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CHRISTOPHER COCHRANE KELLY BLIDOOK RAND DYCK
DYCK
BLIDOOK
COCHRANE
C A N A D I A N
POLITICS
CANADIAN POLITICS APPROACHES

CRITICAL APPROACHES EIGHTH EDITION
CRITICAL
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EDITION
EIGHTH
NELSONbrain.com offers you a wide range of print textbooks, ebooks,
eChapters, digital homework, multimedia content, and study tools. We make
it easy, convenient, and affordable for you to purchase and access your course
materials. Visit NELSONbrain.com for more information!
ISBN-13: 978-0-17-658295-1
ISBN-10: 0-17-658295-9
9 780176 582951
www.nelson.com
Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
BK-NEL-COCHRANE_8E-150465-Cover.indd All Pages 14/03/16 3:17 PM

BRIEF CONTENTS
Preface xxi
About the Authors xxv
PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter 1 Approaching the Study of Politics 3
Chapter 2 Institutional Foundations and the Evolution of the State 19
PART 2 THE SOCIETAL CONTEXT:

CLEAVAGES AND IDENTITIES 39
Chapter 3 Regionalism 41
Chapter 4 Aboriginal Peoples 67
Chapter 5 French Canada and the Quebec Question 93
Chapter 6 Ethnocultural Minorities 119
Chapter 7 Gender 137
Chapter 8 Class 159
Chapter 9 Urban/Rural Location, Religion, and Age 183
Chapter 10 Canada’s External Environment:
The United States and the World 203
PART 3 LINKING PEOPLE TO GOVERNMENT 233

Chapter 11 The Canadian Political Culture 235
Chapter 12 Political Socialization, the Mass Media,
and Public Opinion Polls 257
Chapter 13 Elections and the Electoral System 283
Chapter 14 Political Parties and the Party System 307
Chapter 15 The Election Campaign, Voting,
and Political Participation 337
Chapter 16 Advocacy Groups, Social Movements, and Lobbying 365
PART 4 THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT 391

Chapter 17 The Canadian Constitution and Constitutional Change 393
Chapter 18 The Federal System 421
Chapter 19 The Charter of Rights and Freedoms 453
PART 5 GOVERNING 485

Chapter 20 The Policymaking Process and Policy Instruments 487
Chapter 21 The Executive: Crown, Prime Minister,
and Cabinet 507
Chapter 22 The Bureaucracy 543
Chapter 23 Parliament 569
Chapter 24 The Judiciary 611
Appendix A Constitution Act, 1867 (excerpts) 635

Appendix B Constitution Act, 1982, Schedule B 643
Glossary 657
Index 683
NEL vii
CONTENTS
Preface xxi
About the Authors xxv
PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter 1 Approaching the Study of Politics 3
The Political System 3
Approaches to the Study of Politics 9
Institutional Approaches 10
State-Based Approaches 11
Political Sociology Approaches 12
Political Psychology and Political Behaviour Approaches 14
The Rational Choice Approach 14
Conclusion 15
Discussion Questions 16
Notes 16
Further Reading 17
Chapter 2 Institutional Foundations and the Evolution

of the State 19
Early Institutional Developments 20
The Road to Confederation 24
The British Parliamentary System Compared With
the American Congressional System 26
Canadian and American Federalism 29
The Road to Canadian Sovereignty 32
Principles of the Canadian Constitution 35
Conclusion 37
Notes 37
Further Reading 38
PART 2 THE SOCIETAL CONTEXT:

CLEAVAGES AND IDENTITIES 39
Chapter 3 Regionalism 41
Theoretical Considerations 41
Geography 43
Physiographic Regions 43
Transportation and Communications Systems 44
Population Distribution 47
Economy 48
The Atlantic Region 49
Quebec 50
Ontario 50
NEL ix
The Prairie Region 51
British Columbia 52
The North 52
Historic Regional Conflicts 53
Ownership of Natural Resources 53
Tariffs 54
Transportation 54
Banking 55
The Atlantic Provinces 56
Recent Regional Conflicts 56
Taxation and Regulation of Natural Resources 56
Other Regional Economic Conflicts 56
Regional Economic Disparities 58
Regional Identities 61
Conclusion 64
Notes 65
Further Reading 66
Chapter 4 Aboriginal Peoples 67

Aboriginal Demographic Profile Today 67
Historical Evolution 69
Setting the Stage for Change 74
From the White Paper to the Charlottetown Accord 75
Early Land Claims 75
The Constitution Act, 1982 and the Meech Lake Accord 76
Land Issues in 1990 78
The Charlottetown Accord, 1992 79
Aboriginal Issues in the Chrétien Era, 1993–2003 79
Aboriginal Self-Government 80
Ipperwash, Caledonia, and Aboriginal Injustice 81
Nunavut and the Nisga’a Treaty 82
Contemporary Aboriginal Issues 83
Political Activity 83
“On-Reserve” and “Off-Reserve” Aboriginal Peoples 84
The Kelowna Accord and Court Cases 85
The Harper Government 85
Conclusion 88
Notes 89
Further Reading 91
Chapter 5 French Canada and the Quebec Question 93

The French–English Demographic Profile Today 94
Different Conceptions of French Canada 95
Historical Overview of French–English Relations 96
Pre-Confederation Developments 96
Ethnic/Linguistic Conflicts, 1867–1960 98
x Copyright
CONTENTS NEL
2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Pre-1960 Quebec Nationalism 100
The Quiet Revolution: Quebec in the 1960s 101
Quebec and French Canada Since 1970 104
The 1970s 104
The 1980s 106
The 1990s 107
Party Support in Quebec 109
Developments in Other Provinces and Territories 110
Contemporary Issues 111
Conclusion 114
Notes 115
Further Reading 117
Chapter 6 Ethnocultural Minorities 119

A Profile of Ethnocultural Minorities Today 119
History of Canadian Immigration 121
Racial Discrimination 124
Overcoming Discrimination: Multiculturalism,
Equity, and Inclusiveness 126
Current Ethnocultural Issues 129
Conclusion 133
Notes 134
Further Reading 135
Chapter 7 Gender 137

Evolution of Women’s Rights to 1970 138
The Women’s Movement After 1970 143
Representation in Politics and Government 143
Employment Issues 145
Constitutional, Legal, and Aboriginal Women’s Issues 147
Reproduction, Sexuality, Health, and Violence Issues 148
The Feminization of Poverty and Child Care 149
Women’s Centres and Women’s Groups 150
Contemporary Issues 151
Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Issues and Identities 153
Conclusion 155
Notes 156
Further Reading 158
Chapter 8 Class 159

