UNSC - BG - EHMUN'24

BACKGROUND GUIDE
Table of Contents
1. Letter from the Executive Board 4
2. Introduction to the UNSC 5
3. Members 6
4. Overview 7
5. Historical Background 9
6. Causes for Current Unrest 12

7. Key International Players 14
8. Impact on Sudan and Future Prospects 16

9. Questions a resolution must answer 20
10. Tips for Further Research 21
11. Bibliography 22
The Emerald Heights Model United Nations 2024 UNSC | 3

Letter from the Board
Greetings delegates,
I am incredibly excited to welcome you to the United Nations Security
Council for the Emerald Heights Model United Nations 2024.
My name is Divy Wadhwani, and I am honored to serve as your
chairperson for the United Nations Security Council this year. I look
forward to engaging with you in substantial and invigorating
discussions to make this a fun learning experience for all of you. I’ll be
joined by Avni Chadha as the Vice Chairperson and Ananya Wadhwani
as Rapporteur on this side of the dias. We shall endeavor to make
UNSC extremely exciting for you, and await your arrival at Emerald
Heights.
The United Nations Security Council will focus its efforts this year on
addressing the persistent civil unrest plaguing Sudan. Since its
independence, Sudan has grappled with a chronic state of political
instability, devoid of any lasting resolution to this strife. Of particular
concern is the continual flow of refugees into neighboring countries
within the Middle East and North Africa region, which not only
exacerbates the humanitarian crisis but also hampers the
developmental progress of these nations. Hence, the imperative to
seek a resolution to this conflict is of utmost significance and cannot
be overlooked.
We kindly request all committee members to approach the agenda
with thorough preparation. It is imperative to conduct comprehensive
research, utilizing resources beyond the study guide provided. During
discussions, please note that only information from reputable sources
such as BBC News, Reuters, UN Committee official websites, and
government websites will be considered. Remember, you represent
your country's position, not just your opinions. Please ensure you uphold
your nation's interests objectively and impartially.
We look forward to seeing you soon!
Mischief Managed,
The United Nations Security Council
Emerald Heights Model United Nations 2024
Divy Wadhwani Avni Chadha

Chairperson Vice-Chairperson
Ananya Wadhwani
Rapporteur

Introduction to the UNSC
Introduction
The United Nations Organization was established on the 25th of April 1945, following the
failure of the League of Nations in the aftermath of World War II. Chapter V of the UN
charter, containing articles 23-32, outlines the establishment, mandate, and membership of
the United Nations Security Council.
History
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) held its first meeting in London on January 17,
1946. The first resolution passed by the UNSC was Resolution 1, which established the UNSC's
subsidiary bodies, including the Military Staff Committee.
The UNSC has passed a total of 2,550 resolutions as of March 2023. A few groundbreaking
resolutions of the UNSC include the resolution of conflict in Libya, Iraq, Syria, and a counter-
terrorism effort against ISIL and the September attacks by Al Qaeda. Delegates may read
these resolutions to assist in better their understanding of the mandate outlined below.
Mandate
The mandate of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), as outlined in Article 24 of the
UN Charter, gives it primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and
security.
According to the Charter, the United Nations has four purposes:
to maintain international peace and security;
to develop friendly relations among nations;
to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human
rights;
and to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.
All members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the
Security Council. While other organs of the United Nations make recommendations to
member states, only the Security Council has the power to make decisions that member
states are then obligated to implement under the Charter.
Under the United Nations Charter, the functions and powers of the Security Council are:
1. to maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and
purposes of the United Nations;
2. to investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction;
3. to recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement;
4. to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments;
5. to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to
recommend what action should be taken;
6. to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the
use of force to prevent or stop aggression;
7. to take military action against an aggressor;
8. to recommend the admission of new Members;
9. to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in "strategic areas";
10. to recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-General and,
together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of the International Court of Justice.
Membership
The Security Council has five permanent members—the United States, China, France, Russia,
and the United Kingdom—collectively known as the P5. Any one of them can veto a
resolution. This veto power is established by Article 27(3) of the UN charter. The Security
Council’s ten elected members, who serve two-year, nonconsecutive terms, are not afforded
veto power.
For the simulation in the EHMUN, we have allotted 24 member nations and 2 individuals for
representation, with each of them playing some crucial role in the discussion of the agenda
at hand. The list of members can be found below.

