chapter3 e-learning

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Chapter 3
Stoichiometry
計量學
黃俊嬴
高雄醫學大學
醫藥暨應用化學系;
Lab: 第一教學大樓 N1128
Tel: (07)312-1101*2810
Mail: genin@kmu.edu.tw
Chapter 3
Table of Contents
3.1 Counting by Weighing
3.2 Atomic Masses
3.3 The Mole
3.4 Molar Mass
3.5 Learning to Solve Problems
3.6 Percent Composition of Compounds
3.7 Determining the Formula of a Compound
3.8 Chemical Equations
3.9 Balancing Chemical Equations
3.10 Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and
Products
3.11 The Concept of Limiting Reagent
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 2
Section 3.1
Counting by Weighing
學習目標
1. 介紹平均原子量之概念、原子量之定義以及實務上測量
原子量的方式。
2. 學習如何有效的解決、回答一個問題
Return to TOC
3
Section 3.1
Exercise Need average mass of the object.
A pile of marbles weigh 394.80 g. 10 marbles weigh

37.60 g. How many marbles are in the pile?
37.60 g
Avg. Mass of 1 Marble = = 3.76 g / marble
10 marbles
394.80 g = 105 marbles

3.76 g
平均原子量概念的由來…. Return to TOC

Section 3.1
Atomic Masses
 The modern system of atomic masses, instituted in
1961, is based on 12C (“carbon twelve”) as the
standard. In this system, a 12C atom is assigned a
mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units (amu), and the
masses of all other atoms are given relative to this
standard.
The most accurate method currently available for
comparing the masses of atoms involves the use of the
mass spectrometer.
*1 amu = 1.992646x10-23 g/12 = 1.6605387x10-24 g Return to TOC

Section 3.2
Atomic Masses
Unit: atomic mass units (amu); daltons (Da)

Mass of a 126 C atom: 12 amu (Da)
 12 (g/mole)/(6.022142x1023 (atoms/mole)) = 1.992646x10-23 g
*1 amu = 1.992646x10-23 g/12 = 1.6605387x10-24 g
• Elements occur in nature as mixtures of isotopes.

• Carbon = 98.89% 12C
1.11% 13C
< 0.01% 14C
Return to TOC

Section 3.2
Atomic Masses
Schematic Diagram of a Mass Spectrometer
(left) A scientist injecting a sample into a mass spectrometer.

(right) Schematic diagram of a mass spectrometer.
Return to TOC

Section 3.2
Atomic Masses
Average Atomic Mass for Carbon
Mass 13C
12
＝ 1.0836129
Mass C
Mass of 13C ＝ (1.0836129)(12 amu) ＝ 13.003355 amu
Exact number
by definition
98.89% of 12 amu + 1.11% of 13.0034 amu =

exact number
(0.9889)(12 amu) + (0.0111)(13.0034 amu) =
12.01 amu Return to TOC

Section 3.2
Atomic Masses
Average Atomic Mass for Carbon
• Even though natural carbon does not contain a

single atom with mass 12.01, for stoichiometric
purposes, we can consider carbon to be
composed of only one type of atom with a mass
of 12.01.
• This enables us to count atoms of natural

carbon by weighing a sample of carbon.
Return to TOC

Section 3.2
Atomic Masses
Exercise
An element consists of 62.60% of an isotope with

mass 186.956 amu and 37.40% of an isotope with
mass 184.953 amu.
• Calculate the average atomic mass and identify the

element.
186.2 amu
Rhenium (Re)錸
Return to TOC

Section 3.2
Atomic Masses
mole: the number equal to the number of carbon

atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure 12C.
Techniques such as mass spectrometry, which count
atoms very precisely, have been used to determine this
number as 6.02214 × 1023.
This number is called Avogadro’s number.
One mole of something consists of 6.022 × 1023 units
of that substance.
• 1 mole C = 6.022 ×1023 C atoms = 12.01 g C
Return to TOC

Section 3.2
Atomic Masses
Since atoms are so tiny, a mole of atoms or molecules

is a perfectly manageable quantity to use in a reaction.
Proceeding clockwise from the top, samples containing one mole each of
copper, aluminum, iron, sulfur, iodine, and (in the center) mercury. Return to TOC

Section 3.2
Atomic Masses
TABLE Comparison of 1 Mole Samples of Various Elements
Return to TOC

