A

PROJECT
ON
Title
PREPARATION OF ARISHTA FORMULATION
AND
IT’S EVALUATION BY CHROMATOGRAPHY

Presented By:
KASHMIRA SHAIKH
202100844
CIE NO.01

Supervisor Name:
Prof. Sabeena Syed

School of Pharmacy
Vishwakarma University
Pune-411048
INTRODUCTION
Arishta formulations, an integral part of Ayurveda, are classical herbal medicinal
preparations known for their therapeutic properties. Arishtas are fermented
decoctions prepared by soaking herbs in water, followed by boiling and
fermentation with the help of natural sugars or jaggery. This fermentation
process enhances the bioavailability and efficacy of the herbal ingredients,
making Arishtas potent remedies for various ailments.
The preparation of Arishta formulations involves a precise combination of herbs,
each chosen for its unique medicinal properties. These formulations have been
passed down through generations, with each recipe carefully crafted to target
specific health issues.
Chromatography is a crucial analytical technique used for the qualitative and
quantitative evaluation of Arishta formulations. High-Performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC) are commonly employed
methods for separating and analyzing the constituents of herbal preparations.
By subjecting Arishta formulations to chromatographic analysis, researchers can
identify and quantify the active compounds present in these medicinal
concoctions.
Medicinal plants are known to contain various bioactive phytoconstituents,
which are used for prevention and mitigation of various ailments all over the
world. About 80 % of the world population depends upon herbal preparation for
their primary health care. India is considered as rich source of a good number of
medicinal plants and thus called as medicinal garden of the world. Medicinal
plants are best adopted by rural and urban community in India due to their
nontoxic nature, less side effects and low price. Nowadays, there has been an
increase in demand for these plant based products in developed countries as
well. Plant, mineral and animal-based natural drugs are the main sources, which
contribute the bioactive components for preparation of various Ayurvedic
formulations. The ancient books such as Rigveda, Atharvaveda, Charaka
Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Astanga Hridaya and Sangraha, describe various
formulations and their uses against different diseases. Serious adverse toxic
effects of synthetic drugs have shifted attention of modern civilization more
towards the Ayurvedic formulations for safer remedies. However, there is a lack
of quality in herbal preparations due to geographical variation, confusion with
different regional names, adulteration and substitution and absence of proper
standardization procedures for evaluation of raw materials and finished
products. Therefore, at present standardization of crude drugs as well as their
formulations by implementation of quality control parameters has become
highly essential. It is observed that development of suitable standard
procedures for authentication of complex herbal formulations is not an easy
task. The traditional methods of drug evaluation are not sufficient to establish
the quality aspects of complex polyherbal Ayurvedic preparations. However,
World Health Organization has framed certain standardization guidelines for
evaluation of the crude drugs and their finished products, which include
determination of their macro and microscopical characters, physico-chemical
characters, presence of heavy metals, microbial limit, analytical parameters for
qualitative and quantitative study of biomarkers, toxicity and biological study,
DNA finger printing. Asavaristas are such Ayurvedic selfgenerated alcoholic
formulations, which are prepared by fermentation of an infusion or juice or
decoction of drug ingredients with the addition of sugar and Dhataki pushpa
(Woodfordia fruticosa) as a fermenter.
HYPERTENSION:
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical
condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
High blood pressure is when the force of blood pushing against your artery walls
is consistently too high. This damages your arteries over time and can lead to
serious complications like heart attack and stroke. “Hypertension” is another
word for this common condition.
High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms. It is, however, a major
risk factor for stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation,
peripheral arterial disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease, and dementia.
Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide.
High blood pressure is classified as primary (essential) hypertension or
secondary hypertension. About 90–95% of cases are primary, defined as high
blood pressure due to nonspecific lifestyle and genetic factors. Lifestyle factors
that increase the risk include excess salt in the diet, excess body weight,
smoking, physical inactivity and alcohol use. The remaining 5–10% of cases are
categorized as secondary high blood pressure, defined as high blood pressure
due to a clearly identifiable cause, such as chronic kidney disease, narrowing of
the kidney arteries, an endocrine disorder, or the use of birth control pills.
Blood pressure is classified by two measurements, the systolic (high reading)
and diastolic (lower reading) pressures. For most adults, normal blood pressure
at rest is within the range of 100–130 millimeters mercury (mmHg) systolic and
60–80 mmHg diastolic. For most adults, high blood pressure is present if the
resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/80 or 140/90 mmHg.
Different numbers apply to children. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
over a 24-hour period appears more accurate than office-based blood pressure
measurement. Hypertension is around twice as common in diabetics.
Lifestyle changes and medications can lower blood pressure and decrease the
risk of health complications. Lifestyle changes include weight loss, physical
exercise, decreased salt intake, reducing alcohol intake, and a healthy diet. If
lifestyle changes are not sufficient, then blood pressure medications are used.Up
to three medications taken concurrently can control blood pressure in 90% of
people. The treatment of moderately high arterial blood pressure (defined as
>160/100 mmHg) with medications is associated with an improved life
expectancy. The effect of treatment of blood pressure between 130/80 mmHg
and 160/100 mmHg is less clear, with some reviews finding benefit and others
finding unclear benefit. High blood pressure affects between 16 and 37% of the
population globally. In 2010 hypertension was believed to have been a factor in
17.8% of all deaths (9.4 million globally).
Blood pressure (BP) is the measurement of the pressure or force of blood
pushing against blood vessel walls. Your BP reading has two numbers:
 The top number is the systolic blood pressure, which measures the
pressure on your artery walls when your heart beats or contracts.
 The bottom number is the diastolic blood pressure. This measures the
pressure on your artery walls between beats when your heart is relaxing.
Stages of Hypertension

