CANOSSA ACADEMY

LIPA CITY
PAASCU ACCREDITED CANOSSIAN
SY 2023 – 2024 LEARN FROM HOME
PROGRAM

Subject: Practical Research 1 Time Frame: ______________

Teacher: _________________

THIRD QUARTER
UNIT 4 – QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PAPER

MODULE NO. 4

UNIT COVERAGE AND OBJECTIVES

In this unit, the students will learn:

TOPICS OBJECTIVES

Lesson 1: ● 1. to describe various qualitative research designs

Qualitative Research Designs
● 2. to use the appropriate qualitative research design for own
research paper

Lesson 2: ● 1. to discuss the various types and sampling strategies used for
Sampling qualitative research

● 2. to determine the population and sample for own research paper

LESSON 1: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

HOOK

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*The students review the qualitative research designs.

Related literature is all over the research paper from the introduction to the conclusion, and having
such makes the paper valid and credible. The researchers have to be reminded of the following:

1. Use proper citation for:

a. direct quotes – copied quotes with quotation marks
b. paraphrased text – expressed in your own words
c. facts and figures – acquired numbers, percentages, and statistical data
d. theories, methods, and ideas of scholars mentioned in your study
e. images, graphs, illustrations you acquired
2. There’s no need to cite:
a. common knowledge well known to the public
b. historical dates
c. well-known/talked about argument or theory
d. universal proverb

NOTE:

For further knowledge about citing sources within the body of the paper, the students study the
article APA In-Text Citations Frequently Asked Questions.

Another component that must be seen in the Review of Related Literature is the Theoretical
Framework. To know how to find theoretical framework, the students study the article Sample theoretical
framework of a dissertation by Sarah Vinz.

ENGAGE

NOTE:

As mentioned in the Introduction of this module, finding the appropriate research design and
sample are fundamental in Research Paper Writing. It is the researcher’s purpose and expected outcome as
well as the needed information that dictate the kind of research design and respondents to consider. The
table below summarizes the general designs and purposes of qualitative approaches.

Table of Qualitative Approach Research Designs and Purposes

Research Purpose Method Analysis Outcome

Design

Ethnography To describe the Fieldwork and Detailed and rich Description of a

characteristics and immersion in the description of the culture
features of a culture culture culture

Phenomenology To describe social Interviews Analysis of Detailed

reality from the phenomenon explication of
different associated with individual
perspectives of the experiences such as situations
participants human judgment,
perceptions, and
To understand the

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 symbolic meanings actions.
underlying the
experiences

Grounded To develop theories Interviews and Concept formation, Theory backed by

Theory from analysis of observations development, evidences from
patterns, themes modification, and data
and categories integration
Data collection and
analysis

Data are analyzed

as they come,
patterns and themes
validated or
disproved by
further data
collection

Narrative To describe Interviews and Analysis of content Narrative

Analysis experiences observations accounts from
Looking into the individuals
form and function
of stories
Research
participants are
encouraged to share
their stories

Case Study To have an Interviews, Analysis of limited Causes

intensive and long- questionnaires, number of events or of underlying
time study of the observations, and conditions and their principles.
occurrence of a documentary relationships
phenomenon with analysis
limited number of
individuals as the
subjects of the
study

ACQUIRE

TASK #1
 Examine the abstract “A qualitative study of the perceptions of first year college students
regarding technology and college readiness” by Trent Anthony Grundmeyer.
 Determine the specific type of qualitative design that was used for the study, then the students
answer the questions below.

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 A qualitative study of the perceptions of first year college students

regarding technology and college readiness

By: Trent Anthony Grundmeyer

Iowa State University

ABSTRACT

College ready students have the skills and knowledge to be successful in college without
remedial classwork. High schools strive to graduate students who meet this standard. However, recent
college readiness indicators routinely contend that high schools are not meeting college readiness
standards. Some high schools have adopted a 1:1 laptop initiative in an effort to promote college
readiness.

Early computers were seldom used in education because of their impracticality. Since the cost,
size, and functionality of computers and evolved in the last 50 years, computers have found a place in
education along with mainstream adoption. Laptops are now used by teachers and students alike to
conduct research, network with others, communicate, and demonstrate learning.