Members
1. People's Republic of China
2. United States of America
3. Russian Federation
4. French Republic
5. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
6. Mohammed Hamdan Dagalo "Hemedti": Leader of the RSF
7. General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan: Leader of SAF "
8. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
9. United Arab Emirates
10. Arab Republic of Egypt
11. Republic of South Sudan
12. Central African Republic
13. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
14. The State of Israel
15. Republic of Chad
16. State of Libya
17. State of Qatar
18. Republic of Uganda
19. Republic of Kenya
20. State of Eritrea
21. United Republic of Tanzania
22. Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
23. People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
24. Federal Republic of Nigeria
25. Republic of Rwanda

Overview
Approximately 17.7 million people have been displaced in Sudan due to its ongoing conflict.
Since April 2023, 13900 have lost their lives as a direct consequence of this organized
violence. Sudan, needless to point out, faces an incredibly dire humanitarian, economic, and
military crisis. Sudan’s trajectory as a nation has long been characterized by instability and
violence. Post the fall of dictator Omar Al-Bashir, a transitional council in Sudan was put in
place by a power-sharing agreement to ensure that over a period of time, the country was
able to shift to a democratic structure and representative government. This was largely due
to pressure from international actors such as the United States, its Arab Allies (Saudi Arabia
and UAE), the United Kingdom, the African Union, and Ethiopia post continual violence.
While the military retained significant influence in the transitional council, there was still
hope for stability in the future. However, this was undermined by a coup in the country in
2021, and as a result, Sudan is now run by the army with General Abdel-Fattah Burhan as
the functional head of the state. This military rule is far from stable as the military or the
Sudanese Armed Forces engage in a civil war with a paramilitary group that is the Rapid
Support Forces (RSF) which is led by General Mohammed Hamdan Dagalo (popularly known
as Hemedti) and evolved out of the Janjaweed. This conflict stems from a long history of
coups and importantly, the legacy of Bashir’s rule that led to the strengthening of both these
groups.
Currently, however, the conflict is most proximately a result of Hemedti’s resentment at

being second in charge to Burham within the Sudanese administration as well as his
disagreement with the terms of reforms to remove the army from politics (also referred to as
security sector reforms). The reform proposal asks for the RSF to dissolve as a separate body
and become integrated within the Sudanese Armed Forces. Burhan wishes for this to
happen within 2 years while Hemedti wishes for 10, naturally to delay the minimization of his
role in Sudan that would come about if the RSF were no longer to exist. Both of these
leaders have used military personnel, air forces, and other military mechanisms to wage war
against each other and have continued to consolidate their power and build alliances, while
protests against them continue. In Khartoum, most civilians live in fear because they know
that troops stationed can fire at any minute and they wouldn’t care about innocent lives
caught in the crossfire. There are even increasing reports of rape and sexual violence
perpetrated by members of both armed forces, demonstrating the brutal nature of their
tactics. This is worsened by the involvement of select self-interested international actors
that back different groups in an attempt to gain influence in Sudan, given its strategic
location in Africa and rich reserve of resources. The win of either of these men would go
against the wishes of the people of Sudan and the wishes of the international community
who would like to see conflict in the country subside and establishment of democratic
structures.

Further sections of this study guide will examine the themes in this overview in further detail:
we will begin by looking at the historical context behind the conflict in Sudan, followed by a
comprehensive analysis of the current reasons behind the conflict’s emergence or rather
continuance. This shall be supplemented by an overview of the involvement of different
members of the international community in this conflict and finally, a discussion on the
visceral human impact that Sudan faces as a result of this violence, what we’ve been able
to accomplish at the Security Council previously and where we go from here.

Historical Background
Sudan
Sudan is a country located in North-East Africa, plagued by a civil war between the
Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), leading to widespread
unrest and tension within the country. The civil war poses a significant humanitarian and
economic crisis for the country. The conflict’s impact is not only confined to the borders of
the country but has also affected neighboring nations like Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, and South
Sudan.
The Beginning of the Conflict