Fig.1

 Healthy: A healthy blood pressure reading is less than 120/80 millimeters

of mercury (mm Hg).
 Elevated: The systolic number is between 120 and 129 mm Hg, and the
diastolic number is less than 80 mm Hg. Doctors usually don’t treat
elevated blood pressure with medication. Instead, your doctor may
encourage lifestyle changes to help lower your numbers.
 Stage 1 hypertension: The systolic number is between 130 and 139 mm
Hg, or the diastolic number is between 80 and 89 mm Hg.
 Stage 2 hypertension: The systolic number is 140 mm Hg or higher, or the
diastolic number is 90 mm Hg or higher.
 Hypertensive crisis: The systolic number is over 180 mm Hg, or the
diastolic number is over 120 mm Hg. Blood pressure in this range
requires urgent medical attention. If any symptoms like chest pain,
headache, shortness of breath, or visual changes occur when blood
pressure is this high, medical care in the emergency room is needed.
1. How common is high blood pressure?
High blood pressure is very common. It affects 47% of adults in the U.S. This
equals about 116 million people. Of those, 37 million have a blood pressure of
at least 140/90 mmHg. High blood pressure caused or contributed to over
670,000 deaths in the U.S. in 2020.
The World Health Organization estimates that globally, over 1.2 billion people
ages 30 to 79 have hypertension. About 2 in 3 of those individuals live in low- or
middle-income countries.

Fig.2
2. There are two types of hypertension:

 Primary: High blood pressure that is not related to another medical

condition.
 Secondary: Another medical condition that causes high blood pressure,
usually occurring in the kidneys, arteries, heart, or endocrine system.
Examples include: Sleep problems like sleep apnea.
3. What causes hypertension?

Primary hypertension doesn’t have a single, clear cause. Usually, many factors
come together to cause it. Common causes include:

 Unhealthy eating patterns (including a diet high in sodium).

 Lack of physical activity.
 High consumption of beverages containing alcohol.

