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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN
GEOGRAPHY

SECOND EDITION
This page intentionally left blank
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN
GEOGRAPHY

SECOND EDITION

EDITOR IN CHIEF
Audrey Kobayashi
Department of Geography
Queen’s University
Kingston, ON, Canada

VOLUME 1
Elsevier
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Designer: Mark Rogers
EDITOR IN CHIEF

Audrey Kobayashi is Professor of Geography and a Queen’s Research Chair at Queen’s University. A
native of British Columbia, she completed a B.A. (1976) and M.A. (1978) at the University of British
Columbia, and a PhD (1983) at UCLA. She taught in Geography and East Asian Studies at McGill
University from 1983 to 1994, then moved to Queen’s, initially as Director of the Institute of
Women’s Studies (1994 to 1999) and thereafter as Professor of Geography. Other positions include
President of the Canadian Association of Geographers (1999-2001), and President of the Association
of American Geographers (2011-2012). In 2011 she was inducted into the Royal Society of Canada,
and in 2018 was appointed a Fellow of the Association of American Geographers. Her scholarship
has always been strongly focused on issues of human rights. She has published widely on topics,
such as anti-racism, citizenship, immigration policy, employment equity, and disability studies.
Her publications are always matched, however, by participation in communities as a scholar activist.
She is currently involved in several research projects that address the “Landscapes of Injustice” of the
Japanese-Canadian uprooting, and the “Right to Remain” of people currently living in precarious
housing in the downtown East Side of Vancouver. Her most recent project is to study the role of
protest music in activism for the rights of homeless people in Dublin, Ireland and Vancouver. Major
publications include Rethinking the Great White North: Race, Nature, and the Historical Geographies of
Whiteness in Canada (co-edited with Andrew Baldwin and Laura Cameron, UBC Press, 2011), Immigrant Geographies of North American Cities
(co-edited with Carlos Teixeira and Wei Li, Oxford University Press, 2012), and Geographies of Peace and Armed Conflict (Routledge, 2012),
Racialization, Indigeneity, and Racism in Canadian Universities (UBC Press 2017), and The International Encyclopedia of Geography (editor 2017).
She has received major awards from the Canadian Association of Geographers, the American Association of Geographers, the Canadian
Association of University Teachers, as well as the Barnes teaching award from the Faculty of Arts and Science Undergraduate Society, and
the Queen’s Award for Excellence in Graduate Teaching.

v
This page intentionally left blank
EDITORIAL BOARD

Mark Boyle
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place
University of Liverpool
Liverpool, United Kingdom

Noel Castree
Department of Geography
Manchester University
Manchester, United Kingdom

Francis L. Collins
National Institute of Demographic and Economic Analysis
University of Waikato
Hamilton, New Zealand

Jeremy W. Crampton
School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape
Newcastle University
Newcastle, United Kingdom

Sarah de Leeuw
University of Northern British Columbia
Prince George, BC, Canada

Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho
Department of Geography
National University of Singapore
Singapore

Isaac Luginaah
Department of Geography
The University of Western Ontario
London, ON, Canada

Brij Maharaj
Geography Discipline, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences
University of Kwazulu-Natal
Durban, South Africa

vii
This page intentionally left blank
SECTION EDITORS

Mark Boyle
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place
University of Liverpool
Liverpool, United Kingdom

Mark Boyle worked from 2003 to 2007 at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow as Lecturer and
then Senior Lecturer in Geography and from 2007 to December 2017 as Professor/Chair of Geog-
raphy at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. From 2007 to 2012, he served as head of the
Department of Geography at Maynooth and from 2013 to 2016 as Director of the Interdisciplinary
National Institute of Regional and Spatial Analyses (NIRSA) at Maynooth. From January 2018 he
serves as Chair or Urban Studies and Director of the Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice
and Place, at the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom. He has authored two books, edited
a book, edited nine special editions/sections of international peer reviewed journals and published
over 90 scholarly papers and reports (including 44 in international peer reviewed journals).

ix
x Section Editors

Noel Castree
Department of Geography
Manchester University
Manchester, United Kingdom

