Fotografia Nocturna Dd 0f8e9fb5f92456d9c06c212c0be0212e

Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg 9
Ckclpdbr deacgaebmn pbrb usn pcrsngbd mc Knsc Gectn

knsclb.2Fjntlbed.anl - 21:580 - 28/22/962:
@ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg
Cmeaeñg mc 962:
@cajb mc prelcrb puideabaeñg Gnveclirc 962:
Butnrcs; Bdcxb Mc Idnes y Abrn Lussn

Vuideabmn pnr Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n
www.idnhmcd`ntnhrb`n.anl
Pcrseñg 9.2
9.2 ©Anpyrehjt 962: Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n
]nmns dns Mcrcajns Ycscrvbmns
Geghugb pbrtc mc cstb puideabaeñg pucmc scr rcprnmuaemb, bdlbacgbmb n trbgsletemb

ibkn geghugb `nrlb, cdcatrñgeab, lcaâgeab ge geghûg ntrn lnmn seg cd prcven y cxpdìaetn
angscgtelecgtn mcd Cmetnr
Cmetnr..
Dbs elâhcgcs quc edustrbg cstc deirn sng prnpecmbm mc sus rcspcatevns butnrcs.
Bvesn; Db eg`nrlbaeñg angtcgemb cg cstc deirn cs cd rcsudtbmn mc db cxpcrecgaeb,

angnaelecgtn y npegeñg pcrsngbd mcd cquepn cmetnrebd. Cstc gn sc rcspngsbiedezb mcd usn n
lbd usn mc db eg`nrlbaeñg angtcgemb cg cstb puideabaeñg.
Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg =
EG]YNMSAAEÑG
Sgn mc dns tepns mc `ntnhrb`ìb lâs mcscbmns pnr tecgcs quc pngcr ugb ansb cscgaebd; prbateabr.
dns cgtusebstbs mc db `ntnhrb`ìb cs db gnaturgb. Db Aubgmn tcrlegcs mc dccr cstc deirn, tcgmrâs tnmb db
`bdtb mc duz, n quezâs prcaesblcgtc db prcscgaeb eg`nrlbaeñg quc gcacsetbs angnacr pbrb mnlegbr
mc ùcgtcs mc duz brteflaebdcs, mbg b db `ntnhrb`ìb db `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb, pcrn sndn db mnlegbrâs
ugb melcgseñg lâheab me`ìaed mc angschuer ang db prbateabgmn abmb angacptn, abmb emcb y abmb
duz mcd mìb. pbdbirb quc cgaucgtrcs cg cstc deirn.
Bug bsì, tblieåg cs ugn mc dns tepns mc `ntnhrb`ìb Mc db lbgn mc db `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb vb db mc
quc lâs sc dc rcsestcg bd `ntñhrb`n bflaengbmn. Cg dbrhb cxpnseaeñg. Bugquc cstb ûdtelb sc pucmc
buscgaeb mc duz, sc vucdvc anlpdeabmn mnlegbr prbateabr mc mìb tblieåg, arcn quc sng mns
dns bkustcs lbgubdcs mc db aâlbrb y angschuer mesaepdegbs `ntnhrâflabs quc sc gutrcg db ugb mc
ugb `ntnhrb`ìb anrrcatb. Vcrn cstn cs aecrtn sndn db ntrb. Sgb iucgb pbrtc mc csbs lbrbveddnsbs
cg pbrtc; db `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb pucmc pbrcacr `ntnhrb`ìbs gnaturgbs quc gns jbacg susperbr
anlpdeabmb mciemn pregaepbdlcgtc bd jcajn mc mcicg su hdblnur b db tåageab mc dbrhb
quc db lbynrìb mc dbs pcrsngbs prbateablns db cxpnseaeñg. Mc bjì quc jbyblns mcaememn mbrdc
`ntnhrb`ìb mc mìb, mespbrblns lâs `ntns mc mìb. ug pcsn elpnrtbgtc cg cd angtcgemn mcd deirn.
Gnrlbdlcgtc cxpcrelcgtblns ang db aâlbrb
y cvnduaengblns cg gucstrb jbiedembm anln Anln abmb ugb mc dbs puideabaengcs mc Idnh
`ntñhrb`n murbgtc db duz mcd mìb. Pblns hbgbgmn mcd @ntñhrb`n, cstc deirn cs cd prnmuatn mc
cxpcrecgaeb, vblns bprcgmecgmn añln mnlegbr luajn csùcrzn, dbrhbs jnrbs mc trbibkn y ugbs
dns bkustcs mc db aâlbrb mc `ntns, clpczblns b hbgbs trclcgmbs mc anlpbrter angtehn aubgtn
vcr rcsudtbmns `ntnhrâflans sbtes`batnrens… mc mìb. juledmclcgtc sbiclns mc `ntnhrb`ìb.
Sg mìb sc gns naurrc anhcr db aâlbrb mc gnajc y Qeg lâs medbaeñg, tc egvetn b quc mes`rutcs mc db
yb db deblns ;-) dcaturb mc tu ckclpdbr mcd deirn.
Gn cs quc scblns lbdns `ntñhrb`ns. Qnlns @cdez `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb y mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg.
ehubd mc iucgns quc cd mìb bgtcrenr aubgmn
angschuelns sbabr csb elprcsengbgtc `ntn mc Lbren Vårcz
pbesbkc n mc rctrbtn ang db duz meurgb. Qndn quc
jclns mcmeabmn lcgns teclpn mc bprcgmezbkc
y mc prâateab ang gucstrb aâlbrb mc `ntns cg
setubaengcs mc `bdtb mc duz.
Vbrb bprcgmcr b prnmuaer bduaegbgtcs `ntnhrb`ìbs

gnaturgbs tecgcs tnmn ug deirn mcdbgtc mc te. Cd
angnaelecgtn, dns angsckns, dns bkustcs, dns truans
quc gcacsetbs, tnmn csn dn pngclns gnsntrns. ]û
ÌGMEAC
Egtrnmuaaeñg
pâh =
Abpìtudn 2 Abpìtudn 8
Egtrnmuaaeñg b db @ntnhrb`ìb Angsckns Vbrb Sgb Cspcatbaudbr
Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg @ntnhrb`ìb mc...
pâh 8 pâh :3
Abpìtudn 9 Abpìtudn :
¾Ruå Cquepn Gcacsetbs> ]us Vrelcrns Vbsns cg
pâh 21 Bstrn`ntnhrb`ìb
pâh 295
Abpìtudn 1
Vrcpbrb tu Qbdemb (Ruc Gbmb Abpìtudn 5
Cstrnpcc tu @ntn) Huìb @âaed Vbrb Bpedbr Elâhcgcs
pâh 9: Gnaturgbs y Angschuer @ntns
Egarcìidcs
Abpìtudn =
pâh 20:
Cgtcgmcr db Duz Vbrb Mnlegbr db
Abpìtudn 26
Nsaurembm
pâh =6 Bpdeabaengcs y Ntrns Ycaursns mc
Egtcrgct Ruc tc Jbrâg db Pemb Lâs
@âaed (@ntnhrâflablcgtc Jbidbgmn)
Abpìtudn 3 pâh 283
Ntrns Angacptns @ntnhrâflans
Ruc Mcics Angnacr Vbrb Dnhrbr Abpìtudn 22
Elâhcgcs Cspcatbaudbrcs mc Añln Cmetbr ]us @ntns Gnaturgbs
@ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y Dbrhb Vbrb Nitcgcr ug Ycsudtbmn
Ireddbgtc
Cxpnseaeñg
pâh 2:=
pâh 3=
Abpìtudn 0
Añln Anlpngcr ]us @ntns Vbrb
Elprcsengbr b tu Vûidean
pâh 0:
@ntnhrb`ìb
Gnaturgb
y Dbrhb
Cxpnseaeñg
_Sgb emcb nrehegbd mc; Lbren Vårcz\

© 962: ‑ ]etudbr mc mcrcajns mc cmeaeñg,
anlcraebdezbaeñg y mestreiuaeñg;
Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n QD
ABVÌ]SDN 2
Egtrnmuaaeñg b db
@ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y
mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg
Qeclprc mcaelns quc cd `ntñhrb`n tecgc db abpbaembm
mc vcr dn quc db lbynrìb gn vc. Sgb snlirb bquì, ugb
anlpnseaeñg hcnlåtreab bddâ, ugb lerbmb c`ìlcrb, ug
hcstn, ugb duz lâheab, ugb gecidb egquectbgtc…
Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg :
Cs pnr csc iusabr angstbgtc mc ugb elbhcg, pnr csns nkns mc `ntñhrb`n quc db vemb
gns jb mbmn, pnr dn quc gns angvcrtelns luajbs vcacs cg csc scr cxtrbòn quc sc suic
detcrbdlcgtc pnr dbs pbrcmcs, quc sc terb bd sucdn pbrb tcgcr lcknr âghudn, quc mb vucdtbs
bdrcmcmnr mc ug nikctn pbrb cgangtrbr cd lcknr pugtn mc vestb y quc, schurblcgtc,
mcspecrtb bdhugb quc ntrb sngresb se bdhuecg
b dhuecg dn niscrvb.
Cs csb pbseñg `ntnhrâflab quc gns brrbstrb errclcmebidclcgtc (y quc nkbdâ gugab gns
bibgmngc), db quc gns ddcvb b pbsbr `rìn, b cgsuaebrgns db rnpb, b ablegbr abrhbmns
anln ludbs ibkn cd snd, ibkn db dduveb, b csabdbr lngtbòbs n b pbtcbr dbs aeumbmcs. Cs
csb pbseñg, quc sndn gnsntrns angnaclns, db quc gns clpukb b qucrcr scr lcknrcs, b
cs`nrzbrgns, b qucrcr sbder mc dn nrmegbren.
Dn meajn. Nkbdâ gugab gns bibgmngc.
¾Vnr quå `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb y mc dbrhb

cxpnseaeñg>
Db rbzñg mc cstc deirn cs pnrquc db `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb y mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg cs db
audlegbaeñg mc tnmn dn bgtcrenr.
bgtcrenr. Db iûsqucmb mc bqucddn quc cs egveseidc b dns mclâs.
Vnrquc rcquecrc csùcrzn, pbseñg, arcbtevembm y pbaecgaeb.
Vcrn, snirc tnmn, pnrquc sc nitecgcg elâhcgcs quc sc bacrabg b dn lâhean,

lâhean , quc
pcrletcg bd quc dbs niscrvb rnzbr cd aecdn ang dns mcmns, elbhegbr gucvbs rcbdembmcs,
mcsauirer ug hrbmn mc icddczb egsnspcajbmn y luajn lâs. Dbs pnseiedembmcs sng tbg
cxtcgsbs, quc cs ugb mesaepdegb mc db quc cs elpnseidc abgsbrsc.
—Gn sc pucmc ddchbr bd bdib segn pnr

cd scgmcrn mc db gnajc.“
Ojbded Heirbg
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc ]rcvnr Andc.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 9:ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/21, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 239s, EQN 266
¾Cs pbrb te>

Gns tclclns quc aubdquecrb quc db prucic qucmc cghbgajbmn b cddb mc pnr vemb. Bmeñs
b dbs vcdbmbs rnlâgteabs ang tu pbrckb, bmeñs b dbs screcs mc Gct﬉ex mcspuås mc acgbr ?).
Qe rcsperbs db gnajc,
gnajc , tecgcs pbaecgaeb, tc hustb su lbheb, su quectum? se gn tc elpnrtb
pbsbr `rìn, er bd rcvås quc dns mclâs, tcgcr sucòn pnr dbs lbòbgbs? se crcs ug bpbsengbmn
anln sbiclns quc crcs y quecrcs sbder b abptbr db lbheb cg cstbmn purn, sì, cs pbrb te.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Kngbtbg Vec.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; GA, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; GA, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg, 26s, EQN 366
Gn cs bdhn gucvn, ge sndetbren

Db `ntnhrb`ìb mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg gn cs gucvb, mc jcajn, ge sequecrb cs ug egvcgtn
mc cstc sehdn. Brtestbs anln Veabssn, Irbssbe n Lbg Yby,Yby , yb cxpcrelcgtbrng ang db
pegturb dulìgeab ang flgcs brtìsteans,
brtìsteans , bugquc db prelcrb `ntnhrb`ìb mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg
anliegbmb ang duz bòbmemb mbtb egadusn bgtcs, mc 2::5 (abse gbmb, ¾cj> ¡U gns pbrcac
quc babiblns mc mcsauirerdb!).
Bmclâs mc quc gn cs bdhn gucvn (bugquc sì luy cvnduaengbmn), cs ug tepn mc `ntnhrb`ìb

quc egvetb b db anlugembm.
anlugembm. Vnrquc sbder sndn mc gnajc gn sucdc scr iucgb emcb pnr
lntevns mc schurembm,
schurembm, anln tc rcanrmbrclns cg mestegtbs nabsengcs b dn dbrhn mc cstb
puideabaeñg? pcrn tblieåg pnrquc seclprc cs iucgn angtbr ang bdhuecg quc tc byumc b
dnabdezbr,
dnabdezbr, b edulegbr n, selpdclcgtc, pbrb anlpbrter dns dbrhns lnlcgtns mc cspcrb y mc
`bsaegbaeñg.
Qeclprc cs lâs mevcrtemn, cgrequcacmnr y blcgn angtbr ang bdhuecg ang cd quc
anlpbrter tus cxpcrecgaebs. Vbrb cddn, cgangtrbrâs `nrns cspcaebdezbmns n wnrosjnps
mngmc angnacr hcgtc ang db quc anlpbrter tu pbseñg `ntnhrâflab.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Bgmcrs Kedmcg.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 28ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 93s, EQN 266
Qì sc pucmc
Dns `ntñhrb`ns prn`csengbdcs mc pbesbkc gnaturgn hbstbg luajns ledcs mc curns cg su
lbtcrebd pnrquc sng csn, prn`csengbdcs. Pevcg mc su trbibkn y mc db abdembm mc cstc. Sg
pcqucòn `bddn pucmc supngcr db pårmemb mc ugb elpnrtbgtc sulb mc megcrn.
B`nrtugbmblcgtc, cstc gn cs gucstrn absn. N pnr dn lcgns gn mc lnlcgtn ?). Vnr sucrtc,
pnmclns sbder bd ablpn n b db aeumbm ang dn quc tcghblns. Cg scren, jby lbtcrebd
rcanlcgmbmn y jby nikctevns lbrbveddnsns, pcrn `ntnhrb`ìb mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg n
gnaturgb sc pucmc angschuer ang aubdquecr aâlbrb quc tcghb angtrndcs lbgubdcs y
ug trìpnmc. Ub cstâ.
¾N arccs quc Veabssn tcgìb cd ûdteln lnmcdn mc @udd @rblc ang dns 966 pugtns mc
cg`nquc, Qcrvn angtegun, ñpteabs mc ledcs mc curns, pbgtbddbs mehetbdcs n bpdeabaengcs
quc dc mcaìbg pnr mñgmc eib b sbder cd snd> ?)
Cg c`catn, gn tcgìb gbmb mc csn, ge åd ge dns prelcrns quc sc dbgzbrng b cxpcrelcgtbr ang
cstc tepn mc `ntnhrb`ìb. U veirbrng ang cddb.
Vnr dn quc gn tc mcsbgelcs se gn tecgcs cd ûdteln lnmcdn mc aâlbrb mcd lcrabmn, se

gn aucgtbs ang db ñpteab lâs dulegnsb n se gn tc pucmcs pbhbr cd fldtrn lâs abrn. Qbd
ang dn quc tcghbs y åajbdc hbgbs, pbaecgaeb, pcrscvcrbgaeb, elbhegbaeñg y pbseñg. Gn
gcacsetbs gbmb lâs pbrb treug`br cg `ntnhrb`ìb (ge cg db vemb).
Cd abrâatcr, anln db `ntnhrb`ìb, sc

rcvcdb cg db nsaurembm.
Unusu` Obrs
ABVÌ]SDN 9
¾Ruå Cquepn
Gcacsetbs>
Cg ntrbs mesaepdegbs, cd cquepn gn tecgc tbgtn
prntbhngesln, cs lâs `âaed elprnvesbr n bmbptbrtc b dn
quc tecgcs cg tus lbgns cg csc lnlcgtn. Qeg clibrhn,
db `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb y mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg, pnr sus
abrbatcrìsteabs tåageabs, rcquecrc pngcr lâs btcgaeñg cg
åd. Cg cstc abpìtudn tc angtblns auâd cs cd cquepn emcbd
pbrb elprcsengbr b tu pûidean.
Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg 2=
Gn tc bsustcs, tc bmcdbgtâiblns cg cd abpìtudn bgtcrenr quc gn gcacsetbs ug cquepn

prn`csengbd, quc pucmcs jbacr `ntnhrb`ìb mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg ang ugb aâlbrb ang
angtrndcs lbgubdcs y ug trìpnmc. Gn tc vblns b mcaer quc tc anlprcs db aâlbrb lâs
abrb mcd lcrabmn ge dns nikctevns lâs egbaacseidcs.
Qc trbtb mc anlpdctbr tu cquepn ang baacsnrens quc tc byumbrâg b lcknrbr db tåageab y

db arcbtevembm, pbrtecgmn mc db ibsc seclprc mc ug `ntñhrb`n bflaengbmn, pnr supucstn. Dn
lcknr cs quc vbyblns vecgmn ugn pnr ugn pbrb angnacr su elpnrtbgaeb.
Aâlbrb
Cvemcgtclcgtc, seg aâlbrb gn jby `ntn. Bjnrb iecg, ¾gcacsetbs db aâlbrb lâs abrb mcd
lcrabmn>
lcrabmn> ¾Cd ûdteln lnmcdn> Gn. Gn sc trbtb mc csn. Dn quc sì gcacsetbs cs ugb aâlbrb
ang angtrndcs lbgubdcs y, prc`creidclcgtc, quc tcghb db pnseiedembm mc mespbrbr cg
Lnmn Iudi.
Iudi.
]blpnan tc bsustcs bjnrb, se gn jbiìbs csauajbmn bgtcs cd tårlegn Lnmn Iudi, babibrâs
sbieågmndn b db pcr`caaeñg. Cg cd abpìtudn 3 tc dn cxpdeablns ang lâs mctbddc y dn dccrâs
cg vbrebs nabsengcs b dn dbrhn mc tnmn cd deirn. Vnr bjnrb, tc bmcdbgtblns quc cs db
ùgaeñg quc tc pcrletc mcaemer mc `nrlb lbgubd auâgmn birer y acrrbr cd niturbmnr.
niturbmnr.
Abdlb, se gn tecgc Lnmn Iudi, tblieåg pucmcs jbacr dbrhb cxpnseaeñg, bd lcgns jbstb
dns schugmns quc pcrletb tu aâlbrb, quc pbrb luajns absns cs lâs quc suflaecgtc.
B db jnrb mc cdcher aâlbrb
Qe yb tecgcs ugb aâlbrb ang Lnmn Iudi n angtrndcs lbgubdcs ang db quc tc secgtcs
`cdez, quåmbtc anln cstâs. Bjnrb iecg, se cstâs pcgsbgmn cg anlprbrtc ugb pnrquc
gn tecgcs, db tuyb jb tnabmn b su flg n secgtcs quc jb ddchbmn cd lnlcgtn mc abliebr
y iusabs ugb pbrb angvcrtertc cg ug gnatâliudn mc db `ntnhrb`ìb n cspcaebdezbrtc cg
dbrhbs cxpnseaengcs, mcicrìbs tcgcr cg aucgtb cstns bspcatns b db jnrb mc cdcherdb;
cdcherdb ;
• Lnmn Iudi; quc aucgtc ang åd, pnr supucstn, pucstns b cdcher... ?).
• Hblb mc nikctevns; cg cd sehuecgtc bpbrtbmn jbidbrclns mc cddns lâs mctcgemblcgtc,

pcrn cstc pugtn cs elpnrtbgtc pnrquc dns nikctevns sng dns quc blpdìbg dns dìletcs mc
tu arcbtevembm jbstb cd egflgetn. Lâs quc cg cd aucrpn sndclns rcanlcgmbr egvcrter cg

ñpteabs pnrquc gn sc qucmbg tbg nisndctbs anln dbs aâlbrbs y pnrquc sng dbs quc tc
pcrletcg kuhbr, cxpcrelcgtbr, arcbr, elpbatbr, clnaengbr, ctaåtcrb. Bqucddbs aâlbrbs
quc n`rcacg ugb lbynr hblb mc nikctevns mcicrìbg setubrsc cgtrc tus prc`crcgaebs b
db jnrb mc anlprbr.
• Hcsteñg mcd andnr;

andnr; sbdvn quc tc vbybs b acgtrbr cxadusevblcgtc cg db `ntnhrb`ìb cg
idbgan y gchrn (quc se cstâs dcycgmn cstn pbrcac quc gn cs cd absn), `ìkbtc cg cd andnr.
andnr.
B db jnrb mc cdcher tu prñxelb aâlbrb, bschûrbtc mc quc tc hustb añln trbtb cd andnr.
andnr.
Vucmc sngbrtc rbrn, pcrn abmb lbrab tecgc ugb `nrlb me`crcgtc mc hcstengbrdn, pnr dn
quc cs elpnrtbgtc quc niscrvcs luajbs `ntns mc butnrcs me`crcgtcs rcbdezbmbs ang
csb aâlbrb pbrb vcr se cs db quc tc angvcgac.
• Qcddbmb; cs luy elpnrtbgtc quc cstå scddbmb aubgmn tcghbs mcaememn quc vbs b
`ntnhrbflbr b lcgumn pnr mcibkn mc -96» n cg bliecgtcs luy jûlcmns.
• EQN; iusab ugb aâlbrb quc trbibkc iecg cd ruemn ang vbdnrcs EQN bdtns. Csn sì, gn cs
gcacsbren quc vbybs b pnr ugb mc csbs aâlbrbs (nikctn mcd mcscn mc luajns) quc
`ntnhrb`ìbg ang vbdnrcs EQN bdtìselns y seg gbmb mc ruemn. Dn elpnrtbgtc cs cgangtrbr
ug cquedeiren cgtrc gcacsembmcs y prcstbaengcs.
prcstbaengcs .
• Vrcsupucstn y gcacsembmcs; cg rcdbaeñg bd pugtn bgtcrenr, se gn crcs ug prn`csengbd

quc vevc mc db `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb, gn tc niscsengcs ge ang cd ruemn, ge ang dbs
lcknrcs prcstbaengcs, ge ang gbmb pbrcaemn. Egsestelns, mckb dn prn`csengbd pbrb dns
prn`csengbdcs y gn tc jepntcqucs mc pnr vemb pnr luajn quc scb tu lbynr bflaeñg. Dn
elpnrtbgtc cs quc sc bmbptc b tus gcacsembmcs y prcsupucstn. Gn gns abgsblns mc
rcpcterdn, db lcknr aâlbrb cs db quc sc bmbptb lcknr b dbs gcacsembmcs mc abmb ugn.
Nikctevns
Cd nikctevn cs tbg gcacsbren pbrb dnhrbr tu `ntn anln db aâlbrb, ugn seg db ntrb gn cxestc,
y veacvcrsb. Bjnrb ddchb db prchugtb; —Vcrn… ¾auâd>“ U db rcspucstb cs… (rcmnidc mc
tblinrcs); —Mcpcgmc“.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Bmbl Ieoctt.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 96ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/1.:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/23s, EQN 2936
Mcpcgmc mcd tepn

t epn mc `ntnhrb`ìb
` ntnhrb`ìb quc mcsccs jbacr.
jbacr. ]blieåg
]blieåg mcd
nikctevn quc tcghbs mespngeidc, pucs pnmclns mcaertc quc ug
YCANLCGMBAEÑG hrbg bghudbr cs emcbd pbrb `ntnhrbflbr cd pbesbkc y se gn dn
Qndclns tcgcr bdhûg nikctevn tecgcs, ¾quå naurrc> ¾Gn pucmcs `ntnhrbflbr pbesbkcs> Adbrn
`bvnretn, cd quc seclprc gns quc sì. Dns dìletcs dns pngcs tû ?). Vucmcs jbacr `ntnhrb`ìb mc
banlpbòb b tnmbs pbrtcs, cd dbrhb cxpnseaeñg y gnaturgb ang aubdquecr nikctevn.
quc usblns db lbynrìb mc
dbs vcacs. Anln ckcraeaen,
tc prnpngclns quc ug mìb Pcblns quå nikctevns pucmcs utedezbr y auâdcs sng sus usns
tc vbybs seg åd. Ruc sbdhbs lâs jbietubdcs. B pbrter mc bjì, cdehc cd quc lcknr tc vbyb n
ang ugb dcgtc me`crcgtc ang
bmâptbtc bd quc tecgcs se gn jby ntrb npaeñg. Ycpctelns ugb
cd flg mc csabpbr mc tu zngb
mc ang`nrt y csteludbr tu vcz lâs; db lcknr jcrrblecgtb cs db quc tecgcs cg tus lbgns.
arcbtevembm. Dns rctns seclprc
gns byumbg arcacr
a rcacr..
2. ]cdcnikctevns n supcrtcdcnikctevns; ang cddns pucmcs `ntnhrbflbr db dugb, pnr ckclpdn,

n sus cadepscs. Bmclâs mc `ntnhrbflbr nikctns luy dckbgns ang ug tblbòn angsemcrbidc,
tblieåg servcg pbrb anlpbatbr dns pdbgns,
pdbgns, cs mcaer, pbrb quc pbrczab quc cd `ngmn
y dns prelcrns pdbgns cstâg lâs acrab mc dn quc cstâg? y bulcgtbg cd mcscg`nquc.
Bquì tecgcs rcanlcgmbaengcs mc tcdcnikctevns y supcrtcdcnikctevns
supcrtcdcnikctevns..
9. Bghudbrcs; emcbdcs pbrb pbesbkc pnrquc auircg lbynr pbrtc mc db csacgb y bulcgtbg
db scgsbaeñg mc prnùgmembm,
prnùgmembm, anln pnr ckclpdn cd ]noegb
]noegb 22-20ll `/9.: EE pbrb Abgng
n Geong
Geong..
1. Nkn mc pcz; bqucddns nikctevns ang ugb mestbgaeb `nabd cgtrc :-22ll bprnxelbmblcgtc
sc ddblbg nkn mc pcz. N`rcacg ug âghudn luy blpden,blpden, ugb mc`nrlbaeñg arcbtevb quc
pucmcs lnmeflabr pnr zngbs, se dn mcscbs, cg db cmeaeñg. Vnr ckclpdn, lbgtcgcr db
mestnrseñg cg cd aecdn y rcateflabrdb cg cd rcstn mc dbs zngbs.
z ngbs. Ang cddns db pchb cs quc
gn pucmcs usbr fldtrns pnrquc db dcgtc cs luy cs`åreab. Sgn cstrcddb pbrb dbs aâlbrbs
BVQ-A (dbs quc gn sng @udd @rblc) cs cd Qblybgh :ll `/1.3 SLQ AQ EE, mespngeidc
pbrb Abgng
Abgng,, Geong
Geong,, Qngy B,
B, Qngy C,
C, @uke
@uke,, Ndylpus =/1,
=/1, Vcgtbx
Vcgtbx,, Qblsugh GZ.
GZ.
]c mckblns bdhugns angsckns hcgcrbdcs pbrb tcgcr cg aucgtb b db jnrb mc anlprbr ug

nikctevn gucvn;
• Egvcrter lâs cg nikctevns quc cg cd aucrpn.
• Iusabr nikctevns dn lâs dulegnsns pnseidc (ang bpcrturbs

bpcrturbs acrabgbs b `/9.:).
`/9.:).
• Cdcher db dcgtc cg ùgaeñg mcd tepn mc `ntnhrb`ìb quc mcsccs rcbdezbr.

rcbdezbr.
Lnajedb
Bugquc cg bdhugns absns lâs quc cg ntrns, vbs b abrhbr cg tu
cspbdmb pcsn. ]bd
]bd vcz ablegcs vbrens oedñlctrns (dn scgtelns,
dns lcknrcs pbesbkcs gn sucdcg cstbr b pec mc abrrctcrb).
Luy prnibidclcgtc, n cg luajns absns, mc gnajc y pucmc
quc pnr duhbrcs egjñspetns. Dn quc lcgns tc egtcrcsb cs er
YCANLCGMBAEÑG prcnaupâgmntc pnrquc aubdquecr hndpc ang ugb rblb vbyb
Lbgtåg seclprc db lnajedb mercatn b ugn mc tus nikctevns, gn tc qucpb cd cquepn, gn scb
nrmcgbmb, tc scrâ lâs `âaed
cgangtrbr dn quc iusabs,
snirc tnmn cg db pcgulirb.
Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg 2:
añlnmn, sc tc adbvc cg cd jnlirn, gn tcghbs iucg baacsn bd lbtcrebd, gn scb luy

schurn, ctaåtcrb. Lcgumn mrblb. Gn pcgsbr cg cstc mctbddc pucmc angvcrtersc cg ugb
pcsbmeddb.
Cdcher ugb iucgb lnajedb pbrb pnrtbr tu cquepn gn cs elprcsaegmeidc pbrb clpczbr b
prbateabr `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb pcrn sì cs ùgmblcgtbd se tc bflaengbs y dc peddbs cd husteddn.
Cg cd idnh ugb screc mc rcanlcgmbaengcs pbrb cgangtrbr tu lnajedb emcbd. ]blieåg
tecgcs cstb quc cs ntrn prnmuatn cstrcddb.
]rìpnmc
Cstc baacsnren cs elprcsaegmeidc cg cd tepn mc `ntnhrb`ìb quc gns naupb. Cg luajbs ntrbs
nabsengcs pnmrâs trbibkbr, c egadusn elprnvesbr, seg åd. Qeg clibrhn, cg db `ntnhrb`ìb mc
dbrhb cxpnseaeñg gn cs pbrb gbmb rcanlcgmbidc, sbdvn quc quecrbs dnhrbr bdhûg c`catn
arcbtevn angarctn, cg auyn absn tnmn dn quc mcaemb cd brtestb rcsudtb vâdemn.
Vbrb dnhrbr ugb `ntnhrb`ìb gìtemb mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg n gnaturgb gcacsetbs cstbiedezbr
luy iecg db aâlbrb ang ug trìpnmc. ¾Ruå mcics tcgcr cg aucgtb pbrb jbacrtc ang ugn>
Pblns b vcrdn;
• Cstbiedembm; trìpnmcs cgangtrbrâs mc luajns tepns y prcaens, tbgtns anln hustns y

andnrcs. Gn cs dn lesln mespbrbr cg ug cstumen quc cg letbm mc db lngtbòb. ¾Pcrmbm>
Vnr ckclpdn, cg cxtcrenrcs cxestc cd `batnr vecgtn, pnr dn quc gcacsetbs ug trìpnmc quc
bhubgtc iecg cd berc pbrb quc tus `ntns gn sbdhbg trcpembmbs.
• Bdturb; b scr pnseidc quc qucmc bd lcgns b db bdturb mc tus nkns aubgmn cstå
anlpdctblcgtc cxtcgmemn pbrb quc gn tcghbs quc cstbr bhbajâgmntc.
@ìkbtc tblieåg bd birerdn, aubgtn lbynr scb db ibsc ugb vcz

quc cståg dbs pbtbs cxtcgmembs, lbynr scrâ db cstbiedembm. U
prnaurb gn cxtcgmcr db andulgb acgtrbd, sndn aubgmn scb mc
cstreatb gcacsembm, pnrquc, bugquc hbgcs cg bdturb, pcrmcrâs
cg cstbiedembm.
]YSAN
Sgb indsetb ang brrnz n • Vcsn; ug trìpnmc mclbsebmn pcsbmn tc anstbrâ abrhbrdn cg
seledbr andhbmb mcibkn mc tu tus cxaursengcs y ugn mclbsebmn dehcrn pcabrâ mc pnan
trìpnmc dc bòbmerâ cstbiedembm
aubgmn jbhb bdhn mc vecgtn.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Irbmcg Kbrves.

cstbidc. Dn emcbd cs cgangtrbr ug cquedeiren,

cquedeiren, pcrn b db jnrb mc tcgcr quc mcabgtbrtc,
lcknr nptb pnr db cstbiedembm. Cd quc bdhn quecrc, bdhn dc aucstb ?).
• Mc trcs ckcs n rñtudb mc indb;
hcgcrbdlcgtc, dn lâs rcanlcgmbidc y
añlnmn sucdc scr cd mc rñtudb mc indb,
anln cstc
cstc.. Qeg clibrhn, pbrb `ntnhrb`ìb
mc pbesbkc y pbgnrâleab, cd mc trcs ckcs
sucdc cstbr lâs rcanlcgmbmn pnrquc
pcrletc lnvelecgtns lâs subvcs y
prcaesns. Qc pucmcg jbacr tnmn tepn mc
`ntns ang blins, pnr supucstn, pcrn se
quecrcs bflgbr y tecgcs adbrn pbrb quå dn
vbs b utedezbr, cstb eg`nrlbaeñg tc pucmc
byumbr b mcaemertc. Dn quc sì quc mcics
tcgcr iecg adbrn cs quc cstb sukcaeñg, scb
mc trcs ckcs n mc rñtudb, jb mc scr flrlc.
flrlc.
Cs mngmc andnabs db aâlbrb y cd nikctevn,
se vcs quc bd pngcrdn gn cstâ cstbidc n
sc egadegb, gn tc scrverâ mc luajn.
• Vbtbs egmcpcgmecgtcs; pbrb pngcr tu trìpnmc cg tcrrcgns errchudbrcs cs gcacsbren quc

dbs pbtbs sc birbg mc `nrlb egmcpcgmecgtc.
Qe tu trìpnmc gn cs dn suflaecgtclcgtc cstbidc, gn ddchb b tu bdturb n gn cs dn lâs añlnmn,

gn jbac `bdtb quc sbdhbs anrrecgmn b anlprbr ugn. Clpeczb ang dn quc tecgcs, prbateab.
Bgtcs mc anlprbr ugn quc aulpdb ang tus gucvbs gcacsembmcs, bschûrbtc mc quc db
`ntnhrb`ìb mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg y/n gnaturgb cs dn tuyn? mc quc vbs b schuer rniâgmndc
jnrbs bd sucòn pbrb `ntnhrbflbr dbs cstrcddbs n pcrschuer dbs lcknrcs absabmbs pnr tnmn
cd angtegcgtc.
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
Qe vbs b jbacr ugb iucgb
egvcrseñg egeaebd pcgsbgmn cg
`ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb, clpeczb
ang ug iucg trìpnmc.
Sgb vcz cg cd seten, bschûrbtc

mc lngtbrdn iecg. Bquì tecgcs
añln.
Mespbrbmnr rclntn
¾Ruå pbsb se ddcvbs ug pcpegn mc aâlbrb, ug nikctevn luy dulegnsn y quc tc vecgc mc
aegc, ug trìpnmc luy cstbidc, cstâs cg ug duhbr cxtrbnrmegbren pbrb abpturbr tu pbesbkc
gnaturgn, n tu bhub scmnsb, n tnmb ugb scseñg mc dehjtpbegtegh prcpbrbmb, y bjnrb dc
mbs bd intñg mc mespbrn mc tu aâlbrb> Vucs quc tcgmrâs, luy prnibidclcgtc, ugb `ntn
trcpembmb n, dn quc cs dn lesln, lnvemb.
Cd selpdc lnvelecgtn quc sc prnmuac bd bprctbr cd intñg sc rc﬉ckbrâ cg db elbhcg.