Secondary hypertension has at least one distinct cause that healthcare

providers can identify. Common causes of secondary hypertension include:

 Certain medications, including immunosuppressants, NSAIDs and oral

contraceptives (the pill).
 Kidney disease.
 Obstructive sleep apnea.
 Primary aldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome).
 Recreational drug use (including amphetamines and cocaine).
 Renal vascular diseases, which are conditions that affect blood flow in
your kidneys’ arteries and veins. Renal artery stenosis is a common
example.
 Tobacco use (including smoking, vaping and using smokeless tobacco).

4. Signs and Symptoms

Hypertension is rarely accompanied by symptoms, and its identification is

usually through health screening, or when seeking healthcare for an
unrelated problem. Some people with high blood pressure report headaches
(particularly at the back of the head and in the morning), as well as
lightheadedness, vertigo, tinnitus (buzzing or hissing in the ears), altered
vision or fainting episodes. These symptoms, however, might be related to
associated anxiety rather than the high blood pressure itself.
 On physical examination, hypertension may be associated with the presence
of changes in the optic fundus seen by ophthalmoscopy. The severity of the
changes typical of hypertensive retinopathy is graded from I to IV; grades
I and II may be difficult to differentiate. The severity of the retinopathy
correlates roughly with the duration or the severity of the hypertension.
People with very high blood pressure (usually 180/120 or higher) can
experience symptoms including:

 severe headaches
 chest pain
 dizziness
 difficulty breathing
 nausea
 vomiting
 blurred vision or other vision changes
 anxiety
 confusion
 buzzing in the ears
 nosebleeds
 abnormal heart rhythm

5. Diagnostic Tests

 Blood Pressure Measurement. To measure your blood pressure, your

doctor places an inflatable cuff around your arm, which measures the
systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure.
 Heart Exam.
 Eye Exam.
 Blood and Urine Tests.
 Echocardiogram.
6. What are the risk factors for high blood pressure?

Risk factors that make you more likely to have high blood pressure include:

 Having biological family members with high blood pressure,

cardiovascular disease or diabetes.
 Being over age 55.
 Being Black.
 Having certain medical conditions, including chronic kidney disease,
metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea or thyroid disease.
 Having overweight or obesity.
 Not getting enough exercise.
 Eating foods high in sodium.
 Smoking or using tobacco products.
 Drinking too much.

7. What are the complications of this condition?

Untreated hypertension may lead to serious health problems including:

 Coronary artery disease (CAD).

 Stroke.
 Heart attack.
 Peripheral artery disease.
 Kidney disease and kidney failure.
 Complications during pregnancy.
 Eye damage.
 Vascular dementia.

8. Treatment

Lifestyle changes can help lower high blood pressure. These include:

 eating a healthy, low-salt diet

 losing weight
 being physically active
  quitting tobacco.
 If you have high blood pressure, your doctor may recommend one or
more medicines. Your recommended blood pressure goal may depend
on what other health conditions you have.
Blood pressure goal is less than 130/80 if you have:
 cardiovascular disease (heart disease or stroke)
 diabetes (high blood sugar)
 chronic kidney disease
 high risk for cardiovascular disease.

9. Medications to lower your blood pressure

Four classes of blood pressure medications are “first-line” (most effective and
commonly prescribed) when starting treatment:

 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the production

of the angiotensin II hormone, which the body naturally uses to manage
blood pressure. When the medicine blocks angiotensin II, your blood
vessels don’t narrow.
 Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) block this same hormone from
binding with receptors in the blood vessels. ARBs work the same way as
ACE inhibitors to keep blood vessels from narrowing.
 Calcium channel blockers prevent calcium from entering the muscle
cells of your heart and blood vessels, allowing these vessels to relax.
 Diuretics (water or fluid pills) flush excess sodium from your body,
reducing the amount of fluid in your blood. People often take diuretics
with other high blood pressure medicines, sometimes in one combined
pill.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Pathophysiology of hypertension and treatment:

1. ALLIUMSATIVUM (GARLIC):
 Scientific classification:

Domain Eukaryote
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Tracheophyta
Class Liliopsida
Order Asparagales
Family Amaryllidaceae
Genus Allium
Species Alliaceae