Noel Castree is a Professor of Geography at Manchester University, United Kingdom, and an

Honorary Professorial Research Fellow at the University of Wollongong, Australia. He edits the jour-
nal Progress in Human Geography and is author of the book Making Sense of Nature (2014).
 Section Editors xi

Francis L. Collins
National Institute of Demographic and Economic Analysis
University of Waikato
Hamilton, New Zealand

Francis L. Collins is Professor of Geography and Director of the National Institute of Demographic
and Economic Analysis at the University of Waikato. His research has explored international migra-
tion focusing on the experiences, mobility patterns and regulation of temporary migrants. Francis’
research includes work exploring: international students and urban transformation, higher educa-
tion and the globalization of cities, labor migration, marginalization and exploitation, time and
youth migration, and the role of aspirations and desires as driving forces for migration. Francis is
the author of Global Asian City: migration, desire and the politics of encounter in 21st century Seoul (Wiley,
2018) and co-editor of Intersections of Inequality, Migration and Diversification (Palgrave, 2019), and
Aspiration, Desire and the Drivers of Migration (Routledge, 2019).
xii Section Editors

Jeremy W. Crampton
School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape
Newcastle University
Newcastle, United Kingdom

Jeremy W. Crampton’s interests are in how and why geolocational technology affects urban and
everyday experience and wellbeing. In particular, he studies the effects of surveillance on privacy,
spatial Big Data and algorithmic decision-making. To address these questions, he analyzes how
digital landscapes of algorithms and data are planned, mapped, and produced. He also has a recent
interest in the geolocational implications of biometric platforms such as facial and emotional recog-
nition technologies. Jeremy is an Editor of the journal Dialogues in Human Geography, and the author
of Mapping: A Critical Introduction to Cartography and GIS (Wiley).
 Section Editors xiii

Sarah de Leeuw
University of Northern British Columbia
Prince George, BC, Canada

Sarah de Leeuw, a Professor in Canada with the University of Northern British Columbia’s
Northern Medical Program, the Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia, is
a cultural–historical geographer and creative writer (poetry and literary non-fiction). Her research,
writing, teaching, and activism focus on feminist anti-colonial social justice, especially in rural,
northern, and marginalized places. She holds a Canada Research Chair in Humanities and Health
Inequities and, in 2017, was inducted into the Royal Society of Canada as a member of the College
of New Scholars, Artists, and Scientists.
xiv Section Editors

Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho
Department of Geography
National University of Singapore
Singapore

Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho is Associate Professor at the Department of Geography and Senior Research
Fellow at the Asia Research Institute (ARI), National University of Singapore. Her research addresses
how citizenship is changing as a result of multi-directional migration flows in the Asia-Pacific. She is
author of Citizens in Motion: Emigration, Immigration and Re-migration Across China’s Borders (Stanford
University Press), which received the American Sociological Association’s (ASA) award for “Best
Book in Global and Transnational Sociology by an International Scholar” in 2019. Elaine is Editor
of the journal Social and Cultural Geography, and serves on the journal editorial boards of Citizenship
Studies; Emotions, Society and Space; and the Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography.
 Section Editors xv

Isaac Luginaah
Department of Geography
The University of Western Ontario
London, ON, Canada

Isaac Luginaah is a Professor and was a Canada Research Chair in Health Geography (200-2017) at
the Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. He is a graduate of
the University of Cape Coast, Ghana (BSc. Hons), Queen’s University of Belfast, UK (MSc), York
University (MES), and McMaster University (PhD), Canada. His research addresses how emerging
epidemics are radically changing health landscapes in the face of increased burdens from environ-
mental exposure in both developed and developing countries. He has led several projects on pop-
ulation, environment, and health. His work in Africa and North America has made strong
theoretical and methodological contributions, addressing environmental hazards and deficiencies
in health service provision.
xvi Section Editors

Brij Maharaj
Geography Discipline, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences
University of Kwazulu-Natal
Durban, South Africa