The study, based in the constructivist paradigm, used a phenomenological strategy to explain
first-year college students’ perceptions of the effects of a 1:1 laptop experience on their readiness for
college and the uses of technology for instructional purposes by high school teachers and college
professors. The study employed participants who had experienced a 1:1 laptop initiative while in high
school for two or more years. Participant experiences and feedback were analyzed to answer the posed
research questions presented in the study.

Methodology utilized in the study included interviews with fifteen participants from two different
countries and five different high schools. Field notes were also collected during each interview. Data
collected from each interview and the researcher’s field notes were compared to identify themes. The
themes synthesized from the research results helped to answer the studies research questions.

This study found first-year college students believed they were more college-ready after
experiencing a 1:1 laptop initiative in high school. The use of the school issued laptop computer for
taking online classes was reported as a major benefit toward improved college readiness. The
participants in this study also believed that their high school teachers implemented technology more

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routinely and effectively than their current college professors. Participants reported their high school
teachers worked hard to integrate laptops into classroom lessons. Furthermore, they reported that
professor’s use of technology was inconsistent and often lacked integration in the classroom even though
students were expected to utilize technology outside the classroom.

There are implications in the research findings for students, parents, teachers, school leaders,
professors, and policymakers. The implications identified for each stakeholder group promote a more
effective and productive 1:1 laptop adoption. The implications in this study for the various stakeholder
groups could result in a more effective and smooth 1:1 laptop adoption and consequently enhanced
college readiness skills for high school graduates.

Recommendations based on the findings of this study include utilizing the laptop computer to
teach social etiquette and for schools to adopt a 1:1 laptop initiative as a thoughtful and well-planned
initiative. These recommendations would maximize the 1:1 laptop initiative potential on college
readiness. Schools need more information as they adopt 1:1 laptop initiatives to ensure the program
effectively promotes college readiness for students. Furthermore, high school teachers and college
professors alike need the skills and training to maximize technology integration.

Source: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3606&context=etd

1. What was the research design used?

______________________________________________________
2. Was the design appropriate for the study? Justify your answer based on the following:
a. Purpose of the study
b. Method used
c. Analysis of the data
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

REFLECT

The students ponder on this question and answer orally in class:

Look into your research paper. Do you think you have decided on the appropriate research
design? Why?

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TRANSFER

TASK #2
As the students are already starting to draft the Introduction (Chapter 1) and the Review of Related
Literature (Chapter 2) of their research paper, they are instructed to observe the following mechanics in
working on their final draft.

1. Use short/letter size paper.

2. Use Times New Roman, 12-size font.
3. Observe one-inch margin on all sides.
4. Use double spacing.
5. Observe the Standard Outline (Refer to EAPP lesson on outlining) for your body topics, sub-topics, and
details.
6. Include Theoretical Framework (Study the article Sample theoretical framework of a dissertation by
Sarah Vinz)
7. Your number of sources/ references may vary according to the length and need of your paper. However,
you are encouraged to use more than one as these make your paper more credible. Use citations correctly.
8. DO NOT INDICATE PAGE NUMBER YET.

Following is an example of the Introduction and the Review of related Literature of a Research
Paper.

NOTE: This is a quantitative research paper. This is used only for the purpose of giving an example of the
format of the Introduction and the Review of Related Literature respectively.

Bank or insurance: Factors affecting the saving preference of parents

in Tambo, Lipa City

A Research Paper Presented to

Miss Jasmin Biscocho

Canossa Academy, Lipa City

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 In partial fulfillment of the requirements in

Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion

by

Gella Eda M. Martinez

Katherine Kate P. Petallo

February 2019

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the problem, the purpose of the study, the statement of the

problem, the significance, and the scope and delimitations of the study, as well as the definition of terms.

Background of the Problem

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 Money plays a vital role in one’s survival. Different people may have varied views and approaches about

money – people can be savers, spenders, or somewhere in between. In a family, money is perceived to be as a

means of acquiring basic necessities, mode of payment, and even as a security for future matters. Since a person

is not certain of what will happen in the future, one must be prepared for all scenarios – this is where the method

of saving money is applied.

Savings is the money that people set aside. This is where a portion of income not spent is kept for several

reasons such as preparation for unexpected events or emergencies, for future use, etc. Without savings,

unexpected events can become large financial burdens. Therefore, saving money helps an individual or family

become more financially secure.

