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 Contents vii

CHAPTER 10 Germany 262

Russia 265
Executives 226 Mexico 267
Concepts 228
Types 229
Executive Structures: Presidential and Parliamentary 230
Formal Powers 232
Partisan Powers 235
Coalitions 235 PART IV: Politics, Society, and Culture
Informal Powers 240
CHAPTER 12
Causes and Effects: What Explains Executive
Stability? 240 Revolutions and Contention 277
Stable and Unstable Regimes: Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Concepts 279
and Democracy 241 What Is “Contention”? 279
Stable and Unstable Executives: Styles of Presidential Rule 243 Revolutionary and Non-Revolutionary Contention 279
Stable and Unstable Executives: Patterns of Parliamentary
Rule 246 Types 280
Social Movements 280
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Beyond the American Revolutions 284
and British Models 247 Insurgencies and Civil Wars 287
CASES IN CONTEXT Terrorism 287
France 231 “Everyday Resistance” 289
United States 231 Thinking About Contention: Summary 290
Russia 234
Causes and Effects: Why Do Revolutions Happen? 291
China 236
Relative Deprivation 291
Nigeria 241
Resource Mobilization and Political Opportunities 292
Rational Choice 294
CHAPTER 11
Culture or “Framing” Explanations 296
Political Parties, Party Systems, and Interest THINKING COMPARATIVELY The “Arab Spring” of 2011 298
Groups 252 CASES IN CONTEXT
Concepts 255 Brazil 282
Political Parties 255 France 285
Party Systems 255 Russia 292
Interest Groups 256 China 293
Types 257 Iran 297
Political Parties: Elite, Mass, and Catch-All Parties 258
CHAPTER 13
Party Systems: Dominant-Party, Two-Party, and Multiparty
Systems 259 Nationalism and National Identity 304
Interest Groups: Pluralism and Corporatism 264 Concepts 306
Causes and Effects: Why Do Party Systems Emerge, Identity 306
and What Effects Do They Have? 267 Nationalism and the Nation 306
Party Systems and Representation 267 Types 307
What Factors Shape Party Systems? 267 Primordialist Approaches 307
How Do Party Systems Shape Political Outcomes? 269 Perennialist Approaches 308
Interest Groups and Representation 272 Modernist Approaches 308
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Party Systems in Sub-Saharan Types of Nationalism 311
Africa 275 Causes and Effects: What Causes Ethno-National
CASES IN CONTEXT Conflict? 313
China 260 Primordial Bonds 316
Japan 261 Cultural Boundaries 317

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 viii Contents

Material Interests 318 Types 354

Rational Calculation 318 Modern Ideologies 354
Social Psychology 320 Liberalism 354
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Ending Ethnic and National Fascism 355
Violence 321 Socialism 356
Modern Forms of Religion in Politics 357
CASES IN CONTEXT
Lay and Religious States 358
United Kingdom 308 Denominationalism 359
Mexico 309
Japan 310 Causes and Effects: Why Do Religion and Ideology
Germany 312 Remain Prevalent in Modern Politics? 360
Nigeria 316 Why (and How) Does Modernization Alter Religion’s Role
in Politics? 360
CHAPTER 14 Modernization Theory and Secularization 361
The “Religious Economies” Approach 362
Race, Ethnicity, and Gender 325 Institutional Theories 363
Concepts 327 Why Didn’t Ideology (and History) End? 364
Race and Ethnicity 327 THINKING COMPARATIVELY Two Lefts in Latin America? 367
Gender 328
CASES IN CONTEXT
Sexual Orientation 329
United Kingdom 355
Types 329 Russia 357
Disentangling Race and Ethnicity 329 France 359
Discrimination Based on Race and Ethnicity 332 Iran 360
Gender Discrimination 333 Nigeria 361
Empowerment of Women and Minority Groups 334
Causes and Effects: What Factors Influence
the Political Representation of Women
and Minority Groups? 337
Social Movement Mobilization 337
Political Parties Based on Gender or Ethnicity 339
Institutions for Promoting Women’s and Minority Group
PART V: The Comparative-International
Representation 341 Nexus
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Indicators of Gender
CHAPTER 16
Empowerment 344
CASES IN CONTEXT Comparative Politics and International
Iran 334 Relations 372
Japan 335 Concepts 375
Brazil 336
Issues 376
Mexico 340
Globalization and Trade 376
India 341
International Institutions and Integration 380
CHAPTER 15 Immigration 382
Environment and Sustainability 384
Ideology and Religion in Modern Transnational Networks 387
Politics 348 Nuclear Threats and Terrorism 388
Concepts 350 Causes and Effects: What Are the Main Causes
Modernity and Modernization 350 in International Relations? 390
Ideology 351 Realism 390
Religion 351 Liberalism 393
Secularization, Religion, and Modern Politics 352 Constructivism 394
Religious Conflict 353 Marxism 395

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 Contents ix

KAZAKHSTAN UZBEKISTAN
GEORGIA
THINKING COMPARATIVELY The EU and Levels of Analysis 395 Historical Development 429
AZERBAIJAN Regime and Political Institutions 431
CASES IN CONTEXT
ARMENIA Political Culture 432
United States 381 Caspian Sea TURKMENISTAN Political Economy 433
France 383
Japan 387
Tabriz CASE STUDIES 434
Iran 389 The State in France (Chapter 3) 434
Now Shahr
India 389 Mashhad
Authoritarian Persistence in Nineteenth-Century France
Tehran
(Chapter 7) 435
Kermanshah Qom Electing the French President: What Do Runoffs Do? (Chapter 10) 436

AFGHANISTAN
I R A N The French Revolution (Chapter 12) 437
IRAQ Esfahan
Birjand Religion and Secularism in France (Chapter 15) 438
Dezful
Yazd Globalization and Culture in France (Chapter 16) 439
Ahvaz