Brij Maharaj is a senior professor in geography who has received widespread recognition for his
research on urban politics, segregation, displacement, local economic development, xenophobia,
and human rights, migration and diasporas, religion, philanthropy, and development. He has pub-
lished over 150 scholarly papers in renowned journals, such as Urban Studies, International Journal of
Urban and Regional Studies, Political Geography, Urban Geography, Antipode, Polity and Space, Geoforum,
Local Economy, and GeoJournal, as well as five co-edited book collections. He is co-editor of the South
African Geographical Journal (Routledge), and serves on several international editorial boards. He is
a B-Rated NRF researcher. He is a regular media commentator on topical issues as part of his
commitment to public intellectualism.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Manuel B Aalbers
KU Leuven, The University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Gunn Marit Aasvang
Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division for
Infection Control and Environmental Health,
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
M Abreu
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Patrick Adler
School of Cities, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada
Adrian Guillermo Aguilar
Institute of Geography, National Autonomous University
of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
J Agyeman
Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
Ola Ahlqvist
Department of Geography, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH, United States
L Albrechts
University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Derek H Alderman
University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN,
United States
Fiona Allon
Department of Gender and Cultural Studies, The
University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
Luis F Alvarez Leon
Department of Geography, Dartmouth College,
Hanover, NH, United States
Claes G Alvstam
School of Business, Economics and Law, University of
Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Jon Anderson
School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, United Kingdom
GJ Andrews
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Gavin J Andrews
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Roger Antabe
Department of Geography, Social Science Centre,
University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
Constantinos Antonopoulos
Department of Environmental and Natural Resources
Management, University of Patras, Patras,
Greece
Neil Argent
Geography and Planning, University of New England,
Armidale, NSW, Australia
Godwin Arku
The University of Western Ontario, London, ON,
Canada
Frederick Ato Armah
Department of Environmental Science, School of
Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural
Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
C Arun-Pina
Department of Geography, York University, Toronto,
ON, Canada
James Ash
School of Arts and Cultures, Newcastle University,
Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Sheena Asthana
School of Law, Criminology and Government, University
of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
xvii
xviii List of Contributors

Jennifer Atchison Holly Barcus

Australian Centre for Culture, Environment, Society and Department of Geography, Macalester College, Saint
Space (ACCESS), School of Geography and Sustainable Paul, MN, United States
Communities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong,
Trevor J Barnes
NSW, Australia
Department of Geography, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
PJ Atkins
Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
Clive Barnett
University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Rowland Atkinson
Department of Urban Studies and Planning, University Jon Barnett
of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom School of Geography, The University of Melbourne,
Parkville, VIC, Australia
Maoz Azaryahu
University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, Timothy Barney
United States; and University of Haifa, Haifa, Department of Rhetoric and Communication Studies,
Israel University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
Iwan J Azis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States Chris Barrett
English Department, Louisiana State University, Baton
Jørgen Ole Bærenholdt Rouge, LA, United States
Department of People and Technology, Roskilde
University, Roskilde, Denmark Leigh Barrick
Geography Department, University of British Columbia,
Jen Bagelman
Vancouver, BC, Canada
School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle
University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United kingdom
Tanja Bastia
Elena Baglioni Global Development Institute, The University of
School of Business and Management, Queen Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Mary University of London, London, United
Ranu Basu
Kingdom
Department of Geography, York University, Toronto,
ON, Canada
AL Bain
Department of Geography, York University, Toronto, Jane Battersby
ON, Canada African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town,
Cape Town, South Africa
W Andrew Baldwin
Department of Geography, Durham University, Michael Batty
Durham, United Kingdom Faculty of the Built Environment, University College
London, London, United Kingdom
Matthew D Balentine
Jamie Baxter
University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro,
Department of Geography, University of Western
NC, United States
Ontario, London, ON, Canada
Clare Bambra Trycia Bazinet
Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medical Carleton University, North Bay, ON, Canada
Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne,
David Bell
United Kingdom
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United
Kingdom
Brandon Barclay Derman
University of Illinois Springfield, Springfield, IL, Scott Bell
United States University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
 List of Contributors xix

David Bennett Adam Bledsoe

Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United
Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada States

Aimee Benoit S Bodden

School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh,
Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge,
Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Lethbridge, AB, Canada

