• give rise to all blood cells
• give rise to some pre-T cells and pre-B cells
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Lymphocytes 1
Lymphocytes are:
• type of white blood cell
• involved in adaptive immunity
• develop from stem cells
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Lymphocytes 2
B cells:
• type of lymphocytes
• involved in antibody-mediated immunity
• originate from stem cells
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Lymphocytes 3
T cells:
• type of lymphocyte
• involved primarily in cell-mediated immunity but also
participate in antibody-mediated immunity
• mature in thymus gland
• move to lymphatic tissue after mature
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Antigen Recognition
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The MHC Molecule
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Cytokines
Cytokines are:
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Antibody-Mediated Immunity
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Antibody Structure
• Antigen-binding site:
• Valence:
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Antibodies 1
IgG
• 80 to 85% in serum
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Antibodies 2
IgM
• 5 to 10% in serum
• activates compliment
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Antibodies 3
IgA
• 15% in serum
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Antibodies 4
IgE
• 0.002% in serum
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Antibodies 5
IgD
• 0.2% in serum
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Effects of Antibodies 1
• Inactivate antigen
• Facilitate phagocytosis
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Antibody Production 1
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Antibody Production 2
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
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Types of T Cells for Cell-Mediated Immunity 1
• activate macrophages
• promote production of Tc
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Types of T Cells for Cell-Mediated Immunity 2
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Types of Adaptive Immunity 1
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Types of Adaptive Immunity 2
Active:
Passive:
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Ways to Acquire Adaptive Immunity
Figure 14.18
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