PART VI: Country

Abadan
Profiles
Shiraz
and Kerman
Cases Germany 441
KUWAIT Zahedan
Bushehr
PROFILE 441
SAUDI Brazil 399 Asaluyeh Bandar Abbas Introduction 441
ARABIA Historical Development 443
PROFILE 399 Persian
PAKISTAN
Introduction 399 Q
QA
QAT
A
QATAR Gulf Chabahar Regime and Political Institutions 446
Historical Development 401 Gulf of Oman Political Culture 447
Regime and Political Institutions U.A.E.
404 Political Economy 448
Political Culture 405 CASE STUDIES 449
OMAN
Political Economy 406 The German State: Unification and Welfare (Chapter 4) 449
0 110 220 Kilometers
CASE STUDIES 407 0 110 220 Miles Democracy and Authoritarianism in Germany (Chapter 7) 450
Does the Global Economy Help or Hurt Developing Nations? Institutional Design: Germany’s Bundestag and Bundesrat
(Chapter 5) 407 (Chapter 9) 451
Democratic Consolidation in Brazil (Chapter 6) 408 Consensus-Based Politics in Germany (Chapter 11) 452
Electoral Rules and Party (In)Discipline in Brazil’s Legislature Ethnic Boundaries of the German Nation? (Chapter 13) 453
(Chapter 9) 409
Brazil’s Landless Movement (Chapter 12) 410 India 455
Gender and Political Representation in Brazil: Where Has
Progress Come From? (Chapter 14) 410
PROFILE 455
Introduction 455
China 412 Historical Development 457
Regime and Political Institutions 460
PROFILE 412 Political Culture 461
Introduction 412 Political Economy 462
Historical Development 414
CASE STUDIES 463
Regime and Political Institutions 417
What Explain India’s Recent Growth? (Chapter 5) 463
Political Culture 418
Democracy’s Success in India: What Can We Learn from
Political Economy 419
a Deviant Case? (Chapter 6) 464
CASE STUDIES 420 Federalism and Differences in Development in India (Chapter 8) 464
How Did China Become an Economic Power? (Chapter 5) 420 Ethnicity and Political Parties in India (Chapter 14) 465
Is China Destined for Democracy? (Chapter 6) 421 India in the Twenty-First Century: Domestic Politics, Identity,
Who Governs China? (Chapter 10) 423 and Security (Chapter 16) 466
The Chinese Party System (Chapter 11) 424
The Chinese Revolution (Chapter 12) 425 Iran (Islamic Republic of Iran) 468
PROFILE 468
France 427 Introduction 468
PROFILE 427 Historical Development 470
Introduction 427 Regime and Political Institutions 473

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 x Contents

Political Culture 474 Regime and Political Institutions 515

Political Economy 474 Political Culture 515
Political Economy 516
CASE STUDIES 475
Democratic Features of Authoritarian Systems? The Case of CASE STUDIES 517
Iran (Chapter 7) 475 What Is a Weak State, and Can It Be Changed?
Constitutional Design: Theocracy in Iran (Chapter 8) 476 The Case of Nigeria (Chapter 3) 517
Iran’s Islamic Revolution and “Green Revolution”? (Chapter 12) 478 Why Are Natural Resources Sometimes a Curse?
Gender in Post-Revolutionary Iranian Politics (Chapter 14) 479 The Nigerian Case (Chapter 5) 518
Religion and Politics in Iran (Chapter 15) 479 Federalism and the States in Nigeria: Holding Together
Iran and the Politics of Nuclear Proliferation (Chapter 16) 480 or Tearing Apart? (Chapter 8) 519
The Presidency in Nigeria: Powers and Limitations
(Chapter 10) 521
Japan 482 The Nigerian Civil War or Biafran War: Nationalism and Ethno-
PROFILE 482 National Conflict in a Post-Colonial Society (Chapter 13) 522
Introduction 482 Religious Difference and Conflict in Nigeria: Disentangling
Historical Development 484 Ethnicity and Religion? (Chapter 15) 523
Regime and Political Institutions 487
Political Culture 488 Russia (Russian Federation) 525
Political Economy 488 PROFILE 525
CASE STUDIES 490 Introduction 525
State-Led Development in Japan (Chapter 4) 490 Historical Development 527
The Hybrid Electoral System of the Japanese Diet Regime and Political Institutions 531
(Chapter 9) 491 Political Culture 532
How Did Japan's Dominant Party Win for So Long? Political Economy 532
(Chapter 11) 491
CASE STUDIES 533
Importing National Identity in Japan? (Chapter 13) 493
Oligarchy, Democracy, and Authoritarianism in Russia
Gender Empowerment in Japan? (Chapter 14) 493
(Chapter 7) 533
Resource Management in Japan (Chapter 16) 494
Executives in Russia: Formal and Informal Powers
(Chapter 10) 534
Mexico 496 Personalism and the Party System in Russia (Chapter 11) 535
The Russian Revolution (Chapter 12) 536
PROFILE 496
Communist Ideology in Practice—Russia and the Soviet Union
Introduction 496 (Chapter 15) 537
Historical Development 498
Regime and Political Institutions 501 United Kingdom 539
Political Culture 502
Political Economy 503 PROFILE 539
Introduction 539
CASE STUDIES 504
Historical Development 541
The Mexican State and Rule of Law (Chapter 3) 504
Regime and Political Institutions 544
Mexico’s “Perfect Dictatorship” and Its End (Chapter 7) 505
Political Culture 545
The PRI and Corporatism in Mexico (Chapter 11) 506
Political Economy 545
Industrialization, Modernity, and National Identity
in Mexico (Chapter 13) 507 CASE STUDIES 546
Why Aren’t There Major Ethnic Parties in Mexico? The State in the United Kingdom (Chapter 3) 546
(Chapter 14) 508 Political Economy of Britain (Chapter 4) 547
No Constitution? No Supreme Court? Constitutionality in the
Nigeria 510 United Kingdom (Chapter 8) 548
The Mother of Parliaments: The United Kingdom and the
PROFILE 510 Westminster Model (Chapter 9) 549
Introduction 510 National Identity in the United Kingdom (Chapter 13) 550
Historical Development 512 Liberal Ideology in the United Kingdom (Chapter 15) 552

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 Contents xi

Is Judicial Activism in the United States a Problem?

