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y A f(x)
yz-plane
a
b
b z y
f(x) dx
a
y A f(x)
x first octant a b
xy-plane b
f(x) dx
a
Integral Calculus, 3D Geometry & Vector Booster

11 March 2017 11:32:07 AM
Integral Calculus, 3D
Geometry &
Vector Booster
with Problems & Solutions
JEE
Main and Advanced
About the Author
REJAUL MAKSHUD (RM)
Post Graduated from Calcutta University in PURE MATHEMATICS.
Presently, he trains IIT Aspirants at RACE IIT Academy, Jamshedpur.
Integral Calculus, 3D
Geometry &
Vector Booster
with Problems & Solutions
JEE
Main and Advanced
Rejaul Makshud
M. Sc. (Calcutta University, Kolkata)
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

chennai
McGraw Hill Education Offices

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Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited,
444/1, Sri Ekambara Naicker Industrial Estate, Alapakkam, Porur, Chennai - 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India
Integral Calculus, 3D Geometry & Vector Booster
Copyright © 2017, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise
or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored
and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.
This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers,

ISBN (13): 978-93-5260-576-7

ISBN (10): 93-5260-576-4
Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw Hill Education (India), from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither
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Dedicated to
My Beloved Mom and Dad
Preface
INTEGRAL CALCULUS, 3D GEOMETRY & VECTOR BOOSTER with Problems & Solutions for JEE Main and Advanced
is meant for aspirants preparing for the entrance examinations of different technical institutions, especially NIT/IIT/BITSAT/
IISc. In writing this book, I have drawn heavily from my long teaching experience at National Level Institutes. After many
years of teaching I have realised the need of designing a book that will help the readers to build their base, improve their
level of mathematical concepts and enjoy the subject.
This book is designed keeping in view the new pattern of questions asked in JEE Main and Advanced Exams. It has
six chapters. Each chapter has the concept booster followed by a large number of exercises with the exact solutions to the
problems as given below:
Level - I : Problems based on Fundamentals

Level - II : Mixed Problems (Objective Type Questions)
Level - III : Problems for JEE Advanced
Level - IV : Tougher problems for JEE Advanced
(0.......9) : Integer type Questions
Passages : Comprehensive Link Passages
Matching : Matrix Match
Reasoning : Assertion and Reason
Previous years’ papers : Questions asked in Previous Years’ IIT-JEE Exams
Remember friends, no problem in mathematics is difficult. Once you understand the concept, they will become easy.
So please don’t jump to exercise problems before you go through the Concept Booster and the objectives. Once you are
confident in the theory part, attempt the exercises. The exercise problems are arranged in a manner that they gradually
require advanced thinking.
I hope this book will help you to build your base, enjoy the subject and improve your confidence to tackle any type of
problem easily and skillfully.
My special thanks goes to Mr. M.P. Singh (IISc. Bangalore), Mr. Yogesh Sindhwani (Head of School, Lancers
International School, Gurugram), Mr. Manoj Kumar (IIT, Delhi), Mr. Nazre Hussain (B. Tech.), Dr. Syed Kashan Ali
(MBBS) and Mr. Shahid Iyqbal, who have helped, inspired and motivated me to accomplish this task. As a matter of fact,
teaching being the best learning process, I must thank all my students who inspired me most for writing this book.
I would like to convey my affectionate thanks to my wife, who helped me immensely and my children who bore with
patience my neglect during the period I remained devoted to this book.
I also convey my sincere thanks to Mr Biswajit Das of McGraw Hill Education for publishing this book in such a
beautiful format.
viii Preface
I owe a special debt of gratitude to my father and elder brother, who taught me the first lesson of Mathematics and
to all my learned teachers— Mr. Swapan Halder, Mr. Jadunandan Mishra, Mr. Mahadev Roy and Mr. Dilip Bhattacharya,
who instilled the value of quality teaching in me.
I have tried my best to keep this book error-free. I shall be grateful to the readers for their constructive suggestions
toward the improvement of the book.
Rejaul Makshud
M. Sc. (Calcutta University, Kolkata)
Contents
Preface vii
1. Indefinite Integrals 1.1–1.161

Definition 1.1
Geometrical interpretation of Integration 1.1
Basic formulae on integration 1.1
Standard Methods of Integration 1.2
Integration by Parts 1.5
Choice of the first function and the second function 1.5
Partial Fractions 1.6
Integration of Irrational Functions 1.8
Euler’s Substitution 1.9
Integration by Reduction Formula 1.9
Inexpressible integrals 1.12
Exercises 1.12
Answers 1.39
Hints and Solutions 1.41
2. Definite Integrals 2.1–2.131