There is a wide variety of saving mechanisms which suit different needs and preferences. One example

is keeping money at home using coin banks, the most traditional form of saving. Some people choose to save by

buying assets, usually property that can be converted to cash. Another popular option for saving is by putting

money in a bank. Savings accounts in banks enable people to deposit money for safekeeping while earning

interest at the same time.

According to Sharma (2016), in the middle ages, Italians used to conduct their commercial transactions

while sitting on the bench. Later, this very word ‘banco’ underwent changes and became ‘bank’. Now, all the

countries of the world have banking systems. The system of banking was introduced by the Jews and then by

goldsmiths. Merchants would pay the goldsmiths for looking after their surplus cash. The goldsmiths would give

the merchants a “bank note” that serves as the latter’s receipt for the cash they deposited. This was the starting

point of saving in banks. Banks had only two functions then: to receive money and to give loans on interest.

Today, banks serve many other purposes such as giving credit cards and providing to its clients a facility of

lockers to keep valuable pieces of jewelry.

Although not in the present-day form of insurance, this philosophy started during the ancient times. It

may have started during the 4th century, where the appearance of bottomry and respondentia bonds in maritime

trade was witnessed. In the bottomry bond, the loan was only required to be repaid if the ship reached the

destination. In case of the total loss of the ship, there would be no need to repay anything. In addition, the

creditors used to charge a premium, which they added to the interest to protect themselves against the possibility

of total losses when they lose the principal amount. From the given information, the concept of insurance could

be stated as the system of sharing or spreading risks gradually developed because of need, which was ultimately

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replaced by the modern insurance approach (“History of Insurance,” n.d).

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to know which between banks and insurance companies is preferred by parents in

Tambo, Lipa City on where to save their money. Specifically, this study wanted to know the answers to the

following questions:

1. How many percent of the parents in Tambo, Lipa City save their money in banks and what type of savings do

they usually get; how many percent of the parents get an insurance and what type of insurance do they

usually get?

2. What are the reasons behind the parents’ preference on where to save their money?

3. Why do parents’ saving preference vary?

Scope and Delimitation

This study was conducted to determine which between banks and insurance companies is more preferred

by parents on where to put their money. In addition, the study also aimed to know the advantages and

disadvantages of saving in bank or insurance. The research involved 200 parents from Tambo, Lipa City. The

parents were regular employees earning at least the minimum wage day.

The research mainly identified which among the two: banks and insurance companies, parents prefer. The

study explored what kind of bank account and insurance parents usually get. Moreover, it identified the reasons

behind the preference of the parents.

Some factors that affect the parents’ preference were also considered. These factors are the parents’

salary range, the family size, expenditures, age bracket, age when they started saving, where they learned about

the saving method, type of residence, and the age of the children that the respondents have. The said factors

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helped the researchers to understand better the preference of the participants.

The researchers did not include parents who run businesses. Moreover, they did not include the other

types of bank accounts and insurance in the study. They only considered savings and checking accounts for the

bank account. For the insurance, only life and non-life insurance were included.

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study will mainly benefit the millennials and generation z. They are the “next in line.”

This study will help them decide where it is best to put their money now and in the future. In addition, the study

will give awareness to people, who want to save, the advantages and disadvantages of the two saving methods.

People who want to save money, regardless of age, will also benefit from the study because from the

results, they can compare the advantages and disadvantages of saving in banks; same goes in getting an insurance

plan.

Definition of Terms

For clarification and better understanding of the study, the following terms are hereby defined.

Beneficiary. This is the person who receives the payments or insurance upon the insured’s death in the

case of lifetime insurance plan (Mayer et al., n.d.).

Financial Institution. This is an organization that provides financial services to people such as insurance

companies and banks (Investopedia, n.d.).

Financial Security. This term refers to the state of being assured about having enough money or income

to cover any future expenses (Investopedia, n.d.).

Insurance. It is a form of contract that repays the loss made by unexpected contingencies such as fire,

earthquake etc. (Mayer et al., n.d.).

Insured. This term refers to the person who receives the insurance (Mayer et al., n.d.).

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 Investing. This is the act of distributing money or giving money that expects future benefit in return

(Investopedia, n.d.).

Life Insurance. This is a type of insurance that provides for an insured’s family or some other named

beneficiaries upon the insured’s death (Mayer et al., n.d.).

