Dr.

Utsab Adhikari
 Ectodermal -
origin

Nervous system
.

↓ ↓ ↓

Central nervous peripheral nervous Autonomic nervous

system system system

.

2 Brain Cranial nerve

Sympathetic
·
- ·
·

Y ~
Spinal cord ·
spiral nerve
·
para .

Y
Spinal
cranial nerves
Human
(12 pairs)
(Frog-10 pairs)
nerves

(3) pairs)
Rabbit-37 pairs

Frog- 10
pairs
protected by
cranium
4
·

kg
1
Braiin
.

meninges
·

↓ ↓ ↓

Prosencephalon mesencephalon Rhombencephalon

(Fore brain) (mid brain) (Hind brain)
lue-my)

tecture
cerebrum -
Telencephalon Metencephalon

Y
Pons
Diencephalon Tegmentum
& Tedi > Epithalamus arebri cerebellum

Thalamus

Hypothalamus Myelencephalon
>
-
medulla
.

Dr. Utsab Adhikari

 Cerebrum

- part of brain
largest
Raised part= > Gyrus Gyri

5
.
and largest
part Depressed part => Sulcus/sukci
H
Cerebellum
.

corpus callosum - connects two hemisphere

Two hemisphere (cerebral hemisphere

Right
L

Left

Sulcus -

Brain > outer -> matter Central > Frontal & parietal
grey
-
-

Inner - white matter

. Lateral = Frontal & temporal

Parito occipital - Parietal & occipital .

Lobes
↑
↓ ↓ ↓ t

Frontal parietal Temporal occipital

↓
↓ ↓ ↓

Temperature Touch
.
function
.

Motor .
vision
pressure , pain Hearing
memory Judgement Smell
·

emotions.

Brocas Grea -> Motor >

-
Frontal lobe
Degeneration of
Wernickes area -
Sensory
+
Temporal lobe
Dopaminergic
. neuron

in substantia
nigra
↓

Parkinson's
Hippocampus -
memory
. disease
.

Emotional brain Limbic

- system
 encephalon
X

Epithalamus 7 pineal gland

↓ secrete
Thalamus
H
-
# Thalamus Melatonin

sensory relay
cente
--
Init
(Gatekeeper of brain) Hypothalamus
I
+
pituitary gland
ADM
SEAT

oxytocin .
sex , sleep
Emotion ,
endocrine

Appetite ,
autonomic
Thirst ,
temperature.

a
corn
mening
PAD

Emp

ventricle
Brain
cavity
=>
Spinal cord. - Neurocoele) Consist of CSF

&
choroid plexus
produced by >
-

Arachnoid villi
Absorbed dy-

500m/
Amount produced -
Abscubed >
-

Isom/

Total => 350m)

Meningitis
.

X ↑
Inflammation
pH - 7 .
33 meninges

Excess >
-

Hydrocephalus
Encephalitiesinflammation
E
Brain

Lwater) Head .

parenchyma
CSF
Brain Stem -

Dr. Utsab Adhikari

 mid brain

L
Frog7 Corpora
Corpora Guadrigemina .
bigeminia

>
-
Tectur

Superior > Visual

-

colliculi reflex
Tegmentum .

Inferior hearing -3 3
- reflex cura cerebri
colliculi

3rd and 4th cn = originates from midbrain

.

Pons
. - Bridge
-

(controls
pneumotaxic center
respiratory rate)
Apneustic center

cranial nerves + 5 ,
6 ,
7 ,
8
 Medulla oblongata .

.
If removed > will die
immediately

center
-

Vasomotor center
= > Coughing sneezing vomiting
,

.
,

Cardiac Center

center
Respiratory

cranial nerves - C .
10 ,
12 ,
12

cerebellum
-
Defect
- -

uncordinated muscle movement

voluntary
-

like)
mis w
& a

(Branched tree like structure)

Grey
Cerebellar
hemisphere white
matter

matter
.

Alcohol - cerebellum
affects
 Cranial nerve

·
12 pairs

ceramiAbducers
Medulla -
L Glossopharyngeal ,
·
Facial

vagus Accessary
,
.
Audie

,
as

Hypoglossal

3-
8
sensary
> 1, 2,
Sensory
-

motor - 3 , 4 , 6 ,
12 , 12 4-mixed
mixed 5
+ mixed .

15 ,
7 , 9 ,
10)
-
motor .

00 OTTA FAG VAH

SS MM BM BS B BMM

olfactory Sens
ag
Smell

optic vision
Sensary
occumulotos Motor

Trocklear Motor Jeye movement

Both Face
Trigeminal sensation

Abducens motor Eye movement

Facial Both Facial taste

expression ,

Auditary (Vestibulo) sens,

is Hearing equilibrium
,

Both sensation
Glossopharyngeal swallowing taste ,

Both visceral reflex

vagus
Motor shoulder movement
Accessary ,
neck movement

Hypoglossal motor
Tongue movement
.
Largest Cranial nerve -
Trigeminal
smallest cranial nerve >
-

Trochlear

cranial
Longest nerve +
vagus
shortest cranial nerve >
olfactory
-

Spinal nerves = 32 pairs

·
(C8 Tel 55(1)

cervical - 8 pairs
Thoracic - 12 pairs

Lumbar => 5
pairs
Sacral 7 5 pairs
coccygeal -
1 pair
.
-
- S
ym
pathetic 3
-
I arasympathetic
↓
I
parasympathetic
H
Snort
long
.
cranio Sacral

sympathetic -

-
-
-

H
- -
- -
-

4
2 7 r

Thoracolumbar

pre- ganglionic post-ganglionic preganglionic

-

post-ganglionic
fiber fiber. Fiber fiber .

pre ganglionic neuron >

Acetylcholine
-

post- >
sympathetic >
Epinephrine & nor
epinephrine
-
-
1

↳ Para >
Acetylcholine
-

Sympathetic para-sympathetic
Peace and
- Fight. Flight .
Fright Rest ,
Digest

sweating
Neurotransmittor >
-
Nor-adrenaline
Acetylcholine .

dilation Pupil constriction

-
pupil

12

⑬
Broncho - = Heart rate 4 Heart rate t

dilation- 8 GI Secretion ↓
B Salivary ↓
G2 Secretion
Salivary
,
I
a
XII
Urinary retential Micturation (pee)

⑳"Dis
(wine collection)

Parasympathetic point E Gracionnation

-
 Spinal cord
outer >
- white
Dousal horn (posterior) Inner- Grey
-

↓
Sensory Neurocoel
↓ > H
shaped
afferent

↑ (butterfly
shaped)

Motor
L
&
I

Efferent
SAME . Lanterior)
ventral horn

⑭ T-
conus

Filum
canda
medullaris

terminale
equina
(Terminal end of

(Extension
(root of
of
spinal cord)
piamaters
spinal nerves

Adult 11
+
-

Children >
-
13

Dr. Utsab Adhikari