United States 553 (Chapter 8) 563
PROFILE 553 The United States Congress: Dysfunctional or Functioning by
Design? (Chapter 9) 564
Introduction 553
“The Most Powerful Person in the World”? Checks on American
Historical Development 555
Presidents (Chapter 10) 566
Regime and Political Institutions 558
The United States and the World: A Love–Hate Relationship?
Political Culture 559
(Chapter 16) 567
Political Economy 560
CASE STUDIES 561 Notes 569
Did Free Markets Help the United States Get Rich? Will They in Glossary 581
the Future? (Chapter 4) 561 References and Further Reading 591
Is American Democracy in Trouble? Credits 617
(Chapter 6) 562 Index 618

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00-Dickovick-FM.indd 12 12/06/15 7:05 pm
 Insights

CHAPTER 3 Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States 60

Douglass North, John Wallis, and Barry Weingast, Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework
for Interpreting Recorded Human History 61
Philip Gorski, The Disciplinary Revolution: Calvinism and the Rise of the State in Early Modern Europe 62
Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors 64
John Meyer, John Boli, George M. Thomas, and Francisco Ramírez, World Society and the
Nation-State 65
CHAPTER 4 Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom 79
Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation 80
Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy 89
Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time 90
Gøsta Esping-Andersen, Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism 91
CHAPTER 5 Atul Kohli, State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery 107
Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson, The Colonial Origins of Comparative
Development 108
Francis Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity 109
Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System 113
Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 114
CHAPTER 6 Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics and Some Social Requisites of
Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy 132
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America 135
Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century 137
Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from
Authoritarian Rule 139
Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel, Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human
Development Sequence 140
CHAPTER 7 Barrington Moore, The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making
of the Modern World 161
Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy 162
Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five
Nations 164
Timur Kuran, Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989 165
Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War 166
CHAPTER 8 William Riker, Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance 186
Alfred Stepan, Federalism and Democracy: Beyond the U.S. Model 186
Wallace Oates, Fiscal Federalism 189
Jonathan Rodden and Erik Wibbels, Beyond the Fiction of Federalism: Economic Management in
Multi-Tiered Systems 190
Ran Hirschl, Toward Juristocracy: The Origins and Consequences of the New Constitutionalism 193
xiii

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 xiv Insights

CHAPTER 9 Scott Morgenstern and Benito Nacif, Legislative Politics in Latin America 213
Hannah Pitkin, The Concept of Representation 214
Gary Cox and Matthew McCubbins, Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House 219
Morris Fiorina, Divided Government 221
Michael Mezey, Comparative Legislatures 222
CHAPTER 10 Juan Linz, The Perils of Presidentialism and The Virtues of Parliamentarism 242
Scott Mainwaring and Matthew Shugart, Juan Linz, Presidentialism, and Democracy: A Critical
Appraisal 243
Guillermo O'Donnell, Delegative Democracy 244
Kenneth Roberts, Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America: the Peruvian
Case 245
Arend Lijphart, Consociational Democracy 247
CHAPTER 11 Robert Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City 266
Maurice Duverger, Les Partis Politiques [Political Parties] 268
Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis 269
Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy 271
Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups and The Rise
and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities 273
CHAPTER 12 Mark Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks 289
Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, and Ted Gurr, Why Men Rebel 292
Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China 294
Marc Lichbach, The Rebel’s Dilemma 296
John Foran, Taking Power: On the Origins of Third World Revolutions 298
CHAPTER 13 Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism 309
Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity 310
David Laitin, Nations, States, and Violence 319
Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict 320
CHAPTER 14 Joane Nagel, American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Red Power and the Resurgence of Identity and Culture 338
Manuel Castells, The Power of Identity 338
Donna Lee Van Cott, From Movements to Parties in Latin America 340
Mala Htun, Is Gender Like Ethnicity? The Political Representation of Identity Groups 342
Mona Lena Krook, Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide 344
CHAPTER 15 José Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World 358
Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide 361
Anthony Gill, The Political Origins of Religious Liberty 362
Ahmet Kuru, Secularism and State Policies Toward Religion: The United States, France, and Turkey 364
Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man 365
Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order 366
Shmuel N. Eisenstadt. Multiple Modernities 366
CHAPTER 16 Garrett Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons 386
Moisés Naím, The Five Wars of Globalization 388
Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics 392
Michael Doyle, Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs 393
Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics 394

00-Dickovick-FM.indd 14 12/06/15 7:05 pm

 Preface

T he field of comparative politics is changing, not only in how it’s studied but
in how it’s taught. We set out to write this textbook because we saw the need
for a new ­approach—one that is truly comparative, that goes beyond a litany of
facts or abstract ideas. In the process, we had to rethink what a book for this
course should look like. We started with a central aim: to get students to think
like comparativists. Toward that end, we have integrated theories and methods
with a range of country case applications to ­address the big questions in com-
parative politics today.
Many undergraduates take a course in comparative politics because they are
broadly interested in world affairs. They want to understand issues such as democ-
racy and democratization, economic and social development, transnational social
movements, and the relationship between world religions and conflict around the
globe, just as we did as students (and still do!). This book focuses squarely on these
big issues and offers a framework for understanding through comparison.
Our job is to teach students how to think critically, how to analyze the world
around them. We want our students to do more than just memorize facts and theo-
ries. ­Ultimately, we want them to learn how to do comparative politics. This course
is successful if students can use the comparative method to seek out their own an-
swers. We are successful as e­ ducators if we give them the analytical skills to do so.

What’s New in This Edition?

We have thoroughly updated this edition of Comparative Politics to reflect feed-
back we received from numerous readers, instructors, and students, not to men-
tion our own experiences of teaching with the book. We are truly grateful to
those who have shared their perspectives with us.
Whereas the first edition covered the state, political economy, and develop-
ment across two chapters, the second edition expands this coverage into three:
• Chapter 3 now focuses on describing and defining the state, emphasizing
its organizational form, its order-generating characteristics, and its linkages
to both domestic and international conflict. This chapter retains a focus
on explaining the rise of modern states in the “Thinking Comparatively”
section and includes an expanded discussion of civil society and society–
state relations.
• Chapter 4 is now devoted entirely to political economy, including
considerable discussion of welfare states and efforts to explain variation
in their form and extent.
• Chapter 5 picks up the thread from the political economy discussion and
focuses on development issues.
xv

00-Dickovick-FM.indd 15 12/06/15 7:05 pm

 xvi Preface Causes and Effects: What Causes Democratization? 133

reactionary, non-inclusive politics dominated by the former, or to revolutionary

mobsInwhere
addition tocan
the latter these
seizechanges in several
power. Neither group has key chapters,
an interest we have made the follow-
in leaving
political power to the other. Only economically modernized societies, with
ing revisions throughout the book:
their relatively moderate middle classes, can strike the balance between these
extremes.
• Streamlined the chapter on nationalism and national identity, and in the
Modernization theory includes a variety of different approaches. According to
process
some versions, the highlighted its focus
economic and social onmodernization
forces of intergroupthat conflict.
shape de-
• Substantially
mocracy do not only occurrevised several
at one point of the a“Thinking
that triggers Comparatively” features that
democratic transition.
Rather, economic development may also support the persistence of democracy,
close the chapters,
once democracy is established. showing how comparativists work with models as a
crucial step
Modernization theoryinfaces
theirthemethod.
challenge that there are exceptions it has
trouble
• explaining.
Emphasized For example,
the caseIndiastudies
is the world’s
that largest
readers democracy,
foundand it useful, while elimi-
most
remains quite poor. Moreover, it democratized well before its recent years of
nating some that were less so.
economic growth. Can modernization theory explain India’s democratic success?
And•howUpdated the entire
can modernization setexplain
theory of country materials
the fact that and the
democratization broader text.
often
happens rapidly and in waves?
Different versions of this theory specify different hypothetical mechanisms