Premiums. It is the plan paid by the insured, usually annually or semi-annually depending on the contract

(Mayer et al., n.d.).

Reimbursement. This is the act of repaying a person that has lost or spent his or her money (Mayer et al.,
n.d.).

Tax. This is a compulsory contribution given to the government by its citizens and usually taken from a
person’s income, business, goods and products and etc. (Investopedia, n.d.).

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter depicts the related literatures and studies for the target readers to fully understand the study.

Related Literature

The Financial Inclusion of the Philippines defines savings as a representation of the amount of money

people set aside for future use in order to achieve financial goals. Importance of savings is highlighted due to the

fact that the future cannot be predicted, resulting to the idea of how savings provides security in case of

emergencies. Moreover, due to financial institutions such as banks, insurance companies etc., savings offers

more than just financial security – it enables a person’s money to grow and even gives financial independence

(Kasim & Dutse, 2017).

According to John Maynard Keynes (1936), there are eight primary reasons or motives that leads an

individual to save. Among the eight motives, the 2017 Financial Inclusion Survey (FIS) conducted by the

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) states that 42% of Filipinos save in case of unforeseen contingencies

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(precautionary motive), followed by 31% saving for education (the improvement motive) and 29% for business

purposes (the enterprise motive). This data mean that Filipinos acknowledge the importance of saving and are

investing in various methods in order to save their money.

Saving in a bank is one of the most popular methods of saving money. A bank is a financial institution

that allows people to deposit money for safekeeping while earning interest at the same time. Saving in a bank has

a lot of advantages such as: bank earns interest; money is safeguarded; money can be withdrawn quickly; deposit

is insured; and opens up access to other financial services like credit (Kasim & Dutse, 2017). These benefits

serve as the main reasons why 22.6% or approximately 15.8 million Filipino adults have formal bank accounts

(FIS, 2017).

Another saving method that is widely used by many Filipinos is acquiring insurance. The 2017

Philippines Insurance Commission (PIC) showed that the number of people buying insurance this year increased

nearly 68% to 7.4 million, from about 4.4 million a year ago. Insurance is a contract of reimbursement. For

example, it compensates for losses from specified risks, such as fire, and earthquake. Insurance provides for a

family or some other named beneficiaries on the insured’s death. Additionally, having insurance gives the

insured instant access to a large amount of money that a disaster sometimes requires (Butler, n.d.).

Both saving in a bank and acquiring insurance are standard methods of saving money. Each method has

its own unique features, advantages and disadvantages. For example, a person who acquires an insurance cannot

easily withdraw the money he or she invested unlike saving in a bank account where one can withdraw money at

his or her own convenience. On the other hand, insurance offers more benefits that can generate into large

amount of money that a savings account in a bank cannot provide especially since the general return interest rate

of most banks is only 1%. These advantages and disadvantages affect the preferences and perceptions of parents

in where to save their money.

Related Studies

The study by Aregbeyen (2011), “The Determinants of Bank Selection Choices by Customers: Recent

and Extensive Evidence from Nigeria “, investigated about the determinants of banks selection criteria by

business customers in Nigeria. The researcher gathered a total of 1,750 respondents from six metropolitan city

zones of Nigeria and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) with the use of structured questionnaire. From the

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study, security of funds and the availability of technology-based services are the major reasons for customers’

choice of banks. The most important factor that affects customer’s perception on a bank is the safety of the

money that he or she deposited. This includes quick/prompt service, regular transaction alerts or updates and also

the reputation of the bank. Furthermore, customers also prefer that the bank provides functional and secured

ATMs at all times.

According to the study conducted by Wee, et al. (2015), there are five main factors that affect customer’s

preference in entrusting a certain bank with their money or savings. In order to gather data, the researchers

distributed survey questionnaires to 300 participants using random sampling and snowball sampling method in

Perak, Malaysia. Data analysis and interpretation showed that convenience, service quality, price of products and

services, security and technology have significant relationships with the bank selection criteria. Different banks

are commonly distributed generously in different areas which makes it convenient for people to access.

Convenient services and location provide better satisfaction to customer (Hinson et al., 2013). According to

Clemes, et al. (2007), service quality is one of the important factors for the success and survival of any business.

Therefore, a better and higher quality of service provided from a bank gives positive influence and satisfaction to

individuals.