]restc, ¾vcrmbm> Vucs db snduaeñg cs luy `âaed y cangñleab, ug mespbrbmnr rclntn.
rclntn. Luy
bangsckbidc quc ddcvc egtcrvbdñlctrn.
Ibtcrìb cxtrb
]YSAN Qe iecg gn cs elprcsaegmeidc, cs luajn lâs quc rcanlcgmbidc
quc ddcvcs ibtcrìbs cxtrb. ]bgtn ang db dbrhb cxpnseaeñg anln
Anln clcrhcgaeb, se gn
mespngcs mc ug mespbrmnr
ang cd `rìn, dbs ibtcrìbs sc angsulcg luajn bgtcs y ddcvbr
rclntn, n sc tc cstrnpcb, mc rcpucstn pucmc lbrabr db me`crcgaeb cgtrc vndvcr ang ugb
pucmcs usbr cd tclpnrezbmnr sngresb n qucmbrtc b lcmebs y quc db `rustrbaeñg tc anlb pnr
mc db aâlbrb. Vcrn, aråcgns, mcgtrn.
bugquc tc dn rcanrmclns cg
lâs nabsengcs, gn cs dn lâs
añlnmn ge bangsckbidc pbrb
usbr jbietubdlcgtc. Dn meajn,
sndn pbrb clcrhcgaebs ?)
Cstc cs ug iucg lnlcgtn pbrb jbidbr mc dns hrep n clpuòbmurbs quc egaduycg ibtcrìbs
cxtrb. Mc cstc lnmn tc ndvembs mc tcgcr quc abliebr db ibtcrìb cg lcmen mc ugb `ntnhrb`ìb
mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg n, pcnr bûg, mc ugb scseñg mc rbstrns mc cstrcddbs (anln vcrclns cg
cd abpìtudn :). Vbrb sbicr lâs mc dns hrep, pucmcs dccr cstc brtìaudn.
brtìaudn.
@dbsjcs y degtcrgbs
Cstn gn scrâ gcacsbren cg dbrhb cxpnseaeñg meurgb, pcrn pbrb jbacr `ntns mc gnajc, se
iecg gn cs elprcsaegmeidc, pntcgaebrâ tu arcbtevembm jbstb cd egflgetn.
Jby quecg trbibkb ang ﬉bsj, quecg dn jbac ang degtcrgbs y quecg anliegb blins.
Vbrb clpczbr, se gn mespngcs mc ﬉bsj,
﬉bsj, tc rcanlcgmblns dbs degtcrgbs quc sng lâs
cangñleabs y vcrsâtedcs.
vcrsâtedcs. Vbrb anlprbr seclprc jby teclpn.
Bmclâs mc tcgcr quc egvcrter lcgns quc ang ug ﬉bsj, dbs tecgcs mc mestegtbs pntcgaebs
y dbs pucmcs angtrndbr y mereher lcknr. Ang cddbs cs lâs `âaed btegbr kustn mngmc quecrcs
bdulirbr.
]cg cg aucgtb quc db duz tecgc me`crcgtc tclpcrbturb mc andnr,

andnr, pucmcs cgangtrbrdbs ang
duz `rìb n duz aâdemb. ]cgcr ugb mc abmb pucmc scr ugb iucgb npaeñg n ugb quc tcghb
vbrens andnrcs anln cstb (quc bmclâs cs luy pntcgtc).
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
¾Cstâs pcgsbgmn anlprbr ug
﬉bsj y gn sbics pnr mñgmc
clpczbr> Cajb ug vestbzn b
cstc brtìaudn mcd idnh.
Bdhugbs lbrabs rcanlcgmbmbs mc degtcrgbs;
• KC]Icbl
• @cgex
• Lbh-detc
• DCM dcgscr
Cg ugb sbdemb gnaturgb, edulegcs n gn tu csacgb, seclprc cs gcacsbreb ugb degtcrgb, y

gn prcaesblcgtc db mcd lñved (lcknr gn hbstbr su ibtcrìb eggcacsbreblcgtc). Bugquc db
degtcrgb lâs añlnmb pbrb cstc prnpñsetn cs db `rngtbd, quc db vblns b vcr b angtegubaeñg.
@rngtbd
Vnr db gnajc, aubgmn tc csabpcs b ug duhbr pcrmemn cg db lngtbòb, cg db pcgulirb,
pnr tcrrcgns errchudbrcs, ctaåtcrb, ugb `rngtbd (degtcrgb pbrb db abiczb) pucmc scr tu
sbdvbaeñg.
]c pcrleterâ vcr mckâgmntc dbs lbgns deircs pbrb rcbdezbr tnmns dns bkustcs gcacsbrens,
iusabr bdhn cg tu lnajedb, rcandnabr cd trìpnmc n lnvcrtc ang schurembm pnr cd tcrrcgn
seg abcrtc b ug ibrrbgan n trnpczbrtc ang ug pcmrusan cgnrlc ?). U, bmclâs, tc scrverâ
tblieåg pbrb edulegbr bdhugbs csacgbs.
ASEMBMN
Gn cs lcknr ugb degtcrgb
pnr scr lâs pntcgtc. Aubgtn
lbynr cs db pntcgaeb, lâs
me`ìaed cs mnlegbrdb.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Geao @esjcr

@esjcr..
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 2=ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/3.6, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 16s, EQN 0.=66
Bquì tecgcs ug ckclpdn. U se yb ang cd teclpn tc vecgcs brreib y quecrcs ugb sûpcr pntcgtc
quc bdulirc b mestbgaebs csabgmbdnsbs, pucmcs nptbr pnr bdhugb seledbr b cstb ntrb. ntrb.
Dn emcbd cs quc tcghb duz idbgab y duz rnkb. Cstb ûdtelb cs ûted pbrb bdulirbr seg lndcstbr
y pbrb pnmcr lerbr b ntrb pcrsngb mc `rcgtc seg mcsdulirbrdb lecgtrbs dc jbidbs ?). Ûted,
¾vcrmbm>
@edtrn GM
Elprcsaegmeidc se tecgcs egtcgaeñg mc rcbdezbr `ntnhrb`ìb mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg b pdcgb duz
mcd mìb. N utedezbs ug fldtrn mc mcgsembm gcutrb pbrb mesleguer db duz cgtrbgtc n tu `ntn
rcsudtbrâ quclbmb n snirccxpucstb.
Qe quecrcs `ntns gìtembs, gn andnqucs aubdquecr fldtrn. Mc gbmb scrverìb tnmn cd csùcrzn
y teclpn egvcrtemn cg `bireabr ugb ñpteab cxacdcgtc se dc pngcs mcdbgtc ug arestbd mc
mumnsb abdembm.
Ntrns fldtrns
Ntrns fldtrns quc tc pucmcg scr mc utedembm pbrb bulcgtbr tus pnseiedembmcs arcbtevbs n
lcknrbr aecrtbs tåageabs sng;
• @edtrn Egvcrsn; prcscgtb db zngb lcmeb lâs nsaurb y sc vb badbrbgmn. Qervc pbrb
anlpcgsbr db cxpnseaeñg y gn quclbr db zngb edulegbmb lecgtrbs sc nitecgc mctbddc
cg db zngb nsaurb. Qc usb andnabgmn db zngb nsaurb mcd fldtrn cg cd jnrezngtc. Cs luy
utedezbmn cg dns pbesbkcs lbregns.
• @edtrn Mchrbmbmn; lâs nsaurn pnr brreib y vb mchrbmbgmn. Qc utedezb pbrb mbr
prnùgmembm bd aecdn.
Hcdcs
Gn gns rc`crelns b dns hcdcs mc muajb, adbrn cstâ ?), segn b
dns hcdcs pbrb cd ﬉bsj quc lnmeflabg cd andnr mc db duz. Vnr
supucstn quc gn sng elprcsaegmeidcs, pcrn pnr ug prcaen
luy pcqucòn tus pnseiedembmcs arcbtevbs ang cd ﬉bsj sc
ludtepdeabrâg.
ASEMBMN
B db jnrb mc anlprbr aubdquecr
fldtrn `ìkbtc quc cd meâlctrn
scb cd lesln mc tu nikctevn.
]blieåg tecgcs db pnseiedembm mc rcanrtbrdns y banpdbrdns b ugb degtcrgb pbrb abliebrdc

cd andnr pnr cd quc mcsccs. Cstb npaeñg cs lâs cangñleab y dehcrb quc utedezbr mestegtbs
degtcrgbs mc me`crcgtcs andnrcs.
Dns hcdcs gn cs bdhn quc vbybs b bmquerer bd egeaen. Cs ugb jcrrblecgtb quc cstâ bjì y
quc tû erâs mcaemecgmn se utedezbrdb n gn, y auâgmn.
Vbrbsnd
Bugquc pbrczab mescòbmn sndn pbrb cd snd, dn aecrtn cs quc cd pbrbsnd tblieåg cvetb quc
cgtrcg duacs egmcscbmbs cg `ntnhrb`ìb mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg.
Bmclâs, prntchc tu nikctevn mc abìmbs, mc db anghcdbaeñg y mc db julcmbm. Qe quecrcs

prntchcr tu ñpteab, lcknr nptb pnr cstc baacsnren cg duhbr mc ug fldtrn udtrbvendctb.
Vbao mc schurembm
Iucgn, gugab sbics quå tc pucmc pbsbr se tc pecrmcs pnr ug
pbrbkc mc lbmruhbmb, pnr luy emìdean quc scb. Vnr csn, ugb
YCANLCGMBAEÑG aucrmb, aegtb besdbgtc, ugb gbvbkb, bdhn mc anlcr ang luajbs
Qe quecrcs lâs eg`nrlbaeñg
snirc fldtrns, cajb ug vestbzn
b cstc brtìaudn.
prntcìgbs y bhub, bugquc cstn tblieåg tc dn rcanrmbrclns cg cd prñxeln abpìtudn,

pucmcg sbabrtc mc ug bpurn. U bqucddn quc sc tc naurrb quc tc pucmb byumbr n quc
vbybs vecgmn ang cd teclpn. ]blpnan tc pbscs y abrhucs ang db abkb mc jcrrblecgtbs,
quc cs pcsn quc dc sulbs bd cquepn ?).
Vbaecgaeb
Cd ûdteln cdclcgtn mc tu cquepn gn sc anlprb, seg clibrhn, gn pucmcs sbder seg åd.
Cs elprcsaegmeidc.
elprcsaegmeidc. Cxestcg ntrbs mesaepdegbs `ntnhrâflabs mngmc db pbaecgaeb gn
gcacsbreblcgtc mcic cstbr prcscgtc. Bquì sì. Dn lcgaengbrclns lâs mc ugb vcz b
dn dbrhn mcd deirn. Db `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb y mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg, pnr sus abrbatcrìsteabs
lâs tåageabs rcquecrc ugb mnses cxtrb mc pbaecgaeb n, lcknr meajn, oedns y oedns mc cddb.
Egadusn tngcdbmbs ?).
]cgmrâs quc prbateabr luajn, prnibr ugb y ntrb vcz, anrrcher `bddns, rcbkustbr ugb y ntrb
vcz y vndvcrtc b absb ang dbs lbgns vbaìbs cg lâs mc ugb nabseñg. Vbrb cddn sc gcacsetb
luajb pbaecgaeb. U luajbs hbgbs.
—Db jbiedembm cg db `ntnhrb`ìb

cs bmqueremb ang prâateab, y gn
anlprbgmn“.
Vcray X. Jbrres
Cstc cs cd cquepn iâsean ang bdhugbs ntrbs npaengcs quc tc

byumbrâg y bulcgtbrâg tus pnseiedembmcs arcbtevbs. ]û erâs
mcsauirecgmn quå gcacsetbs y quå gn, quå tc servc pbrb tus
YCANLCGMBAEÑG `ntns, quå tc byumb b arcacr n mc quå pucmcs prcsaegmer.
prcsaegmer.
Gn seclprc jby quc hbstbrsc
ug megcrbd cg baacsnrens Dn elpnrtbgtc cs gn niscsengbrsc bd pregaepen, ug lcknr
gucvns. Angtclpdb db schugmb cquepn gn tecgc pnr quå angvcrtertc cg ug lcknr `ntñhrb`n. Db
lbgn pbrb tus bmqueseaengcs
prâateab sì. U db pdbgeflabaeñg tblieåg. Pblns ang cddb.
mc lbtcrebd, tc pcrleterâ
tcgcr lcknrcs prnmuatns b
lcgnr prcaen.
ABVÌ]SDN 1
Vrcpbrb tu Qbdemb
(Ruc Gbmb Cstrnp tu @ntn)
Db pdbgeflabaeñg
pdbgeflabaeñg cg cstc tepn mc `ntnhrb`ìb cs
ùgmblcgtbd.. Db adbvc mcd åxetn rcsemc cg hrbg pbrtc cg
ùgmblcgtbd
prcpbrbr iecg tu scseñg. Vnr cddn vblns b mcmeabrdc cstc
abpìtudn.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Lbttjcw Dbroeg.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 2:ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/9.:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 96s, EQN 2.066
Gn cs dn lesln sbder b jbacr `ntnhrb`ìb abddckcrb, pnr ckclpdn, mngmc cd egstbgtc y db

elprnvesbaeñg sng pbrtc mcd kuchn, quc csabpbrtc b rcbdezbr `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb n mc
dbrhb cxpnseaeñg. Dbgzbrtc b db bvcgturb gn cs pbrb gbmb rcanlcgmbidc. Ge schurn.
Qe bsì dnhrbs ugb `ntn mcacgtc n egadusn lbrbveddnsb, `cdeaembmcs. Bugquc mcics sbicr
quc scrìb `rutn mc ugb cgnrlc absubdembm. Mctrâs mc tnmbs dbs `ntns elprcsengbgtcs quc
vcs mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg n gnaturgb, sc csangmc ug hrbg csùcrzn. Mc jcajn, ug trbibkn
prcven cs db ibsc pbrb supder db abrcgaeb mc tbdcgtn gbturbd quc su`relns luajns (secgmn
segacrns, sng luy pnans dns bhrbaebmns ang cd mng).
Vrâateab, pbaecgaeb y pdbgeflabaeñg. Cstbs trcs —p“ lârabtcdbs b ùchn ?). Dbs mns prelcrbs
sndn mcpcgmcg mc te. Db ûdtelb tblieåg, bugquc ang cstb bd lcgns pnmclns cajbrtc ug
abidc.
¾Vnr mñgmc clpczbr>

Pblns b anlcgzbr pnr dbs prelcrbs sbdembs. ]ecgcs cstc deirn cg dbs lbgns, db clnaeñg
tc clibrhb, cstâs mcscbgmn sbder pnr db gnajc b `ntnhrbflbr dbs cstrcddbs n ug pbesbkc
gnaturgn, n tbd vcz dnhrbr cd c`catn scmnsn mc ugb lbrbveddnsb absabmb. Bgtcs mc quc db
dnaurb tc clibrhuc abse tbgtn anln db clnaeñg, pârbtc ug lnlcgtn. Mcics dccr cstns
angsckns prelcrn;
• Gn tc vcghbs brreib ang dbs anlprbs,

anlprbs, cs mcaer, quc db dnaurb gn tc brrbstrc. ]c dn
jclns bmcdbgtbmn cg cd abpìtudn bgtcrenr, cs lcknr er anlprbgmn pnan b pnan, cg
ùgaeñg mc tus gcacsembmcs.
• Qbd acrab mc absb cg dbs prelcrbs sbdembs. Egadusn dbs prelcrbs prâateabs jbzdbs
cg tu absb n cg dns duhbrcs lâs acrabgns. Gn pecrmbs teclpn cg mcspdbzblecgtns
n iusabgmn dnabdezbaengcs dckbgbs se bûg gn angtrndbs cd teclpn mc cxpnseaeñg, db
jepcr`nabd, ctaåtcrb. (Juy, ehubd yb tc jclns bsustbmn ang db jepcr`nabd… pcrn cs ug
tårlegn luy scgaeddn rcdbaengbmn ang cd cg`nquc quc cgangtrbrâs cxpdeabmn cg cd
abpìtudn 3). Cs egmespcgsbidc prbateabr tnmn cstn bgtcs mc dbgzbrtc b ugb cxaurseñg,
bugquc scb cg absb ?).
• Iusab anlpbòìb
anlpbòìb pbrb tus sbdembs
sbdembs.. Pbdc, gn pbrb prbateabr cg db pucrtb mc tu absb ?),
segn aubgmn sbdhbs cg tu cgtnrgn acrabgn, snirc tnmn mc gnajc. ]ecgc sus vcgtbkbs
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Ebg Cspegnsb.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 2:ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/20, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg, 9,3s, EQN 266
c egangvcgecgtcs, anln tnmn. Bugquc, cspcaebdlcgtc cg `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb, tecgc

lâs prns quc angtrbs, anln tc bmcdbgtblns cg cd prelcr abpìtudn; byumb, anlpbòìb,
schurembm, cdclcgtn julbgn cg tus `ntns, ctaåtcrb. Anln egangvcgecgtc,
egangvcgecgtc, se tecgcs
emcb mc vcgmcr tus `ntns y db ntrb pcrsngb tblieåg, pnmråes cgtrbr cg ang﬉eatn bd
nitcgcr `ntns seledbrcs. Qeg clibrhn, bquì jbidblns mc `ntnhrb`ìb mc bflaengbmn, pnr
dn quc cstb angtrbrecmbm gn tc b`catb mclbsebmn. Bsì quc lcknr iusab anlpbòìb y
quc scb b`ìg b te. Sgb pcrsngb ang db quc tc secgtbs b hustn? ang db quc pucmbs jbidbr
n lbgtcgcr sedcgaens añlnmns? quc tcghb tus leslns egtcrcscs `ntnhrâflans n ugb
pbaecgaeb egflgetb pbrb banlpbòbrtc, bugquc gn dc hustc dn mc db `ntnhrb`ìb. Iusab
hcgtc quc tc sulc, pcrn gugab quc tc rcstc.
rcstc .
¾Añln prcpbrbr db sbdemb>

Sgb vcz quc angtrndcs dn lâs iâsean, tcghbs cd cquepn elprcsaegmeidc y bdhuecg pbrb
banlpbòbrtc, pucmcs prcpbrbr tu sbdemb sehuecgmn cstbs rcanlcgmbaengcs.
¾Ruå `ntn vny b jbacr>
Dn prelcrn mc tnmn, pnr luy niven quc pbrczab, cs tcgcr adbrn quå `ntn quecrcs rcbdezbr.
rcbdezbr.
Anln sbirâs y/n erâs vecgmn b dn dbrhn mc tnmn cstc deirn, sng luajns dns tepns mc
`ntnhrb`ìb mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg n gnaturgb. Gn cs dn lesln quc sbdhbs b `ntnhrbflbr dbs
cstrcddbs, db dugb, ugb absabmb n pcrsngbs cg lnvelecgtn cg pdcgb aeumbm. Sgb vcz
tcghbs adbrn quå `ntn quecrcs angschuer y quå trbgsleter,
trbgsleter, angacgtrb tnmns tus csùcrzns cg
prcpbrbrtc pbrb csb `ntn angarctb. Cg ntrb nabseñg pnmrâs cdcher ntrn tclb y acgtrbrtc
cg åd.
Dnabdezbaeñg
Sgb vcz quc jbs mcaememn quå `ntn vbs b jbacr, jbs mc iusabr db dnabdezbaeñg lâs
bmcaubmb. Bquì bdhugbs angsemcrbaengcs hcgcrbdcs, bugquc cg dns abpìtudns 8 y : tc
mbrclns mctbddcs lâs angarctns schûg db `ntnhrb`ìb;
• Pbybs mngmc vbybs, rcspctb dbs prnpecmbmcs prevbmbs. B db jnrb mc iusabr

dnabdezbaengcs, bugquc pbrczabg bibgmngbmbs, bschûrbtc mc quc gn cstâ prnjeiemn cd
pbsn. U se jby ugb pucrtb, ugb vbddb n seledbr, pnr luajns bòns quc ddcvc bibgmngbmn
cd duhbr, mcics sbicr quc trbspbsbrdn pucmc gn scr ugb iucgb emcb. Vrnaurb ddcvbrtc
b absb ugb `ntn y gn ug prnidclb.
• Qe vbs b ug duhbr quc yb jb semn

semn luy `ntnhrbflbmn, png cspcaebd
cspcaebd btcgaeñg cg mespbrbr
mcsmc ug âghudn me`crcgtc, dnhrbr ugb anlpnseaeñg lâs nrehegbd n bòbmer bdhn luy
tuyn pbrb mesteghuertc mcd rcstn.
• ]cg cg aucgtb gn sndn cd tepn mc `ntnhrb`ìb quc quecrcs dnhrbr,

dnhrbr, segn cd lcgsbkc quc
mcscbs trbgsleter. ]c byumbrâ, seg mumb, b cdcher cd duhbr.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Ynisng Jbtsuoble Lnrhbg.
Pcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 9,3s, EQN 2.066

Vbrb cgangtrbr ugb dnabdezbaeñg tecgcs db pnseiedembm mc;
• Iusabr egsperbaeñg
egsperbaeñg mc ntrns `ntñhrb`ns.
• Gbvchbr pnr Hnnhdc Lbps n bdhugb mc dbs ntrbs

ntrbs jcrrblecgtbs quc tc prcscgtblns cg
cd abpìtudn 26.
• Nkcbr rcvestbs mc vebkc n mc gbturbdczb, ctaåtcrb.
• Ycaurrer b tus duhbrcs `bvnretns,

`bvnretns, csns quc mcspecrtbg
mcspecrtbg dn lcknr mc te.
• Bsester b csabpbmbs nrhbgezbmbs pbrb er cg hrupn

hrupn huebmns pnr prn`csengbdcs. Vbrb
Vbrb
anlcgzbr rcsudtbg ugb iucgb npaeñg.
Cd lnlcgtn
Cstb mcaeseñg cs luajn lâs elpnrtbgtc mc dn quc pucmb pbrcacr cg pregaepen. Mc db

jnrb y mcd mìb mcpcgmcrâ db duz, db pnseaeñg mc db dugb n mcd snd. Elbhegb quc quecrcs
`ntnhrbflbr db dugb bsnlbgmn pnr ug lngulcgtn angarctn, abpturbr cd c`catn scmnsn mc
ugb absabmb murbgtc db abìmb mcd snd n db Pìb Dâatcb. Gn tc vbdmrâ elprnvesbr, tcgmrâs
quc angnacr auâd cs cd lnlcgtn cxbatn. Ntrn ckclpdn, se dn quc quecrcs cs `ntnhrbflbr
ug pbesbkc gnaturgn bprnvcajbgmn bd lâxeln db duz bliecgtc, tcgmrâs quc sbder dns mìbs
acrabgns b db dugb ddcgb. Gn tc bhniecs, tnmn cstn tc dn erclns angtbgmn ang abmb tepn
mc `ntnhrb`ìb. Dn cscgaebd cs quc tc qucmcs ang dn elpnrtbgtc quc cs cdcher iecg cd mìb
y/n db jnrb.
Vbrb bschurbrtc mc auâgmn cs cd lcknr lnlcgtn aucgtbs ang vbrebs bpdeabaengcs. Mc

lnlcgtn tc mckblns mns, bugquc mcmeabrclns cd abpìtudn 26 b jbidbr mc tnmns dns
rcaursns b tu bdabgac pbrb pdbgeflabr tu `ntnhrb`ìb.
2. VjntnVedds
YCANLCGMBAEÑG 9. ]jc Vjntnhrbpjcr―s Cpjclcres
Qe tecgcs pcgsbmn baumer

b vbrebs dnabdezbaengcs cg
ugb leslb zngb, arcb ug
ablegn ang cddbs y ug nrmcg
dñhean pbrb vesetbrdbs. Mc cstb
`nrlb tc bjnrrbrâs teclpn
y oedñlctrns.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc geandbs dcadcraq.
Pcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 26s, EQN 2.066
Ehubdlcgtc, tcgmrâs quc tcgcr cg aucgtb db lctcnrndnhìb,

lctcnrndnhìb, se vbs b `ntnhrbflbr cstrcddbs,
dbs guics gn scrâg tus lcknrcs blehbs. Qeg clibrhn, tc pucmcg scr mc utedembm cg ugb
dbrhb cxpnseaeñg cg pdcgn mìb.
Cg bdhugns duhbrcs y cstbaengcs cd teclpn cs luy abliebgtc. Cstn pucmc supngcr ug

pcdehrn se gn cstâs prcpbrbmn. Bugquc jbybs pdbgeflabmn tu scseñg ang teclpn, anlprucib
ugbs jnrbs bgtcs mc db scseñg cd pbrtc lctcnrndñhean. Sgb
tnrlcgtb elprcvestb cg lcmen mc db lngtbòb gn sndn jbrâ
pcdehrbr tu `ntn n tu cquepn, tu vemb tblieåg cstbrìb cg kuchn.
]YSAN Ssb cd scgtemn anlûg. Gn tc brrecshucs ge pnghbs cg pcdehrn
Pestc mc nsaurn, pnr se tuvecrbs
b gbmec lâs.
quc pbsbr cg bdhûg lnlcgtn
pnr mcdbgtc mcd nikctevn cg
tus dbrhbs cxpnseaengcs.
Pehedb tblieåg dbs lbrcbs b db jnrb mc lctcrtc cg ugb pdbyb pbrb `ntnhrbflbrdb (y lâs
mc gnajc). Qe gn dn jbacs, anrrcs cd pcdehrn mc quc cd lbr tc bdabgac y gn pucmbs sbder.
N quc se db lbrcb cstâ luy bdtb tc elpemb `ntnhrbflbr csbs rnabs pnr dbs quc tc jbs
mcspdbzbmn jbstb bddì.
Ycaucrmb seclprc quc cg cstc tepn mc `ntnhrb`ìb

` ntnhrb`ìb db egtcgaeñg prcveb aucgtb luajn pbrb
dnhrbr ugb `ntn ang åxetn. Cdehc iecg ?).
Cg `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb gn jby duhbr pbrb db elprnvesbaeñg.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Irbgmng Lnrhbg.
Pcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 8s, EQN 266

Ycangnac cd tcrrcgn
Cspcaebdlcgtc cg `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb, cs cscgaebd quc rcangnzabs prelcrn cd tcrrcgn.

Ddchb ang teclpn bd duhbr y cxpdnrb db zngb bgtcs mc quc nsaurczab. Gn sndn tc scrverâ (cg
aubdquecr tepn mc `ntnhrb`ìb mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg n gnaturgb) pbrb cgangtrbr dns lcknrcs
cgaubmrcs y anlpngcr tu `ntnhrb`ìb b angaecgaeb, segn tblieåg pbrb cvetbr pcdehrns
eggcacsbrens. Mc mìb, y ang teclpn, tnmn sc vc luajn lcknr.
lcknr.
Qchurembm
Bmclâs mc er ang anlpbòìb, cspcaebdlcgtc mc gnajc y/n b duhbrcs mc me`ìaed baacsn,

bschûrbtc mc mcaer b tus `bledebrcs n blehns pnr quå zngb pcgsâes cstbr y b quå jnrb
tcgåes egtcgaeñg mc rchrcsbr. Qe tbrmâes mclbsebmn pnrquc jb naurremn bdhn, pnmrâg
rcbaaengbr lcknr pbrb byumbrns.
B db jnrb mc rcbdezbr `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb cg pdcgb aeumbm, gn tc mcsauemcs tblpnan. ]cg

]cg
adbrn quå zngbs mcics cvetbr,
cvetbr, cspcaebdlcgtc se gn ddcvbs anlpbòìb.
Angflrlb quc ddcvbs tu tcdå`ngn lñved iecg abrhbmn mc ibtcrìb pbrb pnmcr pcmer byumb
cg aubdquecr lnlcgtn n huebrtc pnr dns lbpbs pbrb cgangtrbr cd ablegn.
Sgb npaeñg cs anlpbrter tu uieabaeñg cg teclpn rcbd ang bdhûg `bledebr se cd duhbr gn cs
mclbsebmn schurn y tecgcs adbrn quc vbs b er sì n sì, pcsc b tnmbs dbs rcanlcgmbaengcs
mc tu bdrcmcmnr. Bugquc cstc pdbg pucmc `bddbr, pnr csn lcknr bvesbr mc db zngb cg db
quc pecgsbs trbibkbr.
Ynpb y abdzbmn
Vucstn quc cd `rìn cs ug hrbg blehn mc `ntnhrb`ìb mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg pnrquc rcmuac cd
abdcgtblecgtn mcd scgsnr,
scgsnr, babibrâs sbdecgmn luajbs gnajcs b tclpcrbturbs luy ibkbs.
Birìhbtc lâs mc dn gnrlbd, quc gn cs dn lesln cstbr pbscbgmn cg lcmen mc db aeumbm
quc cstbr pbrbmn cg letbm mcd lngtc. Bugquc gn dn bpbrcgtc cg pregaepen, sc egarclcgtb
mcspuås mc cstbr vbrebs jnrbs pbrbmn cg letbm mc db gnajc. Qe mumbs, pngtc vbrebs
abpbs, bsì pucmcs er bmbptâgmntc b db tclpcrbturb.
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
Cdehc db dcgtc cg ùgaeñg mc
db `ntn quc vbs b rcbdezbr.
rcbdezbr.
Stedezb abdzbmn bprnpebmn pbrb cd duhbr bd quc vbs. Gn tc jbhbs ug @rbgo mc db Kughdb y tc
andnqucs dns zucans mc pdâstean ?). Banstûlirbtc b ddcvbr anlemb, bhub y ab`å abdcgtetn.
abdcgtetn.
Vbsbrâs rbtns luy dbrhns cg duhbrcs cg dns quc cd cstbidcaelecgtn lâs acrabgn pucmc
cstbr b mclbsebmns oedñlctrns. Cstbs prnvesengcs gn pucmcg `bdtbrtc.
Vrcpbrb cd lbtcrebd
Jb ddchbmn cd mìb, schurn quc prcveblcgtc jbs cdbinrbmn ugb destb ang dn quc gcacsetbs
pbrb bschurbrtc mc quc dn tecgcs tnmn. Bjnrb cs cd lnlcgtn mc kugtbrdn tnmn y banpdbrdn
cg tu lnajedb.
Qe gn tecgcs tu prnpeb destb, bschûrbtc mc quc gn tc `bdtc dn quc bpbrcac cg db ajcao

dest mc db pâhegb sehuecgtc. Bugquc babibrâs cdbinrbgmn db tuyb prnpeb ang cd teclpn
y schûg tus gcacsembmcs. U gn tc pnghbs b rcvesbrdb 3 legutns bgtcs mc sbder mc absb,
lcknr cd mìb mc bgtcs n bd lcgns ang ugbs jnrbs mc lbrhcg, ¾y se tecgcs dbs ibtcrìbs
mcsabrhbmbs n dbs tbrkctbs ddcgbs> Ruc gn tc `bddc gbmb gn mcpcgmc sndn mc db sucrtc,
segn mc tu pdbgeflabaeñg y nrhbgezbaeñg.
Ub tecgcs cd cquepn prcpbrbmn y db scseñg pdbgeflabmb. ¾Ruecrcs sulcrhertc cg db nsaurembm

pbrb vcr db duz> Qehuc dcycgmn ?).
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Bdcxbgmcr Bgmrcws.

Ajcao Dest
Aâlbrb Ub sbics, seg cddb gn jby `ntn.
Cd (n dns) quc jbybs cdchemn cg ùgaeñg mc db scseñg quc vbybs b

Nikctevn
rcbdezbr. N cd quc tcghbs.
Ibtcrìb mc Qe cs ug cgtnrgn `rìn, lbgtcgdb acrquetb mcd abdnr mc tu aucrpn.

rcpucstn
]rìpnmc U aubgmn ddchucs, acraeñrbtc mc andnabrdn iecg.
Mespbrbmnr Csb ansb tbg pcqucòb y b db vcz tbg ûted cg dbs dbrhbs cxpnseaengcs.
rclntn
]brkctb mc Bschûrbtc mc quc cstå vbaìb, scb mc hrbg abpbaembm y se tecgcs

lclnreb ntrb mc rcpucstn, lcknr ddåvbtcdb. Vnr dn quc pumecrb pbsbr.
pbsbr.
Degtcrgbs y/n Cg ugb scseñg gnaturgb gn pucmcg `bdtbr
`bdtbr..
@dbsj
Qe sbdcs mc gnajc n prcvås quc nsaurcacrâ, angflrlb quc db
@rngtbd
ddcvbs. U ang dbs pedbs abrhbmbs ?).
Hcdcs Qe tecgcs pdbgeflabmn quc dns vbs b usbr, gn tc dns mckcs cg absb.
¾Gcacsetbs ug fldtrn mc mcgsembm gcutrb> ¾Dn jbs cajbmn cg db lnajedb>

@edtrn
U se tecgcs pcgsbmn utedezbr bdhûg ntrn, gn tc ndvemcs mc ddcvârtcdn.
Luy elpnrtbgtc er ang db mnaulcgtbaeñg cgaelb, pucmcs tcgcr

Mnaulcgtbaeñg db vesetb mc dns aucrpns mc schurembm se bgmbs pnr bjì cg duhbrcs
pcrmemns ang degtcrgbs y ug cquepn quc cg db mestbgaeb pucmc
rcsudtbr cxtrbòn.
Lñved Ang tnmbs tus bpdeabaengcs `ntnhrâflabs `bvnretbs egstbdbmbs y db

ibtcrìb iecg abrhbmb.
Oet mc Ycaucrmb cajbr ugb gbvbkb, ugb aucrmb y aegtb besdbgtc. Gn, gn
clcrhcgaeb vbs b scaucstrbr b gbmec, pcrn tc pucmcg scr luy ûtedcs bgtc
aubdquecr elprcvestn.
Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg =6
ABVÌ]SDN =
Cgtcgmcr db Duz
Vbrb Mnlegbr db
Nsaurembm
Qeg duz gn jby `ntnhrb`ìb bsì quc, bugquc jbidclns mc
nsaurembm, cg `ntnhrb`ìb gugab jbidblns mc gchrurb
bisndutb (iâseablcgtc pnrquc cg ugb nsaurembm tntbd
ge vcrìblns gbmb, ge gucstrb aâlbrb scrìb abpbz mc
rchestrbr gbmb lâs bddâ mcd gchrn ?) ).
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Ungh Ajubg.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 26ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/9.:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 26s, EQN 26.666
Cscgaebdlcgtc, aubgmn jbidblns mc nsaurembm gns rc`crelns b sustetuer db duz mcd snd
pnr ntrn tepn mc duacs luajn lâs sutedcs anln sng db duz mc db dugb, mc dbs cstrcddbs, mc
ugb degtcrgb n mc dns ûdtelns rbyns mcd snd.
Cg cstc abpìtudn mcsauirerâs añln kuhbr ang dns trcs pbrâlctrns ùgmblcgtbdcs mc db duz,
cspcaebdlcgtc db vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg, ang cd flg mc dnhrbr elâhcgcs snrprcgmcgtcs
y mc snircanhcmnrb icddczb.
Db lbheb mcd treâghudn mc cxpnseaeñg

Gn tc bsustcs ang cd tìtudn pnrquc gn cs gbmb me`ìaed bprcgmcr b trbibkbr ang dbs vbrebidcs
quc egtchrbg cd treâghudn mc cxpnseaeñg, cg ablien, aubgmn dn angsehbs, scrâs abpbz mc
angschuer aubdquecr tåageab cg `ntnhrb`ìb.
Cs pnr csn pnr dn quc tc rcanlcgmblns quc gn tcghbs presb cg bseledbr dns angacptns,
angacptns ,
quc dns prbatequcs, quc dns cgtecgmbs iecg, pnrquc cstbs trcs gnaengcs sng tnmn dn quc
gcacsetbs pbrb mnlegbr db `ntnhrb`ìb.
Pcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg
Db vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg cs cd teclpn quc tbrmb cd niturbmnr cg birersc y acrrbrsc. Cs

murbgtc csc egstbgtc (quc pucmc scr luy pnan n luajn), aubgmn cd scgsnr mc db aâlbrb
cstâ cxpucstn b db duz y, angscaucgtclcgtc, rchestrbgmn db elbhcg.
• Pcdnaembmcs bdtbs; sc sucdc trbibkbr ang cddbs aubgmn sc mespngc mc luajb duz (mc mìb
n cg csacgbs luy edulegbmbs). Cd teclpn cg cd quc cd scgsnr cstâ cxpucstn cg cstns
absns cs anrtn (cd niturbmnr sc birc y sc aecrrb râpemblcgtc). Cstn pcrletc anghcdbr
cd lnvelecgtn.
lnvelecgtn. Aubgtb lâs bdtb cs db vcdnaembm, lâs abpbaembm mc jbacrdn.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Knrmbg Qtcrbgob.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 9=ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/0.1, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 2/266s, EQN 266
Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg ==
• Pcdnaembmcs dcgtbs; sc utedezbg gnrlbdlcgtc ang pnab duz (pnr ckclpdn, cg `ntnhrb`ìb
gnaturgb) n pbrb trbgsleter cd lnvelecgtn. Cg cstc absn, cd pcrìnmn cg cd quc cd
scgsnr cstâ cxpucstn cs lbynr pnrquc gcacsetb cstbr lâs teclpn bisnriecgmn db duz
bliecgtc pbrb arcbr db elbhcg ang suflaecgtc duz. Cstn elpdeab quc lecgtrbs cd scgsnr
cstâ cxpucstn b db duz, tblieåg dn cstâ b tnmn cd lnvelecgtn quc suacmc cg db csacgb.
Cs mcaer, ang vcdnaembmcs dcgtbs cd lnvelecgtn sc elprelc cg db `ntnhrb`ìb. U cs b dn
quc ddblblns dbrhb cxpnseaeñg.
]eclpn mc cxpnseaeñg; 2/966s ]eclpn mc cxpnseaeñg; 2s
Bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb
Db bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb rchudb db abgtembm mc duz quc pbsb pnr cd nikctevn jbaeb cd
scgsnr mc db aâlbrb.
Cd meb`rbhlb sc cgaucgtrb uieabmn cg cd nikctevn y sc anlpngc mc ugb screc mc pdbabs

(aubgtbs lâs tcghb, mc lcknr abdembm scrâ cd nikctevn) quc sc lucvcg jbaeb mcgtrn n
jbaeb ùcrb, arcbgmn ug aìraudn lâs n lcgns hrbgmc quc pcrletc pbsbr lâs n lcgns
duz mcpcgmecgmn mc su meâlctrn.
Ang db sehuecgtc elbhcg dn vcrâs adbrìseln;
Aubgtn lâs bdtn cs cd vbdnr (cg db elbhcg `/99), lcgns duz cgtrb b trbvås mcd meb`rbhlb.
Aubgtn lâs ibkn cs cd vbdnr (cg db elbhcg `/9), lâs duz cgtrb b trbvås mc åd.
Bjnrb iecg, cd meb`rbhlb gn sndn eg﬉uyc cg db abgtembm mc duz quc pbsb b trbvås mc åd.
]blieåg eg﬉uyc cg dn quc ddblblns prnùgmembm mc ablpn.
ablpn.
Db prnùgmembm mc ablpn cs db abgtembm mc zngb cg`nabmb cg db elbhcg. Qchurn quc

tc jbg `bsaegbmn bdhugbs elâhcgcs mngmc sndn ugb pcqucòb pnraeñg mc db elbhcg
bpbrcaìb cg `nan (pnr ckclpdn, dns nkns mc ug rctrbtn) n, pnr cd angtrbren, bdhugbs elâhcgcs
mc pbesbkcs ang ug `nan y ugb getemcz bsnlirnsns mc pregaepen b flg.
Vucs iecg, csn dn angsehucs ang db bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb ?).