An Integrative Approach
linking economic development to democracy. Remember, what we mean by
“causal mechanism” is the process through which something produces something
Oneaccording
else, of the distinctive featurescanofagree
to a theory.18 Scholars thisthat
book twoisvariables—like
the way weeco- have integrated theories,
nomic development and democracy—are related without necessarily agreeing
methods, and cases. Rather than focusing on either country
about how they are linked, as discussed in chapter 2. As we have seen, classic
information or themes

CASE IN CONTEXT
Democracy’s Success in India:
What Can We Learn from a Deviant Case? PAGE 464

India is a major anomaly for modernization theories of develop- 2. What, if anything, does Indian democratization suggest
ment. In essence, the relationship between its political and eco- about the importance of individual actors, leadership,
nomic development has been the inverse of what modernization and institutional design?
theory would predict. India is the world’s second largest society 3. Can you think of a way to “save” modernization theory in
and its largest democracy—consider, therefore, the share that the face of the case of India?
Indian citizens hold in the world’s broader democratic popula-
tion. This anomaly has potentially serious implications and
makes the puzzle of Indian democratization all the more
intriguing.
For more on the case of democratization in India, see the
case study in Part VI, p. 464. As you read it, keep in mind the
following questions:
1. What, if anything, does Indian anti-colonial resistance
have to do with the country’s democratization?

Indian voters, 2012. India is the world’s largest democracy.

464 India

CASE STUDY

06-Dickovick-Chap06.indd 133 Democracy’s Success in India: What Can We Learn 05/06/15 11:37 AM

from a Deviant Case? CHAPTER 6, PAGE 133

How does modernization theory account
for low-income democracies such as
India? As discussed in chapter 6, modern-
ization theory predicts that economic de-
velopment will lead to democratization
and democratic consolidation. Indeed,
this relationship generally holds. More
often than not, increasing economic de-
velopment increases the probability that
any given society will have democratic
politics. India, however, poses a major
anomaly for some versions of moderniza-
tion theory. Given that India’s population
is approximately one-seventh of the
world’s population, this anomaly is not
easily dismissed.
Why does India constitute an anomaly
00-Dickovick-FM.indd 16 or “deviant case” for modernization
decide that this anomaly disproves or re-
futes modernization theory, and turn to
some other theory of democratization.
For example, we could turn to institu-
tional theories of democratization as an
alternative. Perhaps something about the
parliamentary form of government rather
than presidential government contrib-
uted to India’s rather successful democ-
racy (as is discussed in chapter 10); one
could consider the Indian case to test this
hypothesis. For example, has the parlia-
mentary system with its multiparty
coalitions and governments that are ac-
countable to the legislature resulted in
more power-sharing and less “winner-
take-all” politics? Has it resulted in a prime
ministerial “style” that is less centralized
economic development facilitates democ-
ratization and democratic consolidation?
Why would this be different? Because the
theory would now say that it is unlikely that
India could successfully democratize with-
out first achieving a higher level of eco-
nomic development, but not that it is
impossible. A more flexible theory of mod-
ernization might be compatible with in-
cluding insights from other theories. For
example, perhaps modernization theory
could be linked to institutional theories,
like the one on parliamentarism men-
tioned previously. Maybe parliamentarism
is particularly called for as a form of institu-
tional design when the society in question
has a relatively low level of economic de-
velopment. We are speculating here for the 12/06/15 7:05 pm
 Preface xvii

of comparative politics, we have combined these approaches while emphasizing

application and analysis. By providing students with the tools to begin doing their
own analyses, we hope to show them how exciting this kind of work can be. These
tools include theories (presented in an accessible way), the basics of the comparative
method, and manageable case materials for practice, all in the context of the big
questions.
We thus take an integrative approach to the relationship between big themes
and country case studies. This text is a hybrid containing sixteen thematic
chapters plus linked materials for twelve countries of significant interest to
comparativists. The country materials following the thematic chapters include
both basic country information and a series of case studies dealing with spe-
cific thematic issues.
We link the country cases to the thematic chapters via short “call out” boxes—
“Cases in Context”—at relevant points in the chapters. For example, a “Case in
Context” box in a discussion of theory in chapter 6, “Democracy and Democra-
tization,” points students to a full case study on democratization in India, in-
cluded at the back of the text.
Another “Case in Context” box in chapter 6 invites students to consider whether
democratization in China is inevitable. Other boxes in that chapter focus on issues
of democracy and democratization in Brazil and the United States.
Using these short “linking” boxes has enabled us to integrate a complete set of
case materials without interrupting the narrative flow of the chapters. The kind
of reading we suggest with the structure of this text is similar to following hy-
perlinks in online text—something students do easily. This flexible design fea-
ture also caters to the diversity of teaching styles in today’s political science.
Instructors can choose to have students follow these links to case studies as they
go, using all or just some of them, or they can choose to teach thematic chapters
and country materials separately.
The text integrates theories, methods, and cases in other ways as well. “Insights”
boxes make connections by briefly summarizing important scholarly works repre-
sentative of the major schools of thought.

