Integration

1. An engineer is designing a gutter to catch rainwater from the roof of a house.

The gutter will be open at the top and is made by folding a piece of sheet metal 45 𝑐𝑚 wide and
600 𝑐𝑚 long.

diagram not to scale

The cross-section of the gutter is shaded in the following diagram.

diagram not to scale

The height of both vertical sides is 10 𝑐𝑚. The width of the gutter is 𝑤 𝑐𝑚.
 Arc 𝐴𝐵 lies on the circumference of a circle with centre 𝑂 and radius 12 𝑐𝑚.

Let 𝐴𝑂̂𝐵 = 𝜃 radians, where 0 < 𝜃 < 𝜋.

(a) Show that 𝜃 = 2.08, correct to three significant figures.

[3]

(b) Find the area of the cross-section of the gutter.

[7]

In a storm, the total volume, in 𝑐𝑚3 , of rainwater that enters the gutter can be modelled by a
function 𝑅(𝑡), where 𝑡 is the time, in seconds, since the start of the storm.

It was determined that the rate at which rainwater entered the gutter could be modelled by
2𝜋𝑡
𝑅′(𝑡) = 50 cos ( 5
)+ 3000, 𝑡 ≥ 0.

During any 60-second period, if the volume of rainwater entering the gutter is greater than the
volume of the gutter, it will overflow.

(c) Determine whether the gutter overflowed in this storm. Justify your answer.

[5]
6𝑥
2. The derivative of the function 𝑓 is given by 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1.

The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) passes through the point (1, 5). Find an expression for 𝑓(𝑥).

[5]
3. The function 𝑓 is defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥e𝑥 + 1) − 𝑥 4 , for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2. The graph of 𝑓 is shown in
the following diagram.

The graph of 𝑓 has a local maximum at point A. The graph intersects the 𝑥-axis at the origin and
at point B.

(a) Find the coordinates of A.

[2]

(b) Find the 𝑥-coordinate of B.

[1]

(c) Find the total area enclosed by the graph of 𝑓, the 𝑥-axis and the line 𝑥 = 2.

[3]

4. The function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = e2𝑥 (3𝑥 − 4), where 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.

(a) Find 𝑓′(𝑥).

[3]

(b) Hence or otherwise, find the coordinates of the point on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) where the
tangent is parallel to the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

[3]
 The region enclosed by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥-axis and the 𝑦-axis is rotated through 2𝜋
radians about the 𝑥-axis to form a solid of revolution.

(c) Find the volume of this solid.

[4]

Consider a function 𝑔 such that 𝑔(0) = 1 and 𝑔′(0) = 2.

Find the value of

(d.i) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(0).

[2]

(d.ii) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)′(0).

[3]

5. In this question you will investigate curved surface areas and use calculus to derive key
formulae used in geometry.

Consider the straight line from the origin, 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥, where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ℎ and m, h are positive
constants.

When this line is rotated through 360∘ about the 𝑥-axis, a cone is formed with a curved surface
area 𝐴 given by:
ℎ
𝐴 = 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑦 √1 + 𝑚2 𝑑𝑥.

(a) Given that 𝑚 = 2 and ℎ = 3, show that 𝐴 = 18√5𝜋.

[2]

Now consider the general case where a cone is formed by rotating the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 where 0 ≤
𝑥 ≤ ℎ through 360∘ about the 𝑥-axis.

(b.i) Deduce an expression for the radius of this cone 𝑟 in terms of ℎ and 𝑚.
 [1]

(b.ii) Deduce an expression for the slant height 𝑙 in terms of ℎ and 𝑚.

[2]

(b.iii) Hence, by using the above integral, show that 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙.

[3]

Consider the semi-circle, with radius 𝑟, defined by 𝑦 = √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 where −𝑟 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑟.

𝑑𝑦
(c) Find an expression for 𝑑𝑥.

[2]

A differentiable curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is defined for 𝑥1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥2 and 𝑦 ≥ 0. When any such curve
is rotated through 360∘ about the 𝑥-axis, the surface formed has an area 𝐴 given by:

𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2
𝐴 = 2𝜋 ∫𝑥 2 𝑦 √1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥.
1

(d) A sphere is formed by rotating the semi-circle 𝑦 = √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 where −𝑟 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑟 through 360∘

about the 𝑥-axis. Show by integration that the surface area of this sphere is 4𝜋𝑟 2 .

[4]

Let 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 where −𝑟 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑟.

 The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is transformed to the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑘𝑥), 𝑘 > 0. This forms a different
curve, called a semi-ellipse.

(e.i) Describe this geometric transformation.

[2]

(e.ii) Write down the 𝑥-intercepts of the graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑘𝑥) in terms of 𝑟 and 𝑘.