What is definite Integral? 2.1
Evaluation of Definite Integrals 2.1
Evaluation of definite integrals by substitution 2.1
Geometrical interpretation of definite integral 2.1
Definite integral as the limit of sum 2.2
Evaluation of the limit of the sum using Newton-Leibnitz Formula 2.2
Properties of Definite Integrals 2.2
Mean Value of a Function over an Interval 2.7
Improper Integrals 2.7
Gamma Function 2.7
Beta Function 2.7
Walli’s Formula 2.7
Exercises 2.8
Answers 2.37
x Contents
3. Area Bounded by the Curves 3.1–3.62

Rules to Draw Different Types of Curves 3.1
Area of the Cartesian Curve 3.2
area of the region bounded by a single curve and the co-ordinate axes 3.2
Area between two curves 3.3
Area of the region bounded by the several curves 3.4
Least value of a variable area 3.4
Exercises 3.4
Answers 3.17
4. Differential Equation 4.1–4.103

Introduction 4.1
Definition 4.1
Ordinary Differential Equation 4.1
Partial differential equation 4.2
Order of a differential equation 4.2
Degree of a differential equation 4.2
Linear and non-linear differential equation 4.3
Formation of a differential equation 4.3
Differential equation of first order and first degree 4.3
Orthogonal Tragectories 4.6
First Order Higher Degree Differential Equation 4.6
Higher Order Differential Equation 4.7
Applications of Differential Equation 4.8
Exercises 4.9
Answers 4.26
5. Vectors 5.1–5.80
Introduction 5.1
Physical quantities 5.1
Representation of vectors 5.1
types of vectors 5.2
Algebra of vectors 5.3
Left and right handed orientation 5.4
Position vector of a point in a space 5.4
Linear Combination 5.4
Linearly dependent vectors 5.4
Linearly independent vectors 5.4
Section formulae 5.4
Bisector of angle between vectors A and b 5.6
straight line 5.6
Plane 5.6
Definition 5.7
Geometrical interpretation of a ◊ b 5.7
Properties of dot product
__›
of two vectors 5.7 _ _›
Component of a vector B along and perpendicular to vector A
5.8
Contents xi
Physical significance of the dot prodcut of two vectors 5.8

Introduction 5.9 _›
_
›
Geometrical Interpretation of a × b 5.9
Properties of vector product of two vectors 5.9
Introduction 5.10
Properties of scalar triple product of vectors 5.10
Introduction 5.11
Geometrical significance of a × (b × c) 5.11
Explanation of Vector Triple Product 5.11
Properties of vector triple product 5.11
Scaler product of four vectors 5.12
Vector product of four vectors 5.13
Geometrical interpretation of (a × b) × (c × d) 5.13
Reciprocal system of vectors 5.13
Exercises 5.15
Answers 5.35
6. 3D-Co-ordinate Geometry 6.1–6.69

Introduction 6.1
Rectangular co-ordinate system 6.1
Position vector of a point in a space 6.1
Distance between two points in space 6.2
Section formulae 6.2
Direction cosines and direction ratios of a vector or a line 6.3
Definition 6.4
Equation of a line passing thorugh a point and parallel to a vector 6.4
Equation of a Line Passing Through Two Points A (r1) and B (r2) is r = r1 + l(r2 – r1) 6.5
Angle between two straight lines 6.5
Skew lines 6.5
Definition 6.5
General Form 6.5
Equation of a plane passing through a point (x, y, z,) 6.6
Equation of a plane passing through three non-collinear points 6.6
Coplanarity of four points 6.6
Intercept form of a plane 6.6
Normal to a plane 6.6
Vector form 6.6
Equation of a plane in normal form 6.6
Normal form of a Plane 6.7
Theorem 6.7
Angle between two planes 6.7
Angle between a line and a plane 6.7
Equation of a plane parallel to a given plane 6.7
Equation of a plane parallel to the axes 6.7
Equation of a plane passing thorugh (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2) and parallel to the line having
direction ratios a, b, c 6.8
xii Contents
Equation of the plane passing through a point (x 1, y1, z1) and parallel to two lines
having direction ratios (a1, b1, c1) and (a2, b2, c2) is 6.8
Equation of a plane passing through the line of intersection of planes 6.8
Distance of a point from a plane 6.9
Distance between two parallel planes 6.9
Sides of a plane 6.9
Intersection of a line and a plane 6.9
Condition for a line to lie in a plane 6.9
Condition of coplanarity of two lines 6.9
Equation of the planes bisecting the angle between the planes 6.9
Bisector of the acute and obtuse angles between two planes 6.9
Foot of perpendicular of a point w.r.t. a plane 6.10
Image of a point w.r.t. a plane 6.10
Equation of the plane containing a given line and parallel to a given line 6.10
Equation of the plane containing two given lines 6.10
Exercises 6.10
Answers 6.24
Chapter
1 Indefinite Integrals
Concept Booster 3.
1__
Ú  ___
__
  dx = 2 ÷x + c
÷x
Formula 3
1. Definition
The inverse process of differentiation is called integration.
1. Ú sin x dx = – cos x + c
d
Let g (x) be a differentiable function of x such that  ___ 2. Ú cos x dx = sin x + c
dx
(g(x) + c) = f (x).
Then (x) dx = g(x) + c.
3. Ú sec2 x dx = tan x + c
Thus g(x) is called a primitive or anti-derivative or an 4. Ú cosec2 x dx = – cot x + c
indefinite integral or simply integral of f (x) with respect to
x, where f (x) is called the integrand, c is called the constant 5. Ú sec x ◊ tan x dx = sec x + c
of integration.
6. Ú cosec x ◊ cot dx = – cosec x + c
2. Geometrical interpretation of Integration
Formula 4
Let f (x) be a given continuous function and g(x) one of its dx
anti-derivatives such that y = (x) dx = g(x) + c.
1. Ú ______
  _____   = sin– 1 x + c
÷ 1 – x2 
If y = (x) dx = g(x) + c, then y = g(x) + c represents dx
2. Ú _____
 