In 1989, Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir overthrew the elected government and established a
dictatorship, declaring himself president in 1993. Bashir knew that Sudan had been a country
of coups, and he did not want the past to repeat itself. He enforced a strict interpretation of
Islamic law and utilized private militias to engage in conflicts and for his security,
disregarding the ongoing civil strife. His reign would ultimately lead to the separation of
South Sudan due to growing conflict and violence in the Darfur region.
The Darfur Region is inhabited by various ethnic communities: Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit
groups. Each of these groups struggled to secure more autonomy and was suppressed
under the oppressive Islamic laws implemented under Bashir’s dictatorship. As revolts and
attacks immensely grew, the government retaliated with the creation of violent militias
known as Janjaweed to ensure strict implementation of Islam and Arab religions, destroying
their ethnic identities and engaging in mass killings. The crimes against humanity committed
in the region included rape and the disproportionate targeting of civilians. This discord only
fueled secessionary sentiments and ultimately led to part of Darfur exiting Sudan when the
creation of South Sudan took place. Omar Al-Bashir, on the other hand, in March 2009
became the first sitting head of state to be indicted by the ICC for the genocide that had
occurred in the region. However, he wasn’t handed over to them for conviction.
Harsh regulations being imposed led to widespread turmoil in the country. Growing unrest
and tension between ethnic groups and the inefficiency of the dictatorship led to violent
civil protests all over Sudan. This unrest was furthered by the dire economic condition of
Sudan at the time, given that incredibly profitable parts of the country that held valuable
resources were in Southern Darfur (now a part of South Sudan). This compelled the
Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), forces that had
previously been Bashir’s support, to switch sides and overthrow him in a military coup in
2019. Thereafter, a three-month state of emergency was imposed, while riots demanding
civilian rule continued. The international community was forced to intervene in the conflict.
Post African Union, the US, the UK, Ethiopia, Chad, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE intervention,
civilian and military factions agreed on a power-sharing transition, setting up a Transitional
Council that took over the leadership in Sudan, with General Burhan as the head, General
Hemedti as the deputy, and Abdalla Hamdok as the Prime Minister.

However, despite the warnings by protestors, the military continued to exert its influence
over the ruling government as they were made in charge of the council. After multiple
military interventions, including a staged coup in 2021 against Hamdok, he resigned amid
the political deadlock. This indirectly led Burhan to become the de facto leader and
establish Hemedti as his deputy. This arrangement inherently was unacceptable to Hemedti
who had placed himself as a great statesman (superior to Burhan in many ways) but yet was
reduced to being only second in charge. Regardless of which of these men was in power,
protests by civilians wishing for democratic rule began again.
Thereafter, the US, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and the UK compelled Burhan and Hemedti, as
well as some pro-democratic leaders, to sign another pact to ensure political stability and
restore the civil regime. Despite the framework deal, there had not been a date set for the
final agreement. One major aspect of the deal was the incorporation of RSF under SAF;
however, Hemedti was never comfortable being the second leader. While Burhan proposed
the integration process to be completed in 2 years, Hemedti opposed it and proposed 10
years. This led to further division and aggravated the political tensions between the two
groups, with the power struggle between the RSF and SAF in Khartoum intensifying.

Causes of the Current Unrest
The primary reason for the current unrest and tension in Sudan is the power struggle
between the military–Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and Rapid Support Forces (RSF) – a
powerful paramilitary group resulting in a significant number of casualties and a
humanitarian crisis.
Khartoum
Khartoum is the capital city of Sudan. General Burhan developed foreign relations through
personal alliances with leaders during his reign, while Hemedti developed those through his
riches from the gold mines. Through this, the SAF and the RSF amassed support, thus rising
to power. Due to Hemedti’s denial of integration into the SAF forces and urge to be the first
leader as well as resistance to comply with other proposals and carrying out attacks, the
SAF declared RSF illegal and termed it as “a rebel group”, leading to a power conflict. The
SAF, backed by these powers, is fighting the RSF troops through airstrikes, while the RSF
backed by the Wagner group and UAE, has deployed armed troops and militia on the
ground, establishing control over airbases, military bases, and ports. Each country aims to
fulfill its interests and ambitions through the resources of Sudan. Russia aims to establish a
naval base in the Red Sea on the Sudanese coastline to get access to the Indian Ocean,
while other powers aim to have control over the gold reserves, oil resources, and other
resources in Sudan. Amidst this power struggle, civilian deaths are reported in huge
numbers. This has resulted in an enormous number of refugees hosted in neighboring nations
like the Central African Republic, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, and South Sudan.
Darfur
Darfur approximately aligns with the westernmost region of Sudan. The persecution of
ethnic minorities in this region had been prevalent since Bashir’s dictatorship. This region
had been deprived of services historically. They were suppressed by the elite groups of
people in Khartoum and Nile. Despite a transition in government, the killing never stopped. In
2003, 300,000 people were killed in the Darfur region. They were forced out of their villages
and left stranded as refugees. However, the government established after Bashir’s reign
promised to change the conditions in Darfur. Since Hemedti belonged to Darfur, he was
able to effectively come up with mechanisms to take control of the region. Due to this, the
RSF has defeated the army in South, West, and Central Darfur and is preparing to undertake
the north as well.
Additionally, the rate of violence in this region has increased. The women and girls are
vulnerable to attacks of rape and sexual violence. The UN Human Rights Office (OHCHR)
reported that at least 20 women and girls are being held across Darfur in ‘slave-like
conditions’ by fighters in “RSF uniforms”. It is also reported that RSF has murdered Mohamad
Arbab, a leader of the Masalit tribe in Darfur, and taken six of his sons as hostages in the
Ardamata displacement camp.