U cstb bpcrturb gn db mctcrlegb db aâlbrb, segn cd nikctevn.
B vbdnrcs lâs bdtns mc meb`rbhlb (pnr ckclpdn, `/20) lâs zngb

YCANLCGMBAEÑG cg`nabmb cg db elbhcg y b vbdnrcs lâs ibkns (pnr ckclpdn,
Vbrb pbesbkcs, scbg cstns `/2.= n `/9) lcgnr zngb cg`nabmb.
cg`nabmb.
gnaturgns n gn, dn hcgcrbd
cs utedezbr bpcrturbs mc
meb`rbhlb lâs iecg pcqucòbs
pbrb tcgcr db elbhcg dn lâs
gìtemb pnseidc cg tnmns dns
pdbgns.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Kcsjy Orbghbgh.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 2:ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/1.3, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 2/23s, EQN 266
EQN
Cxpdeabmn mc `nrlb scgaeddb, pnmclns mcaer quc EQN cs cd hrbmn mc scgseiedembm mcd
scgsnr b db duz. Cs mcaer, ug vbdnr mc scgseiedembm EQN cdcvbmn (pnr ckclpdn, 0.=66 EQN)
elpdeab quc cd scgsnr cs abpbz mc angschuer luajb duz mcd cxtcrenr. Cg ablien, ang
ug vbdnr EQN ibkn (pnr ckclpdn, EQN 266), cd scgsnr cs lcgns scgseidc, gn cs abpbz mc
abptbr tbgtb duz bliecgtc.
U pnmrâs mcmuaer quc, se b lâs vbdnr EQN lâs scgseidc cs cd scgsnr b db duz, dn pucmcs
tcgcr seclprc bd vbdnr lâs bdtn y gn prcnaupbrtc mc db `bdtb mc duz. Vucs iecg, erìbs iecg
se gn ùcrb pnrquc b lbynr scgseiedembm tblieåg,
tblieåg, y luy b gucstrn pcsbr, lâs ruemn.
ruemn. Cd
ruemn cs ug hrbgetn quc dc rcstb getemcz, anln pucmcs vcr cg db elbhcg.
Cd ruemn cg `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb cs cspcaebdlcgtc elpnrtbgtc pnrquc sc trbibkb ang luy

pnab duz y, cg db lbynrìb mc dbs nabsengcs, sc rcquecrcg vbdnrcs EQN bdtns. Vnr cddn tc
rcanlcgmâiblns, cg cd abpìtudn 9, tcgcr cstc bspcatn cg aucgtb b db jnrb mc bmquerer
ugb aâlbrb gucvb. U gn, gn sc trbtb mc quc bdabgacg cd vbdnr EQN lâs bdtn, segn quc
tcghbg iucgns vbdnrcs mc ruemn, cs mcaer, lcknrcs rcsudtbmns ang vbdnrcs cdcvbmns.
Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg =:
Bdhugbs aâlbrbs ang EQN =66 yb prnvnabg ruemn y ntrbs ang 1.966 pucmcs trbibkbr
trbgquedblcgtc pnrquc bpcgbs sc gntb.
Añln sc rcdbaengbg cgtrc cddbs
]c jclns prcscgtbmn db vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg, db EQN y db bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb, dbs

trcs vbrebidcs mc dn quc angnaclns anln treâghudn mc cxpnseaeñg.
EQN
PCDNAEMBM MC
BVCY]SYB NI]SYBAEÑG
Vucs iecg, gn sndn cs elpnrtbgtc angnacr añln ùgaengb abmb ugb mc cstbs vbrebidcs y
sus c`catns cg db elbhcg, segn sbicr tblieåg añln sc rcdbaengbg cgtrc cddbs y auâdcs
sng dbs pnseiedembmcs quc surhcg mc cstbs rcdbaengcs.
Gn tc bsustcs, cs lâs `âaed mc dn quc pbrcac ?).
Dbs trcs vbrebidcs mcd treâghudn mc cxpnseaeñg sng dbs elpdeabmbs b db jnrb mc dnhrbr ugb
cxpnseaeñg anrrcatb. Cstn cs pnseidc lcmebgtc lûdtepdcs npaengcs y anliegbaengcs,
anliegbaengcs ,
ang dbs quc pucmcs ddchbr b angschuer aubdquecr elbhcg quc tc prnpnghbs.
Pcblns ugns ckclpdns mc añln sc rcdbaengbg cgtrc sì pbrb quc pucmbs vcrdn lâs adbrn.
Ckclpdn 2;
Elbhegb ug mìb sndcbmn cg cd quc quecrcs jbacr, pnr ckclpdn, ug rctrbtn ang cd `ngmn
mcscg`nabmn. ¾Ruå jbrìbs> ]u
]u prenrembm bquì cs cd `ngmn mcscg`nabmn, pcrn tecgcs luajb
duz (rcaucrmb quc pbrb mcscg`nabr jby quc birer luajn cd meb`rbhlb y pnr dn tbgtn quc
cgtrbrâ luajb duz jbaeb cd scgsnr).
Vnr dn tbgtn, mcicrìbs egtcgtbr rcibkbr db duz pbrb pnmcr birer cd meb`rbhlb y pnmcr bsì
mcscg`nabr cd `ngmn. ¾Añln dn jbrìbs> Vnmrìbs clpczbr ibkbgmn db EQN pbrb jbacr cd
scgsnr lcgns scgseidc b db duz, pnr ckclpdn, b 266 EQN.
Elbhegb quc bug bsì tecgcs mclbsebmb duz. ¾Ruå tc qucmb> Cxbatn, kuhbr ang db vcdnaembm
mc niturbaeñg. Ycaucrmb quc b vcdnaembmcs lâs cdcvbmbs lcgns teclpn cstâ cxpucstn
cd scgsnr y, pnr dn tbgtn, lcgns duz.
Bsì quc sndn tc qucmbrìb csanhcr b quå bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb tc sbtes`bac cd `ngmn
mcscg`nabmn c er bulcgtbgmn db vcdnaembm jbstb cgangtrbr db quc tc prnpnraengc ugb
cxpnseaeñg anrrcatb.
Ckclpdn 9;
Anln cstc deirn trbtb mc `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb y dbrhb cxpnseaeñg, pnghblns ug ckclpdn bd
rcspcatn ?). Elbhegb ug pbesbkc gnaturgn ang ug lbrbveddnsn aecdn ddcgn mc cstrcddbs.
cstrcddbs. Dn
quc mc vcrmbm tc egtcrcsb cs nitcgcr ugb `ntn mc csc lbrbveddnsn aecdn seg lnvelecgtn,
cs mcaer,
mcaer, seg trbzbs mc cstrcddbs cg cd aecdn.
Vbrb angschuer ugbs cstrcddbs flkbs, tu prenrembm cs db vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg. Vucmcs

pbrter mc ugns 96 schugmns pbrb clpczbr (bugquc db vcdnaembm lìgelb pbrb abpturbr
cstrcddbs gìtembs mcpcgmc mc bspcatns anln db dnghetum `nabd mcd nikctevn, db EQN n cd
tblbòn mcd scgsnr, bdhn quc vcrclns b `ngmn cg cd bpbrtbmn mcmeabmn b dbs cstrcddbs
mcd abpìtudn :).
Sgb vcz tcghbs bkustbmb db vcdnaembm egtcgtbrâs iusabr adbrembm pnr tnmns dns lcmens
pnseidcs. Erâs b db bpcrturb y birerâs dn lâxeln quc pucmbs pbrb mckbr cgtrbr lâs duz.
Vnr ûdteln, suierâs db scgseiedembm pbrb nitcgcr lâs duz, egtcgtbgmn seclprc lbgtcgcrdb
cg ugns dìletcs bacptbidcs mc ruemn (mcpcgmc mc db aâlbrb, pcrn db lbynrìb snpnrtbg
iecg vbdnrcs mc jbstb 1.966 EQN).
Anln vcs, db adbvc gn sndn cstâ cg angnacr dbs vbrebidcs mcd treâghudn mc cxpnseaeñg
segn, snirc tnmn, cg añln anliegbrdbs y kuhbr ang cddbs pbrb nitcgcr dns rcsudtbmns
cspcrbmns.
Bjnrb, ntrb pbrtc luy luy elpnrtbgtc, dns pbsns.

pbsns.
U gn, gn sng dns mc ibedc ?).
Dns pbsns. Ruå sng y añln ùgaengbg

Qe jbs ddchbmn jbstb bquì, yb sbics quå sng dns lestcrensns pbsns, pnrquc dns utedezbs
angstbgtclcgtc, bugquc quezâ gn scbs angsaecgtc n gn scpbs cxbatblcgtc añln
ùgaengbg.
Dn aecrtn cs quc abmb vcz quc bulcgtbs db vcdnaembm n aecrrbs cd meb`rbhlb, aubgmn
suics n ibkbs dns vbdnrcs EQN, cstâs lnvecgmn ug pbsn (n lcmen n 2/1, mcpcgmecgmn mc
dns pbsns egtcrlcmens quc n`rczab tu aâlbrb).
Dn pregaepbd b tcgcr cg aucgtb rcspcatn b dns pbsns cs;
• Quier ug pbsn elpdeab bulcgtbr db cgtrbmb mc duz.
• Ibkbr ug pbsn angddcvb mesleguer db cgtrbmb mc duz.
• Abmb vcz quc sc suic ug pbsn cgtcrn, sc mupdeab db cgtrbmb mc duz.
• Abmb vcz quc sc ibkb ug pbsn, sc rcmuac db cgtrbmb mc duz b db letbm.
• Dns pbsns pucmcg scr mc aubdquecr vbrebidc mcd treâghudn mc cxpnseaeñg

cxpnseaeñg (vcdnaembm mc
niturbaeñg, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb n EQN).
• Cg aubdquecr absn, seclprc ùgaengbg ehubd; sc suicg pbrb bulcgtbr bd mnidc db

cgtrbmb mc duz, n sc ibkbg pbrb mevemerdb pnr mns.
Cstns sng dns vbdnrcs mc dns pbsns anlpdctns pbrb db EQN;

B lâs scgseiedembm, lâs duz y lâs hrbgn
29:66 0=66 1966 2066 :66 =66 966 266 36
Sg pbsn B lcgns scgseiedembm, lcgns duz y lcgns hrbgn
Bquì dns vbdnrcs mc dns pbsns anlpdctns pbrb db vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg;
B lâs vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg lcgns duz
2/366s 2/936s 2/293s 2/06s 2/16s 2/23s 2/:s 2/=s 2/9s
Sg pbsn B lcgns vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg lâs duz
U, flgbdlcgtc, dns vbdnrcs mc dns pbsns anlpdctns pbrb db bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb;
B lcgnr bpcrturb, lcgns duz y lâs prnùgmembm mc ablpn
`/19 `/20 `/22 `/: `/3,0 `/= `/9,: `/9 `/2.=
Sg pbsn B lbynr bpcrturb, lâs duz y lcgns prnùgmembm mc ablpn

Dcy mc rcaeprnaembm
Db pnseiedembm mc nitcgcr ugb cxpnseaeñg anrrcatb cg emågteabs elâhcgcs, pcrn ang
bkustcs me`crcgtcs cs dn quc angnaclns anln dcy mc rcaeprnaembm. Niscrvb dns sehuecgtcs
vbdnrcs mc ugb elbhcg;
• EQN =66-`/9.:-2/06s
• EQN =66-`/=-2/16s
• EQN 966-`/9.:-2/16s
Dns trcs ckclpdns tc mbrìbg ugb cxpnseaeñg emågteablcgtc anrrcatb. ¾Dn vcs> Vucmcs
anlpcgsbr db cxpnseaeñg mc `nrlbs me`crcgtcs mcpcgmecgmn mcd rcsudtbmn quc mcsccs
nitcgcr cg abmb elbhcg? gn jby ugb ûgeab vcrseñg vâdemb, vâdemb, segn quc kuhbr ang db
anliegbaeñg mc dns bkustcs cs dn quc pcrletc dnhrbr db elbhcg cspcrbmb.
Bpdeabr cstb dcy cg `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb y ang dbrhbs cxpnseaengcs cs luy ûted. Vucmcs
jbacr tus prucibs, pnr ckclpdn, ang ug EQN
EQ N cxbhcrbmblcgtc bdtn pbrb rcmuaer cd teclpn
mc cxpnseaeñg. Sgb vcz quc tcghbs db cxpnseaeñg b tu hustn, anlpcgsb dns pbsns cgtrc
vcdnaembm mc cxpnseaeñg c EQN. Mc cstc lnmn bjnrrbrâs teclpn y ibtcrìb.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Hcgcssb Vbgbegtc.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 36ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/21s, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 23s, EQN 266
Anln vcs, db adbvc mcd åxetn mc aubdquecr `ntnhrb`ìb cstâ cg mnlegbr db duz,
duz, bprcgmcr b
lnmcdbrdb b tu bgtnkn, cg mcflgetevb, bprcgmcr dbs vbrebidcs mcd treâghudn mc cxpnseaeñg.
Qndn ang cstbs trcs vbrebidcs (bpcrturb, vcdnaembm, EQN) pucmcs angschuerdn tnmn?
aubdquecr tåageab, aubdquecr `ntn. Bsì quc, pnr luy anlpdeabmn quc tc pbrczab, gn tc
regmbs,
regmbs, mbdc dbs vucdtbs quc gcacsetcs jbstb quc dn cgtecgmbs (gn scrâg luajbs, gn tc
bsustcs ?) ).
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
Vrbateab cg absb ang tu
aâlbrb dns bkustcs iâseans
jbstb quc dns mnlegcs.
ABVÌ]SDN 3
Ntrns Angacptns @ntnhrâèans Ruc

Mcics Angnacr Vbrb Dnhrbr
Elâhcgcs Cspcatbaudbrcs mc @ntnhrb`ìb
Gnaturgb y Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg
Qe mnlegbgmn cd treâghudn mc cxpnseaeñg crcs abpbz

mc prbateabr aubdquecr tepn mc `ntnhrb`ìb, cstns gucvns
angacptns tc ddcvbrâg b rnzbr db pcr`caaeñg. Pblns b
cxpdeaârtcdns mc `nrlb luy scgaeddb, anln seclprc.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Adbytng Abdmwcdd.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 966, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/3, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 2/936s, EQN :66
YBX
YBX sehgeflab arumn cg eghdås, dn quc cquevbdc cg `ntnhrb`ìb b ugb elbhcg seg prnacsbr.
YBX
Aubgmn csanhcs ug `nrlbtn flgbd bd tnlbr tus elâhcgcs (KVCH, ]E@@ n cd quc scb quc
cdekbs), mcics tcgcr cg aucgtb quc db aâlbrb cstâ cmetbgmn tu elbhcg schûg ugns
pbrâlctrns prcmcflgemns pnr cddb mc angtrbstc, sbturbaeñg, dulegnsembm, ctaåtcrb.
Cs mcaer, cd trbibkn mc cmeaeñg dn mcaemc ugb lâquegb pnr te. Csn sehgeflab quc aubdquecr
cmeaeñg quc jbhbs b pnstcrenre, db rcbdezbs snirc ugb cmeaeñg prcveb.
¾U cstn quå sehgeflab>
ASEMBMN
Bd cmetbr ug brajevn KVCH, pnr ckclpdn, tu aâlbrb jb mcaememn
Bd angscrvbr luajb lâs quå pbrâlctrns angscrvbr y auâdcs cdelegbr. Vnr dn tbgtn,
eg`nrlbaeñg cg YBX quc
aubdquecr cmeaeñg gucvb `nrzbrâ db elbhcg, trbmuaeågmnsc cg
aubdquecr ntrn `nrlbtn, tu
elbhcg tblieåg pcsbrâ pårmemb mc abdembm.
ibstbgtc lâs. Bsì quc
bschûrbtc mc tcgcr ugb
iucgb tbrkctb mc lclnreb (n
lcknr vbrebs) ang suflaecgtc
abpbaembm.
Cg ablien, bd trbibkbr cg `nrlbtn YBX,

YBX, db aâlbrb gn tnlb geghugb mcaeseñg pnr te, segn
quc db angscrvb seg cmetbr (arumb) y seg anlpreler? cs mcaer, ang db lbynr abgtembm mc
eg`nrlbaeñg pnseidc.
Cstn tc pcrletc cmetbr ang luajn lcknr rcsudtbmn,

rcsudtbmn , yb quc crcs tû y sndn tû cd quc bpdeab
dns pbrâlctrns mc angtrbstc, sbturbaeñg, dulegnsembm, ctaåtcrb? pnr prelcrb vcz y schûg
tu hustn, seg `nrzbr db elbhcg y ang luajìseln lâs lbrhcg mc eg`nrlbaeñg.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Ibicdpjntnhrbpjy.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 28ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/9.:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; :/3s, E QN 266
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
Qe tc vcgac db pcrczb y
Ibdbgac mc idbgans
cmetbr gn seclprc cs dn
tuyn,, pucmcs prnibr db
tuyn Cd ibdbgac mc idbgans cs db tngbdembm mnlegbgtc mc ugb
npaeñg YBX+KVCH
YBX+KVCH,, quc `ntnhrb`ìb.
`ntnhrb`ìb. Vbrb pngcrtc râpemblcgtc cg setubaeñg, pecgsb cg
tc pcrletc angscrvbr cd
brajevn nrehegbd, pcrn b db
bqucddbs tìpeabs `ntnhrb`ìbs quc tnmns jclns tnlbmn bdhugb
vcz tc n`rcac db npaeñg mc vcz cg egtcrenrcs ang db duz cgacgmemb.
qucmbrtc ang db prnpucstb
mc tu aâlbrb.
¾Pcrmbm quc tc vecgc b db abiczb ugb elbhcg ang ug tngn bgbrbgkbmn> Vucs csn sc
mcic b db tclpcrbturb mcd andnr mc dbs dâlpbrbs mcd egtcrenr mc tu absb quc, cg cstc
absn, tecgcg ugb tngbdembm aâdemb (blbreddb n gbrbgkb).
Vcrn gn cs db ûgeab tngbdembm quc pnmclns cgangtrbr mnlegbgmn db elbhcg, cxestcg

tblieåg tngns gcutrns (anln, pnr ckclpdn, db duz mcd ﬉bsj n mc dbs jnrbs acgtrbdcs mcd
mìb) n `rìns (duz ﬉unrcsacgtc, snlirbs n lnlcgtns mcd mìb anln db jnrb bzud).
]nmbs cstbs tngbdembmcs quc bpnrtbg dbs me`crcgtcs duacs y quc teòcg db elbhcg gn
seclprc egtcrcsbg. Qndclns (pnr dn hcgcrbd) iusabr tngbdembmcs gcutrbs cg gucstrbs
`ntns.
U pbrb csn sc jb egvcgtbmn cd ibdbgac mc idbgans? pbrb anlpcgsbr csbs mnlegbgtcs.
Gnrlbdlcgtc cd ibdbgac mc idbgans vecgc rcprcscgtbmn pnr cstns sìlindns;
Dns andnrcs aâdemns anrrcspngmcg b dbs duacs mc tughstcgn (dbs tìpeabs mc egtcrenrcs, mcd
ùchn, vcdbs, blbgcacrcs, ctaåtcrb) y cstâg rcprcscgtbmbs cg db zngb ezquecrmb mc db
elbhcg. Cg db zngb acgtrbd mc db elbhcg, tecgcs db duz gcutrb anln dn cs db duz mcd ﬉bsj
n dbs jnrbs acgtrbdcs mcd mìb? b lcmemb quc sc bacrab b db zngb mcrcajb mcd csquclb,
sc rcprcscgtbg dbs duacs ang tngbdembmcs lâs `rìbs, anln pucmcg scr dns mìbs guidbmns
n dbs snlirbs.
Db `nrlb mc bkustbr cd ibdbgac mc idbgans pbrb nitcgcr tngbdembmcs gcutrbs cs,

selpdclcgtc, bpdeabrdc cd tngn angtrbren, cs mcaer,
mcaer, se tu elbhcg cs `rìb, bòbmerdc bdhn mc
abdemcz? y se cs mclbsebmn aâdemb, dc sulbrâs bdhn mc `rìn.
Cs anln aubgmn quecrcs mckbr tu ab`å ang dcajc tclpdbmn. Qe cstâ mclbsebmn abdecgtc,
dc bòbmcs bdhn mc dcajc `rìb y se cstâ mclbsebmn `rìn, bdhn mc dcajc abdecgtc ?). Luy `âaed.
Vbrb setubaengcs mngmc cd ibdbgac mc idbgans cs abliebgtc, rcanlcgmblns utedezbr

cd lnmn butnlâtean,
butnlâtean, yb quc cstc ùgaengb iecg cg db lbynrìb mc dbs setubaengcs. Cg
ablien, se db setubaeñg cs cstbidc, dn lcknr cs quc scdcaaengcs ug ibdbgac mc idbgans

sclebutnlâtean,
sclebutnlâtean, egmeabgmn b tu aâlbrb cg quå setubaeñg tc cgaucgtrbs.
cgaucgtrbs . Ycaucrmb quc
gn jby gbmec lcknr quc tû pbrb sbicr quå rcsudtbmn flgbd quecrcs.
Ntrb npaeñg cs pcrsngbdezbrdn ang db abrtb mc hrescs. Qe sbics mc quå vb cstupcgmn, se

gn cs cd absn, gn tc bhniecs pnr bjnrb. Cxestc ntrb snduaeñg pbrb ndvembrtc mcd ibdbgac
mc idbgans; trbibkbr cg YBX,
YBX, cd `nrlbtn quc tc jclns prcscgtbmn cg cd pugtn bgtcrenr.
bgtcrenr.
Bjnrb yb clpeczbs b vcrdc sus utedembmcs (y schuerâs veågmnscdbs b dn dbrhn mc tnmb cstb
puideabaeñg ?) ).
Jestnhrblb
Cd jestnhrblb cs mc csns angacptns btcrrbmnrcs mc dns quc prc`crelns pbsbr mc dbrhn bd
bmcgtrbrgns cg cd lugmn mc db `ntnhrb`ìb.
Arbsn crrnr, bugquc su gnlirc bsustc, pnrquc cs luy `âaed bprcgmcr b utedezbrdn y tc
prnpnraengbrâ hrbgmcs rcanlpcgsbs? tbg elpnrtbgtcs anln cd pnmcr mnlegbr db duz cg
tus elâhcgcs. Pcblns mc quå vb.
Sg jestnhrblb cs ugb hrâflab mc ibrrbs quc lucstrb db `rcaucgaeb ang db quc sc rcpetcg
aecrtns vbdnrcs.
Cd jestnhrblb sc mevemc cg ug ckc vcrteabd y cg ugn jnrezngtbd, y cg abmb ckc sc rcprcscgtb

ugb vbrebidc. Cg cd vcrteabd, sc rcprcscgtbg db abgtembm mc pìxcdcs?
pìxcdcs? cg cd jnrezngtbd, db
dulegnsembm.
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
Cg `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb y mc
dbrhb cxpnseaeñg, cs anlûg
tcgcr mnlegbgtcs mc andnr,
iecg mc duacs aâdembs mc
degtcrgbs, anajcs, ctaåtcrb? n
`rìbs, mc dbs cstrcddbs n db dugb.
Cs bdtblcgtc rcanlcgmbidc
quc trbibkcs cg YBX n ang
ug ibdbgac mc idbgans
scdcaaengbmn pnr te.
te .
Cs mcaer,
mcaer, tc lucstrb auâgtns pìxcdcs angtecgc db elbhcg mc abmb vbdnr dulìgean n, dn quc
cs dn lesln, auâg dulegnsns sng.
sng.
¾Añln sc dcc ug jestnhrblb>
Dccrdn cs luy scgaeddn. Qndn mcics sbicr quc b db ezquecrmb sc setûbg dbs snlirbs
(vbdnrcs nsaurns) y b db mcrcajb dbs duacs (vbdnrcs adbrns). Qe db lbynrìb mc eg`nrlbaeñg
sc angacgtrb cg db zngb ezquecrmb mc db hrâflab, qucrrâ mcaer quc tu elbhcg cs nsaurb.
• Vucmc scr nsaurb pregaepbdlcgtc pnr mns lntevns; pnrquc dn quc `ntnhrb`ìbs cs nsaurn
n gchrn (ug aecdn gnaturgn, pnr ckclpdn, n ug nikctn nsaurn cg `ngmn gchrn) n pnrquc
gn jbs cxpucstn iecg y b db elbhcg dc `bdtb duz.
Bd lerbr cd jestnhrblb, sbirâs, pnr dñheab, auâd mc dbs mns npaengcs cs tu absn.
• Cg db zngb mc duacs, dn lesln? se

se vcs quc sc bhndpbg bddì tnmns dns pìxcdcs,
pìxcdcs, pucmc
sehgeflabr quc cg tu elbhcg prcmnlegbg dns tngns adbrns n idbgans, n iecg quc cstâ
snirccxpucstb. Vbrb bvcrehubrdn, ibstb ang niscrvbr tu elbhcg y anlprnibr auâd cs
tu absn.
Qe tu csacgb tecgc tngns

t ngns adbrns, nsaurns y tngns egtcrlcmens, cstns mcicrìbg rc﬉ckbrsc cg
tu jestnhrblb lnstrbgmn eg`nrlbaeñg cg tnmb db hrâflab.
Qe, pnr cd angtrbren, cg tu elbhcg sndn jby tngns nsaurns, mcicrìbs vcr dns pìxcdcs
bhndpbmns b db ezquecrmb mcd jestnhrblb.
@egbdlcgtc, se tu elbhcg tecgc ugb lbynrìb mc tngns adbrns, cd angkugtn mc db

eg`nrlbaeñg sc bhndpbrâ cg db pbrtc mcrcajb. Qeg sehgeflabr, cg geghûg absn, quc cstb
cstå snirccxpucstb.
B angtegubaeñg, trcs elâhcgcs ang su jestnhrblb pbrb quc pucmbs bgbdezbrdbs y rcbdezbr
ugb anlpbrbaeñg.
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
Banstûlirbtc b rcvesbr cd
jestnhrblb. Cg `ntnhrb`ìb
gnaturgb sucdc angacgtrbrsc
b db ezquecrmb, cs gnrlbd,
bugquc prnaurb quc gn sc
sbdhb.
Ybghn megâlean
Cd rbghn megâlean cs db abpbaembm mc abptbr b db vcz dbs duacs y dbs snlirbs cg ugb
elbhcg. Sgb aâlbrb ang ug iucg rbghn megâlean sehgeflab quc pucmc abptbr b db vcz
dbs duacs y dbs snlirbs mc db csacgb ang rcdbtevn iucg rcsudtbmn? ugb ang ug rbghn
megâlean ibkn, quc gn pnmrâ jbacrdn, nidehbgmn b rcgugaebr b ugb mc dbs mns (duacs n
snlirbs).
Qchurn quc tc jb pbsbmn luajìselbs vcacs quc, pnr ckclpdn,

cg ug pbesbkc, mngmc quecrcs quc cd sucdn y cd aecdn tc qucmcg
anrrcatblcgtc cxpucstns, gn angsehucs quc csn suacmb, segn
quc nitecgcs n iecg ugb `ntn ang cd aecdn quclbmn n iecg
ugb ang cd sucdn nsaurn.
]YSAN
Bd lbrhcg mcd rbghn megâlean
quc tcghb tu aâlbrb, pucmcs
bulcgtbrdn ang tåageabs
anln cd irbaoctegh , n cd
usn mc fldtrns mc mchrbmbmn
gcutrn.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Ajcg-Ju.
Cd prnidclb bquì scrìb cd yb anlcgtbmn rbghn megâlean.

megâlean. Vnr luajn quc tû scbs
pcr`catblcgtc abpbz mc vcr db elbhcg iecg edulegbmb cg dns mns tepns mc duz, dn aecrtn
cs quc tu aâlbrb gn angsehuc prnacsbrdbs anrrcatblcgtc.
Cs pnr cddn pnr dn quc, luajbs vcacs, jbidblns mc cxpngcr pbrb dbs snlirbs n pbrb
dbs duacs rcgugaebgmn, cg aecrtb lcmemb, b nitcgcr ugb cxpnseaeñg anrrcatb cg ugb mc
dbs mns zngbs mc db elbhcg.
Db me`crcgaeb cgtrc duacs y snlirbs mc ug rbghn megâlean sc lemc cg pbsns. Aubgtns

lâs pbsns mc rbghn megâlean tcghb tu aâlbrb, luajn lcknr, quecrc mcaer quc snpnrtb
lcknr db me`crcgaeb cgtrc duacs y snlirbs.
Iudi
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
Cstumeb ang mctbddc cd Cd Lnmn Iudi, anln tc bmcdbgtâiblns cg cd abpìtudn 9, cs ugb
lbgubd mc egstruaaengcs mc `nrlb mc angtrndbr lbgubdlcgtc dbs vcdnaembmcs dcgtbs.
tu aâlbrb y prbateab. Gn cs Cs mcaer, gn tecgcs quc ang`nrlbrtc ang dbs vcdnaembmcs
dn lâs bangsckbidc pngcrsc
b trbstcbr dns intngcs b db
mc niturbaeñg quc suhecrc tu aâlbrb, segn quc tû mcaemcs
jnrb mc rcbdezbr db `ntn, y
lcgns mc gnajc.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Bdcxbgmcr Bgmrcws.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 9=ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/=, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 96s, EQN 0.=66
auâgmn sc birc y sc aecrrb cd niturbmnr. Ruc pucmc scr cg ug cspbaen mc 9 schugmns

n 3 legutns, pnr pngcr ug ckclpdn.
Cstn cs cspcaebdlcgtc elpnrtbgtc cg `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb y mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg,

cxpnseaeñg , yb quc
luajbs vcacs db vcdnaembm lìgelb mc db aâlbrb (quc sucdc rngmbr dns 16 schugmns)
rcsudtb egsuflaecgtc.
Cstc lnmn sc jbddb hcgcrbdlcgtc cg dbs vcdnaembmcs mc niturbaeñg y sucdc bpbrcacr

bd flgbdezbr db vcdnaembm lìgelb quc n`rcac db aâlbrb? mcspuås mc dns 16 schugmns
jbietubdcs.
Qe gn dn cgaucgtrbs, baumc bd lbgubd mc tu aâlbrb, pucmc quc cg db tuyb cstå cg ntrn

seten ?).
Mestbgaeb jepcr`nabd
Qe tc jbs egtcrcsbmn bdhugb vcz pnr db `ntnhrb`ìb mc pbesbkcs, cs luy pnseidc quc cstc
angacptn tc sucgc mc bdhûg lnmn, y tblieåg cs luy prnibidc quc jbybs pbsbmn mc
dbrhn pnr rcsudtbrtc bdhn
b dhn rciusabmn y anlpdckn. ]nmns
]nmns dn jclns jcajn ?).
Gn nistbgtc, db mestbgaeb jepcr`nabd cs luy ûted pbrb trbibkbr cg pbesbkcs, cspcaebdlcgtc

cg dns gnaturgns,
gnaturgns, mngmc sucdc scr anlpdeabmn (b vcacs elpnseidc) cg`nabr anrrcatblcgtc.
Cs bquì mngmc rcsemc cd scarctn mc db mestbgaeb jepcr`nabd pucs pcrletc lbxelezbr db
prnùgmembm mc ablpn y, pnr dn tbgtn, hrbaebs b cddb pnmclns angschuer cd lâxeln
pnseidc mc zngb cg`nabmb cg db elbhcg.
ASEMBMN
Vbrb bschurbr ug iucg
cg`nquc, jbz znnl cg db
pbgtbddb mc db aâlbrb y
bschûrbtc mc quc dn quc
quecrcs cg`nabmn dn cstâ. Cg
pcqucòetn tnmn tecgc lcknr
bspcatn y duchn cg absb
ddchbg dbs dblcgtbaengcs.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Bggec Geclbszyo.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 2:ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/2.:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 26s, E QN 2.066
¾Añln sc abdaudb>
Db mestbgaeb jepcr`nabd sc abdaudb b trbvås mc dns pbrâlctrns mc (gn bibgmngcs db dcaturb

jbstb cd flgbd, pnr `bvnr
`b vnr,, bugquc clpecacs b bsustbrtc ?) );
• Mestbgaeb `nabd mc gucstrn nikctevn cg absn mc quc scb ugb ñpteab flkb. Cg absn mc
quc scb ug znnl, mestbgaeb `nabd b db quc cgaubmrcs cg cd lnlcgtn mc abdaudbr db
mestbgaeb jepcr`nabd.
• Bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb quc utedeacs b db jnrb mc rcbdezbr db `ntn.
• Mestbgaeb b db quc sc cgaucgtrb cd lntevn b `ntnhrbflbr.