Moreover, the idea of money security in banks improves its reputation and builds trust and reliability to

individuals since it creates a secure feeling to do transaction. William & Alfred (2012), argued that consumers

would prefer to have accounts in banks since it provide better security, thus having the sense of assurance when

it comes to the safety of their money. Dangolani (2011), stated that technology affects the convenience of banks.

Technology nowadays, brings wide range of mechanisms such as Internet and ATM which creates ease of access

of bank information. This changes the consumer perspective on how to search and access to banking services

more nowadays.

Lastly, prices of product and service are also major contributors to the preference of customers. A

customer considers the value of a product in determining whether the price given to it is reasonable. A bank that

offers several benefits to its customers such as, good service quality, convenience, security and even availability

of technological, is still at risk if the prices of products and services are not reasonable to the satisfaction of the

customer (Zeithaml, 1998).

Mathur & Tripathi (2014) conducted the study, “Factors Influencing Customer’s Choice For Insurance

Companies - A Study Of Ajmer City”. The researchers aim to identify the main factors that affect customer’s

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 choice in insurance companies. The study was conducted in Ajmer City in Rajasthan state using a purposive

sample of 120 individuals. The respondents were contacted and data was gathered through the use of a structured

schedule and was also measured on a seven point Likert-type scale. From the analysis and interpretation of the

data, researchers found out that speed and efficiency of transactions; availability of premium collection and the

reputation of company were the top factors influencing the choice of customers in insurance companies.

Insurance companies provide premium collections that can be equivalent to large amount of money depending on

the insurance plan selected. Moreover, once a person avails insurance, the insured’s premiums will remain stable

or constant throughout his or her lifetime and may even increase as they age.

In addition, a study by Deshmukh & Jadhao (2017) states that wide risk coverage, reasonable premium,

and tax advantages are also factors that contribute to the perception of individuals in acquiring insurance. This

study was limited to the Nagpur District of Maharashtr. Primary data was obtained by structured questionnaire;

moreover, respondents were asked to rate the importance level of insurance companies using 5-point Likert

scale. Insurance companies offer several types of insurance according to the customer’s preference. Also,

insurance provides wide risk coverage that can fund many types of expenses such as health care, education,

retirement, car loans, housing, etc. Moreover, insurances are exempted from tax which means that benefits of the

insured are not subjected to federal income tax.

The studies presented show the factors that affect the preferences of individuals in choosing whether they

would save in a bank or acquire an insurance. Bank companies can mostly guarantee convenience, security of

money and availability of technological devices which increase speed of transactions. On the other hand,

insurance companies provide wider risk coverage, higher premium collection and are generally tax exempted.

Both financial institutions present factors that can change the perception or preference of consumers. To be able

to identify which among the two saving methods – saving in a bank and acquiring insurance, both advantages

and disadvantages of the two financial institution were weighed according to the preference and priority of the

individuals.

Theoretical Framework

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 The Life Cycle Hypothesis mainly affects the perception of people towards saving. Moreover, it implies

that each stage of one’s life: childhood, adulthood, and seniority, affect saving behavior differently. Saving is at

its peak during adulthood since this is the stage where people start to realize the importance of saving. LCH

affects the adult’s perception on saving, thus, allowing them to choose which saving method to use to secure

their money.

Below is the Rating Rubric for the Review of Related Literature.

Rubric for Review of Related Literature

15-20 Points 8-14 Points 1-7 Points Score

Literature Good selection and Good but limited Limited literature.

wide variety of related selection of literature Irrelevant literature
literature included.

Organization Well-written and Well-written and Unorganized and poorly

organized; engaging organized written
discussion

Citation Correct or proper Some missing citations Literature not properly

citation of literature; but used the 7th APA documented; lacks
Used the 7th APA reference style consistency in referencing
reference style style

Total

Source: Applied Research by Diana J. Mendoza & Ma. Lourdes F. Melegrito, C2017, Phoenix Publishing
House. Inc. Quezon City, p.139

LESSON 2: SAMPLING

HOOK

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 This question will be asked to the students:

The teacher may instruct the students to use graphic organizers to better understand the given concepts
such as concept map, venn diagram, etc.

What comes first in your mind when you hear the words population and sample?