Vincent Berdoulay JS Boggs

Brock University, St. Catharines, ON,
Laboratoire Passages (UMR 5319), CNRS; and
Canada
University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour, Pau, France
JD Bohland
Christin Bernhold
Global Politics and Societies Department, Hollins
Department of Geography, University of Hamburg,
University, Roanoke, VA, United States
Hamburg, Germany
Sophie Bond
Kathryn Besio
School of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin,
Geography and Environmental Studies, University of
New Zealand
Hawaiʻi at Hilo, Hilo, HI, United States
David Bonilla
Ling Bian Institute of Economic Research, National Autonomous
University at Buffalo, State University of New York, University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Amherst, NY, United States
Marco Bontje
Marcy Bidney University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
American Geographical Society Library, University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States Gary Bosworth
School of Geography, University of Lincoln, Lincoln,
Roland Billen United Kingdom
University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
William M Bowen
Mark Birkin Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs,
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United
Kingdom States

Bradley Wade Bishop Sophie Bowlby

School of Information Sciences, University of Tennessee, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Knoxville, TN, United States
Mark Boyle
Elijah Bisung
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place,
School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
M Jean Blair Paul Boyle
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Jordan P Brasher
Ismael Blanco
University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN,
The Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona,
United States
Spain
Mark Brayshay
Sarah Blandy
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
School of Law, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United
University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
Kingdom
Daniel Brendle-Moczuk
Joe Blankenship
McPherson Library, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC,
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
Canada
xx List of Contributors

S Brentjes RA Butlin
Univeristy of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Gary Bridge Michael Buzzelli
School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON,
Cardiff, United Kingdom Canada
Gavin Bridge Jason A Byrne
Department of Geography, Durham University, Department of Geography and Spatial Sciences,
Durham, United Kingdom University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
John Briggs Jake Rom D Cadag
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City,
Kingdom Philippines
James MR Brock Catherine A Calder
School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United
Auckland, New Zealand States
Marc Brosseau
Sydney Calkin
Department of Geography, University of Ottawa,
Department of Geography, Durham University,
Ottawa, ON, Canada
Durham, United Kingdom; and School of Geography,
Aleid E Brouwer Queen Mary University of London, London, United
Faculty of Spatial Science, University of Groningen, Kingdom
Groningen, The Netherlands; and Academy of
International Business Administration, NHL Stenden Liam Campling
University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The School of Business and Management,
Netherlands Queen Mary University of London, London,
United Kingdom
Kath Browne
Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland Sébastien Caquard
Christopher R Bryant Department of Geography, Planning and
University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada Environment, Concordia University, Montreal, QC,
Canada
John R Bryson
City-Region Economic Development Institute, Jordan Carlson
Department of Strategy and International Business, Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
Birmingham Business School, University of University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Jordan T Carlson
Dirk Burghardt Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's
Institute of Cartography, Dresden University of University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Technology, Dresden, Germany
Pádraig Carmody
Ryan Burns
Department of Geography, Trinity College, Dublin,
Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Ireland; University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg,
Richard Bustin South Africa; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin,
Lancing College, Lancing, United Kingdom Ireland
Colin D Butler Juliet Carpenter
Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United
Australia; and Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Kingdom
Australia
Ricardo Carreon Sosa
Tim Butler Posgraduate School of Engineering, National
Department of Geography, King’s College London, Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City,
London, United Kingdom Mexico