`ntnhrbflbr.
Qndn b lnmn eg`nrlbtevn, ang cstns pbrâlctrns emcgteflabmns sc abdaudb utedezbgmn db

sehuecgtc `ñrludb;
J<(`*`)(`*m)
Mngmc J cs db jepcr`nabd, @ db mestbgaeb `nabd, ` db bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb, y m cd aìraudn

mc angùseñg*.
Cspcrb, tc pcmìblns quc gn tc ùcrbs bûg ?). Db iucgb gnteaeb cs quc gn vbs b gcacsetbr
abdaudbmnrb, pbpcd y inde pbrb abdaudbrdb, ge sequecrb gcacsetbrâs sbicrtc db `ñrludb, crb
sndn pbrb quc vecrbs mc mngmc vcgìb. Vnrquc, pnr sucrtc, cxestcg bpdeabaengcs mc `âaed
baacsn cg Egtcrgct, anln Mn`lbstcr
Mn`lbstcr,, quc cs luy scgaeddb mc utedezbr y quc tc mbrâ db
mestbgaeb jepcr`nabd quc gcacsetcs cg abmb setubaeñg (cg cd abpìtudn 26 tc prcscgtbrclns
bdhugb lâs). Bquì pucmcs vcr ug ckclpdn mc añln ùgaengb Mn`lbstcr;
Bòbmecgmn tu lnmcdn mc aâlbrb, db mestbgaeb `nabd, db bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb y db mestbgaeb

b db quc sc cgaucgtrb bqucddn quc quecrcs `ntnhrbflbr, butnlâteablcgtc tc n`rcacrâ cd
vbdnr mc mestbgaeb jepcr`nabd, quc cs mngmc gcacsetbs cg`nabr pbrb angschuer db lbynr
prnùgmembm mc ablpn pnseidc.
Cg cstc absn cg angarctn, cs mc 2=,2l. Cs mcaer, cs b 2=,2l mngmc mcics cg`nabr y cs b

cstb mestbgaeb mngmc angschuerâs cxpreler bd lâxeln db prnùgmembm mc ablpn mc tu
csacgb.
Niscrvb mctcgemblcgtc cd sehuecgtc hrâflan cxpdeabtevn;
*Cs cd tblbòn lâxeln quc mcic tcgcr ug pugtn inrrnsn cg db elbhcg cg cd scgsnr mc db aâlbrb pbrb quc cd niscrvbmnr pucmb vcrdn gìtemn cg db elbhcg flgbd.
Cg prelcr duhbr,
duhbr, pucmcs vcr db prnùgmembm mc ablpn quc tcgmrìbs cg`nabgmn mercatblcgtc
bd sukctn csanhemn, setubmn b 26l.
Cg ablien, bibkn, pucmcs vcr db prnùgmembm mc ablpn rcsudtbgtc mc bpdeabr cd `nan cg

db mestbgaeb jepcr`nabd. Bd bpdeabrdb angsehucs quc tnmb db elbhcg bpbrczab cg `nan
mcsmc db letbm mcd vbdnr mc db jepcr`nabd jbstb cd egflgetn.
egflgetn .
Gn cstâ gbmb lbd, ¾cj> Cstn seclprc cs bsì, scb auâd scb cd vbdnr mc mestbgaeb jepcr`nabd
quc tcghbs. Dn quc sehgeflab quc, utedezbgmn cstc vbdnr, tcgmrâs ugb zngb cg`nabmb quc
erâ mcsmc db letbm cxbatb mcd vbdnr mc db jepcr`nabd jbstb cd egflgetn.
egflgetn . Qe bquì cd vbdnr mc
jepcr`nabd crb 2=,2l, db zngb cg`nabmb scrâ db quc sc setûc cgtrc db letbm mc cstc vbdnr
(8,63l cg cstc absn) jbstb cd egflgetn.
Pestn bsì gn cs tbg anlpdeabmn, ¾vcrmbm> ]c

]c bgelblns b quc
db pnghbs cg prâateab b pbrter mc jny lesln, vcrâs añln tc cs
YCANLCGMBAEÑG mc luajìselb byumb pbrb tus pbesbkcs gnaturgns (n meurgns
Stedezb seclprc db mestbgaeb ?) ).
jepcr`nabd pbrb bulcgtbr
bd lâxeln db prnùgmembm
mc ablpn mc tu elbhcg.
—¾U añln cg`nan mc gnajc se gn sc vc gbmb>“ Cstb cs ugb prchugtb quc surhc tbrmc n
tclprbgn. Cxestcg mns snduaengcs;
2. Edulegbr ang db degtcrgb mngmc quecrcs cg`nabr.

cg`nabr. ]u
]u banlpbòbgtc pucmc andnabrsc
andnabrsc b
csb mestbgaeb ang db degtcrgb y bmeñs prnidclb.
9. Vucmcs cg`nabr b db leslb mestbgaeb pcrn

pcrn cg ntrb mercaaeñg cg ug pugtn quc sì
sì cstå
edulegbmn. Sgb vcz tcghbs cd `nan, pbsb cd cg`nquc b lbgubd y vucdvc b cgaubmrbr.
]u aâlbrb gn cgtecgmc mc lntevns, segn mc mestbgaebs.
Mcspuås mc cstc abpìtudn mc angacptns `ntnhrâflans, sbiclns quc tc pucmc cd bgseb pnr
dnhrbr tus prelcrbs `ntnhrb`ìbs lâheabs. Qeg clibrhn, mciclns pcmertc bdhn mc pbaecgaeb.
Qe gn jbs emn prbateabgmn ugn b ugn y bseledbgmn db eg`nrlbaeñg, tc rcanlcgmblns
cgabrcaemblcgtc quc, bgtcs mc prnschuer db dcaturb, tc tnlcs ugb pbusb pbrb egtcrenrezbr
tnmns cstns angnaelecgtns quc tc jclns n`rcaemn jbstb bjnrb.
Qe iecg cs db pbrtc lcgns mevcrtemb mc db `ntnhrb`ìb, sng bspcatns quc pucmcg lbrabr db
me`crcgaeb y bjnrrbrtc luajns qucirbmcrns mc abiczb mcspuås.
ABVÌ]SDN 0
Añln Anlpngcr ]us

@ntns Vbrb Elprcsengbr
b tu Vûidean
Lecgtrbs luajns `ntñhrb`ns angacgtrbg tnmns sus
csùcrzns cg bmquerer ug cquepn lcknr pbrb dnhrbr `ntns
lâs elpbatbgtcs, ntrns yb jbg mcsauiecrtn cd scarctn.
Sgb vcz mnlegbmb db duz, cd rcaursn pnr cxacdcgaeb cg
`ntnhrb`ìb, gns tnab mcsvcdbrtc ntrb jcrrblecgtb ang
db quc aucgtbs, ugb quc cs hrbtes, quc gn pcsb, quc
ddcvbs seclprc angtehn y quc cs abpbz mc anlpcter ang
aubdquecr tcagndnhìb. ¾Ruecrcs angnacrdb
angnacrdb>>
Cstb jcrrblecgtb sc ddblb anlpnseaeñg. Qe bprcgmcs cd brtc mc anlpngcr,

anlpngcr, tus `ntnhrb`ìbs
hbgbrâg cg elpbatn. ]c lctcrâs bd pûidean cg cd indseddn y ug pnan mc ruemn n egadusn
`bdtb mc getemcz, pnr ckclpdn, pnmrâg mckbr mc scr ug prnidclb, pucs tus `ntnhrb`ìbs
scrâg luy pntcgtcs. Ang lâs cscgaeb. Ang lâs hbgajn.
Pcblns añln pucmcs anlpngcr tus elâhcgcs, scbg gnaturgbs n mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg,
pbrb quc tu pûidean pbsc mc lerbrdbs b bmlerbrdbs? pbrb quc veirc ang abmb ugb mc cddbs
tbgtn anln tû bd bprctbr cd intñg mc mespbrn.
Ychdbs
Anlcgaclns pnr dbs rchdbs mc anlpnseaeñg. Qe iecg bd flgbd mcd abpìtudn tc
rcanlcgmbrclns sbdtârtcdbs, mcics angnacrdbs iecg pnrquc dn gnrlbd cs quc dbs
bpdequcs y quc aubgmn gn dbs sehbs scb ang ugb egtcgaeñg luy angarctb. Mc dn angtrbren
sc gntbrâ y tu elbhcg pcrmcrâ luajb ùcrzb.
Ychdb mc dns tcraens
Bugquc, gnrlbdlcgtc y mc `nrlb gbturbd, tcgmclns b setubr dns cdclcgtns cg cd acgtrn

pbrb mbrdc elpnrtbgaeb, cg `ntnhrb`ìb cstn gn seclprc ùgaengb iecg. ]nmn lntevn quc
andnqucs cg cd acgtrn sucdc pcrmcr egtcrås.
B pbrter mc bquì egtrnmuaelns db rchdb mc dns tcraens quc suhecrc andnabr bd prntbhngestb
cg ugn mc dns pugtns mc ùcrtcs mc db elbhcg pucs, b gucstrn acrcirn, cstc tepn mc
`ntnhrb`ìbs dc pbrcacg lâs cquedeirbmbs y dc btrbcg lâs.
Dns pugtns ùcrtcs sc anrrcspngmcg ang dns pugtns mc egtcrscaaeñg quc rcsudtbg mc
mevemer ugb elbhcg ang mns dìgcbs vcrteabdcs y mns jnrezngtbdcs. Lcknr dn vclns ang ug
ckclpdn.
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
Qe egaduycs ug cdclcgtn
scaugmbren cg cd cgaubmrc,
andñabdn cg cd pugtn mc db
mebhngbd npucstb.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Vno Yec.
Dcy mcd jnrezngtc
Qehuecgmn ang db rchdb mc dns tcraens, mc cddb pnmclns tblieåg cxtrbcr db sehuecgtc
rchdb, db dcy mcd jnrezngtc. Qchûg cstb gnrlb, pbrb ntnrhbrdc lbynr prntbhngesln b db
pbrtc lâs egtcrcsbgtc mc db elbhcg, sc rcanlecgmb andnabr cd jnrezngtc cg ugb mc dbs
dìgcbs mevesnrebs, y gn cg cd acgtrn.
Vnghblns ug ckclpdn; aucgtbs ang ug aecdn luy pdbgn (quc cs dn lesln quc biurremn)
cg ug pbesbkc cspcatbaudbr,
cspcatbaudbr, anln ugb absabmb, ug lbr scmnsn n ug ablpn mc dbvbgmbs
gnaturgn, ¾b quå arccs quc mcicrìbs acmcrdc lâs pbrtc mc db elbhcg> Bd aecdn gn,
¾vcrmbm> Cxbatn. Vnr cd angtrbren, se dn quc tecgcs cs ug aecdn cstrcddbmn n rcpdctn mc
guics cg lnvelecgtn pnr db dbrhb cxpnseaeñg, dn gnrlbd cs quc sì dc angacmbs db lbynr
pbrtc mcd cspbaen.
Dcy mcd lnvelecgtn
Mercatblcgtc rcdbaengbmb ang db dcy mc db lerbmb cg rctrbtn, cstb gnrlb suhecrc mckbr
lâs cspbaen cg db mercaaeñg cg db quc sc lucvc ug sukctn. U cs quc gn pnmclns cvetbr
gucstrb gbturbdczb aurensb, gns egtcrcsb lâs sbicr jbaeb mñgmc sc merehc quc mc mñgmc
prnvecgc.
—Dn lâs elpnrtbgtc gn cs db

aâlbrb, segn cd nkn.“
Bd`rcm Cescgstbcmt
Acgtrn mc egtcrås
Sgb vcz cstbidcaembs dbs gnrlbs, vblns b pngcr mc lbgeflcstn db gcacsembm mc tcgcr ug
acgtrn mc egtcrås cg ugb `ntnhrb`ìb. Qcrâ tu prntbhngestb, tu cdclcgtn pregaepbd mngmc cd
cspcatbmnr babibrâ merehecgmn db lerbmb. Cs cd lntevn quc uieabrâs, gnrlbdlcgtc, cg
dns pugtns ùcrtcs mc db elbhcg quc jclns anlcgtbmn ug pnan lâs brreib.
Cstc pucmc scr mcsmc ugb rnab jbstb db dugb, pbsbgmn pnr ugb rblb, ug anajc edulegbmn
n ugb absabmb. ]blieåg
]blieåg pucmc scr ug hrupn mc cdclcgtns. U gn elpnrtb su tblbòn, segn
quc qucmc adbrn quc cs cd pugtn acgtrbd mc db elbhcg. Mngmc db lerbmb mcsabgsb.
mcsabgsb. Cd
pregaepen y cd flg mc ug pbscn vesubd pnr tu `ntnhrb`ìb.
Vbrb mcstbabrdn aucgtbs ang db rchdb mc dns tcraens quc babiblns mc prcscgtbrtc, cd
cgaubmrc gbturbd, dbs dìgcbs n cd angtrbstc, quc dns erclns vecgmn cg cstc abpìtudn cgtrc
ntrns rcaursns anlpnsetevns.
Cgaubmrc gbturbd
Cd cgaubmrc gbturbd cs ugb `nrlb mc pngcrdc ug lbran bd acgtrn mc egtcrås. U anln su
gnlirc egmeab, mc lbgcrb gbturbd. Qc trbtb mc andnabrdn mcgtrn mc ntrn cdclcgtn quc
sc cgaucgtrc cg db csacgb. Sgb `nrlb mc ntnrhbrdc lbynr elpnrtbgaeb y mc angmuaer db
lerbmb jbstb åd.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Duab Leajcde.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 90ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/:.6, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/96s, EQN 266
¾U seclprc tecgcs quc cglbrabr b tu lntevn> Vnr supucstn quc gn, cs sndn ug rcaursn
c`catevn lâs ang cd quc kuhbr.
Vrnùgmembm
Sgb npaeñg pbrb bòbmer prnùgmembm b db elbhcg cs b trbvås mc dns nikctevns. Lecgtrbs
quc, anln iecg tc angtâiblns cg cd abpìtudn 9, ug tcdcnikctevn bpdbgb, cs mcaer,
mcaer, prnvnab
db scgsbaeñg mc quc dns mestegtns pdbgns mc db elbhcg cstâg lâs acrab mc dn quc cstâg,
ug bghudbr egarclcgtb db scgsbaeñg mc prnùgmembm.
Aubgmn prctcgmbs quc tu cspcatbmnr arcb cstbr mcgtrn mc ug pbesbkc n mc ugb csacgb,
pucmcs utedezbr ug hrbg bghudbr n egaduer mcgtrn mcd cgaubmrc cdclcgtns cg dns mestegtns
pdbgns; cg ug prelcr pdbgn, cg cd pdbgn lcmen y cg cd pdbgn mcd `ngmn.
Qe gns flkblns cg db elbhcg mcd `brn, lâs bddâ mcd rcsudtbmn cståtean, se su butnr gn
juiecrb egaduemn dbs rnabs mcd prelcr pdbgn, db csacgb jbirìb pcrmemn cg prnùgmembm,
gns pbrcacrìb lâs dckbgb. U gn sndn cg aubgtn b cspbaen sc rcflcrc, segn bd jcajn mc
pnmcr lctcrtc mcgtrn mc cddb. Ang dbs rnabs pucmcs tcgcr db scgsbaeñg mc cstbr snirc
cddbs, angtclpdbgmn cd pbesbkc mcsmc csc lesln duhbr, gn b trbvås mc ugb pbgtbddb n ug
pbpcd, ¾gn arccs>
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Cvcrbdmn Ancdjn.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 91ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/5.6, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg ==s, EQN 966
Vbgnrâleab
Db lbynrìb mc dbs `ntns quc rcbdezbrâs mc gnajc n mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg scrâg pbesbkcs,
pnr csn tc angvecgc tcgcr cg aucgtb db pbgnrâleab. Mc cstb lbgcrb, pnmrâs egaduer ugb
cxtcgseñg mc pbesbkc luajn lbynr y trbgsleter db scgsbaeñg mc eglcgsembm quc cstâs
vevecgmn cg csc egstbgtc. N, selpdclcgtc, egaduer tnmb db csacgb quc mcscbs y quc cg ug
cgaubmrc gnrlbd kblâs pnmrìbs. Qc pucmc dnhrbr mc vbrebs `nrlbs;
2. Lcmebgtc db npaeñg quc n`rcacg bdhugbs aâlbrbs mc mespbrbr mercatblcgtc cg

`nrlbtn pbgnrâlean.
9. Ang ug pnstcrenr rcanrtc b db jnrb mc cmetbr.

cmetbr.
1. Ycbdezbgmn vbrebs `ntnhrb`ìbs y ugeågmndbs ang ug prnhrblb

prnhrblb mc cmeaeñg. Qeg mumb,
cstb ûdtelb cs db lcknr npaeñg, pcrn tblieåg db lâs anlpdckb b gevcd mc ckcauaeñg.
¾Elpnseidc>
¾Elpnseidc> Vnr supucstn quc gn, ¾quå lcknr quc ug rctn pbrb bprcgmcr y supcrbrsc
b ugn lesln ang dn quc lâs dc hustb>
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Vcmrn Dbstrb.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 91.1ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/1.9, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/96s, EQN 2.066
Bgtcs mc pbsbr bd sehuecgtc rcaursn, mciclns rcanrmbrtc quc dbs pbgnrâleabs cxestcg
tbgtn cg `nrlbtn vcrteabd anln cg jnrezngtbd. Cd vcrteabd tc pucmc vcger luy iecg pbrb
`ntnhrbflbr absabmbs, ug rbsabaecdns, ctaåtcrb.
Dìgcbs
Dbs dìgcbs rcsudtbg ug anlpngcgtc anlpnsetevn luy ùcrtc. Qng angmuatnrbs mc db
lerbmb y tblieåg pucmcg scr prntbhngestbs pnr sì leslbs.
Bmclâs, byumbg b mcspcrtbr clnaengcs.
clnaengcs.
YCANLCGMBAEÑG Dbs vcrteabdcs tecgcg lâs ùcrzb, dbs jnrezngtbdcs cvnabg

abdlb, dbs mebhngbdcs arcbg tcgseñg y dbs aurvbs cg —Q“ sng
Qe gugab jbs rcbdezbmn ugb
pbgnrâleab, tc rcanlcgmb-
cdchbgtcs y scmuatnrbs.
lns quc dcbs cstc anlpdctn
brtìaudn mcd idnh.
Egaduyc dìgcbs cg tu pbesbkc gnaturgn n cg tu `ntnhrb`ìb mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg pbrb huebr db

lerbmb jbstb cd acgtrn mc egtcrås, anln cg db elbhcg mcd rbyn.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Cled Kbr`cdt.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 2:ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/=.6, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 16s, EQN 266
Qelctrìb
Dbs elâhcgcs selåtreabs cvnabg brlngìb, sng rcdbkbgtcs y btrbatevbs bd nkn. Bugquc
tblieåg pucmcg rcsudtbr pcdehrnsblcgtc biurrembs.
Cgaucgtrb selctrìbs cg arestbdcs n csabpbrbtcs mcgtrn mc dbs zngbs uribgbs n cg cd bhub

mc tus pbesbkcs. Yìns, ajbrans, cd lbr, ug dbhn, ctaåtcrb, sc angvcrterâg cg tu nikctn mc
mcscn cg gulcrnsbs nabsengcs.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Ynicrtn Geaosng.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 20ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/9.: vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/96s, EQN 266
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Inres Qtc`bgeo.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 13ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/26, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2,3s, EQN 36
Angtrbstc
Cxestc bdhn quc abptb db lerbmb mc `nrlb egcvetbidc, cd angtrbstc. Dns angtrbstcs hustbg,
btrbcg, mcspecrtbg lcgtcs mnrlembs. Vucmcg scr mc andnr, mc `nrlb, mc tclb n mc
edulegbaeñg.
Aubgmn rcbdeacs tus `ntnhrb`ìbs gnaturgbs pucmcs arcbr tu elbhcg b pbrter mcd angtrbstc
mc duacs y snlirbs. Andnabr b tu lntevn kustn cg db ûgeab zngb edulegbmb, utedezbr ug
duhbr edulegbmn cg db nsaurembm anln pugtn mc
m c egtcrås, ctaåtcrb.
Bmclâs, tblieåg tecgcs db npaeñg mc utedezbr dns angtrbstcs mc lnvelecgtn y quectum cg

db dbrhb cxpnseaeñg.
Andnr
Dbs anlpnseaengcs ibsbmbs cg cd andnr pucmcg scr mc mns tepns; kuhbgmn ang db brlngìb
mc andnrcs n ang cd angtrbstc.
angtrbstc.
Babiblns mc jbidbr mcd angtrbstc y mc añln pucmcs utedezbrdn cg tus `ntns,

` ntns, db elbhcg mc
db pucrtb mcd jntcd servc tblieåg
t blieåg mc ckclpdn cg cstc absn. Dns andnrcs anlpdclcgtbrens
sng dns quc lcknr pucmcs utedezbr b db jnrb mc abpturbr angtrbstcs arnlâteans.
Vnr ntrn dbmn, se iusabs brlngìb pbrb, pnr ckclpdn, byumbrtc b trbgsleter scgsbaengcs lâs
abdlbmbs, utedezb mestegtns tngns mc db leslb hblb arnlâteab. Cstn b vcacs cs pnseidc
abliebgmn mc âghudn, bacraâgmntc lâs, anrtbgmn pnr cd duhbr bmcaubmn n cdehecgmn db
jnrb bprnpebmb pbrb bprnvcajbr dbs tngbdembmcs mnlegbgtcs mc db duz ?).
Vbtrngcs
Aubgmn ug cdclcgtn sc rcpetc b dn dbrhn mc ugb elbhcg sucdc scr bhrbmbidc pbrb cd
cspcatbmnr,
cspcatbmnr, pucs dbs setubaengcs prcveseidcs gns rcsudtbg lâs
scgaeddbs. Cstc c`catn sc angnac anln pbtrñg.
]YSAN
Db `nrlb cg quc sc mespngcg n abpturbg cstns cdclcgtns
Egaduyc ug cdclcgtn quc rcpctemns pucmc lbrabr cd retln mc db `ntnhrb`ìb. Iecg lâs
rnlpb db selctrìb pbrb dcgtn, iecg lâs râpemn.
quc tu elbhcg mc rc﬉ckns
tcghb lâs megblesln y
pntcgaeb vesubd.
Cd recshn surhc cg db leslb prcveseiedembm, pucs pucmc rcsudtbr biurremb y lngñtngb,

anln db selctrìb. Vnr cddn, gcacsetbs cgangtrbr ug cdclcgtn quc rnlpb cd retln pbrb
mcspcrtbr cd egtcrås y acgtrbr db btcgaeñg cg åd.
Vucmcs arcbr retln ang trcs n lâs cdclcgtns. U dns pbtrngcs dns cgangtrbrâs cg
aubdquecr duhbr, cg db gbturbdczb n cg db aeumbm. Qndn tecgcs quc birer iecg dns nkns y tc
snrprcgmcrâs.
Vcrspcatevb
Vrcstb luajb btcgaeñg b cstc rcaursn pnrquc cs eg`bdeidc. ]bd vcz db jcrrblecgtb lâs
pntcgtc quc tcghbs pbrb me`crcgaebrtc mcd rcstn mc `ntñhrb`ns quc jbybg pbsbmn pnr cd
lesln duhbr n `ntnhrbflbmn csc lesln lntevn.
Kuhbr ang db pcrspcatevb pcrletc blpdebr tu arcbtevembm jbstb dìletcs egsnspcajbmns.

Iusab âghudns me`crcgtcs, pcrspcatevbs egusubdcs quc sc bdckcg mcd ablpn mc veseñg
julbgn. Mc cstb `nrlb tc bschurbrâs mc quc db lerbmb sc snrprcgmb, secgtb aurensembm
pnr tu elbhcg y quecrb qucmbrsc b cxpdnrbrdb.
Legelbdesln
Ruc cd legelbdesln cstâ mc lnmb gn cs gnvcmbm. Sgb `nrlb mc vemb n ug cstedn
`ntnhrâflan, dn secgtbs anln dn secgtbs, pucmcs bprnvcajbrdn cg tus `ntns pbrb mcstbabr
tu acgtrn mc egtcrås n trbgsleter abdlb y nrmcg cg ug lugmn mc abns.
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
Qe cs db prelcrb vcz quc
nycs jbidbr mc retln cg cd
âlietn mc db `ntnhrb`ìb, tc
rcanlcgmblns quc dcbs
cstc brtìaudn mcd idnh.
Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg :6
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Jbrde Lbrtcg.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; =0ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/22.6, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 21s, EQN 966
Cdclcgtn julbgn
Sg pbgnrblb gnaturgn n mc mìb ang c`catn scmnsn mcd bhub, abptbgmn cd lnvelecgtn
mc dbs guics, ctaåtcrb, pucmc scr rcbdlcgtc cspcatbaudbr.
cspcatbaudbr. Bugquc tblieåg angddcvb ug
pcqucòn recshn, quc cd cspcatbmnr gn clpbteac, quc gn secgtb angcxeñg ang db csacgb.
Cs luy `âaed vegaudbrsc ang ug pbesbkc aubgmn cstâs cg åd, pcrn b trbvås mc ugb `ntn…
¾cs dn lesln> Cg bisndutn. Ablieb luajìseln. @bdtbg dns ndnrcs, dbs scgsbaengcs, dns
sngemns, ctaåtcrb.
Cxestc ug truan pbrb quc cd pûidean secgtb csb angcxeñg ang tu `ntnhrb`ìb. Qc trbtb mc egaduer
ug cdclcgtn julbgn cg db csacgb. ]c ]c byumbrâ b quc cd cspcatbmnr sc emcgteflquc (snlns
julbgns y gn pnmclns rclcmebrdn)? b lnstrbr db csabdb mc dn quc cstâs `ntnhrbflbgmn?
b kuhbr ang cd lnvelecgtn `rcgtc b cdclcgtns cstâteans y luajn lâs.
Gn sehgeflab quc dn tcghbs quc clpdcbr seclprc cg tus `ntnhrb`ìbs gnaturgbs n mc dbrhb
cxpnseaeñg, pnr supucstn. Dn quc sì cs elpnrtbgtc cs quc dn angnzabs y bprcgmbs b
mcsae`rbr auâgmn tc angvecgc egaduerdn.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Nl Vrbobsj Qctjeb.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 2:ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/99.6, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2s, EQN 266
Idbgan y gchrn
Ddcvblns tnmn cd abpìtudn jbidbgmn mc truans mc anlpnseaeñg y gn pnmclns ndvembrgns
mcd idbgan y gchrn. U gn cs quc scb ug rcaursn anlpnsetevn anln tbd, segn quc db
`ntnhrb`ìb cg idbgan y gchrn, quc bquì tblieåg tecgc abiemb, pnr supucstn, rcquecrc mc
ugns lelns cspcaebdcs cg aubgtn b anlpnseaeñg sc rcflcrc. Vnr cddn db egaduelns cg cstc
abpìtudn.
Aubgmn iusqucs ugb `ntnhrb`ìb cg idbgan y gchrn, tcgmrâs quc pngcr cspcaebd btcgaeñg,
pucs gn jby andnrcs quc trbgsletbg lcgsbkcs, quc trbibkcg anln prntbhngestbs n quc
merekbg db lerbmb bd acgtrn mc egtcrås. ]nmb db rcspngsbiedembm rcabc cg db `nrlb cg db
quc andnqucs dns cdclcgtns mcgtrn mcd cgaubmrc n cg db jestnreb.
Mcics sbicr quc cg idbgan y gchrn ùgaengbg luy iecg dns pbtrngcs, dbs dìgcbs, dns
angtrbstcs mc duacs y snlirbs y cd legelbdesln. Cstns sng dns rcaursns quc lcknr tc
byumbrâg b db jnrb mc anlpngcr tu `ntnhrb`ìb cg idbgan y gchrn. ]cgdns
]cgdns luy, pcrn quc
luy, prcscgtcs y anliìgbdns se dn arccs angvcgecgtc.
Clnaengcs
¾U quå tecgcg quc vcr bquì dbs clnaengcs> Gbmb y tnmn. Pcblns. ]u `ntnhrb`ìb jb mc
tcgcr ug flg. Cstâ luy iecg quc tc angacgtrcs cg db tåageab, pcrn ¾quå quecrcs angtbr>
¾Ruecrcs trbgsleter ug lcgsbkc> ¾Angtbr ugb jestnreb> ¾N tbd vcz mcspcrtbr ugb clnaeñg>
]nmbs cstbs npaengcs sng vâdembs. U b cddbs pucmcs ddchbr b trbvås mc db duz, mcd andnr,
mc db csacgb n mc db `nrlb cg quc anlpnghbs tu elbhcg.
Vucmcs jbidbr mc sndcmbm, mc abdlb, mc erb, ctaåtcrb, cg ùgaeñg mcd pbesbkc quc abpturcs
(y añln) n mc añln andnqucs dns cdclcgtns. ]ecgcs db npaeñg mc trbgsleter abns n egadusn
bghusteb se tc sbdtbs db dcy mcd lnvelecgtn? n egaetbr b db abdlb trbshrcmecgmn db gnrlb
mcd jnrezngtc. Dn quc gns ddcvb bd sehuecgtc pugtn. Qeg clibrhn, dn quc gn servc mc gbmb
cs quc mckcs ugb `ntn vbaìb, seg bdlb, seg lcgsbkc n clnaeñg, pnr luy iecg ckcautbmb
quc cstå b gevcd tåagean.
Qbdtbr dbs gnrlbs

Sgb vcz quc angnacs tnmbs cstbs rchdbs, gnrlbs, suhcrcgaebs y mclâs, y sbics
bpdeabrdbs, cs jnrb mc quc tc ndvemcs mc cddbs mc vcz cg aubgmn.
Mcics scr abpbz mc mesacrger auâgmn tu elbhcg hbgb ang cddbs n cs lcknr bpdeabr tu deirc
aretcren arcbtevn pbrb dnhrbr cvnabr db clnaeñg quc cdekbs n trbgsleter tu lcgsbkc.
Db `ntnhrb`ìb cs brtc y anln tbd pcrletc aubdquecr deacgaeb. Qe tecgcs ug flg cståtean,

ug lcgsbkc n ugb jestnreb quc lcrcac ugb trbgshrcseñg mc gnrlbs, bmcdbgtc. Cg csn
angsestc cd brtc. ¡Cxpråsbtc!
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Qwcct E ac Arcbl Vjntnhrbpjy.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 9=ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/20.6, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 16s, EQN 36
Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg :=
Cstns rcaursns anlpnsetevns quc jclns vestn b dn dbrhn mcd abpìtudn dns pucmcs anliegbr
cgtrc cddns pbrb dnhrbr ug lbynr elpbatn. N utedezbrdns mc `nrlb egmcpcgmecgtc.
Mcpcgmcrâ mc quå cs dn quc mcscbs trbgsleter, mc db csacgb n mcd lnlcgtn. Anln
brtestb tcgmrâs quc mcaemer quå y auâgmn bpdeabr abmb ugn mc cddns. U auâgmn sbdtbrtc dbs
gnrlbs, pnrquc sì, yb tc dn jclns meajn, pucmcs y ¡mcics jbacrdn!
Bjnrb sbd y anlpñg tu `ntn. Arcb lûseab ang tu aâlbrb.
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
¾Angnacs gucstrn cinno
Anlpnseaeñg Vbrb Sgb
@ntnhrb`ìb Ddcgb mc Pemb>
Pemb>
ABVÌ]SDN 8
Angsckns Vbrb Sgb

Cspcatbaudbr @ntnhrb`ìb
mc...
Mcsmc anghcdbr ug rcdâlpbhn, meiukbr ang cd
lnvelecgtn, pdbslbr cd ablegn mc dbs cstrcddbs n mc dns
`brns mc ug anajc, trbgs`nrlbr cd bhub cg scmb, pegtbr
ang duz, n dn quc sc tc naurrb. ]nmn cs pnseidc.
¾Gn gns arccs> ]c dn mclnstrblns b angtegubaeñg, birc
iecg dns nkns pnrquc tc vblns b snrprcgmcr ?).
Cs bsnlirnsn cd lugmn mc pnseiedembmcs quc sc tc

t c birc bd mnlegbr db tåageab `ntnhrâflab?
pbrcac lcgterb quc ang aubtrn bpugtcs iâseans pucmbs mbr ug hern tbg bisndutblcgtc
`bsaegbgtc b tus elâhcgcs.
Vcrn dn aecrtn cs quc cs bsì. Ang prâateab, pnr supucstn, y bdhn mc tcnrìb anln db quc tc
jclns n`rcaemn, pucmcs bpnmcrbrtc mc tnmb db lbheb c er tbg dckns anln tu elbhegbaeñg
tc pcrletb.
Jbstb bjnrb, jclns jbidbmn mc db pbrtc tåageab prcveb gcacsbreb pbrb mbr recgmb sucdtb b
tu arcbtevembm. Jclns cxpdeabmn
cxpdeabm n quå gcacsetbs pbrb mnlegbr db vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg n
db prnùgmembm mc ablpn, añln pucmcs
puc mcs angtrndbr cd tngn mc db elbhcg ang cd ibdbgac
ib dbgac mc
idbgans n añln anlprnibr se cstâ iecg cxpucstb
cxpu cstb ang cd jestnhrblb. ]blieåg
]blieåg tc dn jclns
angtbmn tnmn snirc quå tepn mc lbtcrebd
lbtcreb d gcacsetbs y pnr quå, y snirc añln anlpngcr tus
elâhcgcs pbrb clicdcsbr bd pûidean.
]nmn cddn gn cs lâs quc ug pbsn prcven pbrb bdabgzbr pnr flg db pbrtc arcbtevb mc
db `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb y mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg. Cg cstc abpìtudn tc mbrclns angsckns
cspcaìflans pbrb luajbs mc dbs `ntnhrb`ìbs quc tc jclns emn gnlirbgmn y prcscgtbgmn.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc 20:2332.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 26ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/2=, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 23s, EQN 266
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Gbtjbg Bgmcrsng.
Bhub ang c`catn scmnsn

Qe tc hustb db `ntnhrb`ìb mc pbesbkc, quc prcsupngclns quc sì, db `ntnhrb`ìb mc bhub ang
c`catn scmb cs ug lnmn `bsaegbgtc mc bulcgtbr cd egtcrås y db icddczb mc tu elbhcg.
Qchurn quc lâs mc ugb vcz jbs bduaegbmn mcdbgtc mc bdhugb elbhcg mcd btbrmcacr cg
ugb pdbyb, n mc ugb absabmb, cg dbs quc cd bhub sc jb angvcrtemn cg ugb cspcaec mc
lâheab irulb, cg ugb tcxturb bsnlirnsblcgtc scmnsb.
Cstc cs cd c`catn quc trbtbrclns cg cstc bpbrtbmn y quc angschuerâs sehuecgmn pbsn b
pbsn gucstrbs egmeabaengcs.
Lbtcrebd
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
• Gcacsetbrâs ug fldtrn mc mcgsembm gcutrb pbrb pnmcr
Bquì, y b pbrter mc bjnrb, mckb
mc dbmn mcd ﬉bsj egtcrgn mc `ntnhrbflbr b vcdnaembmcs dcgtbs y duz bliecgtc. Anln yb
tu aâlbrb. Ndvemb quc cxestc,
sndn pucmc prnvnabr pcqucòns
hrbgmcs mcsbstrcs ?).
Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg ::
tc bmcdbgtblns cg cd abpìtudn 9, cstns fldtrns rcmuacg db duz,

duz , bmclâs, seg lnmeflabr db
tngbdembm mc db elbhcg, pcrleteågmntc trbibkbr mc mìb b vcdnaembmcs dcgtbs.
• Ntrn baacsnren egmespcgsbidc cs cd trìpnmc.

trìpnmc. Mc ntrn lnmn, gn sndn abptbrìbs cd
lnvelecgtn mcd bhub, segn quc tnmb db csacgb tc qucmbrìb lnvemb.
• Mespbrbmnr rclntn.
rclntn. Bsì tc bschurbs mc quc gn jby trcpembaeñg pnr bprctbr cd intñg.
• Qe mespngcs mc ug nikctevn bghudbr,

bghudbr, cs ug iucg lnlcgtn pbrb sbabrdn b pbscbr.
pbscbr. Ang
åd, tcgmrâs ugb lbynr pnraeñg mc csacgb cg cd cgaubmrc y pnmrâs `ntnhrbflbr pbesbkcs
lâs elpbatbgtcs. Bugquc sc trbtb sndn mc ugb npaeñg.
Bkustcs y angflhurbaeñg
2. ]eclpn mc cxpnseaeñg.
cxpnseaeñg. Stedezb vcdnaembmcs dcgtbs,
dcgtbs , yb quc dn quc iusabs `ntnhrbflbr
cg rcbdembm cs cd lnvelecgtn,
lnvelecgtn, cd er y vcger mcd bhub. Sgb vcdnaembm mc 16 schugmns
pucmc scr ug iucg pugtn mc pbrtemb, bugquc mcpcgmcrâ mcd c`catn quc quecrbs
angschuer, db duz bliecgtc, ctaåtcrb. Db `ntnhrb`ìb mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg gn cs ugb
aecgaeb cxbatb, bsì quc jby quc er prnibgmn ?).
Qe trbibkbs pnr cgaelb mc dns 16 schugmns, rcaucrmb quc tcgmrâs quc utedezbr cd Lnmn
ISDI,
ISDI, cg cd quc mcaemerâs tû auâgmn sc birc y sc aecrrb cd niturbmnr.
niturbmnr.
9. Vrnùgmembm mc ablpn.
ablpn. ]rbibkb ang prnùgmembmcs mc ablpn pcqucòbs pbrb tcgcr
db lbynr pbrtc mc db elbhcg cg`nabmb. Ycaucrmb quc cstblns trbibkbgmn pbesbkcs.
Cstn sc angsehuc ang ugb bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb acrrbmb (vbdnrcs `/ bdtns anln, pnr
ckclpdn, `/20). Bmclâs, tc byumbrâ b quc cgtrc lcgns duz y, pnr dn tbgtn, tc pcrleterâ
trbibkbr ang vcdnaembmcs lâs dcgtbs.
Vnr ntrn dbmn, aubgmn mespnghbs mc lcgns duz bliecgtc n mc fldtrn mc mcgsembm gcutrb,
tblieåg pucmcs kuhbr ang db bpcrturb y iusabr prcaesblcgtc cd mcscg`nquc cg bdhûg
pdbgn. Gn deletcs tu arcbtevembm.
1. EQN. Ibkb cstc vbdnr bd lìgeln,
lìgeln, pucstn quc iusabs getemcz
cg cd rcstn mc db csacgb y cg cstc absn tc egtcrcsb `nrzbr cd
]YSAN trbibkbr ang vcdnaembmcs dcgtbs, pucmcs pcrletertc trbibkbr
ang db EQN lâs ibkb mc tu aâlbrb.
Vucmcs utedezbr cd arngñlctrn
mc tu tcdå`ngn lñved pbrb
ddcvbr db aucgtb mc dns sc-
hugmns quc gcacsetcs.
=. Mcsbatevb cd cstbiedezbmnr.
cstbiedezbmnr. Ssbgmn trìpnmc sc vucdvc angtrbprnmuacgtc.
3. Idnqucb cd cspckn,
cspckn , se pucmcs.
0. Cg`nquc. Bd bòbmer cd fldtrn mc mcgsembm gcutrb, cs pnseidc quc cd cg`nquc butnlâtean

gn rcspngmb iecg, pnr dn quc tc rcanlcgmblns cg`nabr prelcrn, pbsbr cd cg`nquc b
lbgubd, pngcr cd fldtrn y, pnr ûdteln, bprctbr cd niturbmnr (n cd mespbrbmnr).
Cd lcknr lnlcgtn y duhbr
Qe gn mespngcs mc ug fldtrn mc mcgsembm gcutrb, prnaurb trbibkbr cg duhbrcs cg snlirb,

anln rìns auiecrtns pnr ârindcs n duhbrcs mngmc gn ddchuc mclbsebmb duz.
Dns mìbs guidbmns, ang gecidb n dbs prelcrbs y ûdtelbs jnrbs mcd mìb tblieåg tc pcrletcg
trbibkbr seg fldtrn mc mcgsembm gcutrb, bugquc dn emcbd cs quc tc jbhbs ang ugn pbrb
hbgbr cg vcrsbtedembm y mespngcr mc lâs nabsengcs pbrb `ntnhrbflbr.
`ntnhrbflbr.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc ndmsonnd pjntnhrbpjy.
Mestbgaeb `nabd 13ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/=, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 26s, EQN 966
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc jbggbj abujcpc.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 9=ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/99.6, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/3s, EQN 9.366
Qnirc anlpnseaeñg y ntrns angsckns
Vrucib mestegtns cgaubmrcs bgtcs mc csanhcr cd mcflgetevn. U, snirc tnmn, anlpñg

bgtcs mc egstbdbr db aâlbrb cg cd trìpnmc. Cd trìpnmc cs sndn ug snpnrtc bd scrveaen mc tu
arcbtevembm. Mc cstb `nrlb hbgbrâs cg deicrtbm y ﬉cxeiedembm b db jnrb mc anlpngcr.
]rbibkb db prnùgmembm y dns pdbgns mc db elbhcg pbrb bòbmer egtcrås b tus anlpnseaengcs.
Ycaurrc b cgaubmrcs gbturbdcs y gn tc ang`nrlcs ang ug pugtn mc vestb gnrlbd, prucib
anlpnseaengcs mcsmc pugtns mc vestb ibkns, peabmns, angtrbpeabmns… y, dn meajn,
aubgmn tcghbs tu anlpnseaeñg emcbd, prcpbrb cd trìpnmc y bprectb cd niturbmnr ?).
Lnvelecgtn
B dn dbrhn mc tnmn cstc deirn cstâs anlprnibgmn quc gn
cs gcacsbren hrbibr ug vìmcn pbrb lnstrbr cd lnvelecgtn.
Dbs lûdtepdcs pnseiedembmcs quc n`rcac tu aâlbrb pcrletcg
]YSAN dnhrbrdn ang ugb elbhcg flkb. ]ecgcs db npaeñg mc anghcdbrdn
Cg dbrhbs cxpnseaengcs,
tbpb cd vesnr aubgmn vbybs
b rcbdezbr db `ntn pbrb cvetbr
quc cgtrc duz pbrâsetb.
n elprelerdn, bugquc cg cd absn quc gns naupb mc cxpnseaengcs dbrhbs scrìb db schugmb
npaeñg.
Jclns niscrvbmn luajns ckclpdns mc lnvelecgtn quc sc trbgsletc pnr duacs n pnr
pcrsngbs cg baaeñg. Bquì bdhugns angsckns cspcaìflans pbrb abpturbr cd lnvelecgtn cg
aubdquecr duhbr n aeraugstbgaeb.
Lbtcrebd
• Qe tecgcs ﬉bsj cs ug iucg lnlcgtn pbrb kuhbr ang åd, abpturbr cd lnvelecgtn y
dnhrbr c`catns luy arcbtevns. Qegarngezbaeñg dcgtb y segarngezbaeñg b db anrtegb trbscrb
pucmcg scr db adbvc.
• ]rìpnmc. N gn. Cg bdhugns absns dn gcacsetbrâs, cg ntrns gn tbgtn.
2. ]eclpn mc cxpnseaeñg.
cxpnseaeñg. ]rbibkb ang vcdnaembmcs pnr mcibkn mc 2/26s,
2/26s, b pbrter mc bjì,
¡cd lugmn cs tuyn! U cd teclpn tblieåg ?).
9. Vrnùgmembm mc ablpn c EQN. Cg cstc absn, dbs pnseiedembmcs sng egflgetbs. Dn

elpnrtbgtc cs quc mcaembs prelcrn cd teclpn mc cxpnseaeñg schûg cd lnvelecgtn quc
mcsccs abpturbr y, b pbrter mc bjì, bkustcs db prnùgmembm mc ablpn y, pnr ûdteln, db
EQN. N bd rcvås, pucstn quc tnmn mcpcgmcrâ mc dbs aeraugstbgaebs y mc quå iusqucs.
1. Lnmn Lbgubd n cg Vrenrembm mc Niturbaeñg. Bugquc cg lbgubd pnmrâs angtrndbr

tnmns dns pbrâlctrns, se gn tc mb teclpn, gn angtrndbs iecg cstc lnmn n dns abliens
sng angstbgtcs, pucmcs prnibr ang cd lnmn mc prenrembm b db niturbaeñg pbrb quc ang
cd teclpn mc cxpnseaeñg quc tû mctcrlegcs db aâlbrb mcaemb cd rcstn mc pbrâlctrns
pbrb ugb cxpnseaeñg anrrcatb.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Bjlbm Nmcj.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 86ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/:.6, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 6,:s, EQN 0=6
Iusab duhbrcs ang luajn trâgsetn mc pcrsngbs n vcjìaudns pbrb prbateabr. Lcknr b
prelcrb y ûdtelb jnrb mcd mìb, pbrb pnmcr trbibkbr ang teclpns mc cxpnseaeñg lâs dbrhns.
Vnr ntrn dbmn, se quecrcs utedezbr bpcrturbs acrrbmbs y teclpns mc cxpnseaeñg gn luy
dbrhns, anln pnr ckclpdn pbrb ibrremn n znnlegh
znnlegh,, tblieåg pucmcs bprnvcajbr ang lâs
duz bliecgtc.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Bdcx Qletj.
Pcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/=66s, EQN =66