310 Chapter 13: Nationalism and National Identity

Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity

INSIGHTS
by Liah Greenfeld

G reenfeld argues that nationalism is fundamentally cultural

and needs to be understood as an imaginative response to
social conditions. To understand nationalism’s emergence and
growth, we must understand why the idea spread that humanity
is divided into distinct “peoples” who are “sovereign” and “equal.”
For Greenfeld, the key preconditions for the development of na-
tional identity are problems in stratification systems through
which societies hierarchically divide themselves, such as the class
structure. Elite status-inconsistency—a condition present when
the stratification system breaks down and elites are no longer
sure of their status—leads some groups to seek to transform
identity, and national identity often seems to such groups to
serve their interests well. Greenfeld examines this hypothesis
against a number of cases (including England, France, Russia,
Germany, and Japan), finding pronounced status-inconsistency
in each case in the key groups that are most central in redefining
their societies as nations. At the same time, Greenfeld acknowl-
edges the importance of institutions like the state prior to na-
tional identity’s emergence in helping to shape the type that
develops in any given case. Scholars working with this theory
also note that political institutions play an important role in
spreading and preserving national identity.
Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1992.

are useful (or “functional”) for industrializing societies because they promote
social mobility, shared language, and common understandings.
An example of a constructivist theory is Liah Greenfeld’s argument that na-
tional identity is an imaginative response to contradictory public claims about a
group’s status.15 Greenfeld emphasizes social psychology, rather than economics,
00-Dickovick-FM.indd 17 in analyzing the processes through which national identity emerges and thrives 12/06/15 7:05 pm
 xviii Preface
Why Did Zimbabwe Become and Remain Authoritarian? 167

Why Did Zimbabwe Become and Remain THINKING

Authoritarian? COMPARATIVELY

A uthoritarian regimes come in many varieties, and they come from many
different origins. We have emphasized that there is no single thing called
“authoritarianism” that one theory can explain. Rather, authoritarian regimes have
KEY METHODOLOGICAL TOOL

Evidence and
distinct features and exhibit many different types of transitions (and nontransi-
Empirical Critiques
tions). Scholars have developed a number of explanatory models to account for
One reason that many theories con-
these. Some of the main general factors in most cases, though, include (1) histori- tinue to endure in different areas of
cal relationships between contending groups, (2) the strength and form of exist- comparative politics is that most of
ing institutions, (3) a country’s level of economic development, (4) political-cultural the major theories have some empiri-
traditions and tendencies, and (5) the strategic situations and choices of key cal support. This makes it challenging
actors. Of course, as we have seen in other chapters, it is not enough to merely to determine which theory is the
most accurate. In reality, most theo-
list such contributing factors; we must figure out how such factors interact ries will not be accurate under all
and which are most important. What do you think? And how could we test your circumstances, but rather each will
ideas empirically? explain some outcomes better than
As we noted at the outset of the chapter, modern-day Zimbabwe is an authori- others. So how do you avoid simply
tarian regime that is characterized by many of the features we have discussed. It is a making “laundry lists” (as noted ear-
lier) and saying, “Everything matters”?
“personalist” regime, the population of which is subject to many of the vagaries of au- In preparing to make theoretical
thoritarianism. It is characterized by repression, a lack of secure political rights, seem- arguments, it is of course important
ingly arbitrary rule, and so on. Not everywhere in Africa is like this, and Zimbabwe for any particular question to examine
itself has not always been like this, so our research question might be “Why is how the empirical evidence lines up
Zimbabwe authoritarian? Why did it become so, and why has it remained so?” with the theoretical predictions and
the specific hypotheses you might
We should expect theories of authoritarian rule to be able to account for an offer. One very useful tool can be
authoritarian regime like Robert Mugabe’s Zimbabwe. Looking at the various evidence that allows you to critique a
causal theories of authoritarianism we can consider how each might propose an particular argument.
explanation for the emergence and/or persistence of the regime. In the section on In aiming to build arguments,
“Causes and Effects” in this chapter, we have looked at several such theories. We there is one very important miscon-
ception: that the only valuable type
list them in Table 7.1, along with what the theory might explain is the cause of

TABLE 7.1 Authoritarianism in Zimbabwe: Theories, Explanations,

Each chapter afterand the Examples
introduction closes with
of Supporting a “Thinking Comparatively”
Evidence
feature,
Theory which focuses on a case
Theoretical Explanation or set of cases to illustrate
Example of Supporting Evidence how students can
apply the
Historical theories discussed in the chapter.
Coalitions of powerful political actors Mugabe receives support of the military and key economic
In these features
Institutionalist
we highlight important
emerge that favor elite domination.
methodological tools or strategies,
actors.

such as and
Poverty the use of and
Inequality deviant cases and the
Poorer citizens seek economic security
allow authoritarian rule.
most-similar-systems (MSS)
Mugabe appeals to some poorer citizens design. We
as populist.

then model for students how to use these

Weak, poorly institutionalized, predatory
analytical tools in practice.
Mugabe has engaged in predatory behavior and
State Weakness
state will be authoritarian. undermined institutions.

Cultural values shape the type of

Political Culture Mugabe has worked within bounds of top-down “tribalism.”

Organization authoritarian regime that emerges.

Disapproval of the regime is impeded by

TheCollective
sixteen Action
thematic chapters of this bookMugabe
repression. are divided into five parts:
regime creates large numbers of exiles.

• Part I (chapters 1 and 2) focuses on basic methods in comparative politics,

covering conceptualization, hypothesis testing, the formation of theories,
and the use of evidence. The goal in these first two chapters is not 05/06/15
07-Dickovick-Chap07.indd 167
to focus
12:05 PM
on the details of methodology, which can be taught in more specialized
courses, but on the overarching logic of comparative inquiry.
• Part II (chapters 3 through 7) focuses on the state (chapter 3), political
economy (chapter 4), development (chapter 5), democracy and democrati-
zation (chapter 6), and the various forms of authoritarian regimes (chapter 7).
• Part III (chapters 8 through 11) focuses on the analysis of political institu-
tions, giving students the tools to analyze institutional design in constitutional
structures and judiciaries (chapter 8), legislatures and elections (chapter 9),
executives (chapter 10), and political parties and interest groups (chapter 11).
• Part IV (chapters 12 through 15) focuses on issues that link comparative
politics to political sociology, such as the study of revolution and other forms
of contention (chapter 12), national identities and nationalism (chapter 13),
race, gender, and ethnicity (chapter 14), and religion and ideology (chapter 15).