A Profile of Class Divisions in Canada Today 161
The Upper Class 163
Identifying the Corporate Elite 163
NEL CONTENTS xi
Demands of the Corporate Elite and Results 164
The Middle Class 166
The Working Class 168
The Poor 172
The Rise and Decline of the Social Safety Net 174
The Rise 174
The Decline 176
Conclusion 178
Notes 179
Further Reading 181
Chapter 9 Urban/Rural Location, Religion, and Age 183

Urban/Rural Location 184
Religion 189
Separate Schools 189
Other Religious Issues 191
Current Religious Issues 193
Age 195
Earlier Struggles 196
Population Projections 196
Future Issues 198
Conclusion 200
Notes 201
Further Reading 202
Chapter 10 Canada’s External Environment:

The United States and the World 203
The Global Setting 204
Foreign Governments 204
International Organizations 204
International Agreements 206
Transnational Corporations and Globalization 206
International Terrorism 207
U.S. Influences in Defence, Foreign, and Border Policies 208
Canadian Defence Policy 208
Canadian Foreign Policy 210
Canadian Border Policy 211
U.S. Economic Influences on Canada 211
Foreign Investment 212
Trade 216
The Canada–U.S. Free Trade Agreement 217
North American Free Trade Agreement 219
Other Trade Issues 220
The Environment 221
Energy 222
Trade Unions 222
The Canadian Economy in an Age of Globalization 223
xiiCopyrightCONTENTS NEL
U.S. Influences on Canadian Culture 224
Television 224
Magazines 225
Film and Video 226
Publishing 227
Newspapers, Radio, and Sound Recordings 227
Other Cultural Industries 228
Canadian Cultural Industries in an Age of Globalization 228
U.S. Influences on Other Aspects of Canadian Life 228
Conclusion 229
Notes 230
Further Reading 232
PART 3 LINKING PEOPLE TO GOVERNMENT 233

Chapter 11 The Canadian Political Culture 235
Democracy 237
Popular Sovereignty 238
Political Equality 238
Political Freedom 239
Majority Rule and Minority Rights 241
Distinguishing Between Canadian and American Values 241
Balance Between Individualism and Collectivism 242
Particularism, Diversity, and Tolerance 244
Deference to Authority 245
Egalitarianism 246
Caution, Diffidence, Dependence, Idealism, and Nonviolence 247
Other Statements of Basic Values 248
Is Canada’s Political Culture Changing? 248
“Limited Identities”: Subcultures in Canada 249
Regional and Provincial/Territorial Subcultures 250
Ethnic Subcultures 250
Class Subcultures 251
Conclusion 252
Notes 253
Further Reading 254
Chapter 12 Political Socialization, the Mass Media,

and Public Opinion Polls 257
Political Socialization 258
The Family 258
The School 258
Peers 259
Other Agents of Political Socialization 260
The Mass Media 261
Media Ownership and Control in Canada 262
The Changing Media World 267
NEL CONTENTS xiii

The Internet 268
The Media and the Public 269
The Media and the Politicians 271
Public Opinion Polls 273
Measuring Public Opinion 273
The Importance of Polls in Elections 275
Impact of Polls on the Authorities 277
Conclusion 278
Notes 279
Further Reading 281
Chapter 13 Elections and the Electoral System 283

Drawing the Electoral Map 284
Distribution of Seats among Provinces 284
Drawing Constituency Boundaries 285
The Official Election Machinery 287
Setting the Date 287
Election Officials 287
The Voters’ List 288
Nomination 289
Election Day 289
The Ballot 290
The Franchise 290
Controversies during the 2011 and 2015 Elections 291
The Proportionality of the Electoral System 292
Discrepancies between Seats and Votes: National Level 292
Discrepancies between Seats and Votes: By Province 294
Remedies 296
Financing Elections 298
Pre-1974 298
Federal Election Finance Law and Its Results, 1974–2003 299
Federal Election Finance Law after 2003 299
Third-Party Advertising and the Royal Commission
on Electoral Reform and Party Financing 301
Conclusion 302
Notes 303
Further Reading 305
Chapter 14 Political Parties and the Party System 307

Historical Evolution of Canadian Parties 309
The First Party System, 1867–1921 309
The Second Party System, 1921–1957 310
The Third Party System, 1957–1993 312
The Fourth Party System, 1993–2015 313
Interpretations of the Canadian Party System 315
The Broker System 316
xivCopyrightCONTENTS NEL
Ideological or Class-Based Parties 317
Party Ideology 318
Party Organization 322
Party Membership 322
Party Leadership 323
Party Policymaking 326
General Structures and Operations 327
Conclusion 331
Notes 332
Further Reading 335
Chapter 15 The Election Campaign, Voting,

and Political Participation 337
The National Party Campaign 337
Party Headquarters and Pre-Writ Preparations 337
Election Strategy 339
The Election Platform 339
The Leader’s Tour 340
Media Coverage 340
National Media Advertising 341
Political Marketing 343
The Leaders’ Debates 344
The 2015 Election Campaign 345
The Local Candidate Campaign 346
Nomination 346
The Local Campaign 348
The Voter Choice 349
Sociodemographic Bases of Party Support 349
Core Values and Beliefs 352
Party Identification 352
The Issues, the Economy, and the Government’s Performance 353
Leadership 354
Strategic Voting 354
Political Participation 356
Electoral Participation 356
Non-electoral Participation 358
Conclusion 360
Notes 360
Further Reading 363
Chapter 16 Advocacy Groups, Social Movements, and Lobbying 365

The Array of Canadian Advocacy Groups 366
Business Groups 368
Nonbusiness Groups 369
Other Categorizations of Advocacy Groups 370
Social Movements 371
Advocacy Group Structures 373
NEL CONTENTS xv
Targets and Methods of Advocacy Group Activity 373
Policy Communities and Policy Networks 374
The Bureaucracy 374
The Prime Minister, the Cabinet, and Ministers 377
Parliament 378
Other Targets 378
Group Resources and Determinants of Success 380
Lobbying in Canada 381
Emergence of Modern Lobbying 382
Legalizing Lobbying: The Registration System 382
Lobbying under the Chrétien, Martin, and Harper Governments 383
Conclusion 386
Notes 387
Further Reading 389
PART 4 THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT 391