Section 3.2
Atomic Masses
Thus the mole is defined such that a sample of a

natural element with a mass equal to the element’s
atomic mass expressed in grams contains 1 mole of
atoms.
6.022 × 1023 amu ＝ 1 g

Exact number
This relationship can be used to derive the unit factor

needed to convert between atomic mass units and
grams.
Return to TOC

Section 3.5
Learning to Solve Problems
Conceptual Problem Solving

•Where are we going?
Read the problem and decide on the final goal.
•How do we get there?
Work backwards from the final goal to decide
where to start.
•Reality check.
Does my answer make sense? Is it reasonable?
Return to TOC

Section 3.6
Percent Composition of Compounds
• Mass percent of an element:
m
a
s
s
o
fa
e
l
es
mo
ec
n
t
nm
i
cp
oo
mn
pd
o
u
n
d
m
a
s
s
%
=
?
1
0
0
%
m
s
f
o
u
x
• For iron in iron(III) oxide, (Fe2O3):

(8
2
5g
5
.
83
5(
g
)1
11
15
1
.
7.
00
gg
m
a
s
s
%
F
e
=
?
1
0
0
%
=
6
9
.
9
4
%
2
(
5
5
.
5
)
+
6
.
0
0
g
)
9
7
x
Return to TOC

Section 3.5
重點整理
Return to TOC
17
Section 3.5
學習目標
1. 學習如何由實驗方法決定一化合物之經驗式與分子式。
2. 學習寫出一化學反應之化學式並且平衡它。
3. 熟練化學計量學之相關計算與認識限量試劑對於產物生
成量之影響。
Return to TOC
18
Section 3.7
Determining the Formula of a Compound
Formulas
• Empirical formula = CH (經驗式；實驗得到的結
果)
 Simplest whole-number ratio
• Molecular formula = (empirical formula)n
[n = integer]
• Molecular formula = C6H6 = (CH)6
 Actual formula of the compound (比對經驗式與分
子量可得分子式)
Return to TOC

Section 3.7
Analyzing for Carbon and Hydrogen

• Device used to determine the mass percent of
each element in a compound.
A schematic diagram of the combustion device used to analyze substances for carbon and
hydrogen. The sample is burned in the presence of excess oxygen, which converts all its carbon
to carbon dioxide and all its hydrogen to water. These products are collected by absorption
using appropriate materials, and their amounts are determined by measuring the increase in
masses of the absorbents. Return to TOC

Section 3.7
Determining Empirical and molecule Formulas Ⅰ
Determine the empirical and molecular formulas for a

compound that gives the following percentages upon
analysis (in mass percent):
71.65% Cl 24.27% C 4.07% H
The molar mass is known to be 98.96 g/mol.
Solution
First, we convert the mass percents to masses in grams.
The molar mass is known to be 98.96 g/mol.
 C:H:Cl =24.27/12.01 : 4.07/1 : 71.65/35.5 = 2: 4: 2
 Empirical formula = CH2Cl
約分 Return to TOC

Section 3.7
The compound Cl2C2H4 is called dichloroethane. There

are two forms of this compound.
The two forms of dichloroethane.

Return to TOC

Section 3.7
Exercise
The composition of adipic acid is 49.3% C, 6.9%

H, and 43.8% O (by mass). The molar mass of the
compound is about 146 g/mol.
 What is the empirical formula?

C3H5O2
 What is the molecular formula?
C6H10O4
Return to TOC

Section 3.8
Chemical Equations
• A representation of a chemical reaction:

C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
reactants products
• Reactants are only placed on the left side of the arrow,
products are only placed on the right side of the arrow.
• The equation is balanced.
• All atoms present in the reactants are accounted for in
the products.
• 1 mole of ethanol reacts with 3 moles of oxygen to
produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide and 3 moles of
water. Return to TOC

Section 3.8
Chemical Equations
• The balanced equation represents an overall ratio

of reactants and products,
not what actually “happens” during a reaction.
• Use the coefficients in the balanced equation to

decide the amount of each reactant that is used, and
the amount of each product that is formed.
Return to TOC

Section 3.9
Balancing Chemical Equations
Writing and Balancing the Equation for a

Chemical Reaction 平衡一化學式
1. Determine what reaction is occurring. What are the
reactants, the products, and the physical states involved?
2. Write the unbalanced equation that summarizes the
reaction described in step 1.
3. Balance the equation by inspection, starting with the
most complicated molecule(s). The same number of each
type of atom needs to appear on both reactant and product
sides.
Return to TOC