00-Dickovick-FM.indd 18 12/06/15 7:05 pm

 Case Studies 437

CASE STUDY (continued)

Electing the French President: What Do Runoffs Do? CHAPTER 10, PAGE 231
Preface xix
For some, Le Pen’s first-round success proponents of the system can argue that it For these reasons, runoffs are cur-
428 France
served as a condemnation of the French performed exactly as intended: It allowed rently used in elections in a large number
practice of having elections with a “runoff”
IRELAND
French voters to express their initial prefer- of countries, including for parliamentary
427
between the top two candidates: It gave a ence, then weeded out the more extreme districts in France itself. The runoff
huge platform and political
UNITED spotlight to a candidate. It also signaled the frustration of
KINGDOM
candidate on the fringe (though the Na-
features frequently in elections in Latin
voters with the Socialist Party, which al- America and Africa, where presidential-
NETHERLANDS
France
tional Front has done surprisingly well in PROFILE
lowed that party to reshape its platform for ism is common. In these countries, Introduction there
France has historically been situated at the
Dunkirk
center of Western Europe. This is true not
subsequent elections). What happened the future, rather than simply resting on its are particular historical and
Key Features of Contemporary France
social rea-
only geographically but in terms of France’s
English Channel BELGIUM Population: 66,259,012 (estimate, July 2014) identity and culture. At least since Char-
next had the opposite effect, though itLillewas laurels as theGERMANY
presumptive leaderArea:of the sons643,801 that can make the runoff appealing.

Rh
Cherbourg lemagne united significant portions of West-

ine
square kilometers
ern Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries,
predictable: Jacques ChiracLewon Havre 82 percent
Rouen
left. As importantly, the runoff ensured
Head of State: In Chile in
François Hollande1970, the Marxist
(president, 2012–present) Salvador
presenting himself asAl- heir to the Roman
Brest LUX. Head of Government: Manuel Valls (prime minister, 2014–present) Empire, many have considered France the
of the vote in the runoff, and Le Pen won
Paris
that the individual elected president
Capital:
ulti- lende Paris
was confirmed president byof European
central carrier Con-civilization.
Geographically, France extends from
less than 18 percent. Chirac thus took nearly mately
Nancy received more than 50 percent of gress
Year of Independence: Franceafter
was neverreceiving less
formally colonized. Many date than
the consolidation of the French state to the era
37 percent
the English Channel in the north to the
Mediterranean in the south. The Pyrenees
Orléans Strasbourg divide it from Spain (and the tiny mountain
all of the vote that
Nantes had gone
Tours
to all other Se
the votes in a presidential election. That is, of the vote;
of Louis XIV (1643–1715) and the birth of
modern France to the three years later,
French Revolution country ofa Andorra)
militaryin the southwest, and
of 1789.
ine it shares its eastern border with Belgium,
candidates in the first round and won the the president ends up with a clear mandate
Dijon Year of Current coup
1958 to overthrow the elected president
Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, and
Constitution: Italy. In addition to its mountainous areas
presidency
Bay of overwhelmingly, F R and
A N Le C E Pen of over half of French AUS.voters electing him
Languages:
resulted
French
in nearly two decades of brutal
(both the Pyrenees and the Alps as well as
Biscay the smaller Jura and Massif Central), it has
barely increased his tally at all despite the or her. SWITZERLAND
This contrasts with the American
GDP per Capita:
dictatorship. And in Africa,good
$42,503 (estimate, 2013)
presidential
farmland, being most famous for the
production of grapes and cereals. French
Human Development 20th (very high human development)
elimination of all other candidates. Turnout Lyon model, for example, in which it is relativelyIndex Ranking (2014): elections can result in agriculture votinghas along historically excelled in the
production of wine, cheese, and other items
Saint-Etienne Sources: CIA World Factbook; World Bank World Development Indicators; United Nations Human
considered by international consumers to
also increased in the second round, despite common for presidents to win the presi-
Bordeaux
Development Report 2014.
ethnic lines in the first round, but broader
be luxurious.
Grenoble ITALY Today’s France is interesting to scholars of comparative
the fact that Chirac’s win was near-certain, dency with less than 50 percent of the coalition building across ethnicreasons.
politics for numerous linesFirst,to
while some people
Rhône

tend to think of European societies as consistently stable

as French voters turned Toulouse
out overwhelm- popular vote. It should also be noted that win in the second round. It isconsistent,
and evidencing worth con-development over
progressive
Montpellier time, France’s passage to political modernity was extraor-
Nice
ingly (while also taking to the streets in Marseille
pro- voter turnout
MONACOis much higher in French sidering how history might have been
dinarily rocky. It also played out in striking fashion the
contrast between democratic-republican and authoritarian
SPAIN
centralist forms of politics, settling on a “mixed presiden-
test) to vote against Le Pen. Toulonelections than in the United States and different—and
Roman Catholicism 83–88%
whether violence and de-
tialist” system in the Fifth Republic (which still goes on
today) that continues to stimulate much debate. France
This raises the issue of whether runoffs Meditetranean
many other countries,
CORSICA at about 80 percent mocracy would be affected—if
Protestant Christianity 2%
Judaism 1%
also showed us what conflict a French-
between civic republicanism
Sea FR. and a monopolistic church could look like, pioneering a
are good or bad for representation and de- in most presidential elections and 60 per- styleIslam runoff
5–10%
Una liated 4 %
system had existed
certain kind in often
of secularism, Chile calledinlaïcité.
It is difficult to estimate the relative share of the population
mocracy. While anomalies such as the Le cent in parliamentary elections (Interna- 1970 or did not exist comprisedin some
by different African
ethnic groups in France. This is because
Religious Affiliation in France France places restrictions on national statistical surveys that
Pen result can emerge in the first round, tional IDEA 2011). Source: CIA World Factbook.
0 70
countries today.
140 Kilometers document the ethnic and racial identities of respondents, in
0 70 140 Miles

19-Dickovick-France.indd 427 23/05/15 12:22 PM

19-Dickovick-France.indd 428 23/05/15 12:23 PM

CASE STUDY
The French Revolution CHAPTER 12, PAGE 285

The French Revolution took place amid
major structural problems in eighteenth-
century French society (Furet 1995;
Doyle 2003). In this period France, like
much of early modern Europe, remained
an “estate society,” divided into three
groups: a nobility with special privileges,
the clergy, and commoners. The social
status of the nobility, however, was American Revolution), faced major fiscal
weakened by the ongoing efforts of the difficulties (Doyle 2003). Indeed, by the
centralizing, absolutist crown. As the late eighteenth century it was nearly
monarchy and its state grew stronger, bankrupt. Meanwhile, periodic problems
the nobility felt increasingly marginal- in food distribution and rural poverty en-
ized. At the same time, the French sured that much of France’s rural popula-
absolutist state, largely through its in- tion felt discontent. Finally, the spread of
volvement in foreign wars (especially the the Enlightenment and of nationalism

