Dr.

Utsab Adhikari
Reproductive system
.

male reproductive system

Epididymis

S
- Seminal Vesicle
deferens
↑ was

s
-
T
Testis
-

~ i
- X/
/
Scrotum

e
-

- Ejaculatory duct

Prostatea
wrethra
-

r
--
z
CD
Ch corpers

penis.
gland

External
organ
Testis
Primary sex
organ >
-

scrotum

pen is
Secondary
sex organ
+
Epididymeis
was deferens
wethral orifice .

duct
Ejaculatory
wethra

penis

Seminal vesicle
Accessary gland +
unpaired
prostate gland ~ Wethra

corpers
.
gland ·
penis
·
prostate gland .
 scrotum
.

to Female
·

Homologous Labia Majora in .

· smooth muscle -> Dartos muscle .

Fibrous band testis to scrotum - Gubernaculum

· tissue
attaching .

Testis

primary
sex
·

organ
.

to
Homologous ovary
·

- Number -
2

· 5 cmX zcmX zom

·
Location -
within scrotum .

Development

crylstoorchidism
Abdoment 2 months of
· Absence of testis in
intrauterine life
&

scrotum
Inquira
scrotum 18-smonths)
-

Birth

Abdominal temperature is 2-3% more than scrotal temperature

which affects in
Spermatogenesis .
 Layers 3

Tunica
~ Vaginalis - outermost
layer
middle fibrone protective
- Tunica
albugenia -
Layer .

Tunica vasculosa innermost layer

containing blood

vessels
.

Hydro-cele => collection of clear

watery fluid in

(water) (swelling) Tunica

Vaginalis of Testis .

of Testis
surgical
chidectomyel
=> removal -

Testis

orchitis
↑ [Infection
Testis Inflammation

Globule
&
Seminiferous tubule (2-3)

lobes (200-300)

Each testis consist 200 300 lobes

of
-

consist seminiferous tubule

.
Each lobule of 2-3

Dr.Utsab Adhikari
 Seminiferous tubule

·
Functional wit of Testis .

Testisary
L
>

Sertoli cell
↑ -
Spermatoganium
Epitheli um
·

cell
~ Nursing
Germinal provides nutrition
epithelium (Germ cell) ·

(cuboidal) ·
phagocytose leat) dead
sperm
produce Maintains blood testis barrier
>
·

-
FSH
-

sperm .

in
spermatogenesis occurs

tubule
seminiferous
.

Also called X stimulated by LH-

cell
an interstitial
>
Leydig
cell

↓ secrete

ab G Testosterone
&

↳
2 =3
I production starts from embryonic life)

setter
I -a-

(Ductus deferens)

33
Seminiferous tubule
 Epididymis
coiled tubular
Highly structure Om in
length
·
.

for -
· site Sperm maturity motility , ,

Storage
spermiogenesis
.

·
parts .

-
Vasa efferentia

capet (Head) epididymis

-

corpus (body) epididymis

-

-
Canda (tail) epididymis
.

vas deferens

Vas deferens

tubular structure
·
straight
· user in
length
· lined
by ciliated columnar epithelium
.

· Transfer sperm from

epididymis
to
ejaculatory .
duct

vasectory >
-

ligation of was deferens

permanent method of
family planning
.
Dr.Utsab Adhikari
 duct
Ejaculatory
Distal was-deferens
of joins with duct from seminal vesicle
·
part
form
to
ejaculatory duct.

length scre
-
·

Urethra

Urethra .

<
>

male
V
Female => more
prove for urinary tract
↓
Hu
18-20CM 4am infection
.

Translsort
+
urine
semen
wine
only

Parts
.

C7 prostatic wethra
J posterior
-
membranouss .

G Bulbar

J
"

U Anterior
- penise :
 Penis .

copulatory
male
organ
·

Clitoris Female
·

Homologous to in .

D
&
~
- -

--
↓
Glans
penis
.

Root

(Fixed part)
Body covered skin
(movable part) by
H
Foreskin/prepuce .

Bulb 1
corpora carernosa 2

crura Corpora spongiosum

2 I

circumscission
↓

surgical removal of

fore skin

Decreases risk of
penile cancer
.

Erection
E Due to
filling of blood.
* muslim
religion

Smegma
↓
Artery
= pudendal artery
. Secretion & dead tissue
that accumulates under
Nerve
supply
prepuce

parasympathetic >
-

point >
-

Erection

-
Shoot Balanitis
Sympathetic >
Ejaculation
-
.

T &
glans Inflammation
penis

posthitis
inflammation
-
& .

