Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

Transformers

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar

EE228 Electrical Machines

Lecture - 3

School of Electrical Sciences

Indian Institute of Technology Goa

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

1 Open Circuit Test of a Transformer

2 Short Circuit Test of a Transformer

3 Transformer Voltage Regulation

4 Transformer Efficiency

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

1 Open Circuit Test of a Transformer

2 Short Circuit Test of a Transformer

3 Transformer Voltage Regulation

4 Transformer Efficiency

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

Open Circuit Test of a Transformer

In the open-circuit test

• secondary winding is open Wattmeter
IP(t)

circuited and A

• primary winding is
V(t)
connected to a VLrated . V VP(t)

The total excitation admittance

is
YE = GC − j BM .
Transformer
(1)
图 1: Connection diagram of
1 1
= −j . (2) open-circuit test of a transformer.
RC XM

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

The magnitude of the excitation admittance (referred to the

primary circuit) can be found from the open-circuit test Voc and
Ioc .
Ioc
|YE | = . (3)
Voc
Poc
PowerFactor = cos θ = . (4)
Voc Ioc
Poc
θ = cos . (5)
Voc Ioc
Ioc
|YE | = ∠−θ. (6)
Voc
Note: The power factor is always lagging for a real transformer →
Ioc always lags Voc by θ degrees.

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

1 Open Circuit Test of a Transformer

2 Short Circuit Test of a Transformer

3 Transformer Voltage Regulation

4 Transformer Efficiency

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

Short Circuit Test of a Transformer

In the short-circuit test

• the secondary terminals
Wattmeter IS(t)
IP(t)
of the transformer are A

short circuited and

• the primary terminals are V(t)
V VP(t)

connected to a fairly
Vlow source.
The total excitation Transformer

admittance is
图 2: Connection diagram of
Vsc short-circuit test of a transformer.
|Zsc | = . (7)
Isc

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

Psc
PowerFactor = cos θ = . (8)
Vsc Isc

Vsc ∠0
Zsc = . (9)
Isc ∠−θ

Zsc = Req + j Xeq . (10)

Zsc = (Rp + a2 Rs ) + j (Xp + a2 Xs ). (11)

It is possible to determine the total series impedance referred to

the primary side by using this test.

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

Per-Unit System of Measurements

• In the per-unit (p.u.) system, the voltages, currents, powers,

impedances and other electrical quantities are not measured in
SI units.

• Any quantity can be expressed on p.u. basis by the equation

Actual value
Quantity per unit = Base value of quantity .

Pbase , Qbase or Sbase = Vbase Ibase . (12)

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

Vbase
Zbase = . (13)
Ibase
Ibase
Ybase = . (14)
Vbase
2
Vbase
Zbase = . (15)
Sbase

• In a power system, a base apparent power and voltage are

selected at a specific point in the system.
• A transformer has no effect on the base apparent power of the
system → ∵ apparent power into a transformer = apparent
power out of the transformer.

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

1 Open Circuit Test of a Transformer

2 Short Circuit Test of a Transformer

3 Transformer Voltage Regulation

Transformer Phasor Diagram

4 Transformer Efficiency

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

Transformer Voltage Regulation

• Full-load voltage regulation is a quantity that compares the

output voltage of the transformer at no load with the output
voltage at full load.

Vsnl − Vsfl
VR = × 100. (16)
Vsfl

∵ at no load, Vs =Vp /a

Vp /a − Vsfl
VR = × 100. (17)
Vsfl

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

• If the transformer equivalent circuit is in the per-unit system,

then voltage regulation can be expressed as

Vpp.u. − Vsfl,p.u.
VR = × 100. (18)
Vsfl,p.u.

• For an ideal transformer, VR = 0 percent.

• Usually it is a good practice to have as small a voltage

regulation as possible.

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

Transformer Phasor Diagram

1 Open Circuit Test of a Transformer

2 Short Circuit Test of a Transformer

3 Transformer Voltage Regulation

Transformer Phasor Diagram

4 Transformer Efficiency

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

Transformer Phasor Diagram

Phasor Diagram of a Transformer at a Lagging Power Factor

VP / a

jXeqIs
θ Vs
Is Req Is

图 3: Phasor diagram of a transformer operating at a lagging power

factor.

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

Transformer Phasor Diagram

Phasor Diagram of a Transformer at an Unity Power Factor

VP / a

jXeqIs

Is Vs Req Is

图 4: Phasor diagram of a transformer operating at an unity power factor.

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

Transformer Phasor Diagram

Phasor Diagram of a Transformer at a Leading Power Factor

VP / a

jXeqIs
Is

Req Is

Vs
图 5: Phasor diagram of a transformer operating at a leading power
factor.

Vp
= Vs + Req Is + j Xeq Is . (19)
a
Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3
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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

Transformer Phasor Diagram

The primary voltage is given by

Vp
≈ Vs + Req Is cos θ + j Xeq Is sin θ. (20)
a

VP / a

ReqIs cosθ XeqIs sinθ θ

θ Vs θ
jXeqIs
Req Is

Is

图 6: Derivation of the approximate equation for Vp /a.

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

1 Open Circuit Test of a Transformer

2 Short Circuit Test of a Transformer

3 Transformer Voltage Regulation

4 Transformer Efficiency

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

Transformer Efficiency

• The efficiency of a transformer is

Pout
η = × 100. (21)
Pin

Pout
η = × 100. (22)
Pout + Ploss

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

There are three types of losses present in transformers:

1 Copper (I 2 R) losses.

2 Hysteresis losses.

3 Eddy current losses.

Further, the efficiency of a transformer is given as

Vs Is cos θ
η = × 100. (23)
Pcu + Pcore + Vs Is cos θ

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Open Circuit Test of a Transformer Short Circuit Test of a Transformer Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer Efficiency

References

1 A. E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley. Jr, Stephen D. Umans

“Electric Machinery," McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 6th
edition, 2003.

2 Stephen J. Chapman, “Electric Machinery Fundamentals,"

McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 4th edition, 2005.

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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Thanks!

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE228 Electrical Machines Lecture - 3

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