Hypothesis Testing

Prepared by: Muhammad Athar

Assistant Professor of Statistics
Govt. Zamindar Graduate Collge
Gujrat
Testing of Hypothesis about
𝟐
population variance 𝝈
 General Procedure:
 Step 1: Formulation of null and
alternative hypotheses
 Possible null and alternative hypotheses:
2 2
 𝐻0 : 𝜎2 = 𝜎0 𝐻1 : 𝜎2 ≠ 𝜎0
2 2
 𝐻0 : 𝜎2 ≥ 𝜎0 𝐻1 : 𝜎2 < 𝜎0
2 2
 𝐻0 : 𝜎2 ≤ 𝜎0 𝐻1 : 𝜎2 > 𝜎0
 Step 2: Specification of level of
significance denoted by 𝛂
 Step 3: Test to be used to test the null
hypothesis

𝑛−1 𝑠2
 𝜒2 =
𝜎20
With n -1 degrees of freedom
 Step 4: Defining critical region / rejection region
 Critical region is always based on alternative
hypothesis.
 If alternative hypothesis is 𝐻1 : 𝜎2 ≠ 𝜎2
0 the critical
region will be 𝜒2 < 𝜒21−𝛼 ,𝑛−1 and 𝜒2 > 𝜒2𝛼 ,𝑛−1
2 2
 If alternative hypothesis is 𝐻1 : 𝜎2 > 𝜎20 the critical
region will be 𝜒2 > 𝜒2𝛼,𝑛−1
 If alternative hypothesis is 𝐻1 : 𝜎2 < 𝜎2 0 the critical
region will be 𝜒2 < 𝜒21−𝛼,𝑛−1
 Where 𝜒2 𝛼
1− 2,𝑛−1 , 𝜒 2
𝛼 ,𝜒 2
and 𝜒 2
1−𝛼,𝑛−1 are the
2,𝑛−1 𝛼,𝑛−1
critical values that can be calculated from 𝜒2 table.
 Step 5: Draw a random sample and using
sample information calculate the value of
𝜒2 test.

 Step 6: We draw our conclusion
whether we accepted or rejected our null
hypothesis.
Example 1
 A manufacturer of car batteries claims that
the batteries will last, on average, 3 years
with a variance of 1 year. If 5 of these
batteries have lifetimes of 1.9, 2.4, 3.0, 3.5,
and 4.2 years, use 5% level of significance and
decide if the manufacturer’s claim
 that σ2 = 1 is valid. Assume the population
of battery
 lives to be approximately normally
distributed.
Example 2
 Aflotoxins produced by mold on peanut
crops in Virginia must be monitored. A
sample of 64 batches of peanuts reveals
levels of 24.17 ppm, on average, with a
variance of 4.25 ppm. Test the hypothesis
that σ2 = 4.2 ppm against the alternative
that σ2 ≠ 4.2 ppm.
Example 3
 A soft-drink dispensing machine is said to
be out of control if the variance of the
contents exceeds 1.15 deciliters. If a
random sample of 25 drinks from this
machine has a variance of 2.03 deciliters,
does this indicate at the 0.05 level of
significance that the machine is out of
control? Assume that the contents are
approximately normally distributed.
Example 4
 Past experience indicates that the time
required for high school seniors to
complete a standardized test is a normal
random variable with a standard deviation
of 6 minutes. Test the hypothesis that σ =
6 against the alternative that σ < 6 if a
random sample of the test times of 20
high school seniors has a standard
deviation s = 4.51. Use a 0.05 level of
significance.
Testing of Hypothesis about
two population variances
 General Procedure:
 Step 1: Formulation of null and
alternative hypotheses
 Possible null and alternative hypotheses:
2 2 2 2
 𝐻0 : 𝜎1 = 𝜎2 𝐻1 : 𝜎1 ≠ 𝜎2
2 2 2 2
 𝐻0 : 𝜎1 ≥ 𝜎2 𝐻1 : 𝜎1 < 𝜎2
2 2 2 2
 𝐻0 : 𝜎1 ≤ 𝜎2 𝐻1 : 𝜎1 > 𝜎2
 Step 2: Specification of level of
significance denoted by 𝛂
 Step 3: Test to be used to test the null
hypothesis
 Whenever we want to test the equality of
two population variances we use the test:
𝑠21
 𝐹=
𝑠22
 With 𝑣1 = 𝑛1 − 1, 𝑣2 = 𝑛2 − 1 degrees
of freedom
 Step 4: Defining critical region / rejection region
 Critical region is always based on alternative
hypothesis.
2 2
 If alternative hypothesis is 𝐻1 : 𝜎1 ≠ 𝜎2 the critical
region will be 𝐹 < 𝐹1−𝛼 2,(𝑣1 ,𝑣2 ) and
 𝐹 > 𝐹𝛼 2,(𝑣1 ,𝑣2 )
 If alternative hypothesis is 𝐻1 : 𝜎21 > 𝜎22 the critical
region will be 𝐹 > 𝐹𝛼,(𝑣1 ,𝑣2 )
 If alternative hypothesis is 𝐻1 : 𝜎21 < 𝜎22 the critical
region will be F > 𝐹1−𝛼,(𝑣1 ,𝑣2 )
 Step 5: Draw a random sample and using
sample information calculate the value of
F test.

 Step 6: We draw our conclusion

whether we accepted or rejected our null
hypothesis.
Example 1
 A study is conducted to compare the lengths of
time required by men and women to assemble a
certain product. Past experience indicates that
the distribution of times for both men and women
is approximately normal but the variance of the
times for women is less than that for men. A
random sample of times for 11 men and 14
women produced the following data:
 Men Women
 𝑛1 = 11 𝑛2 = 14
 𝑠1 = 6.1 𝑠2 = 5.3
 Test the hypothesis that 𝜎12 = 𝜎22 against the
alternative that 𝜎12 > 𝜎22 .
Example 2
 An experiment was conducted to compare the
alcohol content of soy sauce on two different
production lines. Production was monitored eight
times a day. The data are shown here.
 Production line 1:
 0.48, 0.39, 0.42, 0.52, 0.40, 0.48, 0.52, 0.52
 Production line 2:
 0.38, 0.37, 0.39, 0.41, 0.38, 0.39, 0.40, 0.39
 Assume both populations are normal. It is
suspected that production line 1 is not producing
as consistently as production line 2 in terms of
alcohol content. Test the hypothesis that 𝜎12 =
𝜎22 against the alternative that 𝜎12 ≠ 𝜎22