Richard Carter-White
Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie
University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Denise M Carter
University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
Irene Casas
School of History and Social Sciences, Louisiana Tech
University, Ruston, LA, United States
Emilio Casetti
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United
States
Heather Castleden
University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George,
BC, Canada; and Department of Geography and
Planning, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Jose Esteban Castro
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Kingdom; and National Scientific and Technical
Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Filippo Celata
Department of Methods and Models for Economics,
Territory and Finance, Sapienza University of Rome,
Rome, Italy
Elizabeth Chacko
The George Washington University, Washington, DC,
United States
Chad Chambers
Department of Geography, Maxwell School of Syracuse
University, Syracuse, NY, United States
GU Chaolin
School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing,
China
Graham Chapman
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
Eric Charmes
RIVES, UMR CNRS EVS, ENTPE, University of Lyon,
Lyon, France
Sutapa Chattopadhyay
Geography and Development Studies, St. Francis Xavier
University, Antigonish, NS Canada
Jingfu Chen
Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
Zhangliang Chen
Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics
and Regional Economics Applications Laboratory,
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
List of Contributors xxi
James Cheshire
Department of Geography, University College London,
London, United Kingdom
Lynda Cheshire
School of Social Science, University of Queensland, St
Lucia, QLD, Australia
Simon Chilvers
Department of Geography, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Frangton Chiyemura
The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
Vera Chouinard
School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster
University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Nicholas R Chrisman
Bellingham, WA, United States
Brett Christophers
Department of Social and Economic Geography, Uppsala
University, Uppsala, Sweden
Jonathan Cinnamon
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies,
Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Ryerson
University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Gordon L Clark
Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, School
of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University
Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford,
Oxford, United Kingdom; and Department of Banking
and Finance, Monash Business School, Monash
University, Caulfield, VIC, Australia
Nigel Clark
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
David B Clarke
Department of Geography, College of Science, Swansea
University, Swansea, United Kingdom
Keith C Clarke
Department of Geography, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
Nick Clarke
Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
P Claval
Paris-Sorbonne University, Paris, France
John Clayton
Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Kingdom
xxii List of Contributors

Hugh Clout Ian Cook

University College London, London, United
Kingdom
Denise S Cloutier
Department of Geography, and Research Affiliate
Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of
Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Allan Cochrane
Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Social
Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United
Kingdom
Logan Cochrane
Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; and
Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
Daniel Cockayne
Department of Geography and Environmental
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada
Chris Cocklin
James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Neil M Coe
Department of Geography, National University of
Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Amy Cohen
Department of Anthropology, Okanagan College,
Kelowna, BC, Canada
Peter Collier
Department of Geography, University of Portsmouth,
Southsea, United Kingdom; and University of
Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
Damian Collins
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Francis L Collins
National Institute of Demographic and Economic
Analysis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New
Zealand
Michael Collyer
University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
Alex R Colucci
Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
Creighton Connolly
National University of Singapore, Singapore
David Conradson
School of Earth and Environment, University of
Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter,
United kingdom
Philip Cooke
Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Thomas J Cooke
Department of Geography, University of Connecticut,
Storrs, CT, United States
Meghan Cope
Department of Geography, University of Vermont,
Burlington, VT, United States
Jon Corbett
Community, Culture and Global Studies, University of
British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
Jonathan Corcoran
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Helen Couclelis
Department of Geography, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
Rory Coulter
Department of Geography, University College London,
London, United Kingdom
Pauline R Couper
Geography, School of Humanities, York St John
University, York, United Kingdom
Kevin R Cox
Department of Geography, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH, United States
Shaphan Cox
Discipline of Geography, School of Design and Built
Environment, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Sophie Cranston
Geography and Environment, Loughborough University,
Loughborough, United Kingdom
Thomas W Crawford
Department of Geography, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,
VA, United States
Noel Cressie
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United
States
Tim Cresswell
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
 List of Contributors xxiii

Verónica Crossa Wayne KD Davies

The College of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico Department of Geography, University of Calgary,
Calgary, AB, Canada
David Crouch
University of Derby, Epperstone, United Kingdom Suzanne Davies Withers
Department of Geography, University of Washington,
Graham Crow
Seattle, WA, United States
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Simin Davoudi
Gregg Culver
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Institute of Geography, University of Heidelberg,
Kingdom
Heidelberg, Germany
Leith Deacon
Andrew Cumbers
School of Environmental Design and Rural
Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow,
Development, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario
Glasgow, United Kingdom
David Delaney
Nigel Curry
Amherst College, Amherst, MA, United States
Lincoln International Business School, University of
Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom C Delano-Smith
Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced
Michelle Daigle
Study, University of London, London, United Kingdom
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Vincent J Del Casino, Jr.
Caoilfhionn D’Arcy
California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach,
Maynooth University Department of Geography,
CA, United States
NUI Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
Carolyn NM DeLoyde
Sandy Dall’erba
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's
Department of Agricultural and Consumer
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Economics and Regional Economics Applications
Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, Sarah de Leeuw
United States Institute for Critical Indigenous Studies and Department
of Geography, University of British Columbia (UBC),
Craig Dalton
Vancouver, BC, Canada; and Northern Medical
Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies and
Program, UNBC, Faculty of Medicine, UBC, University
Geography, Hempstead, NY, United States
of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC,
Canada
Frances Darlington-Pollock
Department of Geography and Planning, University of Eric M Delmelle
Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, and
Center for Applied Geographic Information Science,
Raju J Das University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte,
York University, Toronto, ON, Canada NC, United States