• Part V consists of a single chapter, 16, which links comparative politics to

international relations, emphasizing how global politics has produced new
19-Dickovick-France.indd 437
sets of problems that both comparativists and international relations scholars
05/06/15 12:12 PM
must analyze. As such, the book points to another kind of integration,
pushing students to see connections between comparative politics and other
courses in political science.
After chapter 2, the thematic chapters follow a common format. They are di-
vided into three main sections:
• Concepts: covers basic definitions and develops a working vocabulary.
• Types: discusses useful typologies, such as the major types of dramatic social
change that interest political scientists.
• Causes and Effects: walks students through the major theories that aim to
explain causes and effects, ending with the “Thinking Comparatively” feature
to model analysis.
The final part of the book, Part VI, comprises country “profiles” and in-
depth “case ­studies.” We selected twelve countries after surveying more

00-Dickovick-FM.indd 19 12/06/15 7:05 pm

 xx Preface

than 150 instructors of comparative politics to see which they considered most
crucial for inclusion. The cases are Brazil, China, France, Germany, India,
Iran, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United
States. This selection offers broad coverage of every major world region, dem-
ocratic and authoritarian polities, every major religious tradition, highly vary-
ing levels of economic and social development, and quite different institutional
designs.
For each country, we first provide a “profile”: an introduction with a table of
key features, a map, and pie charts of demographics; a timeline and historical
overview; and brief descriptions of political institutions, political culture, and
political economy.
Following each profile is a set of case studies (five or six for each country)
that we reference in the thematic chapters as described earlier (via the “Case in
Context” boxes).
The case sets end with research prompts to help students get started as
comparativists.

Flexibility in Instruction:
Ways of Using This Text
The chapters are arranged in a logical order yet written in such a way that
instructors might easily rearrange them to custom-fit a course. Some in-
structors, for example, may wish to pair chapter 3 (on the state) with chapter
13 (on nationalism and national identity). Others might wish to assign
chapter 15 (on religion and ideology) alongside chapters 6 and 7 (on demo-
cratic and authoritarian regimes). We have written the book with the f lexi-
bility to facilitate such pairings. Indeed, while we strongly suggest beginning
with chapters 1 and 2, students will be able to follow the text even without
reading them first.
Similarly, the book’s structure supports a range of options for using the coun-
try materials. Some instructors may wish to teach selected country materials at
or near the beginning of a course. Some may wish to make reference to country
materials as the course proceeds, assigning students to read them as they are
clearly and visibly “called out” in the text. One approach could require all stu-
dents in a course to familiarize themselves with only a subset of the countries
detailed here, rather than all twelve. Another might require each student to
select three or four countries, following rules or categories of countries as laid
out by the instructor.
The book also works with or without supplemental materials chosen by the
instructor. The “Insights” boxes throughout the text provide indications of excel-
lent options for further readings. Many other choice readings are noted in the
“References and Further Reading” section at the back of the text, organized by
chapter. A companion book of classic and contemporary readings is available
(see Packaging Options, p. xxii). In short, instructors can use this text alone or
link it seamlessly to other readings.

00-Dickovick-FM.indd 20 12/06/15 7:05 pm

 Preface xxi

Summary of Features
We have built a number of useful features into the text, some of which we have
already mentioned:
• “Case in Context” boxes tie in to the narrative of the main chapters,
pointing students to full case studies in the book’s final part.
• “Insights” boxes illustrate causal theories by describing the work of key
authors in the field, making this work accessible to introductory students.
• “Thinking Comparatively” sections at the end of every chapter (after
chapter 1) model the application of theories and the testing of hypotheses.
Each “Thinking Comparatively” section includes a “Key Methodological
Tools” feature, which introduces key skills and strategies for doing compar-
ative political analysis and reinforces lessons learned in the first two chapters.
• “Thinking It Through” questions close every chapter. These help students
test their ability to apply comparative politics theories to cases.
• Every section of case studies offers a series of “Research Prompts” that
can be used to develop comparative projects and papers, applying what
students have learned as they start to do comparative analysis.
• Every chapter ends with a “Chapter Summary,” enabling students and
instructors to review the main points at a glance.
• At the back of the text, we include “References and Further Reading” by
chapter that students can use to dig deeper into the issues raised or as they
begin their own research.
• A running glossary in the margin of the text highlights the meaning of
key terms as they appear and serves as a quick study reference.

Supplements
Oxford University Press offers instructors and students a comprehensive ancil-
lary package for qualified adopters of Comparative Politics: Integrating Theories,
Methods, and Cases.

Ancillary Resource Center

The Ancillary Resource Center (ARC) at www.oup-arc.com is a convenient,
instructor-focused single destination for resources to accompany this book.
­Accessed online through individual user accounts, the ARC provides instructors
with up-to-date ancillaries while guaranteeing the security of grade-significant
resources. In addition, it allows OUP to keep instructors informed when new
content becomes available.
The ARC for Comparative Politics contains a variety of materials to aid in
teaching:
• Instructor’s Resource Manual with Test Item File—The Instructor’s
Resource Manual includes chapter objectives, detailed chapter outlines,
lecture suggestions and activities, discussion questions, video resources,

00-Dickovick-FM.indd 21 12/06/15 7:05 pm

 xxii Preface

and Web resources. The Test Item File includes more than eight hundred
test questions selected and approved by the authors, including multiple-
choice, short-answer, and essay questions.
• Computerized Test Bank—Using the test authoring and management tool
Diploma, the computerized test bank that accompanies this text is designed
for both novice and advanced users. Diploma enables instructors to create
and edit questions, create randomized quizzes and tests with an easy-to-use
drag-and-drop tool, publish quizzes and tests to online courses, and print
quizzes and tests for paper-based assessments.
• PowerPoint-Based Slides—Each chapter’s slide set includes a succinct
chapter outline and incorporates relevant chapter graphics.
• CNN Videos—Offering recent clips on timely topics, this collection
includes fifteen films tied to the chapter topics. Each clip is approximately
5–10 minutes, providing a great way to launch your lectures.

Course Cartridges
For qualified adopters, OUP will supply the teaching resources in a course car-
tridges designed to work with your preferred Online Learning Platform. Please
contact your Oxford University Press sales representative at (800) 280-0280.

E-Book
This text is also available as a CourseSmart eBook (978-0-19-027102-2) at www
.coursesmart.com. CourseSmart’s eTextbooks can be read on any browser-enabled
computer or mobile device and come with the ability to transfer individual chapters
or the entire book offline. Furthermore, CourseSmart was the first to introduce free
eTextbook apps for the Android and Apple devices for an even better reading
experience.