Chapter 17 The Canadian Constitution and Constitutional Change 393
Components of the Canadian Constitution 394
The Constitution Act, 1867 394
Amendments to the Constitution Act, 1867 395
British Statutes and Orders in Council 395
Organic Canadian Statutes 396
Constitution Act, 1982 396
Judicial Decisions 397
Constitutional Conventions 398
The Pre-1960 Quest for Constitutional Change 399
A Domestic Constitutional Amending Formula 399
A Constitutional Charter of Rights 401
Mega-Constitutional Change, 1960–2000 402
The Victoria Charter 403
The Constitution Act, 1982 403
The Meech Lake Accord 406
The Charlottetown Accord 408
The 1992 Referendum 409
Post-Charlottetown Constitutional Developments 411
Single-Issue Constitutional Change 415
Post-1982 Formal Constitutional Amendments 415
Constitutional Change relating to Aboriginal Canadians 416
Instruments of Constitutional Change other than Formal Amendments 416
Conclusion 417
Notes 418
Further Reading 420
Chapter 18 The Federal System 421

The Confederation Settlement 423
Evolution of Canadian Federalism to 2000 426
Division of Powers 426
xviCopyrightCONTENTS NEL
Federal–Provincial Finance 430
Federal Controls 435
Phases of Canadian Federalism 436
Canadian Federalism, 1867–1945 436
Canadian Federalism, 1945–2000 437
Canadian Federalism in the 21st Century 441
Conclusion 448
Notes 449
Further Reading 452
Chapter 19 The Charter of Rights and Freedoms 453

Defining and Protecting Rights and Freedoms 454
En Route to the Charter 455
The Charter of Rights and Freedoms 457
The Reasonable Limits Clause 458
Fundamental Freedoms 458
Democratic Rights 461
Mobility Rights 462
Legal Rights 462
Equality Rights 465
Official Languages of Canada 469
Minority-Language Education Rights 469
Other Provisions 470
Application of the Charter 471
The Notwithstanding Clause 472
Implications of Constitutionalizing the Charter of Rights 473
Criticism from Right and Left 475
Dialogue between Legislatures and Courts 477
Conclusion 477
Notes 478
Further Reading 483
PART 5 GOVERNING 485

Chapter 20 The Policymaking Process and Policy Instruments 487
The Changing Role of the State 487
The Policymaking Process 491
Initiation 491
Priority Setting 493
Policy Formulation 493
Legitimation 494
Implementation 494
Interpretation 495
Policy Communities Revisited 495
Policy Instruments 497
Privatization 497
Symbolic Response 497
Exhortation 498
NEL CONTENTS xvii

Tax Expenditures 498
Public Expenditures 499
Regulation 500
Taxation 500
Public Ownership 501
State of Emergency 501
The Environment as a Case Study 502
Conclusion 504
Notes 504
Further Reading 506
Chapter 21 The Executive: Crown, Prime Minister,

and Cabinet 507
The Crown 507
The Governor General 509
Powers of the Crown 509
Other Functions of the Crown 513
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Monarchy 513
The Prime Minister and Cabinet 515
Powers of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 515
The Prime Minister 517
Prime Ministerial Tenure and Style 522
Composition of the Cabinet 523
Operation of the Cabinet 527
Central Agencies 533
Conclusion 537
Notes 537
Further Reading 542
Chapter 22 The Bureaucracy 543

Functions and Powers of the Bureaucracy 543
Government Departments 546
Number, Structure, and Size 546
Responsibility and Accountability at the Top of the Department 547
Exempt Staff 549
The Rest of the Department 549
Relations with Other Departments and Central Agencies 550
The Merit Principle and a Representative Bureaucracy 551
The Estimates System 554
Departmental Interaction with Provinces and the Public 554
Crown Corporations 556
Administrative Agencies 558
Controlling the Bureaucracy 561
Prime Minister, Ministers, and Cabinet 561
Bureaucrats Controlling Bureaucrats 561
House of Commons 561
The Judiciary 562
xviii CONTENTS NEL

Watchdog Agencies 563
Bureaucratic Accountability 564
Conclusion 565
Notes 566
Further Reading 568
Chapter 23 Parliament 569

Functions and Powers of the House of Commons 570
Composition of the House of Commons 571
The Parliamentary Timetable 573
The Typical Session 573
The Typical Week 574
Party Discipline 576
Caucus Meetings 579
Stages and Kinds of Legislation 579
Organization and Officers of the Commons 583
The Speaker 583
House Leaders, Party Whips, and Clerk 585
Voting 585
Speeches 586
The Committee System 586
Members’ Services and Ethics 589
Roles of Members of Parliament 590
The Government–Opposition Balance 592
Minority Government 593
Reform of the House of Commons 596
Purposes and Powers of the Senate 596
Composition of the Senate 597
Operation of the Senate 599
Senate Reform 603
The Harper Proposals 605
Conclusion 606
Notes 607
Further Reading 610
Chapter 24 The Judiciary 611

The Function of Adjudication 611
Access to and Costs of Justice 613
Categories of Laws 614
Structure of the Courts 616
Provincial and Territorial Courts of Appeal 617
The Federal Court of Canada 618
The Supreme Court of Canada 618
The Appointment of Judges 624
NEL CONTENTS xix

Retirement, Removal, and Independence of Judges 629
Conclusion 631
Notes 631
Further Reading 634
Appendix A Constitution Act, 1867 (excerpts) 635