Section 3.9
Return to TOC

Section 3.9
The formulas of the compounds must never be changed
in balancing a chemical equation.
C2H5OH(l) ＋ O2(g) CO2(g) ＋ H2O(g)
C2H5OH(l) ＋ O2(g) 2CO2(g) ＋ H2O(g)

2 C atoms 2 C atoms
C2H5OH(l) ＋ O2(g) 2CO2(g) ＋ 3H2O(g)

(5＋1) H (3 × 2) H
C2H5OH(l) ＋ 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) ＋ 3H2O(g)

1O 6O (2 × 2) O 3O
7O 7O Return to TOC

Section 3.9
C2H5OH(l) ＋ O2(g) 2CO2(g) ＋ 3H2O(g)

2 C atoms 2 C atoms
6 H atoms 6 H atoms
7 O atoms 7 O atoms
• The balanced equation can be represented as follows:
Return to TOC
歐亞書局
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved
CH3 Stoichiometry P.99 29
Section 3.9
Exercise
Which of the following correctly balances the

chemical equation given below? There may be more
than one correct balanced equation. If a balanced
equation is incorrect, explain what is incorrect about
it.
CaO + C  CaC2 + CO2
I. CaO2 + 3C  CaC2 + CO2
II. 2CaO + 5C  2CaC2 + CO2
III. CaO + (2.5)C  CaC2 + (0.5)CO2
IV. 4CaO + 10C  4CaC2 + 2CO2
Return to TOC

Section 3.9
The Meaning of a Chemical Equation
The chemical equation for a reaction gives two important
types of information: the nature of the reactants and
products and the relative numbers of each.
Besides specifying the compounds involved in the
reaction, the equation often gives the physical states of the
reactants and products:
HCl(aq) ＋ NaHCO3(s) → CO2(g) ＋ H2O(l) ＋ NaCl(aq) Return to TOC

Section 3.9
Notice
• The number of atoms of each type of element must be
the same on both sides of a balanced equation.
• Subscripts (下標) must not be changed to balance an
equation.
• A balanced equation tells us the ratio of the number
of molecules which react and are produced in a
chemical reaction.  Stoichiometric Calculations
• Coefficients can be fractions, although they are
usually given as lowest integer multiples.
Return to TOC

Section 3.9
Concept Check
Which of the following are true concerning balanced

chemical equations? There may be more than one true
statement.
I. The number of molecules is conserved.
II. The coefficients tell you how much of each
substance you have.
III. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed.
IV. The coefficients indicate the mass ratios of the
substances used.
V. The sum of the coefficients on the reactant side
equals the sum of the coefficients on the product
side. Return to TOC

Section 3.10
Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products
Calculating Masses of Reactants and Products

in Reactions (Stoichiometry)
1. Balance the equation for the reaction.
2. Convert the known mass of the reactant or product to
moles of that substance.
3. Use the balanced equation to set up the appropriate
mole ratios.
4. Use the appropriate mole ratios to calculate the
number of moles of desired reactant or product.
5. Convert from moles back to grams if required by the
problem.
Return to TOC

Section 3.10
Calculating Masses of Reactants and Products

in Reactions
*算數量不是看重量
Return to TOC

Section 3.10
We will consider the question: “What mass of

oxygen will react with 96.1 grams of propane?”
In doing stoichiometry, the first thing we must do is
write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
In this case the balanced equation is
C3H8(g) ＋ 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) ＋ 4H2O(g)
Return to TOC

Section 3.10
1 mol C3H8
96.1 g C3H8 × ＝ 2.18 mol C3H8
44.1 g C3H8
Return to TOC
37
Section 3.10
The best way to do this is to use the balanced equation to

construct a mole ratio.
5 mol O2
1 mol C3H8
5 mol O2
2.18 mol C3H8 × ＝ 10.9 mol O2
1 mol C3H8
32.0 g O2
10.9 mol O2 × ＝ 349 g O2
1 mol O2
Return to TOC
38
Section 3.10
Therefore, 349 grams of oxygen is required to burn 96.1

grams of propane.
The example can be extended by asking: “What mass of

carbon dioxide is produced when 96.1 grams of propane
is combusted with oxygen?”
3 mol CO2
1 mol C3H8
Return to TOC