This has resulted in Darfur’s allegiance with SAF against the RSF. Yet, RSF has not stopped
counter-insurgency operations against Darfur rebels.
With these rising conflicts in Sudan, Hemedti has tried to emerge as a real politician. He has
started calling himself the representative of the marginalized section (while his actions
indicate otherwise), influencing people to go against Khartoum’s political elites. Burhan,
aware of RSF’s practices, is hoping for the same regime that existed before 2021, where he
is influencing people with his policies through the establishment of an elected government,
with him holding power over all major decisions.

Key International Players
The United States and the United Kingdom
Western countries like the United States and the United Kingdom have supported efforts
toward Sudan’s democratization and have often intervened as mediators to reach power-
sharing agreements. In 2020, Donald Trump announced he would repeal Sudan’s status as a
state sponsor of terrorism after the country normalized its relations with Israel. Under the
Biden administration, however, the US stopped all funding directed to the country that is
after the 2021 military coup the United States froze $700 million in direct assistance to
Sudan’s government and suspended debt relief, while the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund froze $6 billion in immediate assistance and plans to forgive $50 billion of
debt. In June of 2023, the US imposed its first set of sanctions targeted against specific
firms that have been linked with the SAF and RSF. This was after the violation of previously
reached. ceasefire agreements in Khartoum by both sides. In terms of the conflict in Darfur,
the US in a press release announced that they find both SAF and RSF to be guilty of war
crimes in the region and the RSF with allied militias guilty of ethnic cleansing and crimes
against humanity. The response of the United Kingdom has been quite similar. They’ve also
imposed sanctions on businesses and other organizations linked to armed groups in Sudan
and condemned the violence in the region.
Russia
The Wagner Group is a Russian state-funded Private Military Company (PMC). They were
deployed to Sudan in December 2017 to provide military support to Omar Al-Bashir. There
are two main reasons why Russia is interested in the region (an interest that manifests
through the involvement of the Wagner Group: first, Russia through a firm M-Invest has been
able to build a network of gold mining and smuggling operations which are critical to Russia
to get resources/some form of revenue after European sanctions over Ukraine already
undermine its economy. The second reason is the establishment of a naval base in the Red
Sea. In 2020, Russia and the Sudanese government reached an agreement to build a
prospective base. However, this plan was put on pause after the coup in 2021. Currently,
there are reports that the Wagner group has extended its support to the RSF, both directly
and through its Libyan counterpart Khalifa Haftar. It is important to note that even after
Prigozhin's death, Wagner continued to serve as a weapon of the Russian state because
Putin made all Wagner mercenaries take an oath of allegiance to the state.
UAE
A leaked UN report claimed that it had credible evidence that the United Arab Emirates was
providing military support to the RSF. Weaponry was supplied to them several times a week
via Amdjarass in northern Chad. It’s suspected that supplies were smuggled through Uganda
and the Central African Republic as well. However, this allegation is denied by the UAE:
they’ve claimed that they don’t wish for the escalation of this conflict and as a result, don’t
take sides. However, at the same time, there’s large speculation that the UAE’s actual
reasoning for entering the conflict by supplying arms is to engage in a proxy conflict against
Saudi Arabia (which supports the SAF). This tension between the two countries is driven by a
competition for gaining greater geopolitical and economic control, both within Sudan, a
strategically important country, and in the Middle East.

Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has to an extent tried to position itself as a mediator within this conflict with
the first peace talks after the violence in April of 2023 being held in Jeddah. They were also
one of the countries that asked for a transitional government to be set up. Analysts suspect
that this attempt to restore stability in Sudan by Saudi Arabia is motivated by its interests:
it’s reliant on Sudan for food security, for the success of its tourist plans along the Red Sea
coast, and for ensuring that its plans for NEOM (a zero carbon smart city) aren’t hindered by
violence in Sudan. However, their attempt to use negotiations as a way of exerting soft
power in the region is supplemented by their maintaining close ties with Burhan. This is
fueled by the idea that one side gaining an advantage in the conflict will force the losing
side to make greater concessions.
Egypt
The final important actor in this conflict is Egypt. This country has been connected to Sudan
perhaps the longest given the Egyptian colonization of Sudan in 1820. However, in the
current conflict, they have a direct incentive to ensure stability because of concerns about
its border security, territorial integrity, and sovereignty as the civil war continues. They also
need Sudan to be stable so that they can have their support when negotiating with Ethiopia
over the GERD (The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam). Therefore, their greatest priority is
also facilitating a ceasefire and facilitating a peace agreement. At the same time, they’re
more pro-Burham which is why their stance aligns closely with Saudi Arabia in this region. If
the conflict continues, there is speculation that Egypt might step up its involvement and
send weaponry/provide training to the Sudanese Armed Forces.

Impact on Sudan and Future Prospects
Sudan has been affected by a thoroughgoing civil war for about a year now. This war has
posed detrimental effects on the political, economic, social, and cultural atmosphere of the
country. The war has severely deprived the people of basic amenities like food, shelter, and
healthcare. With deteriorating food security, the availability of healthcare facilities, and an
increasing number of atrocities, Sudan is witnessing one of the worst humanitarian crises.
The Refugee Crisis

The number of people displaced by conflict since 15 April inside and outside of Sudan has
reached 8.1 million, with approximately 14,000 casualties. By the end of 2022, over 3.7
million people were internally displaced, predominantly living in camps in Darfur. Another
800,000 Sudanese were living as refugees in neighboring countries such as Chad, South
Sudan, Egypt, and Ethiopia. These refugees are deprived of basic facilities and are in urgent
need of medical care, food, water, shelter, and resources. The refugees, forced out of their
villages, suffer not only resource unavailability but also mental instability and psychological
problems including trauma of the dismaying violence.

Deteriorating Food Security
The World Food Programme estimates that Sudan is facing the worst food crisis of its
existence. Around 17.7 million people, constituting 37 % of the overall population of the
country, are facing food insecurity. RSF has captured the “breadbasket of Sudan” – Wad
Madani, leading to rising costs of food and decreasing levels of agricultural production,
making it nearly unavailable for the poorer sections. Starvation, malnutrition, and outbreaks
of diseases have become a daily occurrence. Most of the families have started selling their
assets to procure food and necessities to sustain themselves. 18 million individuals are facing
acute food insecurity, and approximately 3.8 million Sudanese children under the age of 5
are experiencing malnutrition. Additionally, 5 million of them are in emergency levels of food
insecurity, with over 75% in areas that have extremely limited access to food resources due
to the ongoing conflict. The civilians are in dire need of basic nutrition to ensure their
livelihood and survival which continues to become increasingly uncertain as violence persists
in Sudan.

Lack of Medical Care
The war in Sudan has also resulted in an acute shortage of availability of proper healthcare
services. A recent cholera outbreak in the country was reported on 26 September 2023. As
of 29 September, there were 307 cases with 19 fatalities in Gedaref, 400 cases with 8
deaths in South Kordofan, and 110 cases with 8 deaths in Khartoum. In various states, there
are ongoing disease outbreaks with measles cases and deaths reported in 12 states, malaria
cases and related deaths in 12 states, and dengue cases with associated deaths in 6 states.
The war has resulted in enormous restrictions on access and delivery of healthcare services
across the country. From April 15, 2023, WHO has confirmed 56 incidents of healthcare
facilities being attacked, leading to 11 deaths and 38 injuries., including attacks on hospitals
and ambulances. The civilians are in dire need of appropriate and timely healthcare
facilities to recover from this outbreak, however, the conflict between RSF and SAF forces
has resulted in a closure of roads and attacks on medical care facilities.
The civil war in Sudan has impacted the nation and has led to a large number of casualties,
escalating violence, economic devastation, displacement of millions of people, food
insecurity, and lack of healthcare services. The conflict is causing disruptions to trade and
supply networks, resulting in increased prices for food and fuel, making it difficult for the
poorer people to access even the basic amenities.