Appendix B Constitution Act, 1982, Schedule B 643
Glossary 657
Index 683
xxCopyrightCONTENTS NEL
PREFACE
This book now enters its third decade of introducing readers to the fascinating field of Canadian
politics. The year in which the first edition of this book appeared marked a turning point in
Canadian politics. Nearly a decade of Conservative government came to an end with the
ascension of Jean Chrétien and the Liberal party in the election of 1993. Now, 22 years later, a
new Liberal government takes office after nearly a decade of government by Prime Minister
Stephen Harper and the Conservative party. “It’s like déjà vu all over again.”
The country has changed a great deal over the past couple of decades; however, Canada’s
political institutions have not. The relative stability of political institutions in the face of rap-
idly changing social, economic, and international environments is an enduring theme of
Canadian politics and of this book. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and his new Liberal govern-
ment have laid out an ambitious agenda of political reform. Among other changes, the new
government has pledged to reform the House of Commons, the Senate, and the way votes are
counted and seats are allocated in elections. We hope to provide our readers with tools and
background knowledge to help them think seriously about these and many other questions that
Canada now faces.
This eighth edition of Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches seeks to preserve the merits of
its predecessor editions. It continues to present the reality of Canadian government and poli-
tics in a comprehensive yet lean and readable manner. Although it is principally designed as a
textbook, we hope it is also useful and enjoyable for general readers.
This text is divided almost equally between the two parts of the Canadian political system:
its “environment” and its institutions. It can thus be used for courses in either half of the sub-
ject or for full courses that cover both parts. In the former case, the book gives much emphasis
to the societal setting of the political system, with discussions of regionalism, Aboriginal peo-
ples, the French–English cleavage, ethnocultural groups, gender, class, age, religion, urban/
rural location, and the global environment. Student interest in the subject is therefore stimu-
lated by observing the clash of interests from which political activity stems. In the latter case,
it includes chapters on all the institutions of Canadian government, including the Constitution,
federalism, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the executive, bureaucracy, Parliament, and
the judiciary—institutions which also feature exciting daily happenings. Part 3, which deals
with equally fascinating topics—political culture, the mass media, public opinion polls, elec-
tions, parties, and advocacy groups—can be fit into either half of the subject.
In this edition, we concentrate on the following critical approaches: Institutionalism,
including historical-institutionalism; State-based analysis, including policy communities, elite
accommodation, and political economy; Political Sociology, including pluralism and class
analysis; Political Behaviour and Political Psychology; and Rational Choice. Rather than list
these critical approaches at the end of each chapter, we have integrated the approaches in each
chapter alongside discussions of relevant research problems.
Although the Canadian political system functions better than most others around the
world, it is far from perfect and embodies a huge “democratic deficit” such that no account
could be completely satisfied with the status quo. This book therefore points out the many
NEL xxi
aspects of political and governmental operations of the country that are not working as well as
they might, and suggests possible reforms and alternative arrangements. Without being ideo-
logical, the book is a critical account and seeks to make informed critics of its readers.
For those familiar with previous editions of the book, let us briefly outline what is different
about this new edition:
1. Updated data and graphs to the end of 2015;
2. The 2015 federal election campaign and results;
3. A focus on “path dependence” and the increasing calls for institutional reform, espe-
cially to the House of Commons, Senate, and the electoral system;
4. A revised chapter on Aboriginal peoples which embeds non-Aboriginal peoples in the
New World within the timescales of Aboriginal people, rather than the reverse;
5. A discussion of the debates surrounding “religious accommodation,” including the
debates in the 2015 election about the wearing of the niqab during citizenship
ceremonies;
6. Explications of data and statistics that foster an intuitive grasp of what they reveal;
7. The redistribution of seats in the House of Commons;
8. The volatile nature of public opinion in Quebec regarding nationalism, federalism,
party preference, and religious tolerance, as well as the re-election of a Liberal majority
government;
9. References to various controversial bills passed in Parliament, and their potential
consequences;
10. Updated information on media ownership, with the new addition of community
newspapers;
11. The evolving relations and notable tensions between provinces and the federal
government;
12. The new Charter decisions of the Supreme Court, including those on religious free-
doms, prostitution, and doctor-assisted suicide;
13. The Harper government’s approach to reforming the Senate, and the alternative pro-
posed by Justin Trudeau as Liberal leader.
INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES
The Nelson Education Teaching Advantage (NETA) program delivers
research-based instructor resources that promote student engagement and
higher-order thinking to enable the success of Canadian students and
educators. Visit Nelson Education’s Inspired Instruction website at http://www.nelson.com/
inspired/ to find out more about NETA.
The following instructor resources have been created for Canadian Politics: Critical
Approaches, Eighth Edition. Access these ultimate tools for customizing lectures and presenta-
tions at www.nelson.com/instructor.
xxii PREFACE NEL

NETA Test Bank
This resource was written by Nanita Mohan of University of Guelph. It includes 240 multiple-
choice questions written according to NETA guidelines for effective construction and develop-
ment of higher-order questions. Also included are 240 true/false and 120 essay questions.
NETA PowerPoint
Microsoft® PowerPoint® lecture slides for every chapter have been created by Jordan Taft of Carlton
University. There is an average of 15 slides per chapter, many featuring key figures, tables, and pho-
tographs from Canadian Politics. NETA principles of clear design and engaging content have been
incorporated throughout, making it simple for instructors to customize the deck for their courses.
Image Library
This resource consists of digital copies of figures, short tables, and photographs used in the
book. Instructors may use these jpegs to customize the NETA PowerPoint or create their own
PowerPoint presentations.
MindTap
Offering personalized paths of dynamic assignments and applications,
MindTap is a digital learning solution that turns cookie-cutter into
cutting-edge, apathy into engagement, and memorizers into higher-level thinkers. MindTap
enables students to analyze and apply chapter concepts within relevant assignments, and allows
instructors to measure skills and promote better outcomes with ease. A fully online learning
solution, MindTap combines all student learning tools—readings, multimedia, activities, and
assessments—into a single Learning Path that guides the student through the curriculum.
Instructors personalize the experience by customizing the presentation of these learning tools
to their students, even seamlessly introducing their own content into the Learning Path. The
MindTap content for Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches, Eighth Edition, was prepared by
Rand Dyck, Carleton University, and Logan Masilamani, Simon Fraser University.
STUDENT ANCILLARIES
MindTap
Stay organized and efficient with MindTap—a single destination with
all the course material and study aids you need to succeed. Built-in apps
leverage social media and the latest learning technology. For example:
• ReadSpeaker will read the text to you.
• Flashcards are pre-populated to provide you with a jump-start for review—or you can
create your own.
NEL PREFACE xxiii

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
HOUSE OF JACQUES CŒUR, BOURGES
The plan of the building is an irregular pentagon, composed of