Db pbaecgaeb y db arcbtevembm scrâg mns mc tus lcknrcs bdebmbs pbrb dnhrbr elâhcgcs
egtcrcsbgtcs mc lnvelecgtn.
Lucstrb cd angtrbstc cdehecgmn ug `ngmn ang cdclcgtns cstâteans pbrb quc cd lnvelecgtn
sc bprcaec mc `nrlb luy adbrb y hcgcrc ug lbynr elpbatn.
Lelb luajn db anlpnseaeñg, bd egaduer cg db csacgb cdclcgtns cstâteans y cg lnvelecgtn,

prnaurb quc abmb ugn cstå cg su duhbr bmcaubmn acmeågmndc kustn db pbrtc quc dc
anrrcspngmc.
Gn tc ndvemcs mc cxpcrelcgtbr pbrb nitcgcr `ntns brtìsteabs y mespbrbr mcsmc pcrspcatevbs

egusubdcs pbrb tcrlegbr mc cghbgajbr bd pûidean.
Vrnaurb scr nrehegbd, pucmcs cgangtrbr cd lnvelecgtn cg aubdquecr duhbr y cg aubdquecr

lnlcgtn. Gn mckcs mc mbrdc vucdtbs b tu abiczb ang cd flg mc dnhrbr bdhn me`crcgtc, quc
snrprcgmb.
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
Vrucib ang elâhcgcs flkbs
quc tecgcg ugb pbrtc mc db
csacgb bgelbmb. Vucmcs
angschuerdn ang bpdeabaengcs
anln Vdntbhrbpj
Vdntbhrbpj.. Cs ugb
npaeñg mevcrtemb.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Qbwycr Icghtsng.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 263ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/22.6, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/96s, EQN 266
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Lehucd Nrñs.
Mestbgaeb `nabd 2:ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/99, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; :s, EQN =66
Dehjtpbegtegh
¾Qc tc naurrc bdhn lâs arcbtevn quc pnmcr pegtbr mercatblcgtc ang db duz> Qucgb
iecg, ¾vcrmbm> Stedezbr db duz b lnmn mc pegacd y mbr vemb b bdhn quc sndn cxestc cg tu
elbhegbaeñg pucmc scr bdhn lbrbveddnsn.
Pcblns bdhugns truans y angsckns pbrb angschuer mbr `nrlb b csbs emcbs quc schurn
quc yb rngmbg pnr tu abiczb.
Lbtcrebd
• ]rìpnmc pbrb cstbiedezbr tu aâlbrb.
• Mespbrbmnr rclntn (b scr pnseidc seg abidcs) tc `baedetbrâ luajìseln db tbrcb mc

angtrndbr cd teclpn quc quecrcs quc cd niturbmnr pcrlbgczab biecrtn lecgtrbs pegtbs
ang duz.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Ctjbg Ynicrtsng.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 13ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/2.=, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 6,=s, EQN 0=6
• Sg pegacd dulegnsn anln ugb degtcrgb, ug ddbvcrn ang duz, ugb icghbdb, vcdb, ctaåtcrb.
]ecgcs duacs `rìbs y aâdembs, mc me`crcgtcs egtcgsembmcs y andnrcs. Vucmcs clpczbr
cxpcrelcgtbgmn ang vbrebs b vcr auâd mcflgc lcknr tu cstedn ùturn.
` uturn. ]c
]c rcanlcgmblns
tblieåg quc, b db dbrhb, se dn mc pegtbr ang duz tc btrbpb, tc btrcvbs b egtrnmuaer ug
﬉bsj cxtcrgn cgtrc tu brscgbd `ntnhrâflan. Pcrâs anln b lcmemb quc dc pecrmbs cd
lecmn tc bgelbrâs b mbrdc usn.
• Vnr ûdteln, se pucmcs jbacrtc ang ug iucg byumbgtc blpdebrâs tus pnseiedembmcs
arcbtevbs y mesleguerâs tus gevcdcs mc cstrås ?).
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
2. ]eclpn mc cxpnseaeñg. Anlecgzb prnibgmn ang 26s. B
pbrter mc bquì, tu mcaemcs se tecgcs quc suier n ibkbr. Cd
Aubgmn bmquecrbs ug gucvn rcsudtbmn dn mcaemc cd brtestb ?).
lbtcrebd (pnr ckclpdn, mc
edulegbaeñg), rcbdezb tblieåg
prucibs cg absb bgtcs mc
pdbgeflabr ugb sbdemb.
9. Bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb acrrbmb (vbdnr `/bdtn), bsì tc scrâ lâs `âaed angschuer ugb
elbhcg cg`nabmb y b db vcz tc pcrleterâ trbibkbr ang vcdnaembmcs dcgtbs.
1. EQN. ]rbibkb ang vbdnrcs ibkns,

ibkns , se tu aâlbrb dn snpnrtb iecg, EQN =66 pucmc scr ug
iucg pugtn mc pbrtemb. Mc cstb `nrlb lbgtcgmrâs abdembm mc elbhcg cvetbgmn cd
ruemn y, b db vcz, pnmrâs tcgcr cd niturbmnr biecrtn lâs teclpn seg quclbr db elbhcg.
=. Cg`nquc. Cg`nab cg lnmn lbgubd mngmc vbybs b pegtbr ang duz n tu aâlbrb sc
vndvcrâ dnab ?). Vucmcs utedezbr b tu banlpbòbgtc pbrb byumbrtc b setubr cd `nan, n
andnabr bdhûg nikctn edulegbmn cg cd duhbr cg cd quc mcspuås pegtbrâs ang duz.
3. Mcsbatevb cd cstbiedezbmnr y idnqucb cd cspckn.
0. Mespbrb ang cd mespbrbmnr rclntn n ang cd tclpnrezbmnr,

tclpnrezbmnr, cg su mc`catn.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Hueddbulc mc Hcrlbeg.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 20ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/1.9, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 1=s, EQN 266
Ycaucrmb quc quecrcs trbibkbr ang vcdnaembmcs dcgtbs pbrb pnmcr meiukbr seg quclbr
db elbhcg, pnr dn quc gcacsetbrâs ug csacgbren nsaurn pbrb quc mcstbquc tu duz y seg
vecgtn.
Cd arcpûsaudn n db jnrb bzud tblieåg pucmc rcsudtbr ug iucg lnlcgtn, pnrquc tc mb db

nsaurembm gcacsbreb ang ug hrbg angtcxtn.
Ycbdezb tus prelcrbs prucibs cg egtcrenr, aubgmn clpecacs b mnlegbr db tåageab, iusab
duhbrcs mc elpbatn pbrb ddcgbr tu elbhcg mc btrbatevn.
Vecgsb seclprc prcveblcgtc quå quecrcs meiukbr (elbhegb quc tu cgaubmrc cs anln ug
decgzn cg idbgan) y añln quecrcs quc tu meiukn anliegc ang cd cgtnrgn quc jbs cdchemn
(`ngmn) se cs quc quecrcs er bdhn lâs bddâ mc ug selpdc `ngmn gchrn.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Qeln Qbbregcg.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 2:ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/1.3, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 21s, EQN 266
Egspìrbtc cg db rcm,
rcm, jby luajìselns `ntñhrb`ns cspcaebdezbmns y bflaengbmns arcbgmn
elâhcgcs egarcìidcs ang db duz. Egsperbaeñg gn sehgeflab anpebr, segn gutrertc mc emcbs,
rcsperbr arcbtevembm y mcspcrtbr db elbhegbaeñg.
Sgb vcz quc tcghbs lâs angtrndbmn dn lâs iâsean, pnmrâs clpczbr b angtbr jestnrebs
n trbgsleter clnaengcs. Gn tc anrtcs, gn tc ang`nrlcs, cxpcrelcgtb y prbateab y yb
vcrâs anln, pnan b pnan, babibrâs angsehuecgmn elâhcgcs quc ge cg tus sucòns lâs
mespbrbtbmns pcgsbstc quc pnmrìbs jbacr rcbdembm ?).
Gnaturgb uribgb
Dbs aeumbmcs mucrlcg mc gnajc. N gn. Gn seclprc y gn tnmbs. Bdhugbs cstâg rcpdctbs
mc vemb, ntrbs susurrbg abgaengcs pnr sus abddckngcs.
Db gnajc rcsudtb ug csacgbren anlpdctblcgtc me`crcgtc bd meurgn y sc prcscgtb abse

lâhean pbrb pcrmcrtc ang tu aâlbrb y abpturbr db cscgaeb mc dbs abddcs, dbs pdbzbs y mc
dbs jestnrebs quc cgaecrrbg. Sg lnlcgtn emcbd pbrb mes`rutbr mc db `ntnhrb`ìb abddckcrb.
Pblns ang bdhugns angsckns.
Lbtcrebd
• Sgb aâlbrb ang

ang db quc trbibkbr cg Lnmn
Lnmn Lbgubd.
• Ntrb egtcrcsbgtc npaeñg pbrb prnibr

prnibr b kuhbr ang cd ﬉bsj (se dn tecgcs).
tecgcs). Bdhugbs mc tus
npaengcs sng lczadbr db gnajc ang cd lnvelecgtn, trbibkbgmn ang ugb vcdnaembm mc
segarngezbaeñg dcgtb pbrb angschuer jbacs mc duz y lnvelecgtn? n mespbrbr ang ugb
egtcgsembm ibkb ang cd flg mc mcstbabr cd prelcr pdbgn lecgtrbs lbgtecgcs cd `ngmn
nsaurn.
ASEMBMN
Cs ùgmblcgtbd quc db
pcrsngb quc vbyb b meiukbr
ang db duz mcgtrn mc db
csacgb vestb mc gchrn y sc
lucvb râpemn pbrb quc gn
qucmc eglnrtbdezbmb.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc YBUSD.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 16ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/9.:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/36s, EQN 9.666
2. ]eclpn mc cxpnseaeñg y prnùgmembm mc ablpn.

ablpn. Qe tecgcs iucg pudsn pucmcs usbr
hrbgmcs bpcrturbs y vcdnaembmcs ibkbs (pnr ckclpdn; 2/16 n 2/06 schugmns) seg
gcacsembm mc trìpnmc.
9. EQN. Gn tclbs usbr vbdnrcs cdcvbmns, cg cstc tepn mc `ntnhrb`ìbs pucmc qucmbrtc luy
iecg cd hrbgn.
1. Batevb db cstbiedezbaeñg mcd nikctevn seclprc quc gn utedeacs trìpnmc.
=. Pehedb cd ibdbgac mc idbgans. Cgangtrbrâs csacgbs ang duacs luy me`crcgtcs.
3. Mespbrbr cg YBX pucmc sbdvbr elâhcgcs quc arcìbs abse pcrmembs.
0. Cd cg`nquc lbgubd scrâ tu lcknr blehn. Cg`nabr butnlâteablcgtc cgtnrgns pnan

edulegbmns sucdc scr luy `rustrbgtc (yb tc dn jclns emn angtbgmn ?) ). N cg`nab cg
butnlâtean b ugb zngb edulegbmb quc cstå b ugb leslb mestbgaeb, pbsb b lbgubd y
rccgaubmrb.
Mñgmc y aubgmn
Niveblcgtc pnr dns pucidns y aeumbmcs mc gnajc, cg abddcs y zngbs iecg edulegbmbs.
edulegbmbs.
Vbrb csacgbs lâs sndetbrebs, iusab ug duhbr bpbrtbmn pcrn edulegbmn pnr ugb `brndb,
ug hrbg csabpbrbtc n seledbr,
seledbr, cgaucgtrb cd cgaubmrc pcr`catn y cspcrb (pbaecgtclcgtc)
b quc pbsc ug sukctn egtcrcsbgtc.
]YSAN
Byûmbtc mc db duz mc lbr-
qucsegbs mc puideaembm,
mc dbs duacs mc dns anajcs
quc pbsbg n mc dns cmeflaens
edulegbmns pbrb mcstbabr b
tu prntbhngestb.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Kbao @eggehbg.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 36ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/2.:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/93s, EQN 0=6
Db npaeñg egvcrsb cs pcrschuer sutedlcgtc b ug sukctn egtcrcsbgtc jbstb ugb zngb lcknr
edulegbmb. Bugquc tcg auembmn gn sc vbyb b mbr aucgtb y sc bsustc…
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Mbg @rcclbg.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 91ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/5.6,

`/5.6, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 9,0s, EQN 966
Bd mespbrbr, bhbrrb iecg db aâlbrb, ang dbs mns lbgns y ang flrlczb, y bpnyb dns anmns
cg cd aucrpn mckâgmndns luy quectns. Mc cstb `nrlb hbgbrâs cg cstbiedembm y pnmrâs
usbr vcdnaembmcs lâs ibkbs seg trìpnmc, anln tc mcaìblns cg cd prelcr pugtn.
Lelb db anlpnseaeñg,
anlpnseaeñg, cs bdhn quc rcpctelns b lcgumn, pcrn cs ug pnracgtbkc luy
bdtn mc tu `ntn. Kuchb ang dns angtrbstcs mc snlirbs y duacs y ang cd andnr. U rcaucrmb
andnabrtc mc `rcgtc b db duz se quecrcs mcstbabr ugb seductb.
Dbs `ntnhrb`ìbs gnaturgbs uribgbs sng ug iucg tclb pbrb tus `ntns cg idbgan y gchrn.
gchrn. Cg
bdhugbs nabsengcs dn rcsndvcrâs cg db cmeaeñg, bugquc dn emcbd cs mcaemerdn mc bgtclbgn.
Bgtcs mc mespbrbr yb mcicrìbs sbicr se csb elbhcg scrâ cg andnr n cg csabdb mc hrescs.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc @rcc-Vjntns.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 36ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/2.:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/=6s, E QN 9.366
]cg pbaecgaeb,
pbaecgaeb, gn sng dbs angmeaengcs emcbdcs pbrb `ntnhrbflbr (tåageablcgtc jbidbgmn).
Qe gn tc sbdcg b db prelcrb n b db schugmb, pcrscvcrb. Cs ug rctn ang cd quc pucmcs
ddchbr b mes`rutbr luajn.
—Db `ntnhrb`ìb cs cd brtc mc db

niscrvbaeñg. Qc trbtb mc cgangtrbr
bdhn egtcrcsbgtc cg ug duhbr
nrmegbren. Lc jc mbmn aucgtb mc
quc tecgc pnan quc vcr ang dbs
ansbs quc vcs y luajn ang añln
dbs vcs.“
Cddentt Crwett
Ybstrns mc duz
Dbs cstcdbs mc duz tecgcg bdhn quc dbs jbac errclcmebidclcgtc btrbatevbs. Vnr su bspcatn
eganrpñrcn, cd cgehlb quc pucmcg supngcr pbrb gucstrn acrcirn n cd pnmcr quc ckcracg
dbs dìgcbs `nrlbmbs, cd absn cs quc cstns rbstrns mc duz quc mckbg dns butnlñvedcs
rcsudtbg ug hrbg lntevn pbrb abptbr db btcgaeñg mc tu cspcatbmnr. Pcblns bdhugns
angsckns pbrb angschuerdbs.
Lbtcrebd
• ]rìpnmc. Ub tc dn jbirâs elbhegbmn.
• Sg pbrbsnd cg cd nikctevn byumbrâ b cvetbr duz pbrâsetb, cs mcaer, bqucddb duz gn

angtrndbmb quc cgtrb cg cd cgaubmrc, pcrn quc gn `nrlb pbrtc mc db `ntnhrb`ìb, y quc
sc lbgeflcstb, hcgcrbdlcgtc, cg `nrlb mc jbdns y ﬉brcs.
• Qe pbrb nitcgcr cd c`catn quc mcscbs gcacsetbs teclpns

teclpns mc cxpnseaeñg luy dbrhns
dbrhns y
bdhugbs zngbs tc bpbrcacg quclbmbs, pucmcs rcaurrer bd fldtrn mc mcgsembm gcutrb.
]blieåg tc scrverâ se quecrcs abpturbrdbs aubgmn jby duz.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Xedsng Uc.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; =6ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/5, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 16s, EQN 966
2. Cd teclpn mc cxpnseaeñg mcpcgmcrâ mcd c`catn quc quecrbs angschuer. B pbrter mc =

schugmns cd trâflan sc angvecrtc cg ug ﬉ukn mc dìgcbs. Clpeczb ang ugb prucib y vc
vbrebgmn. Gn cxestc rcactb lâheab ?).
9. ]rbibkb ang bpcrturbs lcmebs,

lcmebs, pnr ckclpdn, `/: y b pbrter mc bjì vc bkustbgmn jbstb
cgangtrbr cd rcsudtbmn quc tc sbtes`bhb. Vbrb nitcgcr dbs duacs mc `brndbs ang `nrlb
mc aìraudn n mc cstrcddb tcgmrâs quc vbrebr db bpcrturb,
bpcrturb, pucs cd rcsudtbmn nicmcac b
cstb.
1. Bkustb db EQN b ug vbdnr quc tc pcrletb cxpngcr iecg ang dns bgtcrenrcs bkustcs
mcaememns y ang pnan ruemn.
=. Mcsbatevb cd cstbiedezbmnr mc elbhcg.

3. Qe tecgcs lnmn mc rcmuaaeñg mc ruemn cg tu aâlbrb prucib b vcr quå rcsudtbmns tc

n`rcac, pcrn tcg cg aucgtb quc tbrmbrâs cd mnidc cg rcbdezbr db `ntn.
0. Cg`nab cg lbgubd y, sbdvn quc lucvbs cd trìpnmc, gn dn tnqucs.
8. Vnr supucstn,
supucst n, mespbrb cg YBX ?).
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Kncy Oyicr

Oyicr..
Mñgmc y aubgmn
]YSAN
Dnabdezb ug duhbr bdtn pbrb vcr dns anajcs mcsmc brreib, ug
Qe cd ﬉ukn mc butnlñvedcs cs
errchudbr, lecgtrbs gn pbscg
pucgtc, ugb lngtbòb, ctaåtcrb.
andnab ugb abrtudegb gchrb
mcdbgtc mcd nikctevn, bsì gn
abptbrâ tblpnan ntrbs duacs.
]ecgcs db npaeñg mc mespbrbr cg gnajc acrrbmb n ang bdhn mc duz (bgtcs n mcspuås mc
db sbdemb n mc db pucstb mc snd). Dns butnlñvedcs tecgcg sus duacs cgacgmembs aubgmn
jby pnab duz, cstn tc pucmc byumbr b abpturbr lcknr cd rcstn mc db csacgb y b lnstrbr
cd angtrbstc.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Qjremjbr Huptb.
Qe quecrcs egaduer tbgtn duacs idbgabs anln rnkbs, bschûrbtc mc iusabr ugb abrrctcrb n
vìb mc mnidc scgtemn. Qeg clibrhn, se iusabs ug sndn andnr, dn tuyn scrâ ugb mc scgtemn
ûgean. Vbrb abpturbr dbs duacs rnkbs,
rnkbs, andñabtc cg ug duhbr cg cd quc vcbs db pbrtc trbscrb
mc dns anajcs. Vbrb db duz idbgab tcgmrâs quc vcrdns vcger.
vcger.
Sgb vcz quc jbybs prbateabmn dn suflaecgtc, mcspdâzbtc b dnabdezbaengcs bdckbmbs mc dbs
urics pbrb quc cd angtrbstc scb luajn lbynr y tu `ntnhrb`ìb hbgc cg elpbatn. Abrrctcrbs
elpnseidcs cg pdcgb gbturbdczb scrâg ug åxetn tntbd. Vcrn ârlbtc mc pbaecgaeb, pnrquc
sucdcg cstbr luajn lcgns trbgsetbmbs.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Bdcxbgmcr Qdbttcry.
Egaduyc ug pbesbkc quc angtcxtubdeac y utedezb dbs dìgcbs quc `nrlbg dbs duacs pbrb
angmuaer db lerbmb bd acgtrn mc egtcrås. Ycaucrmb quc dbs dìgcbs cg `nrlb mc —Q“ pucmcg
scr prntbhngestbs pnr sì leslbs, pnr su ùcrzb y cdchbgaeb. Abpturb tblieåg pugtns mc
ùhb bprnvcajbgmn dbs cstcdbs.
B db jnrb mc anlpngcr db csacgb, tcg adbrn se quecrcs sbabr bd cspcatbmnr ùcrb mc db

elbhcg. Dbs pnseiedembmcs sng mevcrsbs, db mcaeseñg tuyb.
ASEMBMN
Cvetb `brndbs luy acrab mc
te pnrquc qucmbrâg snirc-
cxpucstbs y pucmc quc tc
quclcg ugb zngb mc db
`ntnhrb`ìb. Måkbdbs ùcrb
mcd cgaubmrc y, se pucmcs,
setûbtc pnr cgaelb mc su
bdturb.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Nslbg Ybgb.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 30ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/22.6, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 93s, EQN =66
@uchns brteflaebdcs
Vnr su cspcatbaudbrembm y su iucg rcsudtbmn `ntnhrâflan tc bgelblns b quc, yb quc cstâs
sulcrhemn jbstb dbs nrckbs cg cd lugmn mc db `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb y mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg,
tc bgelcs b `ntnhrbflbr dns ùchns brteflaebdcs. Gn tc brrcpcgterâs ?).
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Qbsegt.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 966l, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/1.9, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 2/23s, EQN 266
Lbtcrebd
• Gcacsetbrâs, anln seclprc, ug trìpnmc pbrb lbgtcgcr tu aâlbrb cstâteab lecgtrbs

lbgtecgcs cd niturbmnr biecrtn.
• Sg mespbrbmnr butnlâtean tblieåg tc scrâ mc luajb utedembm. Ang abidc n seg åd, pcrn
tc rcanlcgmblns quc tc jbhbs ang ugn. Qe gn mespngcs mc geghugn, pucmcs utedezbr cd
mespbrn rctbrmbmn mc db aâlbrb. Bsì cvetbrâs dbs trcpembaengcs quc pucmbs abusbr bd
bprctbr cd niturbmnr.
niturbmnr.
• Cd nikctevn lâs rcanlcgmbidc cs ug nikctevn bghudbr, quc tc pcrleterâ angschuer ug

lbynr âghudn y bsì tc scrâ lâs `âaed abptbr dns ùchns brteflaebdcs.
• Jbztc ang ugb abrtudegb gchrb pbrb tbpbr cd nikctevn cgtrc ug ùchn brteflaebd y ntrn
y cvetbr quc cgtrc db duz lecgtrbs cstns sc suacmcg. Qe tc db ndvembs pucmcs utedezbr db
prnpeb tbpb mcd nikctevn (ang auembmn mc gn lnvcr db aâlbrb, pnr supucstn).
• Qe dn tuyn gn sng dns ruemns ùcrtcs, gn tc ndvemcs ugns tbpngcs pbrb dns nìmns.
2. Angflhurb db vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg b Lnmn Iudi pbrb pnmcr anliegbr cd teclpn mc

niturbaeñg ang db bpbreaeñg y mcsbpbreaeñg mc dns ùchns brteflaebdcs. Ycbdezb vbrebs
prucibs râpembs ang cd teclpn mc niturbaeñg y bkustb db vcdnaembm quc tc n`rczab
lcknrcs rcsudtbmns.
9. Stedezb ugb bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb acrrbmb. B pbrter mc `/: cstbrìb iecg. Mc cstc lnmn,
anliegbrâs ugb iucgb prnùgmembm mc ablpn y rcdbtevb pnab duz jbaeb cd scgsnr.
scgsnr.
1. EQN.
EQN. Mespbrb ang cd vbdnr lâs ibkn pnseidc.
=. Mcsbatevb cd cstbiedezbmnr. Qe db aâlbrb yb cstâ cstâteab, cs angtrbprnmuacgtc, anln

yb tc jclns angtbmn bgtcrenrlcgtc.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Bdcxbgmrc Ajbling.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 39ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/8.2,

`/8.2, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 1,9s, EQN 266
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Getesj Lccgb.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 13ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/ =, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 2/=6s, EQN 2.066
3. Cg`nquc.
Cg`nquc. Cg`nab cg lbgubd (sì, cs dn quc tecgc db gnajc ?) ), db aâlbrb dn tecgc luy
anlpdeabmn pbrb pcrschuer ùchns brteflaebdcs y pucmc jbacrtc pcrmcr db `ntn quc
quecrcs.
Mñgmc y aubgmn
Cd vcrbgn ang sus flcstbs pnpudbrcs y cd flg mc

m c bòn, sng dbs åpnabs mngmc tcgmrâs lbynr
pnseiedembm mc `ntnhrbflbr ùchns brteflaebdcs.
Cg aubgtn b prcpbrbaeñg, dn lâs elpnrtbgtc cs quc scpbs cxbatblcgtc mñgmc vbg b

suacmcrsc dns ùchns brteflaebdcs pbrb quc pucmbs pcgsbr ugb iucgb dnabdezbaeñg y
lcknr cgaubmrc bgtcs mc quc clpecacg.
Vrucib anlpnseaengcs cg vcrteabd y jnrezngtbd y prcstb btcgaeñg bd cgtnrgn?

cgtnrgn? tc byumbrâ
b quc tu elbhcg scb rcbdlcgtc cspcatbaudbr.
Dns rc﬉ckns anln pbrtc mcd pbesbkc quc rnmcb b dns ùchns brteflaebdcs sng ugb bpucstb
schurb. Qe tecgcs db npnrtugembm mc dnabdezbr bdhugn, gn dns mcsbprnvcajcs; dbhugbs,
dbhns c egadusn arestbdcs, ¾pnr quå gn> Db nrehegbdembm cs adbvc pbrb juer mc dn antemebgn
y snrprcgmcr bd cspcatbmnr.
U yb sbics cd lcknr angsckn;

angsckn; pbaecgaeb, gn mcscspcrcs, b db prelcrb cs me`ìaed angschuer
ugb hrbg elbhcg, pcrn tnmn dn quc ddcvcs pcgsbmn y prcpbrbmn mc bgtclbgn, `bvnrcacrâ
tu rbpemcz tnlbgmn mcaesengcs eg setu. Vnr dn quc, aubgtb lâs prâateab, anln seclprc,
lcknr.
ASEMBMN
Vrnaurb gn pngcrtc gugab
angtrb cd vecgtn segn cg
db leslb mercaaeñg pbrb
cvetbr quc cd juln mc dns
ùchns brteèaebdcs vbyb
jbaeb te y clinrrngc tu
elbhcg. Qe cd vecgtn ablieb,
egtcgtb lnvcrtc y iu sabr
ntrn cgaubmrc? jby quc
scr râpemn y dehcrn anln
cd vecgtn ?). ]cg pcgsbmn
ug Vdbg I.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Qpcgacr Qclirbt.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; =9ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/ 9.9, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 2/23s, EQN 2.666
Vbesbkcs gnaturgns
Cs egcvetbidc, bd pcgsbr cg ug pbesbkc, elbhegbrdn mc mìb, rcpdctn mc duz, mnrbmb n murb,
cgtrc snlirbs y duacs, n andlbmn mc mctbddcs y andnrcs. Qeg clibrhn, y pnr sucrtc, cstb
gn cs db ûgeab `nrlb pnseidc mc pbesbkc.
Cstc deirn cs ugb cxacdcgtc prucib mc cddn, cstblns angtclpdbgmn cg luajns ckclpdns
añln ug csacgbren sc lnmeflab pnr brtc mc lbheb bd naudtbrsc cd snd trbs cd jnrezngtc. Cs
cd lnlcgtn cg cd quc db dugb mcspdechb su cgabgtn y dbs cstrcddbs birbzbg cd tcrrcgn.
Cd jcajezn ddchb anln ug rchbdn pbrb tu aâlbrb. Pblns ang bdhugns angsckns pbrb
abpturbr tnmn su cspdcgmnr.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Ynbg Dbvcry.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 23ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/0.1, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 23s, EQN 966
Lbtcrebd
• Stedezb ug nikctevn dn lâs bghudbr pnseidc.

pnseidc.
• ]rìpnmc y mespbrbmnr rclntn.

rclntn.
• Sgb degtcrgb pnr se quecrcs edulegbr bdhugbs zngbs mc db csacgb.
2. EQN. Pbdnr ibkn pbrb angschuer tnmb db getemcz pnseidc.
9. Vrnùgmembm mc ablpn. Dn emcbd, anln yb jclns anlcgtbmn ang bgtcrenrembm,

cs abpturbr pbesbkcs ang getemcz cg tnmns dns pdbgns, pnr dn quc tc rcanlcgmblns
trbibkbr ang bpcrturbs lcmebs n acrrbmbs. Ycaucrmb db jepcr`nabd mcd abpìtudn 3, ang
cddb pnmrâs tcgcr tblieåg lâs zngb
z ngb cg`nabmb ang bpcrturbs blpdebs.
1. Pcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg. Sgb vcz mctcrlegbmns

mct crlegbmns dns pbrâlctrns bgtcrenrcs, bkustb cd
teclpn quc gcacsetcs (usbgmn cd Lnmn Iudi) pbrb angschuer ugb cxpnseaeñg anrrcatb.
=. Mcsbatevb cd cstbiedezbmnr.
cstbiedezbmnr.
3. Vucmcs rcvesbr cd jestnhrblb pbrb bschurbrtc mc quc vbs pnr cd iucg ablegn ?).
0. Mespbrb cg YBX, gn tc ndvemcs bquì tblpnan.
8. Cg`nquc. Dn lesln quc cg dbs nabsengcs bgtcrenrcs, b nsaurbs tc scrâ luy anlpdeabmn
cg`nabr cg butnlâtean, n edulegbs db zngb mc cg`nquc n cg`nab cg lbgubd.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Yeabrmn Hnlcz Bghcd.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Lbro Ibsbrbi.
Mñgmc y aubgmn
Vbrb ug pbesbkc ang dugb, pdbgeflab tu `ntnhrb`ìb cgtrc mns n trcs mìbs bgtcs y mcspuås mc
db dugb ddcgb. Vucmcs abpturbr db dugb acrab mcd jnrezngtc n cspcrbr trcs n aubtrn jnrbs
b quc cstå lâs bdtb cg cd aecdn y cd âghudn mc dbs snlirbs rcsudtc lâs egtcrcsbgtc.
Ntrb npaeñg cs abpturbr cd pbesbkc ang ug `ngmn cstrcddbmn. Cg csc absn tu prntbhngestb
scrâ cd aecdn, pucs cd pbesbkc gn qucmbrâ edulegbmn sbdvn quc tû dn jbhbs brteflaebdlcgtc
ang degtcrgbs. Cg cd abpìtudn : vcrclns ang lâs mctbddc añln abpturbr dbs cstrcddbs.
Vbrb cddn, sbdvn quc iusqucs ug c`catn angarctn, iusab dnabdezbaengcs dckns mc db
angtblegbaeñg dulìgeab.
Db jnrb bzud tblieåg cs ug hrbg lnlcgtn pbrb db `ntnhrb`ìb mc pbesbkc gnaturgn, dns
andnrcs quc bmquecrc cd aecdn sng bisndutblcgtc lbrbveddnsns. Sg iucg arcpûsaudn cs
abse hbrbgtìb mc ugb iucgb `ntn. Cd abse mcpcgmc mc te ?).
Cstumeb mc mìb db anlpnseaeñg y cd cgaubmrc mc tu `ntnhrb`ìb. Mc gnajc me`ìaedlcgtc

vcrâs bdhn b trbvås mcd vesnr. U db anlpnseaeñg gn cs bdhn quc mcibs mckbr bd bzbr.
Ycaucrmb iecg dbs rchdbs mc anlpnseaeñg, db dcy mcd jnrezngtc y mc dns tcraens tc scrâg
luy ûtedcs? y db elpnrtbgaeb mc tcgcr ug acgtrn mc egtcrås y mc bpnrtbr prnùgmembm
egaduycgmn mestegtns pdbgns.
Stedezb ablegns y scgmcrns pbrb mereher db lerbmb bd acgtrn mc egtcrås y gn ndvemcs dns
cgaubmrcs vcrteabdcs.
Vnr ntrn dbmn, prucib b angschuer ug pbesbkc bistrbatn lnvecgmn egtcgaengbmblcgtc

cd trìpnmc. N kuhbgmn ang dbs guics anln cg cd ckclpdn mc db pbdlcrb. Cxpcrelcgtb
ang cstbs emcbs n ang aubdquecr ntrb quc sc tc pbsc pnr db abiczb. Cstn cs ug brtc y
aubdquecr brtestb quc sc prcaec mcic mckbrsc ddcvbr pnr su elbhegbaeñg c egtueaeñg. Ruc
dbs gnrlbs gn tc btcg.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Abscy Jnrgcr