ENGAGE

Sampling is the method or process of selecting respondents to answer questions from where data
will be gathered. The selected respondents are called the sample through which facts and evidences are
will be derived to support your claim or conclusion. Population is from where the sample is taken, and
sampling frame is the list of members of the population from where the sample is taken.

ACQUIRE

A flipped classroom on “Research Sampling Methods” will be posted to the classfeed in Orange Apps.

An introduction to sampling methods

Published on September 19, 2019 by Shona McCombes. Revised on January 19, 2021.
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/sampling-methods/

There are two types of sampling methods:

● Probability sampling involves random selection, allowing you to make statistical inferences about
the whole group.
● Non-probability sampling involves non-random selection based on convenience or other criteria,
allowing you to easily collect initial data.

You should clearly explain how you selected your sample in the methodology section of your paper or
thesis.

Probability sampling methods

Probability sampling means that every member of the population has a chance of being selected. It is
mainly used in quantitative research. If you want to produce results that are representative of the whole
population, you need to use a probability sampling technique.

There are four main types of probability sample.

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1. Simple random sampling
In a simple random sample, every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Your sampling frame should include the whole population.
Example
You want to select a simple random sample of 100 employees of Company X. You assign a number
to every employee in the company database from 1 to 1000, and use a random number generator to select
100 numbers.

2. Systematic sampling
Systematic sampling is similar to simple random sampling, but it is usually slightly easier to
conduct. Every member of the population is listed with a number, but instead of randomly generating
numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals.
Example
All employees of the company are listed in alphabetical order. From the first 10 numbers, you
randomly select a starting point: number 6. From number 6 onwards, every 10th person on the list is
selected (6, 16, 26, 36, and so on), and you end up with a sample of 100 people.

3. Stratified sampling
To use this sampling method, you divide the population into subgroups (called strata) based on the
relevant characteristic (e.g. gender, age range, income bracket, job role).
Based on the overall proportions of the population, you calculate how many people should be sampled
from each subgroup. Then you use random or systematic sampling to select a sample from each subgroup.
Example
The company has 800 female employees and 200 male employees. You want to ensure that the
sample reflects the gender balance of the company, so you sort the population into two strata based on
gender. Then you use random sampling on each group, selecting 80 women and 20 men, which gives you a
representative sample of 100 people.

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4. Cluster sampling
Cluster sampling also involves dividing the population into subgroups, but each subgroup should
have similar characteristics to the whole sample. Instead of sampling individuals from each subgroup, you
randomly select entire subgroups. If it is practically possible, you might include every individual from each
sampled cluster. If the clusters themselves are large, you can also sample individuals from within each
cluster using one of the techniques above.
Example
The company has offices in 10 cities across the country (all with roughly the same number of
employees in similar roles). You don’t have the capacity to travel to every office to collect your data, so
you use random sampling to select 3 offices – these are your clusters.

Non-probability sampling methods

In a non-probability sample, individuals are selected based on non-random criteria, and not every
individual has a chance of being included. This type of sample is easier and cheaper to access, but it has a
higher risk of sampling bias, and you can’t use it to make valid statistical inferences about the whole
population.

Non-probability sampling techniques are often appropriate for exploratory and qualitative research.

In these types of research, the aim is not to test a hypothesis about a broad population, but to develop an
initial understanding of a small or under-researched population.

1. Convenience sampling

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 A convenience sample simply includes the individuals who happen to be most accessible to the
researcher. This is an easy and inexpensive way to gather initial data, but there is no way to tell if the
sample is representative of the population, so it can’t produce generalizable results.
Example
You are researching opinions about student support services in your university, so after each of
your classes, you ask your fellow students to complete a survey on the topic. This is a convenient way to
gather data, but as you only surveyed students taking the same classes as you at the same level, the sample
is not representative of all the students at your university.

2. Voluntary response sampling

Similar to a convenience sample, a voluntary response sample is mainly based on ease of access.
Instead of the researcher choosing participants and directly contacting them, people volunteer themselves
(e.g. by responding to a public online survey). Voluntary response samples are always at least somewhat
biased, as some people will inherently be more likely to volunteer than others.
Example
You send out the survey to all students at your university and a lot of students decide to complete it.
This can certainly give you some insight into the topic, but the people who responded are more likely to be
those who have strong opinions about the student support services, so you can’t be sure that their opinions
are representative of all students.
3. Purposive sampling
This type of sampling, also known as judgement sampling, involves the researcher using their
expertise to select a sample that is most useful to the purposes of the research. It is often used in qualitative
research, where the researcher wants to gain detailed knowledge about a specific phenomenon rather than
make statistical inferences, or where the population is very small and specific. An effective purposive
sample must have clear criteria and rationale for inclusion.
Example
You want to know more about the opinions and experiences of disabled students at your university,
so you purposefully select a number of students with different support needs in order to gather a varied
range of data on their experiences with student services.