different bodies of buildings joined without any symmetry, according
to the general disposition of almost all mediæval civil and military
buildings. The large towers are Jacques Cœur’s original ones. One
was entirely reconstructed by him with the exception of the first story,
which is of Roman work, as the layers of brick and masonry indicate;
the other, on the contrary, received only its crown and a new interior
construction, and, like the first, was flanked by a tower destined to
serve as a cage for the stairway. The court of honour is vast, and
arranged so that it was easy to communicate with the different parts
of the hôtel.
The façade is composed of a pavilion flanked by two wings.
Following an arrangement borrowed from military architecture, two
doors were contrived, the little one for the foot-passengers and the
large one, which was the door of honour, through which the
Cavaliers entered. Both had pointed arches and were ornamented
with an archivolt with crockets. One of them still possessed, until
about a dozen years ago, its ancient sculptured panels and
ornamental iron-work. Above these doors is a large niche with very
rich ornamentation, which originally sheltered the equestrian statue
of Charles VII. On its right and left is a false window, in which you
see the statue of a man-servant in the one and that of a maid-
servant in the other, both in the costume of the period. Above this
niche the wall is pierced by a large window with four panes, whose
tracery reproduces hearts, armes parlantes of the proprietor, and a
fleur-de-lis, a sign of his recognition by King Charles. A cornice of
foliage forms the top of the wall of the pavilion, which is crowned by
a very high roof with four sloping and concave sides. Upon the front
and back faces of this roof is a large skylight-window and on its
lateral faces, a stock of chimneys. On the summit of the roof is an
imposing ridge which ends with two long spikes.
The back of the pavilion is exactly like the front, with the
exception of a statue of Cœur corresponding to that of the king. To
the right of the pavilion there rises an octagonal campanile of great
elegance; at its base is a balustrade in whose open-work runs a
phylactery, carrying the motto, which is frequently repeated in the
building and which characterizes perfectly him who adopted it:
11
À vaillans cœurs rien d’impossible.
Notwithstanding the mutilations to which the house of Jacques
Cœur has been condemned by its fate, it is certainly one of the most
interesting and best preserved of all the civil buildings of the Middle
Ages. A vast amount of information regarding the intimate life of the
people, which has so great an attraction for the archæologist, is to
be found here. If the fact that the study of buildings should be the
inseparable companion to that of history was less evident, the house
of Jacques Cœur would afford us an opportunity to demonstrate the
truth; in reality, when we have studied this building we certainly gain
a much clearer idea of the manners of Charles VII.’s reign than could
be obtained from a host of lecturers upon history.
Jules Gailhabaud, Monuments anciens et modernes. (Paris,

1865).
WAT PHRA KAO.
CARL BOCK.
THE first glimpse of Siam which the traveller obtains at Paknam is a

fair sample of what is to be seen pretty well throughout the country.
As Constantinople is called the City of Mosques, so Bangkok may,
with even more reason, be termed the City of Temples. And not in
Bangkok only and its immediate neighbourhood, but in the remotest
parts of the country, wherever a few people live now, or ever have
lived, a Wat with its image, or collection of images, of Buddha, is to
be found, surrounded by numberless phrachedees, those curious
structures which every devout Buddhist—and all Buddhists are in
one sense or another devout—erects at every turn as a means of
gaining favour with the deity, or of making atonement for his sins. On
the rich plains, in the recesses of the forests, on the tops of high
mountains, in all directions, these monuments of universal allegiance
to a faith which, more perhaps than any other, claims a devotee in
almost every individual inhabitant of the lands over which it has once
obtained sway, are to be found. The labour, the time, and the wealth
lavished upon these structures are beyond calculation....
The work which, in popular estimation at least, will make his
Majesty’s reign most memorable in Siam, is the completion and
dedication of the great royal temple, Phra Sri Ratana Satsadaram,
or, as it is usually called, Wat Phra Kao. The erection of this
magnificent pile of buildings was commenced by Phra Puttha Yot Fa
Chulalok, “as a temple for the Emerald Buddha, the palladium of the
capital, for the glory of the king, and as an especial work of royal
piety.” This temple was inaugurated with a grand religious festival in
the year Maseng, 7th of the cycle, 1147 (A. D. 1785), but, having
been very hastily got ready for the celebration of the third
anniversary of the foundation of the capital, it was incomplete, only
the church and library being finished. Various additions were made
from time to time, but the Wat remained in an unfinished state until
the present king came to the throne. The vow to complete the works
was made on Tuesday, the 23rd of December, 1879. The works were
commenced during the next month and completed on Monday, the
17th of April, 1882, a period of two years, three months, and twenty
days. Thus it was reserved for King Chulalonkorn, at an enormous
outlay, entirely defrayed out of his private purse, and by dint of great
exertions on the part of those to whom the work was immediately
entrusted, to complete this structure, and, on the hundredth
anniversary of the capital of Siam, to give the city its crowning glory.
WAT PHRA KAO.
The work was placed under the direct superintendence of the

king’s brothers, each of whom had a particular part of the work
allotted to him. One, for instance, relaid the marble pavement, and
decorated the Obosot with pictures of the sacred elephant; while a
second renewed the stone inscriptions inside the Obosot; a third laid
down a brass pavement in the Obosot; a fourth undertook to restore
all the inlaid pearl work; another undertook the work of repairing the
ceiling, paving, and wall-decoration, and made three stands for the
seals of the kingdom; another changed the decayed roof-beams;
another covered the great phrachedee with gold tiles—the effect of
which in the brilliant sunlight is marvellously beautiful—and repaired
and gilded all the small phrachedees; another renewed and repaired
and redecorated all the stone ornaments and flower-pots in the
temple-grounds, and made the copper-plated and gilt figures of
demons, and purchased many marble statues; two princes divided
between them the repairs of the cloisters, renewing the roof where
required, painting, gilding, paving with stone, and completing the
capitals of columns, and so on. Thus, by division of labour, under the
stimulus of devotion to the religion of the country, and of brotherly
loyalty to the king, the great work was at length completed, after
having been exactly one hundred years in course of construction. On
the 21st of April, 1882, the ceremony of final dedication was
performed, with the greatest pomp, and amid general rejoicings.
Under the name “Wat Phra Kao” are included various buildings
covering a large area of ground, which is surrounded by walls
decorated with elaborate frescoes. In the centre is a temple, called
the Phra Marodop, built in the form of a cross, where on festive
occasions the king goes to hear a sermon from the prince-high-
priest. The walls of this building are richly decorated with inlaid work,
and the ceiling painted with a chaste design in blue and gold. The
most striking feature, however, is the beautiful work in the ebony
doors, which are elaborately inlaid with mother-of-pearl figures
representing Thewedas, bordered by a rich scroll. Behind this
chapel-royal is the great phrachedee, called the Sri Ratana
Phrachedee, entirely covered with gilt tiles, which are specially made
for the purpose in Germany to the order of H. R. H. Krom Mun
Aditson Udom Det.
There are several other large buildings in the temple-grounds,
but the structure in which the interest of the place centres is the
Obosot, which shelters the famous “Emerald Buddha,” a green jade
figure of matchless beauty, which was found at Kiang Hai in A. D.
1436, and, after various vicissitudes of fortune, was at last placed in
safety in the royal temple at Bangkok. This image is, according to the
season of the year, differently attired in gold ornaments and robes.
The Emerald Buddha is raised so high up, at the very summit of a
high altar, that it is somewhat difficult to see it, especially as light is
not over plentiful, the windows being generally kept closely
shuttered. For the convenience of visitors, however, the attendants
will for a small fee open one or two of the heavy shutters, which are
decorated on the outside with gilt figures of Thewedas in contorted
attitudes. When at last the sun’s rays are admitted through the “dim
religious light,” and the beam of brightness shines on the
resplendent figure—enthroned above a gorgeous array of coloured
vases, with real flowers and their waxen imitations, of gold, silver,
and bronze representations of Buddha, of Bohemian glassware,
lamps, and candlesticks, with here and there a flickering taper still
burning, and surrounded with a profusion of many-storied umbrellas,
emblems of the esteem in which the gem is held—the scene is
remarkably beautiful, and well calculated to have a lasting effect on
the minds of those who are brought up to see in the calm, solemn,
and dignified form of Buddha the representation of all that is good
here, and the symbol of all happiness hereafter. The floor of the
Obosot is of tessellated brass, and the walls are decorated with the
usual perspectiveless frescoes, representing scenes in Siamese or
Buddhist history.
It is in this Obosot that the semi-annual ceremony of Tunam, or
drinking the water of allegiance, takes place, when the subjects of
Siam, through their representatives, and the princes and high
officers of state, renew or confirm their oath of allegiance. The
ceremony consists of drinking water sanctified by the priests, and
occurs twice a year—on the third day of the waxing of the Siamese
fifth month (i. e., the 1st of April), and on the thirteenth day of the
waning of the Siamese tenth month (i. e., the 21st of September).
The foregoing description gives but a faint idea of this sacred
and historic edifice, which will henceforth be regarded as a symbol of
the rule of the present Siamese dynasty, and the completion of which
will mark an epoch in Siamese history.
Temples and Elephants (London, 1884).