Jnrgcr..
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 9=ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/9.:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 93s, EQN =.666
Cg pbesbkcs uribgns, tc vcgmrâg iecg csns angsckns cxtrb;
b. Iusab rc﬉ckns.
i. Abpturb cd soydegc n pbgnrblb uribgn, quc cs db dìgcb mcd jnrezngtc mcsmc db quc sc
vcg dns cmeflaens lâs bdtns. Cg `nrlbtn pbgnrâleab qucmbg mc aegc.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc De Ubgh.
a. Bprnvcajb db lbheb mc db jnrb bzud pbrb prnvnabr

prnvnabr cd angtrbstc lâs btrbatevn cgtrc cd
bzud mcd aecdn y cd blbreddn mc dbs duacs brteflaebdcs.
Angaecrtns
Dns angaecrtns sng ug adâsean mc dbs gnajcs b dns quc pnabs vcacs gns btrcvclns b
cg`rcgtbrgns cg pdbg scren, cs mcaer, lâs bddâ mc bdhugb `ntn pbrb mclnstrbr quc
cstuvelns bddì.
Cs pnseidc quc cstn sc mcib b quc gns mb ibstbgtc rcspctn. U gn cs pbrb lcgns,
pnrquc cg dns angaecrtns sng pnans dns bspcatns quc pnmclns angtrndbr; ge dbs duacs,
ge b dns lûseans, ge bd pûidean? y, gnrlbdlcgtc, ge sequecrb pnmclns lnvcrgns râpemb y
deirclcgtc pnr mngmc qucrclns.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc @rbgaesan Lnrcgn.
Pcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/06s, EQN 2.666
Cs gnrlbd quc, ang cstb prcscgtbaeñg, sc tc quetcg dbs hbgbs mc jbacr `ntnhrb`ìbs screbs.
Vnr sucrtc jbs dcìmn jbstb bquì (y cspcrblns quc sehbs dcycgmn ?) ), pnrquc tc vblns
b mclnstrbr quc cs luajn lâs `âaed mc dn quc pucmbs pcgsbr y quc, bmclâs, pucmcs
angschuer elâhcgcs egarcìidcs.
Lbtcrebd
• Ddåvbtc cd nikctevn lâs dulegnsn quc tcghbs,

tcghbs , pnrquc vbs b gcacsetbr tnmb db duz quc
pucmbs angschuer.
angschuer. U mckb cd trìpnmc cg absb, pnr ugb vcz ?).
2. Mcsbatevb cd ﬉bsj mc tu aâlbrb (se gn quecrcs quc cd brtestb tc lbgmc mc vucdtb b

absb).
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Mndn Ehdcsebs.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 15ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/9.:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/293s, EQN 1.966
9. EQN. B ug vbdnr quc tc pcrletb trbibkbr b vcdnaembmcs suflaecgtcs anln pbrb quc dns
lûseans gn tc sbdhbg lnvemns (mcpcgmcrâ mc db duz bliecgtc mespngeidc), pcrn quc b
db vcz gn tc prnvnquc mclbsebmn ruemn cg db elbhcg.
1. Pcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg dn
dn suflaecgtclcgtc bdtb anln pbrb anghcdbr cd lnvelecgtn.
Sg vbdnr mc rc`crcgaeb (quc mcpcgmcrâ, pnr supucstn, mc db `nabd quc utedeacs, mc db
duz mespngeidc y mcd prnpen lnvelecgtn mc dns lûseans), pnmrìb cstbr cgtrc 2/936s y
2/=66s.
=. Bpcrturb. Birc
Birc cd meb`rbhlb pbrb pcrleter quc cgtrc suflaecgtc duz. Bugquc rcaucrmb
quc aubgtn lâs dn birbs lcgns prnùgmembm mc ablpn tcgmrâs, pnr dn quc prcstb
btcgaeñg b dns rcsudtbmns quc quecrcs angschuer.
angschuer.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Mbgac @dclegh.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 213ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/9.6, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/936s, EQN 1.966
3. Anln seclprc, tnmn mcpcgmc mcd kuchn quc jbhbs ang dns vbdnrcs mc cxpnseaeñg?
cxpnseaeñg?
rcbdezb vbrebs prucibs jbstb mbr ang db anliegbaeñg quc sc bkustc b dns rcsudtbmns
quc mcscbs nitcgcr.
nitcgcr.
0. Kuchb ang cd ibdbgac mc idbgans cg db cmeaeñg, ang db sbturbaeñg y cd angtrbstc.

angtrbstc.
8. U, pnr supucstn, tnmn cstn tc mbrâ egflgetblcgtc lcknr rcsudtbmn se jbs trbibkbmn cg
YBX ?).
Mñgmc y aubgmn
Gucstrn pregaepbd angsckn cs quc gn clpecacs prctcgmecgmn `ntnhrbflbr b dns Ynddegh

Qtngcs, ge b geghûg hrupn mcd cstedn ang b`nrns mc 96.666 pcrsngbs. Qe anlecgzbs bsì, db
`rustrbaeñg vb b scr mc ñrmbhn ?).
Dn lcknr cs clpczbr ang angaecrtns mc pnan b`nrn,

b`nrn, lâs ìgtelns, cg dns quc pucmbs
cstbr lâs acrab mcd csacgbren, ang lcgns pûidean pbrb quc tc lucvbs lâs deirclcgtc.
Edulegbaeñg
Cg cd tclb mc dns angaecrtns egaduelns cstc suibpbrtbmn pbrb mbrtc bdhugbs

rcanlcgmbaengcs cspcaìflabs snirc db duz quc gns pbrcacg elpnrtbgtcs.
Bprnvcajb dns `nans y db duz pugtubd quc prnpnraengbg. Vrcstb btcgaeñg b aubgmn
edulegbg b dns lûseans, b dns c`catns mc duacs, b dns andnrcs… Cs dn lâs `ntnhågean mcd
angaecrtn y dn quc tc pucmc mbr lâs kuchn y dbs elâhcgcs lâs elpbatbgtcs.
Cstn gn quecrc mcaer quc tclbs b db nsaurembm,

nsaurembm, gn seclprc tnmb db elbhcg mcic qucmbr
edulegbmb, db pcgulirb cs pnr sì leslb luy egtcrcsbgtc y `ntnhågeab.
Kuchb tblieåg ang dns ﬉brcs (duacs mercatbs quc cgtrbg b trbvås mcd nikctevn), pucmcg
scr ug cdclcgtn luy arcbtevn.
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
Vrcstb btcgaeñg b dns mc-
tbddcs, pucmcg rcsudtbr luy
suhcrcgtcs; dns egstrulcgtns,
dbs lbgns, ctaåtcrb.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc @dbven Hbspcrege.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; :3ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/2.:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/966s, EQN 2.936
Qe jby juln,
juln, bprnvåajbdn tblieåg? db btlñs`crb quc arcb cs luy egtcrcsbgtc y pnabs
vcacs angschuerâs ugb elbhcg pbrcaemb.
Vrucib pugtns mc vestb egtcrcsbgtcs,

egtcrcsbgtcs, cxbhcrb dns peabmns, dns angtrbpeabmns, egtcgtb
`ntnhrbflbr b rbs mc sucdn, ang âghudns tnraemns,
t nraemns, ctaåtcrb. Cg mcflgetevb, egtcgtb scr nrehegbd.
Gn tnmn cs anghcdbr cd lnvelecgtn, tblieåg pucmcs mckbrdn ﬉uer y vcr añln qucmb cg
db elbhcg. Cd rcsudtbmn pucmc scr ehubdlcgtc luy btrbatevn.
Mbdc ugb npnrtugembm bd idbgan y gchrn y gn ndvemcs mes`rutbr mc db lûseab y mcd

cspcatâaudn, quc pbrb csn cstc cs gucstrn jniiy, pbrb bprcgmcr,
bprcgmcr, mes`rutbr y vever gucvbs
cxpcrecgaebs.
Vnr ûdteln, prnaurb trbgsleter db clnaeñg mc db lûseab, b trbvås mc dns rnstrns mc dns
lûseans n mcd lesln pûidean.
ABVÌ]SDN :
]us Vrelcrns Vbsns cg

Bstrn`ntnhrb`ìb
Mcsmc teclpns eglclnrebdcs jclns merehemn db lerbmb bd
aecdn ang bmlerbaeñg. Cs jnrb mc mereher tblieåg gucstrb
aâlbrb y abpturbr tnmb db icddczb acdcstebd. Vucs, pnr
luy sndclgc quc sucgc db pbdbirb bstrn`ntnhrb`ìb y
pnr luajn rcspcatn quc elpnghb cg ug pregaepen, cstâ
luajn lâs b tu bdabgac mc dn quc arccs. ]c dn vblns b
mclnstrbr.
Cxestcg luajns tepns mc `ntnhrb`ìb bstrngñleab, mcsmc abpturbr db dugb jbstb `ntnhrbflbr
db gciudnsb, cxpdnsengcs sndbrcs n pdbgctbs quc gn pucmcg vcrsc b selpdc vestb y quc sc
angnac cg bstrn`ntnhrb`ìb anln cspbaen prnùgmn. B cstc ûdteln, anln yb elbhegbrâs,
gn pnmclns ddchbr anln bflaengbmns, pucs gcacsetbrìblns cquepns luy cspcaìflans y
mclbsebmn abrns pbrb blbtcurs. Vnghblns dns pecs cg cd sucdn y rcanrmclns quc gn
snlns prn`csengbdcs y quc, mc lnlcgtn, gns ang`nrlblns ang mes`rutbr mc gucstrb lâs
blbmb bflaeñg.
Qeg clibrhn, tcgclns ugb iucgb gnteaeb, sì quc pucmcs abpturbr ntrns aucrpns acdcstcs
ang tu rå﬉cx n aubdquecr ntrb aâlbrb ang angtrndcs lbgubdcs, luajbs hbgbs, pbaecgaeb
y, schûg quå cs dn quc prctcgmbs `ntnhrbflbr, ug tcdcnikctevn. Dn mcd trìpnmc b cstbs
bdturbs yb dn mblns pnr scgtbmn ?).
—Gbmec csabpb b db `bsaegbaeñg quc

prnmuac db `ntnhrb`ìb. Cs anln ugb
abkb lâheab."
Nuob Dccdc
U anln gn cs dn lesln abpturbr cd snd anln pbrtc mc db csacgb, dns arâtcrcs mc db dugb,
dbs cstrcddbs n db Burnrb Inrcbd, pnr pngcr bdhugns ckclpdns, vblns b mcmeabr cstc
abpìtudn b bacrabrtc b cstb egtcrcsbgtc mesaepdegb ang angsckns y truans pbrb quc tc
bschurcs cd åxetn cg tus tnlbs.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Qjbdbob Hblbhc.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 2:ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/1.3, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 11s, EQN =.666
Vnr bjnrb quåmbtc ang quc gcacsetbrâs ugb mnses cxtrb mc pbaecgaeb (lâs tnmbvìb),
hbgbs mc pbsbr gnajcs cg vcdb, mespnseaeñg pbrb pcrmcrtc cg pdcgb gbturbdczb (iecg
dckns mc db angtblegbaeñg dulìgeab mc dbs urics), rcsestcgaeb bd `rìn, se vbs b abpturbr
burnrbs inrcbdcs, y teclpn pbrb pdbgeflabr iecg tu
t u `ntn.
Lâs bmcdbgtc, se mcsauircs quc cstc tepn mc `ntnhrb`ìb cs db quc inlicb db sbghrc mc tu
aucrpn, db quc mb scgtemn b abmb pìxcd `ntnhrbflbmn y db quc tc edusengb jbstb cd cspbaen
prnùgmn, ehubd babibs mbgmn ug pbsn lâs y banpdbs tu aâlbrb b ug tcdcsanpen pbrb
bacrabrtc ug pnan lâs b dbs cstrcddbs. N trbibkbgmn murn pbrb eganrpnrbrtc b bdhugb
bhcgaeb cspbaebd ?).
Mc lnlcgtn, gns ang`nrlblns ang mcspcrtbrtc cd husbgeddn pnr `ntnhrbflbr dn quc cstâ
bd bdabgac mc tu vestb y mc tu lbgn, `ntnhrâflablcgtc jbidbgmn, adbrn.
Dugb, supcrdugb y cadepsc mc dugb

Qng luajbs dbs dcycgmbs y aucgtns quc herbg cg tnrgn b db dugb. Qu lbheb, su pnmcr
jepgñtean n cd jcajezn quc mcspecrtb cg gnsntrns pucmcg scr bdhugbs mc dbs rbzngcs. Dbs
leslbs pnr dbs quc gns btrbc tbgtn `ntnhrbflbrdb y sc angvecrtc cg ug rctn bd quc pnans
sc rcsestcg. Vbrb dnhrbrdn, tc mckblns bdhugns angsckns cspcaìflans.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Hbgbpbtjy Oulbr.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 066ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/96, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/36s, EQN 196
Lbtcrebd
• Nikctevn; cdehc cd nikctevn bmcaubmn, n bmâptbtc b dbs aeraugstbgaebs se gn jby lâs

rclcmen. Db mestbgaeb `nabd mc tu nikctevn mctcrlegbrâ cd tblbòn mc db dugb cg tu
`ntnhrb`ìb. Aubgtn lbynr scb db `nabd, lbynr scrâ su tblbòn y lcknr sc vcrâ. Lnlcgtn
mc jbacr znnl b tnpc se db quecrcs hrbgmc. Qe utedezbs, pnr ckclpdn, ugb `nabd mc 13ll
pucs tcgmrâs ugb dugb pcqucòetb cg cd pbesbkc. Bjnrb iecg, cd tblbòn gn cs dn quc
lâs elpnrtb bquì ?).
• ]rìpnmc (bschûrbtc mc andnabrdn iecg) y mespbrbmnr rclntn (yb sbics iecg pnr quå).
2. EQN ibkn, lcknr b 266 n 966 se quecrcs nitcgcr cd aecdn iecg nsaurn.
9. Vbrb ugb lbynr getemcz, trbibkb ang ugb bpcrturb lcmeb,

lcmeb, pnr ckclpdn, cgtrc `/: y `/22.
1. Cd teclpn mc cxpnseaeñg mcpcgmcrâ mc db bpcrturb y cd vbdnr EQN, tcgmrâs quc tbgtcbr

jbstb quc mcs ang db `ñrludb bmcaubmb, pcrn quc gn scb luy dbrhn pbrb quc gn sc
vcb inrrnsb. Anlecgzb prnibgmn ang 2/293s y vc rcbkustbgmn schûg cd rcsudtbmn.
Sgb vcz lâs, tcgclns quc ang`csbrtc quc gn jby rcactbs lâheabs c eg`bdeidcs…
=. Ycsulecgmn,
Ycsulecgmn, clpeczb ang EQN 266, `/: y 2/293s y vc vbrebgmn pbrb dnhrbr tu rcsudtbmn
emcbd.
3. Mcsbatevb cd cstbiedezbmnr.
0. ]c rcanlcgmblns
rcanlcg mblns ugb Lcmeaeñg Vugtubd, lemecgmn snirc db dugb se vbs b `ntnhrbflbrdb
sndb y snirc ug aecdn nsaurn, n ugb seductb.
8. Mespbrb cg YBX (quå pcsbmns snlns ang cstn, ¾vcrmbm>).
:. Cg`nab cg lbgubd. Cg c`catn, rcquecrc prâateab, pcrn cs db lcknr `nrlb mc dnhrbr ug

rcsudtbmn ñpteln.
5. Anlprucib cd jestnhrblb pbrb bschurbrtc mc quc db cxpnseaeñg cs db anrrcatb.

26. U blpdìb db `ntn cg db pbgtbddb tnmn dn quc pucmbs pbrb bschurbrtc mc quc cstâ gìtemb.
Lcknr lnlcgtn y duhbr
Qe cg cd tblbòn mc db dugb eg﬉uyc db mestbgaeb `nabd, ugb vcz quc tecgcs db `nabd bmcaubmb
pbrb quc sc vcb hrbgmc, su tblbòn ang rcspcatn bd lntevn n sukctn quc egaduybs cg cd
cgaubmrc, mcpcgmc mc db mestbgaeb b db quc cstås mc cstc ûdteln b db jnrb mcd mespbrn.
Aubgtn lâs dckns cstås mc cstc, lâs hrbgmc pbrcacrâ db dugb cg anlpbrbaeñg.
Vbrb scr lâs cxbatn pucmcs usbr ugb `ñrludb luy selpdc, gn tc bsustcs, quc dn lâs
me`ìaed gn cs cd aâdaudn, segn sbicr cd tblbòn mcd nikctn quc banlpbòb b gucstrn sbtådetc.
Pcblns ug ckclpdn. Ruecrcs `ntnhrbflbr db dugb snirc ugb ehdcseb y tu emcb cs quc db
dugb sc vcb ehubd mc hrbgmc lâs n lcgns quc meajn cmeflaen. Db adbvc rcsemc cg rcaurrer
b ug pdbgeflabmnr (pnr ckclpdn, Vjntnpedds
Vjntnpedds)) n jbacr cd aâdaudn sehuecgtc;
]blbòn cmeflaen x 266< mestbgaeb bprnxelbmb b db quc tc jbs mc setubr.
Qe cd cmeflaen n cd cdclcgtn cg aucsteñg lemc 96 lctrns, tcgmrâs quc setubrtc b 9666

lctrns, n scb 9 oedñlctrns mc mestbgaeb mc db ehdcseb pbrb quc sc vcbg mc ug tblbòn
seledbr.
]YSAN
Cd lnlcgtn mc tblbòn
lâxeln mc db dugb sucdc scr
mc lbmruhbmb, cgangtrâgmnsc
lâs ddcgb db gnajc mc bgtcs
quc db tbrmc mcd lesln mìb.
Vnr csn, pbrb pbesbkcs b
db duz mc db dugb, pdbgeflab
pbrb cd mìb bgtcs mc dn quc
q uc
bgugaeb cd abdcgmbren.
@ntnhrb`ìb anrtcsìb mc Vjntnpedds.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 366ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/3.6, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/96s, EQN :66
U tc jclns angtbmn dn bgtcrenr pnrquc db dugb sndb cg ugb `ntn rcsudtb mclbsebmn
biurremb.
biurremb. Vucmc scr luy cspcatbaudbr vcr sus arâtcrcs se usbs ug supcrtcdcnikctevn n
tcdcsanpen, pcrn tblpnan cs gnvcmbm, bsì quc gn tecgc mclbsebmn egtcrås pbrb cd rcstn,
pnr luajn quc pbrb te scb ug dnhrn `bsaegbgtc y tc jbhb ibedbr cd —ajb-ajb-ajb“.
Vbrb cvetbrdn, prnaurb cgangtrbr ugb dnabdezbaeñg egtcrcsbgtc ang cd flg mc arcbr cd

lbran bmcaubmn,
bmcaubmn, db abpturcs lâs hrbgmc n lâs pcqucòb.
Lelb db anlpnseaeñg pbrb brrbgabr cd suspern mcd pûidean, pnrquc cstc bspcatn aucgtb
luajn lâs quc cd tblbòn.
Dn quc gns rcaucrmb db elpnrtbgaeb mc ugb iucgb pdbgeflabaeñg pbrb cgangtrbr cd duhbr y
cd lnlcgtn bmcaubmn. Dn mc pdbgeflabr yb dn jclns meajn ugbs aubgtbs vcacs, ¾aecrtn>
¾aecrtn>
Vnr bdhn scrâ...
Cd tclb pdbgeflabaeñg cs bûg lâs elpnrtbgtc aubgmn utedezbs ugb `nabd luy dbrhb pbrb
abpturbr db dugb hrbgmc ang ug mctcrlegbmn cdclcgtn, anln jclns abdaudbmn ang db
`ñrludb. Dns lârhcgcs mc lbgenirb sng pcqucòns, pnr dn quc tecgcs quc setubrtc cg
cd duhbr cxbatn. Byûmbtc mc bdhugb mc dbs bpdeabaengcs quc tc jclns gnlirbmn y mc
dbs quc jbidbrclns lâs b `ngmn cg cd abpìtudn 26 pbrb abdaudbr cd duhbr cxbatn. Cstn
gn aucgtb se quecrcs `ntnhrbflbr db dugb sndb cg cd aecdn, pcrn lâs bddâ mc db prâateab…
¾schurn quc quecrcs jbacr csn>
Ycspcatn bd lnlcgtn, ugb emcb pbrb `ntnhrbflbrdb cs b db sbdemb y b db pucstb pnr dbs
tngbdembmcs mcd aecdn. U aubgmn cstâ acrab mcd jnrezngtc pnrquc pbrcac lâs hrbgmc, b
vcacs prcscgtb ug andnr bgbrbgkbmn y pucmcs egaduer cd pbesbkc.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc ]nmm Meclcr.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 2=6ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/3.6, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/9:6s, EQN 966
Bugquc se db quecrcs lâs ireddbgtc y rcpdctb mc mctbddcs, lcknr cspcrb b quc cd aecdn cstå
anlpdctblcgtc nsaurn.
Vbrb `ntnhrbflbr db supcrdugb,

supcrdugb, bmclâs mc tnmn dn bgtcrenr, dn quc tc rcanlcgmblns cs
quc bprnvcajcs seclprc quc pucmbs abpturbr ugb. Cstn naurrc aubgmn cstâ lâs acrab
mc db tecrrb y dn quc prnvnab cs quc sc vcb bdhn lâs hrbgmc (db me`crcgaeb cs luy suted
b selpdc vestb) y ireddbgtc.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Hbgbpbtjy Oulbr.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Gbtjbg Muldbn.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 256ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/9.:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/366s, EQN =66
Vnr ûdteln, pbrb `ntnhrbflbr ug cadepsc mc dugb,

dugb , dns angsckns sng dns leslns, pcrn
bòbmelns cstns ntrns;
• Cd cadepsc pucmc scr

scr luy dbrhn, se quecrcs abpturbrdn cg tnmbs sus `bscs, prcpârbtc
iecg,
iecg, pbrb db adelbtndnhìb, cd biurrelecgtn n cd jblirc ?).
• Vdbgeflab iecg db jnrb y cd duhbr mcsmc mñgmc angtclpdbrdn y `ntnhrbflbrdn.
• Qe quecrcs jbacr ug lngtbkc

lngtbkc ang db scaucgaeb mcd cadepsc, pucmcs usbr ug egtcrvbdñlctrn.
• Aubgmn sng tntbdcs, db dugb bmquecrc ug andnr

andnr rnkn quc db jbac luy btrbatevb.
btrbatevb.
• Bgtcs mc dbgzbrtc b db pesaegb,

pesaegb, prbateab ang db dugb aubdquecr ntrb gnajc. Gn cspcrcs
dnhrbr ug `ntñg mcd cadepsc se bgtcs gn dn jbs angschuemn mc db dugb cg ugb knrgbmb
gnrlbd.
• U rcaucrmb, db anlpnseaeñg
anlpnseaeñg cs ugb pbrtc luy, pcrn quc luy elpnrtbgtc.
elpnrtbgtc.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Kboc Jedds.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 20ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/9.:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 16s, E QN :66
Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg 2=6
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Ynmrehn Qnbrcs.
Pcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/96s, EQN 9.366

Cstrcddbs
]ulibrsc cg db pdbyb n cg letbm mc db lngtbòb b niscrvbr dbs cstrcddbs cs bdhn quc
tnmb pcrsngb mcicrìb jbacr bd lcgns ugb vcz cg su eg`bgaeb y cg su vemb bmudtb. Cs bsì.
Mcicrìbg scr luajbs lâs, pnr supucstn, pcrn cs quc sbiclns quc se dn jbacs ugb vcz
rcpetcs, schurn. U cs quc pbrbrtc csc egstbgtc b mes`rutbr mc ugb icddczb tbg eglcgsb tc
sbaumc cd aucrpn y db lcgtc. Cs ug cspcatâaudn bd quc gbmec mcicrìb rcsestersc.
Qe dn trbsdbmblns b db `ntnhrb`ìb, anln blbgtcs mc cstc icddn brtc quc snlns, abpturbrdbs
sc angvecrtc cg ugn mc csns ckcraeaens pnr cd quc tnmns mcicrìblns pbsbr.
pbsbr. Bd lcgns ugb
vcz. ¾Añln> Pblns b cddn.
Lbtcrebd
• Cdehc cd nikctevn cg ùgaeñg mc db elbhcg quc mcsccs nitcgcr.

nitcgcr. Db iucgb gnteaeb cs
quc, pbrb `ntnhrbflbr cstrcddbs, tc servcg tnmbs dbs mestbgaebs `nabdcs. Aubgtn lâs
bghudbr, lcknr abpturbs cd pbesbkc. Vnr ckclpdn, ang ug 26ll pucmcs angschuer ugb
anlpnseaeñg mc eg`brtn? ang ug 13 n ug 36ll abpturbr angstcdbaengcs cgtcrbs? b pbrter
mc 236ll, hrbgmcs hrupns mc gciudnsbs? y aubgtn lbynr scb db mestbgaeb `nabd, lâs
mctbddcs pucmcs abpturbr (gciudnsbs, hbdbxebs... bugquc cstn yb cs ntrb jestnreb ?) ).
• Dn elpnrtbgtc cs quc scb dn lâs dulegnsn

dulegnsn pnseidc, snirc tnmn se
se quecrcs abpturbr dbs
cstrcddbs quc gn sc vcg b selpdc vestb.
• Stedezb cd trìpnmc y cd mespbrbmnr rclntn.
2. ]nab suier cd vbdnr EQN,

EQN, jbstb mngmc tu aâlbrb tc mckc seg ddcgbr mc ruemn db `ntnhrb`ìb.
9. Cstc pucmc scr ug iucg lnlcgtn pbrb prnibr db rcmuaaeñg

ASEMBMN mc ruemn mc tu aâlbrb (sbdvn pbrb `ntnhrbflbr rbstrns mc
cstrcddbs quc vcrclns bjnrb mcspuås).
Ang db rcmuaaeñg mc ruemn
mc tu aâlbrb batevbmb,
gcacsetbrâs cd mnidc mc 1. Ibdbgac mc idbgans. Bkûstbdn b tu hustn schûg se quecrcs tu
teclpn pbrb jbacr db `ntn. `ntnhrb`ìb ang ug tngn lâs aâdemn n lâs `rìn.
` rìn. Vbrb ndvembrtc
Mcsbatìvbdb aubgmn jbhbs mc cstc tclb, dn lcknr cs mespbrbr cg YBX,
YBX, snirc tnmn cg
prucibs mc cxpnseaeñg y
dns egeaens.
mclâs rcbkustcs y batìvbdb
pbrb tnlbr db `ntn flgbd.
Ang ugb bpcrturb `/9.: cs pnseidc

abpturbr cstrcddbs quc cd nkn gn vc.
Ang `/20 sndn dbs lâs ireddbgtcs.
=. Mcsbatevb cd cg`nquc butnlâtean y abdaudb db jepcr`nabd pbrb dnhrbr ug iucg cg`nquc
mc tus cstrcddbs.
3. Mcsbatevb cd cstbiedezbmnr mc elbhcg.
0. Vbrb abdaudbr cd teclpn mc cxpnseaeñg tecgcs quc tcgcr cg aucgtb cd lnvelecgtn

mc db tecrrb. Sg teclpn mclbsebmn prndnghbmn angvcrterâ tus cstrcddbs cg trbzbs n
pcqucòbs rbyetbs aurvbs cg duhbr mc pugtetns, quc cs anln sc angsehucg dbs `ntns
mc aìraudns mc cstrcddbs n aeraulpndbrcs, b dbs quc dcs mcmeablns ug suibpbrtbmn b
angtegubaeñg. Vbrb abpturbrdbs anln pugtetns n gìtembs tecgcs trcs npaengcs;
b. Cgsbyn crrnr, cs mcaer, prnibr jbstb mbr ang cd teclpn mc cxpnseaeñg anrrcatn.
Vrnaurb gn pbsbr mc 16 schugmns, se vcs quc sbdcg trbzns, utedezb teclpns mc
cxpnseaeñg lâs anrtns.
i. Ycaurrer b ugb bpdeabaeñg mc pdbgeflabaeñg.
a. Bpdeabr db sehuecgtc `ñrludb pbrb nitcgcr ug mbtn lâs bprnxelbmn cg lcgns

teclpn;
066/mestbgaeb `nabd<teclpn mc cxpnseaeñg lâxeln
Cstb `ñrludb tc scrverâ pbrb ugb aâlbrb mc `nrlbtn anlpdctn, se db tuyb gn dn cs, bpdeab
cstb ntrb;
066/(mestbgaeb `nabd x `batnr mc angvcrseñg)<teclpn

angvcrseñg)<teclpn mc cxpnseaeñg lâxeln
Anln cstn sc cstâ anlpdeabgmn, lcknr vblns b pngcr ug ckclpdn,

ckclpdn, n mns ?);
Qetubaeñg 2;
Aâlbrb mc `nrlbtn anlpdctn n @udd @rblc, nikctevn ang mestbgaeb `nabd 26ll; 066/26<06
schugmns. Cs mcaer, cd teclpn lâxeln mc cxpnseaeñg pbrb angschuer cstrcddbs gìtembs
scrìb mc 06 schugmns.
Qetubaeñg 9;
Aâlbrb ang `batnr mc angvcrseñg mc 2.0x (cstn mcpcgmc mc db lbrab mc tu aâlbrb),

nikctevn ang mestbgaeb `nabd mc 26ll; 066/ (26x2,0) <18,3.
<18,3. Ang dn quc tcgmrìbs quc cxpngcr
anln lâxeln 18,3 schugmns.
Qe cstc aâdaudn tc pbrcac anlpdckn n tc biurrc gbmb lâs quc pcgsbrdn, tc rcletelns
b dbs npaengcs —b“, prnibr jbstb quc mcs ang db tcadb? n —i“, utedezbr dbs jcrrblecgtbs
mespngeidcs ?). Dn elpnrtbgtc cs gn birulbrtc pbrb mes`rutbr mc dn quc cstâs jbaecgmn y
prbateabr. Vrbateabr luajn.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Kngbtbg Vec.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 23ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/3.6, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 93s, EQN 1.966
Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg 2==
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Abscy Jnrgcr

Jnrgcr..
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 9=ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/9.:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 93s, EQN 0.=66
Bpârtbtc tnmn dn quc pucmbs mc dbs duacs. Pctc

Pctc dckns mc aeumbmcs y duhbrcs edulegbmns.
Vnr cd lesln lntevn, pdbgcb tu sbdemb cg gnajcs seg dugb.
dugb.
]blieåg mcics vehedbr cd pbrtc lctcnrndñhean pbrb juer mc dbs guics,guics , db julcmbm y
db gecidb. Gn tc mckbrâg vcr dbs cstrcddbs y, pnr dn tbgtn, scrâ elpnseidc abpturbrdbs. Qe
tecgcs ugbs pnabs guics sndblcgtc, bdìbtc ang cddbs c egadûycdbs anln c`catn arcbtevn.
Ntrbs angsemcrbaengcs
Qe dn quc prctcgmcs cs abpturbr dbs cstrcddbs cg `ntnhrb`ìb uribgb,

uribgb, tcg auembmn ang dbs
`brndbs. Ssb ugb `nabd dbrhb n setûbtc b ugb bdturb pnr cgaelb mc cddbs. Db ntrb npaeñg
cs angschuer luajbs `ntns mc lcgns teclpn mc cxpnseaeñg y bpedbrdbs. Bpedbmn, ntrn
angacptn gucvn, pcrn abdlb, dn vcrclns cg cd abpìtudn 5.
Auemb db anlpnseaeñg.
anlpnseaeñg. Qe tc deletbs b `ntnhrbflbr dbs cstrcddbs sndbs ibedbgmn pnr cd aecdn,
abse tnmn tu csùcrzn scrâ cg vbgn. ]cgmrâs ugb sbtes`baaeñg pcrsngbd trclcgmb. Qeg
clibrhn, bjì qucmbrâ, cg dn pcrsngbd. Luy prnibidclcgtc gn ddblbrâ db btcgaeñg mc
gbmec lâs.
Vnr cddn, iusab ugb dnabdezbaeñg egtcrcsbgtc pbrb egaduer pbrtc mcd pbesbkc cg tu
anlpnseaeñg. Iecg ugb seductb nsaurb mc lngtbòbs, ug cmeflaen btrbycgtc pbrb edulegbr
ang degtcrgbs, ug pbesbkc quc cglbrquc tu aecdn egugmbmn mc pugtns ireddbgtcs, ctaåtcrb.
Sgb iucgb anlpnseaeñg scrâ tbg elpnrtbgtc anln ugns bkustcs bmcaubmns.
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
Qe usbs degtcrgbs luy
pntcgtcs, aecrrb ug pnan cd
meb`rbhlb.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Mbgecd Ndbj.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 96ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/2.:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2/96s, EQN 0.=66
Db `ntnhrb`ìb mc cstrcddbs tecgc su lâxeln cxpngcgtc cg db Pìb Dâatcb, pcrn cstb lcrcac
cd bpbrtbmn cspcaebd quc vblns b mcmeabrdc lâs bmcdbgtc.
Ybstrns mc Cstrcddbs
Sgb vcz mnlegbmn cd gnidc brtc mc `ntnhrbflbr cstrcddbs, pnmrâs btrcvcrtc b `ntnhrbflbr
su rbstrn, cd rcsudtbmn sehuc secgmn ehubdlcgtc cspcatbaudbr.
cspcatbaudbr.
Cstc rbstrn cs angscaucgaeb mcd lnvelecgtn mc db ]ecrrb. Bd herbr gucstrn pdbgctb, bugquc
b selpdc vestb gn gns mclns aucgtb, dbs cstrcddbs abliebg mc pnseaeñg. Iucgn, sndn
bpbrcgtclcgtc, pnrquc cg rcbdembm gns lnvclns gnsntrns, gn cddbs. ]û gn dn vcs, pcrn
db aâlbrb sì quc abptb csc lnvelecgtn ang dns teclpns mc cxpnseaeñg bmcaubmns.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Vbidn Hbraìb Qbdmbòb.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 9:ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 069s, EQN 266
Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg 2=:
Bquì db jestnreb sc anlpdeab ug pcdìg lâs, vecgc b scr luy pbrcaemn b `ntnhrbflbr
cstrcddbs gìtembs, pcrn tcgmrâs quc mcmeabrdc lâs teclpn b db pdbgeflabaeñg, db ckcauaeñg
y db cmeaeñg. Bjnrb iecg, aubgmn angsehbs ugb elbhcg iecg anlpucstb y ckcautbmb,
yb pucmcs mbr sbdtns, hretbr b dn Yetb ]urgcr n ibedbrtc ugb rulib quc iecg tc dn jbirâs
lcrcaemn, db sbtes`baaeñg irntbrâ mc abmb ugn mc dns pìxcdcs mc tu `ntnhrb`ìb. Vbrb cddn
tc mckblns bdhugbs egmeabaengcs;
Lbtcrebd
• Jbztc ang ugb dcgtc bghudbr y dulegnsb.
• U se tecgcs ugb aâlbrb

aâlbrb Ndylpus ang ùgaeñg Devc Anlpnsetc,
Anlpnsetc, cstâs mc cgjnrbiucgb,
vb b jbacr ugb iucgb pbrtc mcd prnacsn pnr te, pnr ckclpdn, cd bpedbmn. Qì, csn quc yb
tc jclns bmcdbgtbmn y quc, cg rcbdembm sc trbtb mc uger vbrebs elâhcgcs cg ugb.
• Vrcpbrb cspbaen
cspbaen cg tus tbrkctbs mc lclnreb.
lclnreb. Vbrb abdaudbr auâgtns Hehbs gcacsetbs
anlprucib auâgtns LI tecgc ugb `ntn, y sbiecgmn auâgtn murbrâ db scseñg, cd teclpn
mc cxpnseaeñg, cd egtcrvbdn cgtrc `ntn y `ntn, pnmrâs mctcrlegbr auâgtbs `ntns vbs b
rcbdezbr y sbicr bsì auâgtn tc naupbrâg pbrb gn qucmbrtc seg cspbaen.
• Ddcvb db ibtcrìb anlpdctblcgtc abrhbmb,

abrhbmb, lcknr se sng mns. Vbrb gn lnvcr db aâlbrb
ang ug ablien mc ibtcrìb, dn emcbd cs utedezbr,
utedezbr, se tecgcs, clpuòbmurb ang ibtcrìb cxtrb
¾rcaucrmbs aubgmn cg cd abpìtudn 9 tc jbidâiblns mc db gcacsembm mc ibtcrìbs cxtrb
y mc dns hrep> Elbhegb cg letbm mc cstb scseñg abliebr db ibtcrìb. Gn, gn cs dn lâs
rcanlcgmbidc.
• Gcacsetbrâs ug egtcrvbdñlctrn,
egtcrvbdñlctrn, mc dn angtrbren tcgmrâs quc mespbrbr mc `nrlb lbgubd
y ang ug mespbrbmnr rclntn pbrb quc gn jbyb gbmb mc lnvelecgtn. ]c ]c abgsbrâs b dns
mecz legutns. ]c
]c dn mcaelns pnr cxpcrecgaeb prnpeb ?).
2. Bpbhb db cstbiedezbaeñg mc elbhcg.
9. Mcsbatevb cd cg`nquc butnlâtean.
]YSAN 1. U se tecgcs pucstn bdhûg fldtrn SP cg db ñpteab, rctìrbdn.
Sg pbrbsnd rctrbsbrâ db
angmcgsbaeñg mc rnaìn cg
cd nikctevn.
=. Gevcdb db aâlbrb pbrb quc cd jnrezngtc qucmc rcatn.
3. ]bpb cd vesnr pbrb cvetbr duacs pbrâsetbs.
0.
0. Bschûrbtc mc quc cd trìpnmc cstâ cstbidc.
88.. gsestelns,
gsestelns, abdaudb db jepcr`nabd pbrb quc dbs cstrcddbs qucmcg cg`nabmbs. U anlprucib
cd cg`nquc cg db pbgtbddb jbaecgmn znnl.
:.
:. Angflrlb quc cd jestnhrblb cstå anrrcatn.
5.
5. Gn tc ndvemcs mc edulegbr cd prelcr pdbgn.
pdbgn . Jbz cstn cg db prelcrb y ûdtelb `ntn.
26.
26. Qe tecgc luajn ruemn prucib ang cxpnseaengcs lâs anrtbs.
22.
22. Angsehuc ugb `ntn mc 16 schugmns anrrcatblcgtc cxpucstb, sehuecgmn dns angsckns
quc tc babiblns mc mbr pbrb `ntnhrbflbr cstrcddbs.
29.
29. Sgb vcz quc tcghbs ugb `ntnhrb`ìb quc tc angvcgzb, cg cxpnseaeñg, edulegbaeñg mcd
prelcr pdbgn, ctaåtcrb, bkustb cd egtcrvbdñlctrn pbrb quc tc jbhb bd lcgns 266 `ntns
mc 16 schugmns abmb ugb, ang 9 schugmns cgtrc `ntn y `ntn.
21.
21. Vucmcs abpturbr dns rbstrns mc cstrcddbs ang ugb sndb cxpnseaeñg lâs dbrhb, seg
clibrhn, dns rbstrns sc vcrâg lâs anrtns y se jby dugb n angtblegbaeñg dulìgeab tu
`ntn qucmbrâ snirccxpucstb, pnr cstn, cs rcanlcgmbidc jbacr luajbs cxpnseaengcs
lâs anrtbs y ugerdbs (bpedbmn). Bmclâs, ang cxpnseaengcs lâs dbrhbs tblieåg bulcgtb
cd ruemn tårlean prnmuaemn pnr cd abdcgtblecgtn mcd
m cd scgsnr.
scgsnr.
]YSAN
Qe tc cs elpnseidc cvetbr
db angtblegbaeñg dulìgeab
tecgcs mns npaengcs; mckbrdb
ùcrb mcd cgaubmrc n dnhrbr
bdhn arcbtevn ang cddb. Qe
gn pucmcs ang cd cgclehn,
¡ûgctc b åd!
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Abl=Jcrncs.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 2=ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/1.3, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg 2.366s, EQN 266
Dbs gnajcs lâs `rìbs sng dbs lâs bmcaubmbs pbrb cvetbr cd ruemn tårlean, quc cs cd quc
tc babiblns mc anlcgtbr quc sc prnmuac pnr cd snircabdcgtblecgtn mcd scgsnr.
Qe ugbs pnabs guics pucmcg gn lndcstbrtc cg db `ntnhrb`ìb mc cstrcddbs, pbrb abpturbr

su rbstrn gn tecgcg abiemb.
abiemb. Vdbgeflab tu `ntn pbrb ugb gnajc anlpdctblcgtc mcspckbmb.
Acrn guics. Qeg clibrhn, sì pucmc jbicr dugb, bugquc prc`crcgtclcgtc quc cstå bd
16% anln luajn. Qe edulegbs ang db dugb lcknr quc gn cstå luy bdtb y quc qucmc b ug
dbmn.
Iusab ug duhbr seg angtblegbaeñg dulìgeab y ang bdhûg

cdclcgtn egtcrcsbgtc pbrb egaduer cg cd cgaubmrc cg angtrbstc
ASEMBMN
ang dbs cstrcddbs.
Mcpcgmecgmn mc db mercaaeñg
cg db quc cgaubmrcs dbs
cstrcddbs abpturbrâs ug pbtrñg
mc lnvelecgtn u ntrn.
Dbs cstrcddbs gn sng idbgabs, tecgcg andnrcs.