Allium sativum is a perennial flowering plant that grows from a bulb. It has a tall,
erect flowering stem that grows up to 1 m (3 ft). The leaf blade is flat, linear,
solid, and approximately 1.25–2.5 cm (0.5–1.0 in) wide, with an acute apex. The
plant may produce pink to purple flowers from July to September in the
Northern Hemisphere. The bulb has a strong odor and is typically made up of 10
to 20 cloves. The cloves close to the center are symmetrical, and those
surrounding the center can be asymmetrical. Each clove is enclosed in an inner
sheathing leaf surrounded by layers of outer sheathing leaves. If garlic is planted
at the proper time and depth, it can be grown as far north as Alaska. It produces
hermaphroditic flowers. It is pollinated by bees, butterflies, moths, and other
insects.
The bulb of A. Sativum is a multipurpose spice or herb popularly used for
thousands of years as a vegetable because of its strong flavour and taste
worldwide. It is an herb of interest for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases
(CVDs) like coronary heart disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis and age-
related vascular changes. It can also use as an antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-
inflammatory, antibacterial, and hypocholesterolemic. All these pharmacological
activities make it interesting for pharmacologists and health practitioners.
The presence of organosulfur constituents like allicin (major active constituent),
ajoene, S-allyl-L-cysteine, diallyl disulfides (DADS), methyl thiosulfonate and
diallyl trisulfides etc. are responsible for these pharmacological activities.Allium
Sativum can be utilized in diversevarietiessuch as raw,dried powder, aqueous
extract, oil and aged garlic extract(AGE) form. Mata analysis interpretation
confirmed that AGE produces a dependable lowering of blood pressure (both
SBP and DBP) compared to other forms of A. Sativum .

Microscopic The protective leaf contains an epidermis enclosing a mesophyll

free from chlorophyll. The outer epidermis consists of lignified sclereid cells of
thick, pitted walls, elongated, covered with thin cuticle, long fibers up to 500 µm
in length and 30 µm in width.

Cross section of garlic

 2. Hibiscus Sabdariffa (Rosella, Hibiscus, Jamaica Sorrel, Red Sorrel)

Scientific classification:

Domain Eukaryote
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Anthophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Malvales
Family Malvaceae
Genus Hibiscus;L
Species Hibiscus rosa

The various part of this plant like flower, leaves and calyxareare used for the
treatment of various medicinal problems in many West African countries. Due to
its pleasing taste, decorative appearance, medicinal and culinary effect, HS is used
worldwide to produce many types of modern cold and hot drinks. Tender young
leaves, calyx and stems are used as salads in raw or cooked form. At many places,
calyx is used to prepare soups, pickles, sauces, pudding and also as flavouring
agents. The Nigerian citizens used calyx infusion (zobo) as an antihypertensive
agent.

Experimental studies showed that HS has antimicrobial, antioxidant,

anticholesterol, antihypertensive activity. The people of Jordan’s North
Badialocality use leaves and flowers of HS, and according to them, hot aqua
infusions are used to treat elevated blood pressure while cold infusions for lower
blood pressure. In Tobago and Trinidad area’s resident’s leaves are used to treat
hypertension while the flower and seeds are used forhypocholesterolemic effect.
Previous studies showed that on treatment with HS the SBP and DBP level
declined dose dependently in salt induced hypertensive and in the normotensive
group. When comparing to ACE-inhibitors, it was equally effective to captopril but
less effective than lisinopril.
From different studies, it is found that extract of calyces of HS has
antihypertensive and vasodilator effect in human and experimental
animalsviavasodilator pathways dependent and independent on theendothelium.
The opening of thecGMP/nitric oxide-relaxant pathwayis derived via endothelium
causesendothelium-dependent vasodilation by activation of guanylate cyclase
whereas inhibition of Ca2+ influx is responsible for endothelium
independentcomponent.
The watersoluble active constituents of HS, anthocyanins, predominantlycyanidin-
3-sambubiosideand delphinidin-3-sambubioside, are responsible for the
hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant & antihypertensive effects.