Prepuce
 Bulbowethal
↳ gland.
Seminal vesicle prostate gland coulJers gland
present close to side of wethra
· Base of
winary
ampulla of was deferens bladder

Z 2
· Number >
-
&

But
2 lobes

secretion 30% 5%
· >
-
60 % of semen

fluid
Alkaline Acidic lubricating
↓

motility of
main constituent > Fructose Sperm-
others > -

Prostaglandin
Seminal plasmin
clotting proteins
Vitamin
c .
Destroy bacteria
in semen

Homologous to Bartholin

periorethral gland/ gland

Skene
gland
(
alGb
*
Benign prostatic hyperplasia

↳notcancere and size

&

* prostate Cancer

Homologous organ
male Female
Testis
·
ovary ·

· scrotum Labia majora

ventual Labia Minora
·
surface of
Penis/spongy wethr a

Penis
· clitoris
· Prostate
gland parawethual gland/skene gland
·
cocopers gland/ Bartholin
gland
.

Bulbowethral gland Dr.Utsab Adhikari

 semen
pHf slightly . (7 5)
alkaline ·

Seminal
· vesicle = 60 %

· Prostate gland
- > 30 %
·
coupers gland => 5 %
·

sperm => 5 %

-----

-----
------ 3m)

3mm) min
3 hundred million
(sul
I hundred million (1m)

-Absencesemen
-
Absence of
Aspermia > semer
-

- Absence of
A zoospermia Sperre

Oligozoo spermia
-> low sperm count
((20million/m)

Ejaculated sperm live for 24-48hrs

Dr.Utsab Adhikari
 Sperm .

Acrosome
-

S
Head
... Hyaluronidase
Nucleus
-

Neck ⑳ centriole

3M
Bodyrece
-

(middle

Tail (
(Flagellum)

Head Anterior nuclear cap

Galea captsonidase/FDissolve coronavadatit

· consist of >
- Acrosome

(proteolytic enzyme)
>
-

Nucleus

↳ Golgi body >

-

Acrosome
.

Neck
- > centriole

↳ proximal >
-

Helps in first
clevage of
zygote
↳ Distal - Forms axial filament
.

Body - middle piece

contains

Mitochondria (powerhouse of cell)

Manchette
(Cytoplasne)

Tail > -

Flagellum
Helps in
motility/swimming of sperm
.
 Spermatogenesis
Spermogenesis
.

2 process
f
Germ cell Spermatio >
sperm
· >

· Time - 72-74
days
· Fertilizable Span =72 hours
of Sperm

· occurs in Seminiferous tubule .

Spermatogenesis
Emitosise
is
Germ cell (2n)

↓ mitosis
Spermatogonium (2n)

↓ mitosis
primary spermatocyte (2n)

meiosis
Spermatogenesis .

E S (Seminiferous tubule)
secondary Secondary (n)
Spermatocyte (n) spermatocyte

L
meiosis
X
-

Y S

Spermatio (n) spermatio (n) Spermati (n) spermatid (n)

=> Spermiogenesis .

(Epididyneis)
2 V 2
V

Sperm Sperme sperm sperm

2 4 sperm
primary spermatocyte ->
secondary spermatocyte - sperm
2 2 -

Dr.Utsab Adhikari
 spermatogenesis
#

re puberty
genesis-start
at ↑

birth
&

Germ cell
↓ mitosis

orgonium
zmitosis
2
meiosis ↓ mitosis

primary oocyte

Ameiosis &
ast
secondaryoocyle polar body.
⑳

XX ⑧
meiosis

-
orm and polar body ⑳ ⑥

polarbody
polar body.

I
primary oocyte - 1 ovum + spolar body
1
secondary "I
comm +
polar
I
body
.
 capacitation

Biochemical in
·
change sperm
H
to bind and
fertilize
enabling sperm .
orem

tract
in Female
genital
-

· occurs

Time 7hus
taken for capacitation
.
-
·

·
After capacitation
↳ sperm attain full maturity and
motility .

Acrosomal reaction
-

· Due to release of enzyme -

Hyaluronidase
once
sperm binds to
· zona
pellucida
 Female reproductive system
.
Dr.Utsab Adhikari

vulva
-

External genitilia Internal genitilia

· Mons
publis ·

vagina
Labia Uterus
Majora
e
·

· Labia Minora ·

Fallopian tube

Clitoris
ovary
o
·

· Bartholin gland .

· vestibule
.
 Vagina

· Female
copulatory organ .

Keratinized epithelium
· lined
by non
squamous
· Bacteria
- Lactobacillus
acidophilus (Doderleins bacterial
↓ ↓
converts
glycogen to
phAcidic (4 5).

lactic acid .

uterus uters
↑
Inflammation
pear shaped pyriform muscular metri
·
,
organ .

7 ersom Uterine prolapse

JamX
· ·

Sch X
& &
e
thickness
length Breadth
e
·
weight = Gogm .