Future Prospects
The international community aims to bring down the current tensions and conflict in the
Khartoum region and provide support to humanity. The United Nations and its partners have
urgently appealed for $3 billion to provide critical assistance to millions of people affected
by the conflict in Sudan, including those seeking refuge in neighboring countries. The
Humanitarian Response Plan for Sudan now requires $2.56 billion, an increase of $800
million to help 18 million people combat the increase in humanitarian and economic crises.
The Sudan Regional Refugee Response Plan aims to secure $470.4 million to assist
refugees, returnees, and host communities in countries like the Central African Republic,
Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, and South Sudan to aid more than 1 million individuals. The UNSC has
adopted a resolution on the Ramadan ceasefire, urging the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF)
and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) to completely halt the hostilities during Ramadan.
Hemedti and Hamdok have also signed the Addis Ababa Declaration, which is intended to
serve as the basis for further negotiations and a political settlement. The revised
Humanitarian Response Plan, unifying 92 partners, will focus on increasing and expanding
the provision of food, water, and sanitation, as well as focusing on reducing sexual violence
and ensuring protection for children and women, especially in regions with intense conflict
like Khartoum, West, South, and North Darfur. Furthermore, the war poses significant
logistical and financial challenges, especially in South Sudan and the Central African
Republic. Going forward, it is essential to bring down atrocities against non-Arabs, thereby
fulfilling the urgent needs of increasing accessibility of water, food, shelter, sanitation,
medical care, and psychological assistance.

Questions a Resolution Must Answer
The final aim of this committee is to comprehensively generate solutions that can address
the current conflict in Sudan, specifically the civil war which currently has led to mass
amounts of violence in Khartoum and has led to a revival of ethnic conflict in Darfur. This is a
list of questions that any resolution the committee reaches should answer to ensure that the
Security Council is effectively able to resolve tensions in Sudan:
1. How can we reach an effective ceasefire in Khartoum? What are ways in which it could
be monitored to ensure no violations?
2. How can we move towards the establishment of a revised power-sharing agreement?
What are provisions that should be included within it?
3. Within what timeline should both a transition to democracy and dissolution or integration
of the RSF?
4. What measures will be taken to protect civilians caught in the crossfire, including
addressing issues like sexual violence and displacement?
5. How will unimpeded humanitarian access be guaranteed to deliver aid to affected
populations?
6. What role do regional actors need to play in facilitating peace talks and preventing the
spread of conflict?
7. What measures will be taken to manage the flow of arms and ammunition into the
region?

Tips for Further Research
1. Make sure to carefully go through the study guide to understand all the topics and issues
that need to be addressed. Take notes and create flowcharts to help you grasp the
information better.
2. Understand your country's foreign policy and the different opinions within the nation.
Remember, you represent the entire country, so it's crucial to gather all necessary
information about your country. You may look at statements made by your countries’
diplomats at the UN.
3. Don't limit yourself to just the study guide and bibliography. Research additional related
topics to get a more comprehensive understanding of the subject. The study guide is just
a starting point for your research. There are countless articles, research theses, and
documentaries available on the agenda.
NOTE:
The Executive Board (EB) encourages innovative solutions and discourages plagiarism.
Any documentation or speech found to contain plagiarized content from either the
internet or from AI will not be accepted and the EB will negatively mark those involved
The EB expects the delegates to research their respective country’s policies thoroughly.
Anything said contradicting the policy will not be appreciated. However, minor
alterations can be accepted by the EB if a situation arises. It is also recommended that
the delegates inform the EB before any such changes via a press release or a
presidential statement. It is also important that the delegates understand that they will
be representing an individual and it is expected that they will research the person along
with their country. The policy will depend upon the portfolio.

Bibliography
UN Resolutions:
1. Resolution S/RES/2715
4. Resolution S/RES/2636 (2022)
Documentaries:
PBS Frontline - Sudan's Killing Fields: https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sudan/
Website Links
1. https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147287
2. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65284948
4. https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15409.doc.htm
5. https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15498.doc.htm
8. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/sudan-politics-darfur/
9. https://www.reuters.com/article/sudan-politics-explainer-idAFKBN2WT0W2/
10. https://www.reuters.com/article/sudan-conflict-idAFMCD47336020101124/
11. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/sudan-politics-darfur-males/
15. https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/cq23pdgvgm8t/sudan

unsc.ehmun@emeraldheights.edu.in
ehmun@emeraldheights.edu.in
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BACKGROUND GUIDE

6. Causes for Current Unrest 12

8. Impact on Sudan and Future Prospects 16

The Emerald Heights Model United Nations 2024 UNSC | 3

We look forward to seeing you soon!

Divy Wadhwani Avni Chadha

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Currently, however, the conflict is most proximately a result of Hemedti’s resentment at

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The Beginning of the Conflict

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The Refugee Crisis

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