andnrcs. Vnmrâs abpturbrdns ang teclpns mc
cxpnseaeñg gn mclbsebmn dbrhns, anlpdctblcgtc dckns mc db angtblegbaeñg dulìgeab y
ang ug vbdnr EQN lâs iecg ibkn.
Sgb emcb pucmc scr anliegbr db `ntnhrb`ìb mc cstrcddbs ang cd dehjtpbegtegh quc jbs
angnaemn cg cd abpìtudn 8.
Vbrb dnhrbr dbs `ntnhrb`ìbs mc aeraulpndbrcs,

aeraulpndbrcs, cg dbs quc tnmbs dbs cstrcddbs bpbrcacg
rntbgmn bdrcmcmnr mc ugb leslb cstrcddb, bpugtb b db cstrcddb pndbr se cstâs cg cd
jcles`cren gnrtc, se cstâs cg cd jcles`cren sur db ansb sc anlpdeab ug pnqueddn lâs, tecgcs
quc cgangtrbr cd Vndn Qur Acdcstc. Vbrb cddn tc rcanlcgmblns usbr bdhugb bpdeabaeñg
tepn Vjntnpedds
Vjntnpedds..
ASEMBMN
Ibkn geghûg angacptn
mcic lnvcrsc cd trìpnmc
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Hnnm @rcc Vjntns.
n db aâlbrb se gn quecrcs
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 2=ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/9.:, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 93s, EQN 9366 clpczbr mc acrn.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Kbao Abeg.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 96ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/2.=, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 16s, EQN :66
Aubgmn tcghbs cg absb tnmbs tus elâhcgcs, cmetb ugb `ntnhrb`ìb b tu hustn ang Dehjtrnnl,
D ehjtrnnl,
n ang tu cmetnr `bvnretn? mcspuås, anpeb cg cd rcstn mc dbs elâhcgcs dns bkustcs rcbdezbmns,
pbrb quc qucmcg tnmbs ang cd lesln ibdbgac mc idbgans, rcmuaaeñg mc ruemn, ctaåtcrb?
duchn, angveårtcdbs b KVH. Db ûdtelb `bsc scrâ cd bpedbmn, uger tnmbs dbs `ntns cg ugb. Qc
pucmc jbacr ang Vjntnsjnp, pcrn aubgmn sng pnabs `ntns. Qe vbs b jbacr ug bpedbmn ang
266 elâhcgcs, pnr ckclpdn, lcknr utedezb ug cmetnr cspcaìflan pbrb db nabseñg, cs mcaer,
bdhugb mc dbs jcrrblecgtbs quc tc cxpngclns cg cd abpìtudn 26.
Pìb dâatcb
Vnabs ansbs jby tbg lbrbveddnsbs anln tcgcr db npnrtugembm mc vcr y `ntnhrbflbr db Pìb
Dâatcb. Pcrdb elpdeab aecdns mcspckbmns, berc purn, nsaurembm, bvcgturb… y prcaensbs
elâhcgcs pbrb cd rcaucrmn.
Bjnrb iecg, gn jby rcanlpcgsb seg csùcrzn, `ntnhrbflbr db Pìb Dâatcb ang iucgns
rcsudtbmns gn sc jbac prcaepetbmblcgtc mcsmc cd sn`â mc tu absb. Dn lâs elpnrtbgtc mc
db `ntnhrb`ìb mc db Pìb Dâatcb cs ugb iucgb prcpbrbaeñg prcveb.
Bsì quc prcpârbtc, pnrquc ang cstns angsckns tus `ntnhrb`ìbs mc db Pìb Dâatcb jbstb b te
tc mckbrâg ang db inab biecrtb ?).
Lbtcrebd
• Stedezb ug trìpnmc,
trìpnmc, ang dn quc ddcvblns mc deirn, sbiclns quc, b cstbs bdturbs, dn mbs
pnr scgtbmn ?).
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
Pc ang bdhuecg ang quecg tc
hustc angvcrsbr y dc bpctczab
pbsbr db gnajc angtehn, n
ddåvbtc ug iucg deirn ang ug
pugtn mc duz pbrb pnmcr dccr
cg letbm mc db gbmb, vbs b
pbsbrtc ug rbtn luuuuuy
dbrhn cspcrbgmn. Cstbs sng
bdhugbs emcbs, se prcflcrcs
ntrn cgtrctcgelecgtn
cgtrctcgelecg tn cs ansb
tuyb pcrn gn tc vbybs mc
vbaìn ?).
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Icgkbleg Mbvecs.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; :3ll, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 16s, EQN 0.=66

• Sgb degtcrgb cs mc usn nidehbmn tblieåg? pbrb trbstcbr db aâlbrb, pbrb lnvcrtc ang
schurembm, pbrb byumbrtc b cg`nabr y pbrb pegtbr ang duz se dn gcacsetbs.
• Sg mespbrbmnr rclntn pbrb cvetbr quc db elbhcg qucmc trcpembmb. Cg su mc`catn,

rcaucrmb utedezbr cd mespbrbmnr rctbrmbmn mc tu aâlbrb.
• Pbrebs ibtcrìbs y iecg abrhbmbs (db mcd lñved tblieåg ?) ).
• Lâs mc ugb tbrkctb mc lclnreb,

lclnreb, lâs vbdc prcvcger…
2. Stedezb ugb bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb blpdeb pbrb `bvnrcacr db cgtrbmb mc duz bd scgsnr;
gcacsetbrâs luajb duz pbrb `ntnhrbflbr cd aecdn seg cstcdbs.
9. Bkustb ugb scgseiedembm EQN cdcvbmb quc lbgtcghb ugns gevcdcs mc ruemn anrrcatns.
1. Bpdeab db rchdb mc dns 066 pbrb mctcrlegbr db vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg lâxelb b db

quc sc lbgtcgmrâg dbs cstrcddbs flkbs. —¾Ychdb mc dns quå>“ ¾Ycaucrmbs db `ñrludb
pbrb abdaudbr cd teclpn mc cxpnseaeñg lâxeln pbrb tcgcr cstrcddbs gìtembs> Csb cs,
pcrn tc db rcanrmblns ?).
066/mestbgaeb `nabd<teclpn mc cxpnseaeñg lâxeln
066/(mestbgaeb `nabd x `batnr mc angvcrseñg)<teclpn

angvcrseñg)<teclpn mc cxpnseaeñg lâxeln
=. ]bpb cd vesnr.
vesnr. Ub tc angtblns cstc truan, pcrn, cg hcgcrbd, cg cxpnseaengcs dcgtbs
seclprc cs angvcgecgtc pbrb cvetbr quc pucmbg cgtrbr duacs egmcscbmbs pnr cd lesln.
3. Abdaudb db mestbgaeb jepcr`nabd ang cd flg mc nitcgcr db lbynr zngb cg`nabmb cg db

elbhcg.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Qbl Xegmsnr

Xegmsnr..
0. ]rbibkb
rbibk b cg YBX pbrb pnmcr cmetbr b db lcknr abdembm y ang cd lcknr rcsudtbmn.
8. Qe tu aâlbrb mespngc mc rcmuaaeñg mc ruemn, batìvbdb. Bugquc tc aucstc cd mnidc mc

teclpn.
Db lcknr åpnab mcd bòn pbrb `ntnhrbflbr db Pìb Dâatcb cs mc kugen b bhnstn, quc sc
mckb vcr mc mecz mc db gnajc b mns mc db lbòbgb? n mc scpteclirc b natuirc, veseidc cg
aubgtn sc jbac mc gnajc.
]blieåg cs elpnrtbgtc angnacr dbs angmeaengcs mc angtblegbaeñg dulìgeab mc dns

me`crcgtcs duhbrcs mcsmc dns quc pnmrìbs qucrcr `ntnhrbflbrdb. Cxestcg bpdeabaengcs pbrb
cddn anln Dehjt Vndduteng Lbp quc tc pcrleterâg jbacr ugb iûsqucmb mc duhbrcs ang
lcgns angtblegbaeñg.
Ehubdlcgtc, cs luy elpnrtbgtc sbicr añln cstbrâ db dugb cd mìb quc prcvcbs sbder b
`ntnhrbflbr db Pìb Dâatcb, yb quc db dugb cs ugb ùcgtc mc duz quc, anln yb tc jclns
angtbmn, pcrkumeab db vesubdezbaeñg mc cstrcddbs. Dn lcknr cs ugb `bsc mc dugb gucvb
(egveseidc) n acrabgb b cddb (aubgmn cs luy flgb y gn bpnrtb prâateablcgtc duz).
Dbs angmeaengcs btlns`åreabs tblieåg b`catbg bd rcsudtbmn mc db `ntnhrb`ìb;
b. Sg aecdn guidbmn,
guidbmn, pnr ckclpdn, elpnseiedetbrìb vcr anrrcatblcgtc db Pìb Dâatcb y dbs
cstrcddbs cg hcgcrbd.
i. Cd vecgtn tblpnan scrâ ug iucg bdebmn, yb quc pucmc lnvcr dehcrblcgtc db aâlbrb,
bugquc db tcghbs flkbmb bd trìpnmc.
a. Dbs gnajcs mclbsebmn abdurnsbs tblieåg pucmcg b`catbr bd rcgmelecgtn mcd scgsnr
y snircabdcgtbrdn prnmuaecgmn ruemn cg db elbhcg.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Mcges Mchenbgge.
]rbibkb tus anlpnseaengcs, gn tecgcs pnr quå deletbrtc b `ntnhrbflbr cd aecdn. Cd cgtnrgn
tc byumbrâ b quc tus `ntnhrb`ìbs scbg lâs cspcatbaudbrcs. Vucmcs dnabdezbr cg dbhns,
lngtbòbs, byumbrtc mc ârindcs, rnabs, ctaåtcrb, pbrb mbrdc b tu Pìb Dâatcb ug angtcxtn
mehgn.
Vbrb nitcgcr ugb iucgb cxpnseaeñg mcd aecdn y cd prelcr pdbgn, cs pnseidc quc gcacsetcs
edulegbr cstc ûdteln. Vregaepbdlcgtc jby mns `nrlbs mc jbacrdn;
2. Edulegbgmn cd prelcr pdbgn ang bdhugb ùcgtc mc duz brteflaebd.
9. Ycbdezbgmn mns elâhcgcs ang cxbatblcgtc cd lesln cgaubmrc, pcrn cxpngecgmn ugb
cg cd aecdn y ntrb cg prelcr pdbgn y mcspuås kugtbr dbs mns elâhcgcs anln abpbs
cg Vjntnsjnp u ntrn prnhrblb mc cmeaeñg, dn quc vecgc secgmn cd `blnsn bpedbmn ?).
@ntnhrbflbr dbs cstrcddbs vb lâs bddâ mc nitcgcr `ntnhrb`ìbs egarcìidcs. ]blieåg

]blieåg trbtb mc
vever ugb cxpcrecgaeb ûgeab rnmcbmn mc icddczb snircanhcmnrb y mc db pbz mc db gnajc
cg db sndcmbm mc bdhûg duhbr bpbrtbmn.
Bugquc, seclprc lcknr banlpbòbmn quc b sndbs. Vnr mevcrseñg y tblieåg pnr schurembm.
Jbs mc pcrmngbrgns, pcrn dn rcabdablns pnr su vetbd elpnrtbgaeb.
Gn gns mehbs quc gn cstâs yb segtecgmn cd berc `rcsan y purn cg tu rnstrn lecgtrbs leddngcs
cstrcddbs snirc tu abiczb tc jbacg vcr db snircanhcmnrb eglcgsembm mcd ugevcrsn.
Burnrb inrcbd
Qe cxestc ug `cgñlcgn abpbz mc anglnvcr bd cspcatbmnr lâs csaåptean, cstc cs, seg
mumb, db burnrb inrcbd (tblieåg angnaemb anln duacs mcd gnrtc).
Gns btrcvcrìblns b mcaer quc mcic cstbr cg leddngcs y leddngcs mc destbs mc ansbs quc
vcr bgtcs mc lnrer ?).
U gn cs pbrb lcgns, db burnrb inrcbd cs ug `cgñlcgn lâhean, ug rchbdn mc db gbturbdczb

jcrlnsn anln pnans. Db pnseiedembm mc niscrvbrdb y mc `ntnhrbflbrdb cs, seg mumb, ugn
mc dns bangtcaelecgtns lâs egarcìidcs quc tcgmrâs abzbgmn `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Pembr Gnrmde-Lbtjescg.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 13ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/9.3, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 16s, EQN 2.066
¾Ruå cs db burnrb inrcbd>
Db burnrb inrcbd sc prnmuac aubgmn dbs pbrtìaudbs mcd Qnd abrhbmbs mc cdcatreaembm y dns
hbscs mc db btlñs`crb supcrenr andesengbg, sndtbgmn bsì `ntngcs mc duz, quc pucmcg scr
mc andnr vcrmc se dbs pbrtìaudbs ang dbs quc andesengb sng mc nxìhcgn? n mc andnr rnsb, se
dbs pbrtìaudbs ang dbs quc ajnab sng mc getrñhcgn.
Qe iecg csc cgaucgtrn mc pbrtìaudbs y hbscs sc prnmuac cg tnmb db btlñs`crb, cstns

sng mcsvebmns pnr cd ablpn lbhgåtean mc db ]ecrrb (elpemecgmn niscrvbr cd `cgñlcgn).
Cg ablien, anln cg dns pndns, cd ablpn lbhgåtean cs lâs måied, cg dns duhbrcs lâs
acrabgns b cddns cs mngmc sc pucmc niscrvbr cstc `cgñlcgn.
Sgb vcz prcscgtbmb db burnrb

b urnrb inrcbd b hrbgmcs rbshns, mckblns db tcnrìb y gns acgtrblns
cg dns angsckns pbrb `ntnhrbflbrdb ang åxetn.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Knjgy Hncrcgm.
Lbtcrebd
• Gcacsetbrâs ug trìpnmc;
trìpnmc; cg cstc absn angarctn, rcanlcgmblns ug trìpnmc mc rñtudb,
rñtudb,
yb quc tc pcrletc bmbptbrtc lâs râpemblcgtc bd lnvelecgtn mc db burnrb.
• Sg nikctevn hrbg bghudbr ang ugb iucgb bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb scrìb emcbd, bugquc
pnr supucstn, se gn tecgcs gn mcics pcrleter quc csn tc elpemb jbacr lbrbveddnsbs
`ntns mc db burnrb.
• Vbrbsnd pbrb cd nikctevn. Mc cstc lnmn legelezbrâs db `nrlbaeñg mc jecdn y

angmcgsbaeñg cg cd nikctevn.
• Sg hrep tc scrâ mc luajìselb byumb pbrb trbibkbr ang cxpnseaengcs dbrhbs y bliecgtcs
`rìns, yb quc blibs setubaengcs hbstbg luajb ibtcrìb. Qe gn tecgcs, ddåvbtc ug pbr mc
ibtcrìbs mc rcpucstn iecg abrhbmbs.
• Sg mespbrbmnr rclntn.
• Sgb degtcrgb pbrb pnmcr mcscgvndvcrtc cg db nsaurembm y pbrb byumbrtc ang cd

cg`nquc.
• Ddåvbtc mns n trcs tbrkctbs mc lclnreb?

lclnreb? trbibkbr cg YBX (rcanlcgmbidc) y ang dbrhbs
cxpnseaengcs pucmc hcgcrbr flajcrns luy hrbgmcs y naupbr luajn cspbaen cg db
tbrkctb, jbaecgmn quc cstb sc ddcgc `âaedlcgtc.
2. Ruetb dns fldtrns mc tu nikctevn.
9. Stedezb bpcrturbs mc meb`rbhlb blpdebs pbrb lbxelezbr db cgtrbmb mc duz.
1. Vrnaurb trbibkbr ang vcdnaembmcs mc niturbaeñg eg`crenrcs b 16s, yb quc tu nikctevn

cs anghcdbr db burnrb bgtcs mc quc pecrmb getemcz.
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
=. Angflhurb ug EQN ibkn pbrb cvetbr cd ruemn cg tu elbhcg.
Lbgtåg dbs ibtcrìbs cg ug
indseddn acrab mcd aucrpn
pbrb cvetbr quc cd `rìn dcs
jbhb pcrmcr db abrhb y
sndn sâabdbs aubgmn dbs
gcacsetcs.
3. Mespbrb cg YBX.
0. Cxpñg mcrcajcbgmn; cs mcaer

m caer,, cvetb quc dbs snlirbs ddchucg b db pbrtc ezquecrmb mcd
jestnhrblb,
jestnhrblb, pnrquc csb eg`nrlbaeñg sc pcrmcrâ seg pnmcrsc rcaupcrbr ang iucgns
rcsudtbmns. Ang lâs cxpnseaeñg (seg quclbr db elbhcg) tcgmrâs ugb lbynr abdembm
mc elbhcg cg hcgcrbd y cg angarctn cg dbs zngbs nsaurbs.
8. Abdaudb db jepcr`nabd y trbibkb ang cddb, bsì lbxelezbrâs db prnùgmembm mc ablpn

mc db elbhcg.
:. Angflhurb cd bvesn mc bdtbs duacs mc tu jestnhrblb pbrb cvetbr quclbr db burnrb.
Cd lcknr lnlcgtn y duhbr pbrb niscrvbr burnrbs inrcbdcs
Anln yb tc jclns bmcdbgtbmn, cs cg dns pndns mngmc sc pucmcg vesubdezbr lcknr,

hcgcrbdlcgtc cg bqucddns duhbrcs quc sc setûbg pnr cgaelb mcd pbrbdcdn 33 Gnrtc y
cgtrc dns lcscs mc natuirc b lbrzn.
Bugquc db burnrb inrcbd cs veseidc mcsmc cd egstbgtc cg quc sc pngc cd snd, cd lcknr
lnlcgtn pbrb vcrdbs sucdc scr mc 26 mc db gnajc b 9 mc db lbòbgb.
Esdbgmeb, @egdbgmeb, Csabgmegbveb, Bdbsob, Bgtârtemb, Gucvb [cdbgmb n Bustrbdeb, sng sndn
bdhugns duhbrcs mcsmc dns quc sc pucmc mes`rutbr mc cstc `cgñlcgn lâhean.
Vbrb `ntnhrbflbr dbs burnrbs tblieåg tcgmrâs quc bdckbrtc mc db angtblegbaeñg dulìgeab
mc pucidns y aeumbmcs.
Ycspcatn b db dugb, abmb `bsc dugbr tc rchbdb ug tepn mc elbhcg me`crcgtc; gn

mcsbprnvcajcs geghugb mc cddbs.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Knsjub Cbrdc.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 2=ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/1.9, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 26s, EQN 2.066
Bòâmcdc ug lbran b db burnrb inrcbd. Db `nrlb cg quc db anlpnghbs ang cd rcstn mc db

elbhcg cs tbg elpnrtbgtc n lâs quc ugb iucgb burnrb.
Iusab csacgbrens egtcrcsbgtcs quc pntcgaecg db elbhcg;

elbhcg; absbs, ârindcs, rnabs, dbhns
(ang cd cxtrb bòbmemn mcd rc﬉ckn) n cd pbesbkc cg hcgcrbd. Vrucib tblieåg anlpnseaengcs
cg vcrteabd.
Bugquc db burnrb tc pbrczab
pbrczab måied, gn mckcs mc jbacr `ntns,
dns teclpns mc cxpnseaeñg dbrhns tc pcrleterâg abptbrdb luajn
YCANLCGMBAEÑG lâs egtcgsb mc dn quc pucmc pbrcacrtc b selpdc vestb.
Jbz dns mcicrcs bgtcs mc

er, prbateab ang dns bkustcs
cg absb y bprågmctc dns
quc vbs b gcacsetbr pbrb
pnmcr cgangtrbrdns mc
`nrlb âhed cg db nsaurembm.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Duabs Lbranlege.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 2:ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/1.3, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; :s, EQN 0.=66
Iusab anlpbòìb,
anlpbòìb, dn lcknr scrìb er cg hrupn n ang bdhûg huìb quc ns cgscòc dns lcknrcs
duhbrcs mngmc `ntnhrbflbr burnrbs inrcbdcs.
U, pnr ûdteln, pnr `bvnr, rcsperb jngmn, lerb bd aecdn, ndvìmbtc ug rbtn mc dbs `ntns y
pecgsb cg db sucrtc quc tecgcs mc cstbr bddì cg csc prcaesn egstbgtc, mes`rutbgmn mc bdhn
tbg suidelc y bsnlirnsn.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Leajbd Prib.
Mestbgaeb `nabd; 2=ll, bpcrturb mc meb`rbhlb; `/=, vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg; 21s, EQN 2.066
Qnlns angsaecgtcs mc quc snirc cd pbpcd pbrcac lâs scgaeddn mc dn quc rcsudtb snirc
cd tcrrcgn. Anln tnmn cg db vemb. Db tcnrìb cs luy bscqueidc, ddcvbrdn b db prâateab…,
c`catevblcgtc, rcquecrc csùcrzn, trbibkn, pcrscvcrbgaeb y snduaengbr dns egangvcgecgtcs
quc sc prcscgtbg. Bsperb ugb iucgb mnses mc pbaecgaeb y tcg luy adbrn quc `âaed, dn quc
sc meac `âaed, gn cs. Cs ug rctn. Vnrquc anln meacg pnr bjì…
Geghûg ablegn `âaed tc ddcvbrâ b ug

duhbr quc lcrczab db pcgb.
Qe crcs angsaecgtc mc cstn y bug bsì cd mcsb`ìn mcspecrtb abmb pnrn mc tu pecd, cstâs ug
pbsn lâs acrab mc tnabr cd aecdn.
aecdn. Ang tu aâlbrb. ¾B quå cstâs cspcrbgmn>
cspcrbgmn> Cd flrlblcgtn
tc cspcrb.
ABVÌ]SDN 5
Huìb @âaed Vbrb Bpedbr

Elâhcgcs Gnaturgbs y
Angschuer @ntns Egarcìidcs
¾Vbrb quå jbacr dn `âaed me`ìaed> ]c cxpdeablns cd bpedbmn
cg 5 scgaeddns pbsns.
Cd bpedbmn sc pucmc utedezbr pbrb lcknrbr cd cg`nquc n rcmuaer cd ruemn, cgtrc ntrns
bspcatns. Cstb tåageab cs tblieåg luy angnaemb pbrb db rcbdezbaeñg mc stbrtrbeds quc sng
dbs elâhcgcs mc cstrcddbs quc tc jclns prcscgtbmn cg cd abpìtudn :, y quc sc prcscgtbg
anln trbzbs aurvbs.
Cg cstc abpìtudn tc angtblns pbsn b pbsn añln bpedbr tus `ntns ang Vjntnsjnp. Vcrn
vblns b cdcher ug ckclpdn scgaeddn, pbrb quc gn tc pecrmbs.
2. Cd prelcr pbsn, cvemcgtclcgtc, cs rcbdezbr dbs `ntnhrb`ìbs sehuecgmn dns angsckns quc
jclns emn anlpbrtecgmn b dn dbrhn mc cstb puideabaeñg.
9. Sgb vcz quc tecgcs scdcaaengbmbs dbs `ntns, cmetb

cmetb ugb y anpeb cg cd rcstn dns bkustcs.
bkustcs.
Cs angvcgecgtc quc dbs elâhcgcs quc vbybs b bpedbr tcghbg abrbatcrìsteabs seledbrcs
cg aubgtn b tclpcrbturb mc andnr, ctaåtcrb. Cg cstc absn utedezbrclns cstbs mns
elâhcgcs;
1. Âircdbs cg Vjntnsjnp (se dbs jbs cmetbmn

cmetbmn cg ntrn prnhrblb).
prnhrblb).
=. Bjnrb ddchb prnpeblcgtc cd bpedbmn. Qcdcaaengb cg Brajevn 7 Qcaucgaebs mc anlbgmns

7 Abrhbr brajevns cg pedb.
pedb.
3. Qc birerâ ugb vcgtbgb anln db sehuecgtc. Jbz adea snirc Bòbmer brajevns biecrtns.
Lbrab db abseddb Egtcgtbr bdegcbr butnlâteablcgtc dbs elâhcgcs mc nrehcg . U mbdc b
—NO“.
0. Qcdcaaengb dbs abpbs quc tcghbs, abmb `ntn b bpedbr `nrlb ugb abpb.
8. Qcdcaaengb Cmeaeñg 7 @usengbr abpbs butnlâteablcgtc.

:. Lbrab Bpedbr elâhcgcs y dbs npaengcs quc lucstrb bibkn ]ngns y andnrcs jnlnhågcns
jnln hågcns
y Ârcbs trbgspbrcgtcs mc rcddcgn schûg angtcgemn, bugquc cstn cs nptbtevn. Erâs
mcsauirecgmn se tc egtcrcsb n gn. Bjnrb jbz adea snirc —NO“.
5. U yb tecgcs cd rcsudtbmn, destn pbrb schuer

schuer cmetbgmn n pbrb cxpnrtbr.
cxpnrtbr.
Vbrb bpedbr dns stbrtrbed, anln tc anlcgtâiblns cg cd abpìtudn bgtcrenr, tecgcs ntrbs
jcrrblecgtbs lâs bmcaubmbs quc tc prcscgtblns cg cd abpìtudn sehuecgtc. Db anlpdckembm
mc db cmeaeñg erâ bulcgtbgmn ang db prâateab y ang`nrlc b tus gcacsembmcs. Bsì quc… ¾b
quå cspcrbs>
Bjnrb tc mckblns ang ntrb byumb quc, cg duhbr mc ddchbr cg `nrlb mc rcspucstbs, btcrrezb
mes`rbzbmb mc bpdeabaengcs y ntrns setens wci.
ABVÌ]SDN 26
Bpdeabaengcs y Ntrns
Ycaursns mc Egtcrgct Ruc tc
Jbrâg db Pemb Lâs @âaed
(@ntnhrâèablcgtc Jbidbgmn)
Dns rcaursns cstâg pbrb byumbrgns y `baedetbrgns
cd trbibkn. Cxestcg luajns lâs mc dns quc pucmbs
snspcajbr. Cg cstc abpìtudn tc lnstrblns bpdeabaengcs,
prnhrblbs y ntrns setens mc Egtcrgct quc tc byumbrâg
murbgtc tnmn cd prnacsn pbrb angschuer tu lcknr `ntn.
Mcsmc pdbgeflabr jbstb cmetbr. Bdhugbs mc cddbs yb tc dbs
jclns emn bmcdbgtbgmn. Bjnrb tnab prnùgmezbr. Ge tc
elbhegbs dn quc pucmcg ddchbr b n`rcacrtc.
Vdbgeflabr
Dn jclns meajn vbrebs vcacs b dn dbrhn mc tnmb cstb puideabaeñg. Db pdbgeflabaeñg cs
ùgmblcgtbd pbrb db `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb. Cd åxetn gn rcsemc cg cd cquepn, ge cg db sucrtc,
y luajn lcgns cg cd csacgbren. Qe cstns bspcatns sulbg, cd trbibkn quc sc rcbdezb
bgtcs mc db `ntn cs db ibsc.
Clpczblns pnr Vjntnpedds pnrquc cs db bpdeabaeñg pnr

cxacdcgaeb b db jnrb mc pdbgeflabr tus `ntnhrb`ìbs. U gn sndn
csn, vb luajn lâs bddâ. Cs ugb bpdeabaeñg tnmn-cg-ugn. Ang
cddb pucmcs mcsmc cdcher dbs dnabdezbaengcs jbstb abdaudbr db
jepcr`nabd, pbsbgmn pnr angnacr cd rcanrremn mc db dugb n cd
snd n vcr db rcbdembm bulcgtbmb. Vdbgeflabaeñg y ckcauaeñg
scrâg luajn lâs `âaedcs ang cstb jcrrblecgtb. Qnirc tnmn,
t nmn, se
Vjntnpedds dn tuyn gn cs cd eghdås pnrquc db tecgcs cg abstcddbgn.
Gn cs hrbtes, bugquc segacrblcgtc, su prcaen cs rcbdlcgtc

ibkn pbrb tnmn dn quc n`rcac. Mespngeidc pbrb eNQ y Bgmrnem
Bgmrnem..
VdbgEt cs ntrb jcrrblecgtb luy anlpdctb c egtuetevb quc sc jb

angvcrtemn cg db `bvnretb mc luajns `ntñhrb`ns. Cs luy seledbr
b db bgtcrenr cg aubgtn b prcstbaengcs y prcaen, sbdvn pnr ugb
pchb, gn cgangtrbrâs db abgtembm mc tutnrebdcs cg abstcddbgn
quc n`rcac Vjntnpedds cg su wci.
Mespngeidc pbrb eNQ y Bgmrnem

Bgmrnem..
VdbgEt
Ntrb jcrrblecgtb anlpdctìselb y luy utedezbmb pbrb pdbgeflabr

`ntns, pbrcaemb b dbs bgtcrenrcs, cs ]jc Vjntnhrbpjcr½s
Cpjclcres.
Cpjclcres . ]blieåg
]blieåg cs mc pbhn, pbrb eNQ y Bgmrnem
Bgmrnem.. Db iucgb
gnteaeb cs quc tecgc ugb vcrseñg hrbtuetb pbrb csaretnren.
csaretnren .
]jc Vjntnhrbpjcr½s
Cpjclcres
Bdhugbs mc dbs bpdeabaengcs yb lcgaengbmbs, anln Vjntnpedds,

pucmcg byumbrtc cg tu `ntnhrb`ìb bstrngñleab, pcrn se quecrcs
dnabdezbr cstrcddbs, sbtådetcs n pdbgctbs, ug lbpb cstcdbr tc
vcgmrâ mc aegc (eNQ
(eNQ,, Bgmrnem
Bgmrnem).).
Bugquc dbs jby lâs anlpdctbs, y tblieåg mc pbhn, pnr bjnrb

pucmcs clpczbr pnr cstb quc cs hrbtuetb y se gcacsetbs lâs
Lbpb cstcdbr seclprc cstbrâs b teclpn.
Cvetbr db angtblegbaeñg dulìgeab pucmc scr luy anlpdeabmn

cg mctcrlegbmns pbìscs. Vnr sucrtc, pbrb cgangtrbr dns aecdns
lâs nsaurns y dbs lcknrcs dnabdezbaengcs pbrb abpturbr
dbs cstrcddbs n db Pìb Dâatcb, tecgcs db npaeñg mc rcaurrer b
cstc btdbs n b db bpdeabaeñg Dehjt Vndduteng Lbp mc db quc
yb tc jclns jbidbmn. Cg cddb, pnmrâs cgangtrbr tblieåg ug
abdcgmbren mc cvcgtns gnaturgns, eg`nrlbaeñg snirc dbs `bscs
Dehjt Vndduteng Lbp mc db dugb n mc db Burnrb Inrcbd, cgtrc ntrns. Cs hrbtuetb y
cstâ mespngeidc pbrb eNQ y Bgmrnem
Bgmrnem..
Gcacsetbs ugb jcrrblecgtb quc tc bvesc mc se vb b ddnvcr n gn,

se jbirâ guics n se pnmrâs n gn `ntnhrbflbr dbs cstrcddbs? se sc
bacrab ugb tnrlcgtb n se pucmcs rcbdezbr tu
t u csabpbmb aubgmn
tecgcs pcgsbmn. Sgb npaeñg cs Lctcniduc, quc cs hrbtuetb y
tblieåg cstâ mespngeidc pbrb eNQ y Bgmrnem
Bgmrnem..
U se gn quecrcs ugb bpdeabaeñg, segn selpdclcgtc lerbr cg ugb

Lctcniduc pâhegb wci, ugb npaeñg ibstbgtc flbidc pucmc scr cstb
cstb.. Qnirc
tnmn, pbrb vcr db prnibiedembm mc guics snirc db zngb.
Cdehc db npaeñg quc lâs tc hustc cgtrc cstbs mns n aubdquecr

ntrb, pcrn tcg seclprc b lbgn tu duhbr prc`cremn pbrb
bmcdbgtbrtc bd teclpn.
Qe vbs b `ntnhrbflbr pnr db anstb, tc egtcrcsb luajn angnacr

cd cstbmn mc dbs lbrcbs pbrb angarctbr tu dnabdezbaeñg. Vbrb
cddn, pucmcs jbacr usn mc cstb jcrrblecgtb.
jcrrblecgtb.
]bidb mc lbrcbs
Dnabdezbaengcs
Ddcvblns tnmn cd deirn jbidbgmn mc db elpnrtbgaeb mc cgangtrbr ugb iucgb dnabdezbaeñg
pbrb rcbdezbr tus `ntnhrb`ìbs. Aubgmn sc trbtb mc `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb cstn bmquecrc bug
lbynr elpnrtbgaeb. UbUb dn jbs emn anlprnibgmn. Bquì tc mckblns bdhugns rcaursns quc
tc ddcvbrâg mc db lbgn b dns lcknrcs duhbrcs.
Cstc cs ug prnycatn luy egtcrcsbgtc cg cd quc pucmcs vcr

ug lbpb ang dnabdezbaengcs, elâhcgcs mcd duhbr y bdhugns
mbtns mc egtcrås. Bugquc sndn scb pnr aurensembm, lcrcac
Quicxpucstb db pcgb cajbr ug vestbzn. Bmclâs, tblieåg pucmcs tnlbr
emcbs pbrb dnabdezbaengcs mc `ntnhrb`ìbs mc mìb. Qc acgtrb cg
Cspbòb pnr cd tepn mc usubrens, seg clibrhn, tblieåg pucmcs
cgangtrbr luajbs ntrbs dnabdezbaengcs pnr cd rcstn mcd lugmn.
Cgauågtrbdb cg cstc cgdbac.
cgdbac.
Abse schurn quc db angnacs. Mcsmc cddb pnmrâs vesetbr aubdquecr

duhbr mcsmc tu añlnmn seddñg. Emcbd pbrb cgangtrbr tu prñxelb
dnabdezbaeñg. U hrbtes (eNQ
(eNQ y Bgmrnem
Bgmrnem).). ]cgdb
]cgdb seclprc
seclp rc b lbgn ?).
Gn pnmclns ndvembrgns tblpnan mc db egflgembm mc `nrns

y bsnaebaengcs mngmc anlpbrter cxpcrecgaebs ang ntrns
bflaengbmns. U anlpbrter cxpcrecgaebs, egaduyc tblieåg
Hnnhdc Cbrtj anlpbrter dnabdezbaengcs.
Ckcautbr
Sgb vcz quc jbs pdbgeflabmn tu `ntnhrb`ìb, cstâs cg cd duhbr mcscbmn (y cd lnlcgtn
bmcaubmn), cs db jnrb mc jbacr lbheb ang tu aâlbrb. ¾]c
¾]c qucmbs b sndbs ang cddb> Vbrb
gbmb. Qehucs tcgecgmn bpnyn cg db tcagndnhìb.
Anln yb tc jclns prcscgtbmn b Vjntnpedds quc, bmclâs mc pdbgeflabr, tc byumb ang dns
aâdaudns, tc mckblns ang ntrns rcaursns tblieåg luy egtcrcsbgtcs.
Vbrb aâlbrbs ang Xe-@e
Qe tu aâlbrb aucgtb ang cstb npaeñg, tecgcs quc mcsabrhbrtc db bpdeabaeñg mc db lbrab
quc tc pcrletc, cgtrc ntrbs ùgaengcs, cd mespbrn rclntn. Cstb pnseiedembm tc pucmc sbdvbr
mc lâs mc ug bpurn, pnr ckclpdn, se sc tc jb ndvembmn, sc tc cstrnpcb cd mespbrbmnr rclntn
n se selpdclcgtc gn tecgcs. Ycaucrmb dn elpnrtbgtc quc cs cg cstc tepn mc `ntnhrb`ìb.
• Geong; Xercdcss Lniedc Stedety (eNQ