Hysterectory - surgical
removal of uterus

layers.
outer- uterns

perimetrium (outermost layer)

⑰
(middle
myo
X
metrium
&
layer)
Smooth uterus
.
muscle

Endo metrium (Innermost Layer)

X ↓
inner uterus

↓ ↓

Stratum basalis stratum functionalis

.

& ↓
menstmal
Forms maternal part Y
Shed
during
of placenta during cycle
.
pregnancy
parts
Fundus Implantation occurs in posterior part of
- fundus around
>
Blastocyst stage at
-

(7
one week
days)

=
I
-

cervix fut

Dr.Utsab Adhikari

columnar

cervix

Endoc T
weneation
&
zone

cervical cancer

pap smear
↑

screening test for

cervical cancer .
 Inflammation >
Saphingitis
-

- Fallopian
Fallopian tube/salphinx /ovidult tube

tubular structure lock in

length
· Hollow >
-

lined ciliated columnar epithelium

·
by .

-
Narrowest part
Interstitium (Intramural part)
Isthmus

↑
-
T
E -&-I 3
2

-most widest a dilated

is
Ampulla
a
-

Two
E
· most common site for ectopic

z -O
-
-
↑ Infundibulune
Pregnancy

Govary I Fimbria

a ·

cell in wall of
Deg >
-

present
fallopian tube

provides nutrition

ovary
.

in Female
·

primary sex
organ
to testis in Male
·
Homologous
·
3x2x1 cm

ligament

&
2 T
IIIa suspensary
-

-
=⑧ ligament
- ovarian ligament Inflammation
mes ovarium tube
salphingitis
-

fallopian
oophoritis ovary
-

metritis -
uterus

oophoritis
↑
Infection
-

S Endo

vany Infection peri metritis

reetritis Myetritis Endometrium
(perimetrium) (myometriums
 Lovary
.
Testis
-
~
Germinal epithelium (cuboida)
Tunica
-

albugenia
- Cortex Lovavian follicles)
Medulla (blood vessels)

corpus Interne -> Yellow body

in Mammalian
present only overy
.

Secretes -
progesterone
J

Relaxin
Inhibin

white matter
corpus albicans >
-

(Not present in
pregnant lady)

&n vitrofertilization
-
(in glass)
fertilizing
&ovum
sperm
.

H
Zygote
↓

transferred by catheter
into uterus of female
. Dr.Utsab Adhikari
 Menstrual FSH helps in development and
cycle
maturation of follicles

LH helps in ovulation

menarche

· %
The externaaearna
S

follicle
Pre-mordial
primary Granulosa cell
g
-
7 H
follicle
"

.......
Estrogen
:
C

Intrauterine
o
life- g -o
- zona
-
pellucida

8
0
I o
Arrest +
prophase -
.

ovum-

follicle
secondary
.

albicans
·

Corpus
M

-
.

me
O
O

corona

·
0000 G
·
O
radiata

Interner ·
corpus g
%

Y
↳
000 Dissolved
by
progesterone Graffian follicle Myaluronidase
(1)
orulation
H
ovulation
Secondary vocyte
Release

of secondary
oocyte

Just before ovulation LH

level rises to peak known
as LH surge
Estrogen plays role

Dr.Utsab Adhikari
 secondary
/follicle
primary >
Day 4 follicle
↑
⑳
· Follicular phase /Graftian follicle
.

proliferative phase ⑳
Bleedinga
·

·
Estrogen Phase
·
Blood
Stratum functionalis pre-ovulatory place .
·
·

· Due to ↓ progesterone
Day I Day 14
.

Day 28
M
↓
luteal phase
ovulation
-

·
Secretory phase
Y
of menstrual cycle
·
progesterone phase Days
um

~
14
days
-

postorulatory
.

·
phase
Corpus Interne & 28
days

o
28 14-14
-

S
corpus albicans
35
days
35 - 14 = 2)

G menarche
= 1st menstration (10-15yrs) >
-

13yrs

· =
menopause permanent cessation of menstrual cycle (45-55yrs
↳ soyrs
Absence of menstrual
· Amenorrhea =>
cycle

· menstrual cycle => 2817

days - 21-35
days

·
Blood loss = 30-80m)

o
Bleeding phase - 3-5 days
·
Dr.Utsab Adhikari
 Breast

· modified sebaceous (sweat gland)

· lobes E 1620

lobes
a lobule >
- Alveoli

sac like structure .

f
will production

to
sucking
reflex
Due
xytocin - out - Milk ejection .

baby out E partition

prolactic -> production of milk

production

First milk after

delivery of
baby -
colostrum
.

more protein ,
fat

IgA antibodies

Hypothalamus
↓ produce
·

Oxytocin
ADH

Dr.Utsab Adhikari