4. Snowball sampling
If the population is hard to access, snowball sampling can be used to recruit participants via other
participants. The number of people you have access to “snowballs” as you get in contact with more people.
Example
You are researching experiences of homelessness in your city. Since there is no list of all homeless
people in the city, probability sampling isn’t possible. You meet one person who agrees to participate in
the research, and she puts you in contact with other homeless people that she knows in the area.

REFLECT

TASK #1
 The students answer the following questions:
Which do you think would be the most appropriate type of sampling to use now that we
have returned to face-to-face classes? Why? Do you think you can be assured of your
participants’ information and responses if you conduct an online survey? What measures
could you then take in this case to be assured of your objectives?

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from the writer. PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
 TRANSFER

The students include the appropriate sampling to be used in their research paper.

A qualitative study of the perceptions of first year college students

regarding technology and college readiness

By: Trent Anthony Grundmeyer

Iowa State University

ABSTRACT

College ready students have the skills and knowledge to be successful in college without
remedial classwork. High schools strive to graduate students who meet this standard. However, recent
college readiness indicators routinely contend that high schools are not meeting college readiness
standards. Some high schools have adopted a 1:1 laptop initiative in an effort to promote college
readiness.

Early computers were seldom used in education because of their impracticality. Since the cost,
size, and functionality of computers and evolved in the last 50 years, computers have found a place in
education along with mainstream adoption. Laptops are now used by teachers and students alike to
conduct research, network with others, communicate, and demonstrate learning.

The study, based in the constructivist paradigm, used a phenomenological strategy to explain
first-year college students’ perceptions of the effects of a 1:1 laptop experience on their readiness for
college and the uses of technology for instructional purposes by high school teachers and college
professors. The study employed participants who had experienced a 1:1 laptop initiative while in high

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from the writer. PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
school for two or more years. Participant experiences and feedback were analyzed to answer the posed
research questions presented in the study.

Methodology utilized in the study included interviews with fifteen participants from two different
countries and five different high schools. Field notes were also collected during each interview. Data
collected from each interview and the researcher’s field notes were compared to identify themes. The
themes synthesized from the research results helped to answer the studies research questions.

This study found first-year college students believed they were more college-ready after
experiencing a 1:1 laptop initiative in high school. The use of the school issued laptop computer for
taking online classes was reported as a major benefit toward improved college readiness. The
participants in this study also believed that their high school teachers implemented technology more
routinely and effectively than their current college professors. Participants reported their high school
teachers worked hard to integrate laptops into classroom lessons. Furthermore, they reported that
professor’s use of technology was inconsistent and often lacked integration in the classroom even though
students were expected to utilize technology outside the classroom.

There are implications in the research findings for students, parents, teachers, school leaders,
professors, and policymakers. The implications identified for each stakeholder group promote a more
effective and productive 1:1 laptop adoption. The implications in this study for the various stakeholder
groups could result in a more effective and smooth 1:1 laptop adoption and consequently enhanced
college readiness skills for high school graduates.

Recommendations based on the findings of this study include utilizing the laptop computer to
teach social etiquette and for schools to adopt a 1:1 laptop initiative as a thoughtful and well-planned
initiative. These recommendations would maximize the 1:1 laptop initiative potential on college
readiness. Schools need more information as they adopt 1:1 laptop initiatives to ensure the program
effectively promotes college readiness for students. Furthermore, high school teachers and college
professors alike need the skills and training to maximize technology integration.

Source: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3606&context=etd

1. What was the research design used?

______________________________________________________
2. Was the design appropriate for the study? Justify your answer based on the following:
a. Purpose of the study
b. Method used
c. Analysis of the data
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________
from the writer. PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
_____________________________________________________________________________
22
No part of this module maybe reproduced and/or used in any form or by any means without written permission.
from the writer. PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1