( eNQ y Bgmrnem
Bgmrnem))
• Abgng; CNQ Yclntc (eNQ

(eNQ y Bgmrnem
Bgmrnem))
• Qngy; VdbyLclnrecs Lniedc (eNQ

( eNQ y Bgmrnem
Bgmrnem))
• @ukefldl; @SKE@EDL Ablcrb Yclntc (eNQ

(eNQ y Bgmrnem
Bgmrnem))
• Ndylpus; NDULVSQ Elbhc Qjbrc (eNQ

( eNQ y Bgmrnem
Bgmrnem))
Abdaudbmnrbs
Mcsmc abdaudbr db jepcr`nabd jbstb cd teclpn mc cxpnseaeñg pbrb dbs trbzbs mc cstrcddbs,
pbsbgmn pnr aâdaudns pbrb ]elc-dbpsc. Bugquc cxestc ug hrbg bibgean, mc lnlcgtn tc
mckblns ang ugb luy anlpdctb (cg cspbònd y hrbtuetb) pbrb Bgmrnem ( @ntn ]nnd).
]nnd). Vbrb
eNQ gn angnaclns geghugb tbg rcanlcgmbmb, anlpdctb, cg cspbònd y hrbtuetb, pcrn
pucmcs usbr dbs abdaudbmnrbs mc Vjntnpedds cg db wci. Sg cxacdcgtc rcaursn.
Qe quecrcs bpdeabaeñg pbrb abdaudbr jepcr`nabd ang eNQ, pucmcs cajbr ug vestbzn b db quc
tc jclns prcscgtbmn cg cd abpìtudn 3, Mn`lbstcr n tblieåg QctLyAblcrb n Jepcr`nabd
MN@..
MN@
Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg 2:6
Vbrb abdaudbr dbrhbs cxpnseaengcs y trbibkbr ang db dcy mc db rcaeprnaembm mc db quc tc

jbidblns cg cd abpìtudn =, tblieåg mespngcs, cgtrc ntrbs npaengcs, mc;
• Abdaudbmnrb mc cxpnseaengcs (Bgmrnem

Bgmrnem))
• QctLyAblcrb n Jepcr`nabd MN@ pbrb eNQ
• Abdaudbmnrb mc dbrhb cxpnseaeñg (csaretnren)
Cmetbr
Cd sehuecgtc abpìtudn cstâ mcmeabmn b db cmeaeñg mc elâhcgcs. Bjnrb tc mckblns ang
bdhugbs bpdeabaengcs elprcsaegmeidcs pbrb cstb tbrcb flgbd y quc tc jclns lcgaengbmn
cg mestegtns lnlcgtns b dn dbrhn mcd deirn;
Vjntnsjnp gn gcacsetb prcscgtbaeñg, cs mc snirb angnaemn. Dn

tecgcs mespngeidc cg vcrseñg csaretnren y tblieåg ugb vcrseñg
cxprås hrbtuetb cg bpdeabaeñg pbrb eNQ y Bgmrnem
Bgmrnem..
Bmnic Vjntnsjnp AA
Cd anlpdclcgtn emcbd pbrb Vjntnsjnp cs Dehjtrnnl

Dehjtrnnl.. ]c servc
pbrb cmetbr y hcstengbr tus `ntnhrb`ìbs. Cxestc ugb vcrseñg
rcmuaemb pbrb lñved, pbrb eNQ y Bgmrnem
Bgmrnem..
Dehjtrnnl Adbssea AA
Qe dn tuyn cs cmetbr ang cd lñved, Qgbpsccm cs ugb mc gucstrbs

bpdeabaengcs `bvnretbs. Luy anlpdctb, egtuetevb y hrbtuetb pbrb
eNQ y Bgmrnem
Bgmrnem..
Qgbpsccm
Bpedbmn
Aubgmn sc trbtb mc bpedbmn pbrb `ntnhrb`ìb mc cstcdbs mc duacs mc trâflan, nitcgcr ug
lbynr cg`nquc cg tnmb db csacgb, inrrbr dns vebgmbgtcs mc ugb elbhcg, n seledbrcs, tc
pucmc scrver Vjntnsjnp, anln tc jclns cxpdeabmn cg cd abpìtudn 5. Qeg clibrhn, b db
jnrb mc angschuer trbzbs mc cstrcddbs y aeraulpndbrcs, db tbrcb ang meajb jcrrblecgtb sc
tnrgb tcmensb y prâateablcgtc elpnseidc. Vbrb cddn cxestcg csns prnhrblbs cspcaìflans
mc dns quc tc jclns jbidbmn y quc tc pcrletcg trbibkbr lcknr ang ug hrbg gûlcrn mc
`ntns. Bquì tc mckblns mns hrbtuetns;
Cstâ cg abstcddbgn, egaduyc lbgubd mc usubren y ugb scaaeñg

mc prchugtbs `rcaucgtcs pbrb rcsndvcr tus mumbs. Dn tecgcs
bquì.
MccpQoyQtbaocr
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
¾Vcgsbgmn cg bprcgmcr b
usbr Dehjtrnnl> Cajb ug
vestbzn b gucstrn aursn
mc Csaucdb mcd @ntñhrb`n
Dehjtznnl..
Dehjtznnl
Luy iecg vbdnrbmn y seledbr bd bgtcrenr.

bgtcrenr. Bugquc cg cstc absn
tcgmrâs quc mnlegbr db dcghub eghdcsb. Cgauågtrbdn bquì.
QtbrQtbZ
Ntrbs
Bmclâs mc tnmbs cstbs bpdeabaengcs, tecgcs ntrbs luy mevcrsbs quc tblieåg tc pucmcg
scr mc utedembm. Mns ckclpdns;
Ruecrcs hcnctequctbr tus `ntnhrb`ìbs tnlbmbs ang tu rå﬉cx y tu

aâlbrb gn mespngc mc cstb npaeñg, rcaurrc b cstb bpdeabaeñg.
Cs hrbtuetb y cstâ mespngeidc pbrb eNQ y Bgmrnem
Bgmrnem..
Hcntbh Vjntns Vrn 9
Qe tc hustb kuhbr ang cd lnvelecgtn cg tus elâhcgcs, tbd vcz scb

jnrb mc prnibr ang cstb jcrrblecgtb quc tc rcanlcgmblns
cg cd abpìtudn 8. Cxpcrelcgtb y meveårtctc bquì.
Vdntbhrbpj
Ang cstbs jcrrblecgtbs tecgcs cg tu lbgn ug iucg puòbmn mc byumbs y rcaursns.

Qng bdhugns ckclpdns c emcbs mc dn quc pucmcs cgangtrbr. B pbrter mc bquì, mcics er
mcsauirecgmn dbs quc lcknr tc ùgaengcg b te, hrbtuetbs n mc pbhn, mc csaretnren n pbrb cd
lñved. Vcrn tus prc`crembs.
Nkn, dbs bpdeabaengcs gn cgtecgmcg mc clnaengcs, mc dn quc egtcgtbs trbgsleter ang tu

`ntnhrb`ìb, pnr tbgtn, ûsbdbs ang lcmemb. Gbmec lcknr anln ugn lesln pbrb sbicr quå
dc angvecgc y auâgmn ?). Sgb vcz quc tecgcs cstn adbrn, ¡yb cstâs tbrmbgmn cg ieajcbrdbs!
—Vbrb pnmcr mespbrbr ugb `ntn

gcacsetn clnaengbrlc".
Arestegb Hbraìb Ynmcrn
Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg 2:=
ABVÌ]SDN 22
Añln Cmetbr ]us @ntns

Gnaturgbs Vbrb Nitcgcr
ug Ycsudtbmn Irebgtc
Clpczbrclns cstc abpìtudn meaeågmntc quc, se iecg
snlns mc`cgsnrcs rntugmns mc db cmeaeñg mc elbhcg
anln pbrtc mcd prnacsn `ntnhrâflan (abmb ugn csanhc
cg quå lcmemb), tblieåg snlns mc db npegeñg mc quc
lâs vbdc cstbr ugb jnrb bgtc db aâlbrb ibkn ugb burnrb
inrcbd, quc ugb jnrb bpndtrngbmn cg db seddb mcdbgtc mc
ug prnhrblb mc cmeaeñg ?).
Cs pnr cddn pnr dn quc mcics prnaurbr ddcvbrtc b absb db lcknr elbhcg y db lâs `bsaegbgtc
quc jbybs pnmemn angschuer,
angschuer, gn sndn pnr db sbtes`baaeñg pcrsngbd y db cxpcrecgaeb, segn
tblieåg pnrquc, aubgtn lcknr scb csb elbhcg, lcknrcs rcsudtbmns nitcgmrâs ang cd
prnacsbmn.
Meajn cstn, ugb iucgb cmeaeñg mc db elbhcg cs db ûdtelb `bsc mc aubdquecr `ntnhrb`ìb,
elprcsaegmeidc se jbs cstbmn trbibkbgmn cg YBX (quc cspcrblns quc bsì jbyb semn,
bugquc sndn scb pnr dbs vcacs quc tc dn jclns rcpctemn ?) ).
Cmetbr ang Dehjtrnnl

Qe gns sehucs cg cd idnh, tc jbirâs mbmn aucgtb mc quc, se iecg arcclns quc Vjntnsjnp
cs prnibidclcgtc cd cmetnr lâs anlpdctn mcd lcrabmn, snlns flcdcs mc`cgsnrcs mc
Dehjtrnnl anln cmetnr pbrb `ntnhrb`ìbs.
Ruezâ tc prchugtcs pnr quå. Dn aecrtn cs quc Dehjtrnnl cstâ pcgsbmn y arcbmn mc `nrlb
cxadusevb
cxadusevb pbrb `ntñhrb`ns, pnr dn quc prcscgtb luajn lâs bantbmn, egtuetevn y ùgaengbd.
Bmclâs, tecgc ug sestclb mc bdlbacgblecgtn mc elâhcgcs mc dn lâs c`catevn, âhed y
prâatean quc pucmbs cgangtrbr.
Cstc cs cd bspcatn bprnxelbmn quc tecgc Dehjtrnnl (pucmc vbrebr mcpcgmecgmn mc db

vcrseñg).
Cg cstc abpìtudn schuerclns bprnxelbmblcgtc

bprnxelbmblcgtc cd nrmcg quc gns n`rcac Dehjtrnnl pbrb
cmetbr dbs elâhcgcs, pucstn quc tecgc su dñheab ?). Vbrb clpczbr, erclns bd lñmudn mc
Ycvcdbr.
Jestnhrblb
Cg prelcr duhbr, pnmrâs anlprnibr cd Jestnhrblb mc db elbhcg quc vbs b cmetbr tbd y
anln sc elpnrtb mc db aâlbrb, mngmc cgangtrbrâs tblieåg eg`nrlbaeñg anln db EQN
ang db quc jbs tnlbmn db `ntnhrb`ìb, db mestbgaeb `nabd n db vcdnaembm mc niturbaeñg.
Cd jestnhrblb sc lnmeflabrâ b lcmemb quc vbrìcs db cmeaeñg , dn quc tc scrâ ûted pbrb
anlprnibr rcsudtbmns.
Mcibkn tecgcs ugb screc mc jcrrblecgtbs quc tc pcrletcg cmetbr db elbhcg cg zngbs
cspcaìflabs seg b`catbr bd rcstn;
• Qupcrpnseaeñg mc rcanrtc; cs db jcrrblecgtb quc tc pcrletc rcanrtbr y/n herbr db elbhcg.
• Cdelegbaeñg mc lbgajbs; pbrb cdelegbr lbgajbs egmcscbmbs tnlbgmn anln lucstrb

db zngb quc dc scòbdcs cg db elbhcg.
• Anrrcaaeñg mc nkns rnkns.
rnkns.
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
• @edtrn hrbmubmn; sc utedezb pbrb badbrbr u nsaurcacr hrbgmcs
Vucstn quc Dehjtrnnl gn zngbs cg db elbhcg. Vucmc scrtc luy ûted pbrb trbibkbr dns
hrbib db elbhcg cmetbmb aecdns gnaturgns mc `nrlb egmcpcgmecgtc bd prelcr pdbgn
cgaelb mc db nrehegbd, tc
suhcrelns quc gn tcghbs
mc db elbhcg. Pcrâs añln bd adeabr cg cstb jcrrblecgtb sc
lecmn b rcbdezbr dbs prucibs bircg mestegtns bkustcs b rcbdezbr cg db zngb.
y bkustcs quc quecrbs, mc
`nrlb cxbhcrbmb egadusn,
pbrb quc pucmbs vcr dns
c`catns mc abmb bkustc.
• @edtrn rbmebd; pucmcs trbibkbr mc `nrlb luy pbrcaemb bd fldtrn hrbmubmn, pcrn cstc sc
bpdeab mc `nrlb aeraudbr.
• Vegacd mc bkustc; pbrb rcbdezbr brrchdns cg zngbs scdcaaengbmbs pnr te mc `nrlb

lbgubd. Cstb jcrrblecgtb tc pcrletc scr luy prcaesn cg cd trbtblecgtn y anrrcaaeñg
mc db elbhcg.
Iâseans
Ang cd pbgcd Iâseans tcgmrâs lâs quc suflaecgtc pbrb pcr`caaengbr tu elbhcg. Vnmrâs
anrrcher duacs, lbteacs, snlirbs, angtrbstc, ctaåtcrb. Pcâlnsdn pbsn b pbsn.
Cg cstc pbgcd vclns, mc brreib bibkn dns sehuecgtcs pbrâlctrns;
2. Dn prelcrn quc bpbrcac cs db pnseiedembm mc
csanhcr cgtrc ugb cmeaeñg cg Andnr n Idbgan
y gchrn.
gchrn.
9. f]rbs tnlbr db mcaeseñg bgtcrenr, gns

acgtrbrìblns cg cd Ibdbgac mc idbgans
(CI),
(CI), mngmc pnmrâs csanhcr cgtrc dns lâs
usubdcs; guidbmn, mìb, tughstcgn, snlirb,
ctaåtcrb. Cs db npaeñg lâs butnlbtezbmb
pbrb angtrndbrdn.
1. Qe prcflcrcs angtrndbrdn mc lnmn lbgubd

(rcanlcgmbmn), dn emcbd cs quc tc ndvemcs
mc db npaeñg bgtcrenr y pbscs mercatblcgtc
b dns aursnrcs mc db ]clpcrbturb mc andnr y
Lbtez.
Lbtez.
b. ]clpcrbturb mc andnr; tc pcrleterâ vbrebr

mc `rìb (jbaeb db ezquecrmb b aâdemb (jbaeb
db mcrcajb) db tngbdembm hcgcrbd mc db
elbhcg.
i. Lbtez; servc pbrb tcòer db elbhcg

bòbmeågmndc tngbdembmcs lâs n lcgns
bzudbmbs n vcrmcs n rnsbs y vendctbs.
Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg 2::
Pcrâs quc cstc bpbrtbmn vb snirc hustns y quc abmb ugn cgaucgtrb su prnpeb cmeaeñg.
=. Cxpnseaeñg; bulcgtb n mesleguyc db cxpnseaeñg cg tnmb db elbhcg.
3. Angtrbstc; bulcgtb n mesleguyc dns idbgans y gchrns mc db elbhcg bacgtubgmn cd

angtrbstc n subvezbgmn db elbhcg.
0. Bdtbs duacs; ang cstc aursnr lnmeflabs ûgeablcgtc dbs bdtbs duacs mc db elbhcg. Cs
luy egtcrcsbgtc pucstn quc tc pcrletc lnmeflabr mc `nrlb cxadusevb dbs zngbs ang
lâs duz (zngb mcrcajb mcd jestnhrblb), mckbgmn dbs snlirbs egtbatbs. Cstc bkustc tc
scrâ luy ûted pbrb rcsbdtbr dbs cstrcddbs mcd aecdn.
8. Qnlirbs; ehubd quc cd bkustc bgtcrenr,

bgtcrenr, pcrn, cg cstc absn, cd bkustc egaemc ûgeablcgtc
cg dbs snlirbs (zngb ezquecrmb mcd jestnhrblb), badbrâgmndbs u nsaurcaeågmndbs
mcpcgmecgmn mcd c`catn quc prctcgmbs angschuer.
angschuer.
:. Idbgans; pbrb quc ugb elbhcg prcscgtc ugb iucgb hblb tngbd, t ngbd, mcic angtcgcr tbgtn
idbgan anln gchrn purn (seclprc quc cstns cxestbg cg db elbhcg, quc gnrlbdlcgtc sì
?) ). Vucmcs bulcgtbr dns idbgans jbstb quc vcbs quc bqucddn quc mcicrìb scr idbgan
dn cs. ]c
]c scrâ luy ûted pbrb ddcvbr dbs cstrcddbs b idbgan purn y mcstbabr bqucddbs quc
pucmc quc sc vcbg lcgns.
5. Gchrns; ang cd lesln scgtemn quc cd bkustc bgtcrenr, tc n`rcac db pnseiedembm mc

bulcgtbr n rcmuaer cd gchrn cg db elbhcg.
]cg cg aucgtb quc bd egarclcgtbr n mesleguer db mestbgaeb cgtrc adbrns y nsaurns n

idbgans y gchrns, dn quc jbacs cs bulcgtbr y/n rcmuaer cd angtrbstc. Vnr cstc lntevn
tc rcanlcgmâiblns mckbr cd angtrbstc pbrb cd flgbd, pucstn
quc, mc cstc lnmn, tblieåg dn cstâs vbrebgmn b tu hustn, y mc
ug lnmn luajn lâs cspcaìflan.
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
]bgtn cxpnseaeñg anln 26. Adbrembm; servc pbrb bkustbr cd angtrbstc mc dns tngns
angtrbstc pucmcg qucmbr
lcmens. Qu c`catn cs pbrcaemn bd cg`nquc, pucstn quc
anrrchemns mc `nrlb lâs
prcaesb ang ntrns bkustcs bulcgtb db cstruaturb mc db elbhcg n cd mctbddc mc dns
anln dns quc vcrclns b inrmcs. Gn angvecgc biusbr pnrquc sc anrrc cd recshn mc
angtegubaeñg (bdtbs duacs, abcr cg db brteflaebdembm, pcrn, b vbdnrcs ibkns, cs luy ûted
snlirbs, idbgans y gchrns).
Cs pnr cddn pnr dn quc gucs-
trn angsckn cs quc cs lcknr
l cknr
mckbr cstns mns bkustcs pbrb
cd flgbd.
pbrb mcstbabr y mbr aucrpn b dns nikctns mc db elbhcg. Cg `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb, tc

byumbrâ b rcsbdtbr dbs cstrcddbs mcd aecdn y b mbr tcxturb b db elbhcg cg hcgcrbd.
22. Egtcgsembm; db egtcgsembm sc acgtrb cg db sbturbaeñg mc andnr,

andnr, pcrletecgmn sbturbr
pnr scpbrbmn dns tngns lcgns sbturbmns n rcibkbr bqucddns quc cståg mclbsebmn
sbturbmns.
29.Qbturbaeñg; cstc bkustc bulcgtb n mesleguyc db sbturbaeñg mc tnmb db elbhcg pnr

ehubd. Gn tc rcanlcgmblns quc biuscs mclbsebmn mc cstc bkustc pnrquc cd rcsudtbmn
pucmc babibr secgmn luy brteflaebd, b db vcz quc pucmc nabsengbr db pårmemb mc
mctbddc. Lcknr kuchb ang db Egtcgsembm.
Egtcgsembm.
Aurvb mc tngns
Mcsmc cstc bpbrtbmn, pnmrâs bkustbr mc ntrn lnmn, pcrn ang

]YSAN
emågteans rcsudtbmns, bdtbs duacs, snlirbs, adbrns y nsaurns.
]bgtn pbrb dns bkustcs Gnsntrns tc rcanlcgmblns pbsbr pnr bdtn cstc bpbrtbmn
mc bdtbs duacs y snlirbs b lcgns quc tc lbgckcs lcknr ang dbs aurvbs quc ang dns
anln pbrb dns mc idbgans
y gchrns, bprectb db tcadb aursnrcs.
—BD
BD]“
]“ b db vcz
vc z quc lucvcs
l ucvcs
cd aursnr,
aursnr, db elbhcg tc
lnstrbrâ ûgeablcgtc dbs
zngbs ang ug idbgan n
gchrn purn.
JQD/Andnr
Cg cstc pbgcd pnmrâs rcbdezbr dns bkustcs gcacsbrens pbrb lcknrbr cd andnr b trbvås mc
brrchdns cspcaìflans cg dns me`crcgtcs tngns mc db elbhcg (dns andnrcs prelbrens, gbrbgkb
y pûrpurb).
Cd pbgcd JQD pcrletc rcbdezbr bkustcs ibsâgmnsc cg vbdnrcs rcbdcs.
• ]ngn; bkustb cd cquedeiren mc andnr mc `nrlb egmevemubd.
• Qbturbaeñg; bkustb db sbturbaeñg pnr andnr.

andnr.
• Dulegbgaeb; bulcgtb n rcstb duz b abmb andnr mc `nrlb cspcaìflab.
Cstc pbgcd cs luy ûted pbrb trbibkbr cd andnr mc `nrlb prcaesb, pbrb mcsbturbr tngns
cspcaìflans n bulcgtbrdns, pbrb anrrcher mnlegbgtcs lndcstbs n pbrb cg`btezbr dns tngns
quc angsemcrcs.
Kustn bd dbmn bpbrcac cd pbgcd mc Andnr,

Andnr, quc tecgc cxbatblcgtc dbs leslbs ùgaengcs
quc cd bgtcrenr, pcrn prcscgtbmbs mc `nrlb me`crcgtc, pbrb quc csankbs quå låtnmn tc
vb lcknr pbrb trbibkbr.
Ehubdlcgtc, pnmrâs angvcrter tus elâhcgcs b Idbgan y gchrn mcsmc bquì y tcgmrâs ug
angtrnd lâs prcaesn mc dns tngns mc db elbhcg hrbaebs b dns aursnrcs mc lczadb mc
idbgan y gchrn.
Mevemer tngns
Dn lâs jbietubd cs utedezbrdn pbrb bòbmer tngns mc andnr b dbs elâhcgcs cg idbgan
y gchrn. B db vcz quc mcaemcs cd andnr b bòbmer, pucmcs angtrndbr su sbturbaeñg n cd
cquedeiren. Qc bpdeab mc `nrlb scpbrbmb pbrb duacs y snlirbs. Bquì pucmcs vcr ugb
elbhcg cg idbgan y gchrn b db quc sc dc jb bòbmemn ug tngn vcrmnsn b lnmn mc ckclpdn.
Vbgcd mc mctbddc
Cstc pbgcd pcrletc angtrndbr cd mctbddc mc db elbhcg b trbvås mcd cg`nquc y cd gevcd mc
mctbddc n ruemn.
Cg`nquc
Dehjtrnnl bpdeab ugns vbdnrcs mc Cg`nquc pnr mc`catn pbrb tnmbs dbs elâhcgcs YBX.
YBX. Cstc
tepn mc cg`nquc, n cd quc tû lesln pucmbs bpdeabr pcrsngbdlcgtc, cs cd quc angnaclns
anln cg`nquc mc abpturb.
abpturb. Cd cg`nquc mc sbdemb, cg ablien, cs cd quc sc nitecgc ugb
vcz sc cxpnrtb cd brajevn n aubgmn vb b cgvebrsc b db elprcsnrb.
Cd Cg`nquc y db Ycmuaaeñg mc ruemn,

ruemn, cstâg mercatblcgtc rcdbaengbmns y mcics utedezbrdns
b db vcz. Vecgsb quc, pnr ckclpdn, bd cg`nabr cg cxacsn, tblieåg sc cg`nab cd ruemn mc
db elbhcg? y bd rcvås, bd rcmuaer cd ruemn, tblieåg sc mesleguyc cd Mctbddc y cd cg`nquc.
Jby quc bpdeabrdns, pnr dn tbgtn, mc `nrlb anliegbmb y ang lcsurb.

lcsurb .
Vnr gucstrb prnpeb cxpcrecgaeb, ug cg`nquc mc 93 b =6 cs lâs quc suflaecgtc cg db

lbynrìb mc dbs elâhcgcs. Vucmcs anliegbrdn ang db utedezbaeñg mc db Lâsabrb, quc cs db
quc cvetb quc sc cg`nqucg ârcbs quc gn dn gcacsetcg (zngbs
ang ruemn).
YCANLCGMBAEÑG
Vbrb trbibkbr ang cstns bkustcs, Cstc låtnmn cs ûted pbrb db `ntnhrb`ìb mc cstrcddbs y pbrb
cs elprcsaegmeidc quc dn elâhcgcs ang vbdnrcs mc EQN cdcvbmns, anln dbs gnaturgbs.
jbhbs ang ugb blpdebaeñg
2;2 pbrb vcr dns rcsudtbmns
mc tus lnmeflabaengcs (ug
cg`nquc cxacsevn pucmc
jbacr quc bpbrczabg jbdns
cg dns inrmcs mc db elbhcg).
Ycmuaaeñg mc ruemn
Qe pcraeics ruemn cg db elbhcg, tc rcanlcgmblns quc trbibkcs ang dns aursnrcs mc Andnr
(ruemn mc andnr) y Dulegbgaeb (ruemn mc pbtrñg flkn) jbstb cdelegbrdn.
Qe iecg cd ruemn mc andnr pcrletc quc trbibkcs ang vbdnrcs bdtns, mc db Dulegbgaeb gn jby
quc biusbr, pucstn quc râpemblcgtc sc pecrmc cd mctbddc mc db elbhcg. Sg vbdnr mc 26
scrìb lâs quc suflaecgtc.
Cd rcstn mc dns aursnrcs tecgcg vbdnrcs pnr mc`catn quc sucdcg ùgaengbr iecg, bugquc,
pnr supucstn, pucmcs jbacr dbs prucibs quc tc pbrczabg npnrtugbs.
Anrrcaaengcs mc dcgtc
Cstc bpbrtbmn pcrletc anrrcher tnmn dn rcdbaengbmn ang cd nikctevn; mcsmc db bicrrbaeñg
arnlâteab,
arnlâteab, jbstb db pcrspcatevb vcrteabd u jnrezngtbd pbsbgmn pnr dbs mestnrsengcs
prnvnabmbs pnr db dcgtc.
Dns bkustcs butnlâteans mcd pbgcd iâsean ùgaengbg iecg, tc rcanlcgmblns quc
scdcaaengcs, pnr mc`catn, Batevbr anrrcaaengcs
anrrcaaengcs mc pcrfld y Ruetbr
Ruetbr db bicrrbaeñg arnlâteab.
Qe quecrcs scr lâs cspcaìflan cg tus anrrcaaengcs, pucmcs scrdn jbstb db dnaurb ?). Bdhugns
ckclpdns;
• Cg Vcrfld, cs rcanlcgmbidc egmeabrdc db lbrab y tepn mc tu nikctevn pbrb quc dbs

anrrcaaengcs butnlâteabs dbs jbhb mc `nrlb lâs c`catevb.
• Cg Andnr,
Andnr, tecgcs db npaeñg anrrcher db bicrrbaeñg arnlâteab mc `nrlb lbgubd.
• Cg ]rbgs`nrlbr,
]rbgs`nrlbr, pnmrâs anrrcher tnmbs dbs pcrspcatevbs; dìgcbs vcrteabdcs quc
angvcrhcg, egadegbaeñg mcd jnrezngtc, rntbaeñg, ctaåtcrb.
]YSAN
Cg Cg`nquc, se utedezbs cd
bkustc BD]+ Lâsabrb, pn-
BD]
mrâs anlprnibr añln dbs
zngbs mc bdtn angtrbstc sc
cg`nabrâg (cg idbgan) y dbs
zngbs mc angtrbstc lâs ibkn
(cg gchrn) angscrvbrâg cd
cg`nquc bgtcrenr.
Vnr ûdteln, pnmrâs bòbmer n rcstbr veòctcbmn b db elbhcg b tu hustn.
Anln ckclpdn tc mckblns db `ntnhrb`ìb cmetbmb cg andnr y idbgan y gchrn. Sg ckclpdn

mc quc gn cxestc db cmeaeñg anrrcatb, quc abmb pcrsngb, y cg abmb lnlcgtn, rcbdezb
dns bkustcs b su hustn y cg ùgaeñg mc dn quc quecrb trbgsleter. ]c jclns lnstrbmn dns
pegacdcs, b te tc tnab mcaemer añln utedezbrdns ?).
Cstbidcac ug ﬉ukn mc trbibkn añlnmn y

c`catevn
Qe iecg Dehjtrnnl prnpngc ug ﬉ukn mc trbibkn ibstbgtc bacrtbmn, abmb `ntñhrb`n cs ug
lugmn. Cs mcaer,
mcaer, gn tecgcs pnr quå schuer mc `nrlb cxbatb dn quc cd prnhrblb tc suhecrc,
cgaucgtrb tus pbsns, tus bkustcs. Cg mcflgetevb, mcics elpngcr tu `nrlb mc trbibkbr, tu
cstedn y scr flcd b te lesln.
Csn sì, prnaurb quc, scb aubd scb cd nrmcg quc sehucs b db jnrb mc cmetbr tus elâhcgcs,
scb seclprc cd lesln.
@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Qtcvc Jbdblb.

Ang db cmeaeñg mc tu elbhcg jbs ddchbmn bd flgbd mcd prnacsn y mc db dcaturb. ]bd vcz tc
pbrczab mclbsebmb eg`nrlbaeñg, pucmc quc egadusn tc jbyb birulbmn. Qe tc t c jb naurremn
cs pnrquc dn jbs dcìmn mcd terñg. Vnrquc bûg gn jbs rcsperbmn db quectum mc db gnajc, ge
cd pnmcr quc tc rchbdb cd mctcgcr cd Lnmn Iudi cg cd egstbgtc quc mcaembs. ]blpnan
]blpnan jbs
pnmemn anlprnibr quå sc secgtc bd egtcrrulper cd sngemn mc dns hreddns ang cd adea mc tu
aâlbrb.
Clpeczb b vcr rcsudtbmns, b scgter db lbheb mc angvcrter cd bhub cg gciudnsb, mc abpturbr

cd lnvelecgtn b db vcz quc mckbs bdhn cstâtean n mc abzbr db Pìb Dâatcb.
Vrbateab. ]u
]u aâlbrb tc cspcrb. Db gnajc tc ddblb, ¾gn db csauajbs>
csauajbs> Aecrrb dns nkns, måkbtc
ddcvbr pnr db nsaurembm.
Anpyrehjt
Geghugb pbrtc mc cstb puideabaeñg pucmc scr rcprnmuaemb, bdlbacgbmb n trbgsletemb
ibkn geghugb `nrlb, cdcatrñgeab, lcaâgeab ge geghûg ntrn lnmn seg cd prcven y cxpdìaetn
angscgtelecgtn mcd Cmetnr.
Dbs elâhcgcs quc edustrbg cstc deirn sng prnpecmbm mc sus rcspcatevns butnrcs.
Bvesn
Db eg`nrlbaeñg angtcgemb cg cstc deirn cs cd rcsudtbmn mc db cxpcrecgaeb, angnaelecgtn y
npegeñg pcrsngbd mcd cquepn cmetnrebd. Cstc gn sc rcspngsbiedezb mcd usn n lbd usn mc db
eg`nrlbaeñg angtcgemb cg cstc mnaulcgtn.
@EG
Hrbaebs pnr dccr

@N]NHYB@ÌB
GNA]SYGB
U DBYHB CZVNQEAEÑG
¾]c `bdtb bdhugn mc gucstrns cInnos>
Adeao bquì pbrb mcsauirer db ieidentcab anlpdctb mc

deirns mc Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n

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Idnh mcd @ntñhrb`n | @ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y mc Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg 9

Ckclpdbr deacgaebmn pbrb usn pcrsngbd mc Knsc Gectn

@ntnhrb`ìb Gnaturgb y Dbrhb Cxpnseaeñg

Butnrcs; Bdcxb Mc Idnes y Abrn Lussn

]nmns dns Mcrcajns Ycscrvbmns

Geghugb pbrtc mc cstb puideabaeñg pucmc scr rcprnmuaemb, bdlbacgbmb n trbgsletemb

Bvesn; Db eg`nrlbaeñg angtcgemb cg cstc deirn cs cd rcsudtbmn mc db cxpcrecgaeb,

Vbrb bprcgmcr b prnmuaer bduaegbgtcs `ntnhrb`ìbs

_Sgb emcb nrehegbd mc; Lbren Vårcz\

Dn meajn. Nkbdâ gugab gns bibgmngc.

¾Vnr quå `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb y mc dbrhb

Vcrn, snirc tnmn, pnrquc sc nitecgcg elâhcgcs quc sc bacrabg b dn lâhean,

—Gn sc pucmc ddchbr bd bdib segn pnr

@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc ]rcvnr Andc.

¾Cs pbrb te>

@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Kngbtbg Vec.

Gn cs bdhn gucvn, ge sndetbren

Bmclâs mc quc gn cs bdhn gucvn (bugquc sì luy cvnduaengbmn), cs ug tepn mc `ntnhrb`ìb

@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Bgmcrs Kedmcg.

Vnr dn quc gn tc mcsbgelcs se gn tecgcs cd ûdteln lnmcdn mc aâlbrb mcd lcrabmn, se

Cd abrâatcr, anln db `ntnhrb`ìb, sc

Gn tc bsustcs, tc bmcdbgtâiblns cg cd abpìtudn bgtcrenr quc gn gcacsetbs ug cquepn

Qc trbtb mc anlpdctbr tu cquepn ang baacsnrens quc tc byumbrâg b lcknrbr db tåageab y

B db jnrb mc cdcher aâlbrb

• Hblb mc nikctevns; cg cd sehuecgtc bpbrtbmn jbidbrclns mc cddns lâs mctcgemblcgtc,

tu arcbtevembm jbstb cd egﬂgetn. Lâs quc cg cd aucrpn sndclns rcanlcgmbr egvcrter cg

• Hcsteñg mcd andnr;

• Vrcsupucstn y gcacsembmcs; cg rcdbaeñg bd pugtn bgtcrenr, se gn crcs ug prn`csengbd

@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Bmbl Ieoctt.

Mcpcgmc mcd tepn

2. ]cdcnikctevns n supcrtcdcnikctevns; ang cddns pucmcs `ntnhrbﬂbr db dugb, pnr ckclpdn,

]c mckblns bdhugns angsckns hcgcrbdcs pbrb tcgcr cg aucgtb b db jnrb mc anlprbr ug

• Egvcrter lâs cg nikctevns quc cg cd aucrpn.

• Iusabr nikctevns dn lâs dulegnsns pnseidc (ang bpcrturbs

• Cdcher db dcgtc cg `ugaeñg mcd tepn mc `ntnhrb`ìb quc mcsccs rcbdezbr.

añlnmn, sc tc adbvc cg cd jnlirn, gn tcghbs iucg baacsn bd lbtcrebd, gn scb luy

• Cstbiedembm; trìpnmcs cgangtrbrâs mc luajns tepns y prcaens, tbgtns anln hustns y

@ìkbtc tblieåg bd birerdn, aubgtn lbynr scb db ibsc ugb vcz

@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Irbmcg Kbrves.

cstbidc. Dn emcbd cs cgangtrbr ug cquedeiren,

• Vbtbs egmcpcgmecgtcs; pbrb pngcr tu trìpnmc cg tcrrcgns errchudbrcs cs gcacsbren quc

Qe tu trìpnmc gn cs dn suﬂaecgtclcgtc cstbidc, gn ddchb b tu bdturb n gn cs dn lâs añlnmn,

Sgb vcz cg cd seten, bschûrbtc

Cd selpdc lnvelecgtn quc sc prnmuac bd bprctbr cd intñg sc rc﬉ckbrâ cg db elbhcg.

]cg cg aucgtb quc db duz tecgc me`crcgtc tclpcrbturb mc andnr,

Bdhugbs lbrabs rcanlcgmbmbs mc degtcrgbs;

Cg ugb sbdemb gnaturgb, edulegcs n gn tu csacgb, seclprc cs gcacsbreb ugb degtcrgb, y

@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Geao @esjcr

]blieåg tecgcs db pnseiedembm mc rcanrtbrdns y banpdbrdns b ugb degtcrgb pbrb abliebrdc

Bmclâs, prntchc tu nikctevn mc abìmbs, mc db anghcdbaeñg y mc db julcmbm. Qe quecrcs

prntcìgbs y bhub, bugquc cstn tblieåg tc dn rcanrmbrclns cg cd prñxeln abpìtudn,

—Db jbiedembm cg db `ntnhrb`ìb

Cstc cs cd cquepn iâsean ang bdhugbs ntrbs npaengcs quc tc

@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Lbttjcw Dbroeg.

Gn cs dn lesln sbder b jbacr `ntnhrb`ìb abddckcrb, pnr ckclpdn, mngmc cd egstbgtc y db

¾Vnr mñgmc clpczbr>

• Gn tc vcghbs brreib ang dbs anlprbs,

@ntnhrb`ìb ibkn deacgaeb Arcbtevc Anllngs, anrtcsìb mc Ebg Cspegnsb.

c egangvcgecgtcs, anln tnmn. Bugquc, cspcaebdlcgtc cg `ntnhrb`ìb gnaturgb, tecgc