THE CATHEDRAL OF TOLEDO.
THÉOPHILE GAUTIER.
THE exterior of the Cathedral of Toledo is far less ornate than that of
the Cathedral of Burgos: it has no efflorescence of ornaments, no
arabesques, and no collarette of statues enlivening the porches; it
has solid buttresses, bold and sharp angles, a thick facing of stone,
a stolid tower, with no delicacies of the Gothic jewel-work, and it is
covered entirely with a reddish tint, like that of a piece of toast, or the
sunburnt skin of a pilgrim from Palestine; as if to make up the loss,
the interior is hollowed and sculptured like a grotto of stalactites.
The door by which we entered is of bronze, and bears the
following inscription: Antonio Zurreno del arte de oro y plata, faciebat
esta media puerta. The first impression is most vivid and imposing;
five naves divide the church: the middle one is of an immeasurable
height, and the others beside it seem to bow their heads and kneel in
token of admiration and respect; eighty-eight pillars, each as large as
a tower and each composed of sixteen spindle-shaped columns
bound together, sustain the enormous mass of the building; a
transept cuts the large nave between the choir and the high altar,
and forms the arms of the cross. The architecture of the entire
building is homogeneous and perfect, a very rare virtue in Gothic
cathedrals, which have generally been built at different periods; the
original plan has been adhered to from one end to the other, with the
exception of a few arrangements of the chapels, which, however, do
not interfere with the harmony of the general effect. The windows,
glittering with hues of emerald, sapphire, and ruby set in the ribs of
stone, worked like rings, sift in a soft and mysterious light which
inspires religious ecstasy; and, when the sun is too strong, blinds of
spartium are let down over the windows, and through the building is
then diffused that cool half-twilight which makes the churches of
Spain so favourable for meditation and prayer.
The high altar, or retablo, alone might pass for a church; it is an
enormous accumulation of small columns, niches, statues, foliage,
and arabesques, of which the most minute description would give
but a faint idea; all this sculpture, which extends up to the vaulted
roof and all around the sanctuary, is painted and gilded with
unimaginable wealth. The warm and tawny tones of the antique gold,
illumined by the rays and patches of light interrupted in their passage
by the tracery and projections of the ornaments, stand out superbly
and produce the most admirable effects of grandeur and richness.
The paintings, with their backgrounds of gold which adorn the panels
of this altar, equal in richness of colour the most brilliant Venetian
canvases; this union of colour with the severe and almost hieratic
forms of mediæval art is rarely found; some of these paintings might
be taken for Giorgione’s first manner.
THE CATHEDRAL OF TOLEDO.
Opposite to the high altar is placed the choir, or silleria,