[1]
𝑑𝑦
(e.iii) For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑘𝑥), find an expression for 𝑑𝑥 in terms of 𝑥, 𝑟 and 𝑘.

[2]

(e.iv) The semi-ellipse 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑘𝑥) is rotated 360∘ about the 𝑥-axis to form a solid called an
ellipsoid.

Find an expression in terms of 𝑟 and 𝑘 for the surface area, 𝐴, of the ellipsoid.
𝑥
Give your answer in the form 2𝜋 ∫𝑥 2 √𝑝(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, where 𝑝(𝑥) is a polynomial.
1

[4]

(e.v) Planet Earth can be modelled as an ellipsoid. In this model:

• the ellipsoid has an axis of rotational symmetry running from the North Pole to the South Pole.

• the distance from the North Pole to the South Pole is 12 714 km.

• the diameter of the equator is 12 756 km.

By choosing suitable values for 𝑟 and 𝑘, find the surface area of Earth in km2 correct to 4
significant figures. Give your answer in the form 𝑎 × 10𝑞 where 1 ≤ 𝑎 < 10 and 𝑞 ∈ ℤ+ .

[4]
3√𝑥−5
6. (a) The expression can be written as 3 − 5𝑥 𝑝 . Write down the value of 𝑝.
√𝑥

[1]
9 3√𝑥−5
(b) Hence, find the value of ∫1 ( ) 𝑑𝑥.
√𝑥

[4]
7. (a.i) Expand and simplify (1 − 𝑎)3 in ascending powers of 𝑎.

[2]

(a.ii) By using a suitable substitution for 𝑎, show that 1 − 3 cos 2𝑥 + 3 cos2 2𝑥 − cos3 2𝑥 =
8 sin6 𝑥.

[4]

Consider 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 cos 𝑥(1 − 3 cos 2𝑥 + 3 cos2 2𝑥 − cos3 2𝑥).

𝑚 32
(b.i) Show that ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 7
sin7 𝑚, where 𝑚 is a positive real constant.

[4]
𝜋
127 𝜋
(b.ii) It is given that ∫𝑚2 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 28
, where 0 ≤ 𝑚 ≤ 2 . Find the value of 𝑚.

[5]
1
8. Consider the functions 𝑓(𝑥) = + 1, for 𝑥 ≠ 4, and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
𝑥−4

The following diagram shows the graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔.

The graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔 intersect at points A and B. The coordinates of A are (3, 0).

(a) Find the coordinates of B.

[5]

In the following diagram, the shaded region is enclosed by the graph of 𝑓, the graph of 𝑔, the 𝑥-
axis, and the line 𝑥 = 𝑘, where 𝑘 ∈ ℤ.
 The area of the shaded region can be written as ln(𝑝) + 8, where 𝑝 ∈ ℤ.

(b) Find the value of 𝑘 and the value of 𝑝.

[10]
4𝑥+1
9. The function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = , where 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ −4.
𝑥+4

For the graph of 𝑓

(a.i) write down the equation of the vertical asymptote.

[1]

(a.ii) find the equation of the horizontal asymptote.

[2]

(b.i) Find 𝑓 −1 (𝑥).

[4]

(b.ii) Using an algebraic approach, show that the graph of 𝑓 −1 is obtained by a reflection of the
graph of 𝑓 in the 𝑦-axis followed by a reflection in the 𝑥-axis.

[4]

The graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑓 −1 intersect at 𝑥 = 𝑝 and 𝑥 = 𝑞, where 𝑝 < 𝑞.

(c.i) Find the value of 𝑝 and the value of 𝑞.

[2]

(c.ii) Hence, find the area enclosed by the graph of 𝑓 and the graph of 𝑓 −1 .
 [3]

10. The derivative of a function 𝑔 is given by 𝑔′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 5e𝑥 , where 𝑥 ∈ ℝ. The graph of
𝑔 passes through the point (0, 4) . Find 𝑔(𝑥).

[5]

11. Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 1, where 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2.

(a) Sketch the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), clearly indicating the coordinates of the endpoints.

[2]

(b.i) Show that the inverse function of 𝑓 is given by 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 1.

[3]

(b.ii) State the domain and range of 𝑓 −1 .

[2]

The curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is rotated 2𝜋 about the 𝑦-axis to form a solid of revolution that is used
to model a water container.

(c.i) Show that the volume, 𝑉 m3 , of water in the container when it is filled to a height of ℎ metres
1
is given by 𝑉 = 𝜋 ( ℎ3 + ℎ).
3

[3]

(c.ii) Hence, determine the maximum volume of the container.

[2]

At 𝑡 = 0, the container is empty. Water is then added to the container at a constant rate of
0.4 m3 s−1.

(d) Find the time it takes to fill the container to its maximum volume.

[2]

(e) Find the rate of change of the height of the water when the container is filled to half
its maximum volume.

[6]