Section 3.10
We will now summarize the sequence of steps

needed to carry out stoichiometric calculations.
Return to TOC

Section 3.11
The Concept of Limiting Reagent
Limiting Reactants (限量試劑)
• Limiting reactant – the reactant that is

consumed first and therefore limits the amounts
of products that can be formed.
• Determine which reactant is limiting to
calculate correctly the amounts of products that
will be formed.
• The amount of products that can form is limited
by the limiting reactants.
Return to TOC

Section 3.11
Limiting Reactants
Return to TOC

Section 3.11
Concept Check
Which of the following reaction mixtures could
produce the greatest amount of product? Each
involves the reaction symbolized by the equation:
2H2 + O2  2H2O
a) 2 moles of H2 and 2 moles of O2

b) 2 moles of H2 and 3 moles of O2
c) 2 moles of H2 and 1 mole of O2
d) 3 moles of H2 and 1 mole of O2
e) Each produce the same amount of product.
Return to TOC

Section 3.11
Notice
• We cannot simply add the total moles of all the

reactants to decide which reactant mixture
makes the most product. We must always think
about how much product can be formed by using
what we are given, and the ratio in the balanced
equation.
Return to TOC

Section 3.11
Exercise
You react 10.0 g of A with 10.0 g of B. What

mass of product will be produced given that
the molar mass of A is 10.0 g/mol, B is
20.0 g/mol, and C is 25.0 g/mol? They react
according to the equation:
A + 3B  2C
8.33 g of C is produced.
Return to TOC

Section 3.11
Percent Yield 產率
• An important indicator of the efficiency of a

particular laboratory or industrial reaction.
Actual yield
 100%  percent yield
Theoretica l yield
Return to TOC

Section 3.11
Exercise
Consider the following reaction:
P4(s) + 6F2(g)  4PF3(g)
 What mass of P4 is needed to produce 85.0 g

of PF3 if the reaction has a 64.9% yield?
46.2 g P4
64.9% x = 85.0 P4/PF3 =1/4  y/1.49

x = 130.97 (product of PF3) y=0.3725 mole
130.97 / 87.94 (M.W. of PF3)=1.49 Mass of P4 =124*0.3725=46.2
Return to TOC

Section 3.11
重點整理
Return to TOC
48

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112-0

Exercise Need average mass of the object.

A pile of marbles weigh 394.80 g. 10 marbles weigh

394.80 g = 105 marbles

平均原子量概念的由來…. Return to TOC

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 4

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 5

Unit: atomic mass units (amu); daltons (Da)

 12 (g/mole)/(6.022142x1023 (atoms/mole)) = 1.992646x10-23 g

*1 amu = 1.992646x10-23 g/12 = 1.6605387x10-24 g

• Elements occur in nature as mixtures of isotopes.

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 6

Schematic Diagram of a Mass Spectrometer

(left) A scientist injecting a sample into a mass spectrometer.

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 7

98.89% of 12 amu + 1.11% of 13.0034 amu =

(0.9889)(12 amu) + (0.0111)(13.0034 amu) =

12.01 amu Return to TOC

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 8

Average Atomic Mass for Carbon

• Even though natural carbon does not contain a

• This enables us to count atoms of natural

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 9

An element consists of 62.60% of an isotope with

• Calculate the average atomic mass and identify the

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 10

mole: the number equal to the number of carbon

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 11

Since atoms are so tiny, a mole of atoms or molecules

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 12

TABLE Comparison of 1 Mole Samples of Various Elements

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 13

Thus the mole is defined such that a sample of a

6.022 × 1023 amu ＝ 1 g

This relationship can be used to derive the unit factor

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 14

Conceptual Problem Solving

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 15

• Mass percent of an element:

• For iron in iron(III) oxide, (Fe2O3):

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 16

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 19

Analyzing for Carbon and Hydrogen

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 20

Determine the empirical and molecular formulas for a

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 21

The compound Cl2C2H4 is called dichloroethane. There

The two forms of dichloroethane.

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 22

The composition of adipic acid is 49.3% C, 6.9%

 What is the empirical formula?

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 23

• A representation of a chemical reaction:

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 24

• The balanced equation represents an overall ratio

• Use the coefficients in the balanced equation to

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 25

Writing and Balancing the Equation for a

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 26

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 27

C2H5OH(l) ＋ O2(g) 2CO2(g) ＋ H2O(g)

C2H5OH(l) ＋ O2(g) 2CO2(g) ＋ 3H2O(g)

C2H5OH(l) ＋ 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) ＋ 3H2O(g)

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 28