according to the Spanish custom; it is composed of three rows of
stalls in sculptured wood, hollowed and carved in a marvellous
manner with historical, allegorical, and sacred bas-reliefs. Gothic Art,
on the borderland of the Renaissance, has never produced anything
more pure, more perfect, or better drawn. This work, the details of
which are appalling, has been attributed to the patient chisels of
Philippe de Bourgogne and Berruguete. The archbishop’s stall,
which is higher than the rest, is shaped like a throne and marks the
centre of the choir; this prodigious carpentry is crowned by gleaming
columns of brown jasper, and on the entablature stand alabaster
figures, also by Philippe de Bourgogne and Berruguete, but in a freer
and more supple style, elegant and admirable in effect. Enormous
bronze reading-desks supporting gigantic missals, large spartium
mats, and two colossal organs placed opposite to each other, one to
the right and one to the left, complete the decorations....
The Mozarabic Chapel, which is still in existence, is adorned with
Gothic frescoes of the highest interest: the subjects are the combats
between the Toledans and the Moors; they are in a state of perfect
preservation, their colours are as bright as if they had been laid on
yesterday, and by means of them an archæologist would gain a vast
amount of information regarding arms, costumes, accoutrements,
and architecture, for the principal fresco represents a view of old
Toledo, which is, doubtless, very accurate. In the lateral frescoes the
ships which brought the Arabs to Spain are painted in detail; a
seaman might gather much useful information from them regarding
the obscure history of the mediæval navy. The arms of Toledo—five
stars, sable on a field, argent—are repeated in several places in this
low-vaulted chapel, which, according to the Spanish fashion, is
enclosed by a grille of beautiful workmanship.
The Chapel of the Virgin, which is entirely faced with beautifully
polished porphyry, jasper, and yellow and violet breccia, is of a
richness surpassing the splendours of the Thousand and One
Nights; many relics are preserved here, among them a reliquary
presented by Saint Louis, which contains a piece of the True Cross.
To recover our breath, let us make, if you please, the tour of the
cloisters, whose severe yet elegant arcades surround beautiful
masses of verdure, kept green, notwithstanding the devouring heat
of this season, by the shadow of the Cathedral; the walls of this
cloister are covered with frescoes in the style of Vanloo, by a painter
named Bayeu. These compositions are simple and pleasing in
colour, but they do not harmonize with the style of the building, and
probably supplant ancient works damaged by centuries, or found too
Gothic for the people of good taste in that time. It is very fitting to
place a cloister near a church; it affords a happy transition from the
tranquillity of the sanctuary to the turmoil of the city. You can go to it
to walk about, to dream, or to reflect, without being forced to join in
the prayers and ceremonies of a cult; Catholics go to the temple,
Christians remain more frequently in the cloisters. This attitude of
mind has been perfectly understood by that marvellous psychologist
the Catholic Church. In religious countries the Cathedral is always
the most ornamented, richest, most gilded, and most florid of all
buildings in the town; it is there that one finds the coolest shade and
the deepest peace; the music there is better than in the theatre; and
it has no rival in pomp of display. It is the central point, the magnetic
spot, like the Opéra in Paris. We Catholics of the North, with our
Voltairean temples, have no idea of the luxury, elegance, and
comfort of the Spanish cathedrals; these churches are furnished and
animated, and have nothing of that glacial, desert-like appearance of
ours; the faithful can live in them on familiar terms with their God.
The sacristies and rooms of the Chapter in the Cathedral of
Toledo have a more than royal magnificence; nothing could be more
noble and picturesque than these vast halls decorated with that solid
and severe luxury of which the Church alone has the secret. Here
are rare carpentry-work in carved walnut or black oak, portières of
tapestry or Indian damask, curtains of brocatelle, with sumptuous
folds, figured brocades, Persian carpets, and paintings of fresco. We
will not try to describe them in detail; we will only speak of one room
ornamented with admirable frescoes depicting religious subjects in
the German style of which the Spaniards have made such
successful imitations, and which have been attributed to
Berruguete’s nephew, if not to Berruguete himself, for these
prodigious geniuses followed simultaneously three branches of art.
We will also mention an enormous ceiling by Luca Giordano, where
is collected a whole world of angels and allegorical figures in the
most rapidly executed foreshortening which produce a singular
optical illusion. From the middle of the roof springs a ray of light so
wonderfully painted on the flat surface that it seems to fall
perpendicularly on your head, no matter from which side you view it.
It is here that they keep the treasure, that is to say the beautiful
copes of brocade, cloth of gold and silver damask, the marvellous
laces, the silver-gilt reliquaries, the monstrances of diamonds, the
gigantic silver candlesticks, the embroidered banners,—all the
material and accessories for the representation of that sublime
Catholic drama which we called the Mass.
In the cupboards in one of the rooms is preserved the wardrobe
of the Holy Virgin, for cold, naked statues of marble or alabaster do
not suffice for the passionate piety of the Southern race; in their
devout transport they load the object of their worship with ornaments
of extravagant richness; nothing is good enough, brilliant enough, or
costly enough for them; under this shower of precious stones, the
form and material of the figure disappear: nobody cares about that.
The main thing is that it should be an impossibility to hang another
pearl in the ears of the marble idol, to insert another diamond in its
golden crown, or to trace another leaf of gems in the brocade of its
dress.
Never did an ancient queen,—not even Cleopatra who drank
pearls,—never did an empress of the Lower Empire, never did a
Venetian courtesan in the time of Titian, possess more brilliant jewels
nor a richer wardrobe than Our Lady of Toledo. They showed us
some of her robes: one of them left you no idea as to the material of
which it was made, so entirely was it covered with flowers and
arabesques of seed-pearls, among which there were others of a size
beyond all price and several rows of black pearls, which are of
almost unheard-of rarity; suns and stars of jewels also constellate
this precious gown, which is so brilliant that the eye can scarcely
bear its splendour, and which is worth many millions of francs.
We ended our visit by ascending the bell-tower, the summit of
which is reached by a succession of ladders, sufficiently steep and
not very reassuring. About half way up, in a kind of store-room,
through which you pass, we saw a row of gigantic marionettes,
coloured and dressed in the fashion of the last century, and used in I
don’t know what kind of a procession similar to that of Tarascon.
The magnificent view which is seen from the tall spire amply
repays you for all the fatigue of the ascent. The whole town is
presented before you with all the sharpness and precision of M.
Pelet’s cork-models, so much admired at the last Exposition de
l’industrie. This comparison is doubtless very prosaic and
unpicturesque; but really I cannot find a better, nor a more accurate
one. The dwarfed and misshapen rocks of blue granite, which
encase the Tagus and encircle the horizon of Toledo on one side,
add still more to the singularity of the landscape, inundated and
dominated by crude, pitiless, blinding light, which no reflections
temper and which is increased by the cloudless and vapourless sky
quivering with white heat like iron in a furnace.
Voyage en Espagne (Paris, new ed. 1865).

THE CHÂTEAU DE CHAMBORD.
JULES LOISELEUR.
CHAMBORD is the Versailles of the feudal monarchy; it was to the

Château de Blois, that central residence of the Valois, what
Versailles was to the Tuileries; it was the country-seat of Royalty.
Tapestries from Arras, Venetian mirrors, curiously sculptured chests,
crystal chandeliers, massive silver furniture, and miracles of all the
arts, amassed in this palace during eight reigns and dispersed in a
single day by the breath of the Revolution, can never be collected
again save under one condition: that there should be a sovereign
sufficiently powerful and sufficiently artistic, sufficiently concerned
about the glory and the memories of the ancient monarchy to make
of Chambord what has been made out of the Louvre and Versailles
—a museum consecrated to all the intimate marvels, to all the
curiosities of the Arts of the Renaissance, at least to all those with
which the sovereigns were surrounded, something like the way the
Hôtel de Cluny exhibits royal life.
It has often been asked why François I., to whom the banks of
the Loire presented many marvellous sites, selected a wild and
forsaken spot in the midst of arid plains for the erection of the
strange building which he planned. This peculiar choice has been
attributed to that prince’s passion for the chase and in memory of his
amours with the beautiful Comtesse de Thoury, châtelaine in that
neighbourhood, before he ascended the throne.
Independently of these motives, which doubtless counted greatly
in his selection, perhaps the very wildness of this place, this distance
from the Loire, which reminded him too much of the cares of Royalty,
was a determining reason. Kings, like private individuals, and even
more than they, experience the need at times of burying themselves,
and therefore make a hidden and far-away nest where they may be
their own masters and live to please themselves. Moreover,
Chambord, with its countless rooms, its secret stairways, and its
subterranean passages, seems to have been built for a love which
seeks shadow and mystery. At the same time that he hid Chambord
in the heart of the uncultivated plains of the Sologne, François I. built
in the midst of the Bois de Boulogne a château, where, from time to
time, he shut himself up with learned men and artists, and to which
the courtiers, who were positively forbidden there, gave the name of
Madrid, in memory of the prison in which their master had suffered.
Chambord, like Madrid, was not a prison: it was a retreat.
That sentiment of peculiar charm which is attached to the
situation of Chambord will be felt by every artist who visits this
strange realization of an Oriental dream. At the end of a long avenue
of poplars breaking through thin underbrush which bears an
illustrious name, like all the roads to this residence, you see, little by
little, peeping and mounting upward from the earth, a fairy building,
which, rising in the midst of arid sand and heath, produces the most
striking and unexpected effect. A genie of the Orient, a poet has
said, must have stolen it from the country of sunshine to hide it in the
country of fog for the amours of a handsome prince. At the summit of
an imposing mass of battlements, of which the first glance discerns
neither the style nor the order, above terraces with ornamental
balustrades, springs up, as if from a fertile and inexhaustible soil, an
incredible vegetation of sculptured stone, worked in a thousand
different ways. It is a forest of campaniles, chimneys, sky-lights,
domes, and towers, in lace-work and open-work, twisted according
to a caprice which excludes neither harmony nor unity, and which
ornaments with the Gothic F the salamanders and also the mosaics
of slate imitating marble,—a singular poverty in the midst of so much
wealth. The beautiful open-worked tower of the large staircase
dominates the entire mass of pinnacles and steeples, and bathes in
the blue sky its colossal fleur-de-lis, the last point of the highest
pinnacle among pinnacles, the highest crown among all crowns....
We must take Chambord for what it is, an ancient Gothic
château dressed out in great measure according to the fashion of the
Renaissance.
THE CHÂTEAU DE CHAMBORD.
In no other place is the transition from one style to another