Ebenezer Dassah Carolyn NM DeLoyde

United Nations University - International Institute for Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
Global Health (UNU-IIGH), Kuala Lumpur, University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Malaysia Jessica Dempsey
Mark Davidson University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States Mark Denil
Amanda Davies sui generis, Washington, DC, United States
Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia Steve DeRoy
Anna R Davies The Firelight Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Department of Geography, Trinity College Dublin, Ben Derudder
Dublin, Ireland Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
xxiv List of Contributors

Menusha De Silva Michelle Duffy

Singapore Management University, Singapore,
Singapore
Michael R Desjardins
Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, and
Center for Applied Geographic Information Science,
University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte,
NC, United States
Pauline Deutz
Department of Geography, Geology and Environment,
University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
Sarah Dickin
Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Catherine D’Ignazio
Department of Urban Studies and Planning,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
United States
Martin Dijst
LISER, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxemburg
Mahmoudi Dillon
University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
Alan V Di Vittorio
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA,
United States
Deborah P Dixon
School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Iain Docherty
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Klaus Dodds
Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United
Kingdom; and University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK,
United States
Bolesław Doma nski
Jagiellonian Univeristy, Krakow, Poland
Betsy Donald
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Clemens Driessen
Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Martine Drozdz
Technologies, Territories and Societies Laboratory,
CNRS, Paris, France
Jessica Dubow
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of
Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW,
Australia
Patrick J Duffy
National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth,
Ireland
Rae Dufty-Jones
Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Michael Dunford
Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources
Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
and University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
Jim Dunn
Department of Health, Aging and Society, McMaster
University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
William Durkan
Department of Geography, The National University of
Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
Andrew C Dwyer
University of Bristol Cyber Security Group, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United
Kingdom
Owen J Dwyer, III
Indiana University School of Liberal Arts at Indiana
University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI),
Indianapolis, IN, United States
R Earickson
University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United
States
LaToya Eaves
Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN,
United States
Sally Eden
University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
T Edensor
Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester,
United Kingdom
David W Edgington
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC,
Canada
Charity Edwards
Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; and
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC,
Australia
 List of Contributors xxv

David C Eisenhauer David Fazzino

Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
Stuart Elden
Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; and
Politics and International Studies, University of
Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Kajsa Ellegård
Department of Thematic Studies, Linköping University,
Linköping, Sweden
Susan J Elliott
Department of Geography and Environmental
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada
Sarah Elwood
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Salvatore Engel-Di Mauro
Department of Geography, State University of New York
at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY, United States
Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Catawissa, PA,
United States
Yongjiu Feng
Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Zhiqiang Feng
Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
David A Fennell
Department of Tourism and Environment, Brock
University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
Md Azmeary Ferdoush
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United
States
Eduarda Ferreira
Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, NOVA
University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Marta Bivand Erdal Federico Ferretti

Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), Oslo, School of Geography, University College Dublin, Dublin,
Norway Ireland
Christina R Ergler
School of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin, Carolyn Fish
New Zealand Department of Geography, University of Oregon,
Eugene, OR, United States
Joshua Evans
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Robert Fish
University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Karen Falconer Al-Hindi
University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United
Robert Flanagan
States
Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
C Cindy Fan
Department of Geography, University of California Los Richard Florida
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States School of Cities, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada
Matthew Farish
Department of Geography and Program in Planning, Robin Flowerdew
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Geography and Sustainable
May Farrales Development, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews,
Northern Medical Program, University of Northern United Kingdom
British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada; and Ronan Foley
Environment and Community Health Observatory The National University of Ireland, Maynooth,
Network, University of Northern British Columbia, Maynooth, Ireland
Prince George, BC, Canada
Ken E Foote
Victoria Fast University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO,
Department of Geography, University of Calgary, United States; and University of Haifa, Haifa,
Calgary, AB, Canada Israel
James R Faulconbridge Benjamin Forest
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
xxvi List of Contributors