Macro-microscopic characterization of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and its

differentiation from adulterant Rhododendron arboreum Sm. The dried flowers of
R. arboreum are morphologically looking similar to flowers of H. rosa-sinensis and
used as adulterant in the raw drug market. The findings of present study is helpful
in standardization of formulation containing flowers of H.rosa-sinensis as
ingredient in their powdered form and also for authentication/identification of
dried flowers of H.rosa-sinensis.

Cross section of Hibiscus

3. Zingiber officinale (Ginger)

Scientific classification:

Domain Eukaryote
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Spermatophyta
Class Liliopsida
Order Zingiberales
Family Zingiberaceae
Genus Z.officinale
Species Zingiber officinale

Rhizome of Zingiber officinale, a very commonly used culinary ingredient last

for thirteenth century. Akinyemi et al. reported that ginger’s aqueous extract
can reduce ACE and lipid peroxidation. Suekawa et al. had been found that
intravenous and oral dose of (6)-shogoal and (6)-gingerol produced a
significant decline in BP.Definitely, [6]-ginger oils are considered to be a fresh
antagonist to the angiotensin IItype1 receptor to produce vasodialation.

Zingiber officinale (ZO) has a long history of traditional use. It includes

numerous components name as beta-carotene, gingerdiol, gingerol,
gingerdione, caffeic acid, capsaicin and curcumin. The literature survey
confirmed that ginger has multiple biological activities, counting blood
pressure-lowering, antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering, anti-inflammatory,
antimicrobial, anticancer, antiplatelet aggregation, hypoglycemic,
cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective, respiratory protective,
antidiabetic, chemopreventive, antiobesity, antiemetic, antinausea.

The health profits of ginger are mainly credited to the presence of phenolic
compounds like shogaol and gingerols. Ojulariet al., (2014)concluded that
Zingiber officinale use can reduce BP. Talaeiet al. showed that daily use of
powder of ginger for 56 days can lower DBP and SBP in patients having type 2
diabetes. Some studies proved that ginger can be used with antihypertensive
drugs for the treatment of hypertension to provide an addition effect.

Microscopic characters of Ginger Rhizome

Cork: Outer zone consists of irregularly arranged cells and inner zone consists
of cells arranged in radial rows. Cork is absent in Jamaica Ginger. Phellogen: It
 is indistinct. Cortex: Cortex consists of thin walled, cellulosic rounded
parenchyma with intercellular spaces

REFERENCES
1) Garlic (Allium sativum):
 Ried, K., Toben, C., & Fakler, P. (2013). Effect of garlic on serum lipids: an
updated meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews, 71(5), 282-299.
 Reinhart, K. M., Coleman, C. I., Teevan, C., & Vachhani, P. (2009). Effects
of garlic on blood pressure in patients with and without systolic
hypertension: a meta-analysis. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 43(4), 596-
603.
2) Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa):
 Mozaffari-Khosravi, H., Jalali-Khanabadi, B. A., Afkhami-Ardekani, M.,
Fatehi, F., & Noori-Shadkam, M. (2009). The effects of sour tea (Hibiscus
sabdariffa) on hypertension in patients with type II diabetes. Journal of
Human Hypertension, 23(1), 48-54.
 McKay, D. L., & Blumberg, J. B. (2007). A review of the bioactivity and
potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.).
Phytotherapy Research, 21(6), 519-530.
3) Ginger (Zingiber officinale):
 Mahluji, S., Attari, V. E., Mobasseri, M., Payahoo, L., Ostadrahimi, A., &
Golzari, S. E. (2013). Effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on plasma
glucose level, HbA1c and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients.
International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 64(6), 682-686.
 Akhani, S. P., Vishwakarma, S. L., Goyal, R. K., & Bodhankar, S. L. (2004).
Effect of Zingiber officinale on antihypertensive activity of losartan in
rats. Phytomedicine, 11(5), 392-396.