revealed in a way so impressive and naïve; nowhere else does the
brilliant butterfly of the Renaissance show itself more deeply
imprisoned in the heavy Gothic chrysalis. If Chambord, by its plan
which is essentially French and feudal, by its enclosure flanked with
towers, and by the breadth of its heavy mass, slavishly recalls the
mediæval manoirs, by its lavish profusion of ornamentation it
suggests the creations of the Sixteenth Century as far as the
beginning of the roofs; it is Gothic as far as the platform; and it
belongs to the Renaissance when it comes to the roof itself. It may
be compared to a rude French knight of the Fourteenth Century, who
is wearing on his cuirass some fine Italian embroideries, and on his
head the plumed felt of François I.,—assuredly an incongruous
costume, but not without character....
The château should be entered by one of the four doors which
open in the centre of the donjon. Nothing is more fantastic, and, at
the same time, magnificent than the spectacle which greets the eye.
It seems more like one of those fairy palaces which we see at the
Opera, than a real building. Neglect and nakedness give it an
additional value and double its immensity. On entering this vast
solitude of stone, we are seized with that respectful silence which
involuntarily strikes us under high and solitary vaults. In the centre of
the vast Salle des Gardes, which occupies the entire ground-floor,
and to which the four towers of the donjon give the form of the Greek
cross, rises a monumental stairway which divides this hall into four
equal parts, each being fifty feet long and thirty feet broad. This bold
conception justifies its celebrity: the stairway at Chambord is in itself
a monument. The staircase, completely isolated and open-worked, is
composed of posts which follow the winding. Two flights of stairs,
one above the other, unfold in helices and pass alternately one over
the other without meeting. This will explain how two persons could
ascend at the same time without meeting, yet perceiving each other
at intervals. Even while looking at this, it is difficult to conceive this
arrangement. These two helices, which are placed above each other
and which turn over and over each other without ever uniting, have
exactly the curve of a double corkscrew. I believe that no other
comparison can give a more exact idea of this celebrated work which
has exhausted the admiration and the eulogy of all the connaisseurs.
“What merits the greatest praise,” writes Blondel in his Leçons
d’architecture, “is the ingenious disposition of that staircase of
double flights, crossing each other and both common to the same
newel. One cannot admire too greatly the lightness of its
arrangement, the boldness of its execution, and the delicacy of its
ornaments,—perfection which astonishes and makes it difficult to
conceive how any one could imagine a design so picturesque and
how it could be put into execution.” The author of Cinq Mars taking
up this same idea says: “It is difficult to conceive how the plan was
drawn and how the orders were given to the workmen: it seems a
fugitive thought, a brilliant idea which must have taken material form
suddenly—a realized dream.”...

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CANADIAN POLITICS APPROACHES

BK-NEL-COCHRANE_8E-150465-Cover.indd All Pages 14/03/16 3:17 PM

PART 2 THE SOCIETAL CONTEXT:

PART 3 LINKING PEOPLE TO GOVERNMENT 233

PART 4 THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT 391

PART 5 GOVERNING 485

Appendix A Constitution Act, 1867 (excerpts) 635

Chapter 2 Institutional Foundations and the Evolution

PART 2 THE SOCIETAL CONTEXT:

Chapter 4 Aboriginal Peoples 67

Chapter 5 French Canada and the Quebec Question 93

Chapter 6 Ethnocultural Minorities 119

Chapter 7 Gender 137

Chapter 8 Class 159

Chapter 9 Urban/Rural Location, Religion, and Age 183

Chapter 10 Canada’s External Environment:

PART 3 LINKING PEOPLE TO GOVERNMENT 233

Chapter 12 Political Socialization, the Mass Media,

NEL CONTENTS xiii

Chapter 13 Elections and the Electoral System 283

Chapter 14 Political Parties and the Party System 307

Chapter 15 The Election Campaign, Voting,

Chapter 16 Advocacy Groups, Social Movements, and Lobbying 365

PART 4 THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT 391

Chapter 18 The Federal System 421

Chapter 19 The Charter of Rights and Freedoms 453

PART 5 GOVERNING 485

NEL CONTENTS xvii

Chapter 21 The Executive: Crown, Prime Minister,

Chapter 22 The Bureaucracy 543

xviii CONTENTS NEL

Chapter 23 Parliament 569

Chapter 24 The Judiciary 611

NEL CONTENTS xix

Appendix A Constitution Act, 1867 (excerpts) 635

xxii PREFACE NEL

NEL PREFACE xxiii

The plan of the building is an irregular pentagon, composed of

Jules Gailhabaud, Monuments anciens et modernes. (Paris,

THE first glimpse of Siam which the traveller obtains at Paknam is a

The work was placed under the direct superintendence of the

Temples and Elephants (London, 1884).

Opposite to the high altar is placed the choir, or silleria,

Voyage en Espagne (Paris, new ed. 1865).

CHAMBORD is the Versailles of the feudal monarchy; it was to the

THE CHÂTEAU DE CHAMBORD.

In no other place is the transition from one style to another

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