Peter J Forman Nick Gallent

Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom University College London, London, United Kingdom
Kelleann Foster Juan Carlos García-Palomares
Penn State, University Park, PA, United Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and
States History, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid,
Spain
Coleen A Fox
Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States Emma C Gardner
City-Region Economic Development Institute,
Urbano Fra Paleo
Department of Strategy and International Business,
University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
Birmingham Business School, University of
Derek France Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Department of Geography and International
Gioacchino Garofoli
Development, University of Chester, Chester, United
Department of Economics, Insubria University, Varese,
Kingdom
Italy
Claire Freeman
School of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin, Jay D Gatrell
New Zealand Office of Academic Affairs, Eastern Illinois University,
Charleston, IL, United States
Cordelia Freeman
School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Franz W Gatzweiler
Nottingham, United Kingdom Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of
Christina Frendo Sciences, Xiamen, China
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON, Canada Raegan Gibbings
University of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and
Scott M Freundschuh Tobago
National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, United
States David Gibbs
Wardlow Friesen Department of Geography, Geology and Environment,
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom

Louis Kusi Frimpong Chris Gibson

Department of Geography and Resource Development,
University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
Kurt Fuellhart
Geography-Earth Sciences, Shippensburg University,
Shippensburg, PA, United States
Simone Fullagar
Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
Lisa Funnell
Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United
Kingdom; and University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK,
United States
Levi Gahman
Power, Space, and Cultural Change Research Unit,
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Carolyn Gallaher
School of International Service, American University,
Washington, DC, United States
School of Geography and Sustainable Communities,
University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
Emily Gilbert
Canadian Studies Program, Department of Geography
and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada; and University College, Toronto, ON, Canada
Kathryn Gillespie
Seattle, WA, United States
Shea Ellen Gilliam
Spatial Science Institute, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Menelaos Gkartzios
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Kingdom
Brendan Gleeson
Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, University of
Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
 List of Contributors xxvii

Charmian Goh Martin Gren

Asia Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore Department of Cultural Sciences/Human Geography,
Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Linnaeus University,
John R Gold
Kalmar, Sweden
Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes
University, Oxford, United Kingdom
Amy L Griffin
Eric Goldfischer School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC,
University of Minnesota, Department of Geography, Australia
Environment, and Society, Minneapolis, MN, United
States Carl Griffin
Department of Geography, University of Sussex,
Ricard Gomà Brighton, United Kingdom
The Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain Daniel A Griffith
Huiwen Gong School of Economic, Political and Policy Sciences,
Kiel University, Kiel, Germany University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United
States; and University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson,
Michael Frank Goodchild TX, United States
Department of Geography, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States Leonard Guelke
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
D Goodman
University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, Javier Gutiérrez
United States Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and
History, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid,
MK Goodman Spain
King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Robert N Gwynne
Sucharita Gopal University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United
Department of Earth and Environment, Center for Kingdom
Remote Sensing, Boston University, Boston, MA, United
States Jeff Hackett
Gernot Grabher The Firelight Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
RR Hagelman, III
Richard Grant Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States
University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
Roy Haines-Young
Dustin W Gray University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Kingdom
Canada
Jouni Häkli
Neil Gray Space and Political Agency Research Group, Faculty of
Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow, Management and Business, Tampere University,
Glasgow, United Kingdom Tampere, Finland

Andrew Greenhalgh-Cook Michael Haldrup

School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Department of Communication and Arts, Roskilde
Nottingham, United Kingdom University, Roskilde, Denmark

Adaeze Greenidge Keith Halfacree

University of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Department of Geography, Swansea University,
Tobago Swansea, United Kingdom
xxviii List of Contributors