Companion Website
Comparative Politics is also accompanied by an extensive companion website at
www.oup.com/us/dickovick. This open-access website includes a number of
learning tools to help students study and review key concepts presented in the
text. For each chapter, you will find learning objectives, key-concept summaries,
quizzes, essay questions, web activities, and web links.

Packaging Options
Adopters of Comparative Politics: Integrating Theories, Methods, and Cases can pack-
age ANY Oxford University Press book with the text for a 20% savings off the
total package price. See our many trade and scholarly offerings at www.oup.com,
then contact your OUP sales representative at (800) 280-0280 to request a pack-
age ISBN. In addition, the following items can be packaged with the text for free:
• Oxford Pocket World Atlas, Sixth Edition—This full-color atlas is a
handy reference for political science students. Please use package ISBN
978-0-19-046231-4.

00-Dickovick-FM.indd 22 12/06/15 7:05 pm

 Preface xxiii

• Very Short Introduction Series—These very brief texts offer succinct intro-
ductions to a variety of topics. Titles include Nationalism, Citizenship, Global
Economic History, Fascism, and Democracy, to name just a few.
• The Student Research and Writing Guide for Political Science—This brief
guide provides students with the information and tools necessary to conduct
research and write a research paper. The guide explains how to get started
writing a research paper, describes the parts of a research paper, and presents
the citation formats found in academic writing. Please use package ISBN
978-0-19-046160-7 to order.

Acknowledgments
We are very grateful to a number of individuals who have been helpful to us as
we worked on this project. At Washington and Lee University, we thank our
respective provosts, deans, and department chairs who have supported our
work. This includes June Aprille, Bob Strong, Daniel Wubah, Larry Peppers,
Rob Straughan, Hank Dobin, Suzanne Keen, Mark Rush, Lucas Morel, David
Novack, and Krzysztof Jasiewicz. We are very grateful to the many friends and
colleagues, both at Washington and Lee and elsewhere, who read and com-
mented on chapters or country profiles, including Francoise Fregnac-Clave,
Rachel Beatty Riedl, Tim Lubin, Dan Kramer, Christian Jennings, Robin
­Leblanc, Ayşe Zarakol, Rich Bidlack, David Bello, Ken White, and Alessandra
Del Conte Dickovick. We also thank Hardin Marion for his excellent close
reading of the first edition and the comments he generously shared with us. We
have many other colleagues and friends who have given us intellectual and
moral support for which we are grateful. Numerous students have been extraor-
dinarily helpful as well. We are particularly grateful to Miranda Galvin and Ali
Greenberg. Other students to whom we wish to express our appreciation in-
clude, but are not limited to, Samara Francisco, Morten Wendelbo, Maya Reimi
Wendelbo, Linnea Bond, Natasha Lerner, Amy Dawson, Justine Griffin-
Churchill, David Razum, John Twomey, Grant Russell, Lauren Howard, and
Kate LeMasters. We are also thankful to students in numerous iterations of
Politics 105 (Global Politics), many of whom offered insightful questions on a
“prototype” of this text (in early years) and on the first edition (more recently),
as well as students who read the book in Eastwood’s International Comparative
Sociology course. We owe thanks to Washington and Lee for support for the
work of some of the students mentioned previously through the Summer Re-
search Scholar Program, and our own work through the Lenfest Sabbatical
Grant, and the Glenn Grant, Lenfest Grant, and Hess Scholars programs for
summer research.
Our families have been characteristically supportive and gracious throughout
the several years that we worked on this project. Their collective patience has
been extraordinary. We owe eternal gratitude to our spouses, María Emilia Nava
and Alessandra Del Conte Dickovick. We are also grateful to (and for) our won-
derful children: Gabriela Eastwood, Carolina Dickovick, Gabriela Dickovick,
Samuel Eastwood, and Alexander Eastwood. We owe much gratitude to our
parents and extended families as well, of course.

00-Dickovick-FM.indd 23 12/06/15 7:05 pm

 xxiv Preface

We are grateful as well to the fine editorial staff at Oxford University Press.
We particularly appreciate the excellent ideas and efforts of Jennifer Carpenter,
Lauren Mine, and Thom Holmes. All of them improved this text substantially
with their insights and hard work over several years. We have also benefited from
the work of Jane Lee, Barbara Mathieu, David Bradley, Maegan Sherlock, and
Brianna Provenzano, among others.
We owe gratitude as well to those who developed our passion for (and under-
standing of) comparative politics. With the standard caveat that any errors of
fact or interpretation in this text are solely our own, we want to thank first our
earliest teachers of comparative politics. Above, all, we wish to thank Kent Eaton
and Liah Greenfeld. We also owe great thanks to Jeffrey Herbst, Deborah
Yashar, Chuck Lindholm, Scott Palmer, John Stone, and Evan Lieberman, as
well as Nancy Bermeo, Atul Kohli, Lynn White, and Claudio Véliz, among
others.
Finally, we thank the external evaluators of this edition, who gave generously
of their time and expertise:

Diane Bulpett Jeffrey Lewis Cheryl Van Den Handel

Northeastern University Cleveland State University Northeastern State University
Ivy Hamerly Vanja Petricevic Adryan Wallace
Baylor University Florida Gulf Coast University University of Hartford.
Katherine H. Keyser Laura Roselle
Drew University Elon University
Eric Langenbacher Hootan Shambayati
Georgetown University Florida Gulf Coast University

We also thank the many reviewers of the first edition, whose insights helped
shape the book:

Dauda Abubakar Karolyn Benger Jeffrey Conroy-Krutz

Ohio University Georgia Institute of Technology Michigan State University
Despina Alexiadou Anna Brigevich William Crowther
University of Pittsburgh The University of North Carolina The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill at Greensboro
Michelle Allendoerfer
George Washington University Joel R. Carbonell Ian Down
Kent State University at Stark University of Tennessee–Knoxville
Jason Ross Arnold
Virginia Commonwealth Ryan Carlin Glen Duerr
University Georgia State University Cedarville University
Andrew Appleton Luis F. Clemente Matthew Fails
Washington State University Ohio University Oakland University
Tanya Bagashka Howard Cody Ronald A. Francisco
University of Houston University of Maine University of Kansas

00-Dickovick-FM.indd 24 12/06/15 7:05 pm

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