Edward Hall Matthew G Hatvany

Geography, School of Social Sciences, University of Department of Geography, Laval University, Québec,
Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom QC, Canada

Peter Hall Eva Hauthal

Institute of Cartography, Dresden University of
University College London, London, United Kingdom
Technology, Dresden, Germany
Sarah Hall
Harriet Hawkins
School of Geography, University of Nottingham,
Nottingham, United Kingdom Department of Geography, University of London,
Egham, United Kingdom
Tim Hall
Billy Tusker Haworth
Department of Applied Social Studies, University of
Winchester, Winchester, United Kingdom Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, The
University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Trevor Hancock
Allison Hayes-Conroy
School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of
Geography and Urban Studies, Temple University,
Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Philadelphia, PA, United States
Carolyn Hank
Jessica Hayes-Conroy
School of Information Sciences, University of Tennessee,
Women’s Studies, Hobart and William Smith Colleges,
Knoxville, TN, United States
Geneva, NY, United States
Gentry Hanks
Christine Haylett
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
The University of Manchester, Manchester, United
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Kingdom
Neil Hanlon
Kingsley E Haynes
Geography Program, University of Northern British
George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
Roger Hayter
Torfinn Harding
Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University,
NHH Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
Burnaby, BC, Canada
Richard Harris
Stephen Healy
School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster
Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney
University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
Stephan Harrison
Liam Heaphy
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University
School of Architecture, Planning and Environmental
of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
Policy, University College Dublin, Dublin,
Johannes Hartig Ireland
DIPF Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in
Katie Hemsworth
Education, Frankfurt, Germany
Department of Geography, Nipissing University, North
Rudi Hartmann Bay, ON, Canada
Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences,
Martin Henning
University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States
School of Business, Economics and Law, University of
Francis Harvey Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography, Institute for
Matthew Henry
Geography, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey
John Hasse University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
Brita Hermelin
Robert Hassink Centre for Municipality Studies (CKS), Linköping
Kiel University, Kiel, Germany University, Norrköping, Sweden
 List of Contributors xxix

Andrew Herod Rory Horner

Department of Geography, University of Georgia,
Athens, GA, United States
Rachel V Herron
Department of Geography and Environment, Brandon
University, Brandon, MB, Canada
Martin Hess
Department of Geography, School of Environment,
Education and Development, University of Manchester,
Manchester, United Kingdom
John Hessler
Library of Congress, Washington, DC, United States
Geoffrey JD Hewings
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
Jennifer Hill
Department of Geography and Environmental
Management, Faculty of Environment and Technology,
University of the West of England, Bristol, United
Kingdom
Sam Hind
University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
Julian Hine
University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, United
Kingdom
The University of Manchester, Manchester, United
Kingdom; and University of Johannesburg,
Johannesburg, South Africa
Myriam Houssay-Holzschuch
Sciences Po Grenoble, Pacte, University Grenoble Alpes,
CNRS, Grenoble, France
Donna Houston
Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie
University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
Alice J Hovorka
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Jeremy RL Howells
University of Kent, Cantenbury, United Kingdom
Richard Howitt
Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie
University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Brian J Hracs
Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Phil Hubbard
Leicestershire University, Leicester, United Kingdom

Elaine LE Ho Ray Hudson

Department of Geography, National University of Department of Geography, University of Durham,
Singapore, Singapore Durham, United Kingdom

Steven Hoelscher Rachel Hughes

Departments of American Studies and Geography, The School of Geography, University of Melbourne, Carlton,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States VIC, Australia

Adam Holden Sarah M Hughes

University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
Peter Holland
University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Louise Holt
University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Department of Geography, Durham University,
Durham, United Kingdom
David W Hugill
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies,
Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada

P Hopkins PJ Hugill
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United
Kingdom States
Donagh Horgan
RP Huizinga
Department of Architecture, University of Strathclyde,
University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Glasgow, United Kingdom
Mark W Horner John S Humphreys
Department of Geography, The Florida State University, School of Rural Health, Monash University, Bendigo,
Tallahassee, FL, United States VIC, Australia
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3
For these two points cf. H. vii. 152.
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