1 + x2
  = tan– 1 x + c
3. Basic formulae on integration dx

3. Ú ________
  _____   = sec– 1 x + c
Formula 1 |x|÷x2 – 1 
n+1
x
1. Ú xndx = n_____  
+1
  + c Type 1: Integrals of the form
dx
2. Ú 0 . dx = c Ú  _______
1 ± sin x
3. Ú k . dx = kx + c   (
sin x
Ú _______ )
  dx,
1 ± sin x
4. Ú  __1x . dx = log |x| + c dx
Ú  ________ ,
5. Ú ex = ex + c 1 ± cos x
ax
6. Ú ax dx = ____  
log a
+ c   (
cos x
Ú ________   dx, )
1 ± cos x
Formula 2
sec x dx
1 1 Ú  ___________
  ,
1. Ú  __2  dx = –  __
x + c sec x ± tan x
x
__ 2 cosec x
2. Ú ÷x dx = __    x3/2 + c Ú  _____________
     dx
3 cosec x ± cot x
1.2 Integral Calculus, 3D Geometry & Vector Booster
cos x
Rule: Simply rationalize the denominator. 2. Ú cot x dx = Ú  ____ dx
( )
f (x) sin x
Type 2: Integrals of the form Ú  ____   dx, = log |sin x| + c
g (x)
sec x(sec x + tan x)
where f (x) and g(x) be two polynomials such that deg of 3. Ú sec x dx = Ú  ________________
  
     dx
f(x) ≥ deg of g(x). (sec x + tan x)
Rule: Simply divide the numerator by the denominator. = log |sec x + tan x| + c
Type 3: An integral is related to inverse trigonometric
functions.
|
1 + sin x
= log  ________
cos x   + c |
| |
p
Rule: Simply write the simplest form of the expression
under the inverse term.
1 + cos __
= log  ______________
(
    – x
2
    
)
   + c
p
4. Standard Methods of Integration
__
(
sin     – x
2 )
|| |
p x
There is no general method to find the integral of a function.
If the integral is not a derivative of some known functions,
2cos2 __
= log  _____________________
(
    – __
4 2
      
     )    + c
p x p x
the corresponding integrals cannot be determined. In general,
we use the following three types of integration:
2 sin __ (
    – __
4 2 ) (
     cos __
    – __
4 2 )
    
(i) Integration by substitution

(ii) Integration by parts
( )|
p x
= log cot __
    – __
4 2
       + c
(iii) Integration by partial fractions.

Now we shall discuss about the integration by the sub-

|  p2  – ( __ p4  – __ 2x  ) ) | + c
= log tan ( __
stitution method.
Type 4: Integrals of the form Ú f (ax + b) dx

|  p4  + __ 2x  ) | + c
= log tan ( __
cosec x(cosec x – cot x)

Rule: Simply put a x + b = t. 4. Ú cosec x dx = Ú  ____________________
      
(cosec x – cot x)
 dx
Type 5: Integrals of the form = log |cosec x – cot x| + c
dx
Ú  _________________
| |
   .
______   ______ 1 – cos x
ax + b   ± ÷
÷ ax – d = log  _______  + c
sin x
|| |
Rule: Simply rationalize the denominator.
Type 6: Integrals of the form

2sin2 __
= log ______________
 
( ) x
    
  
2
   x    + c

____ f (x)
Ú f (x) ÷g(x)  dx, Ú  _____
____  dx.
÷g(x) 
2 sin __() ()
2
x
     cos __     
2
Rule: Put g(x) = t2

x
= log tan __ ( )|
       + c
2
f ¢(x)
Type 7: Integrals of the form Ú  ____  dx Type 8: Integrals of the form
f(x)
Rule: Put f (x) = t Ú (f (x))n ◊ f ¢(x) dx
Formula 5
Rule: Put f (x) = t
1. Ú tan x dx = log |sec x| + c Type 9: Integrals of the form
2. Ú cot x dx = log |sec x| + c Ú sinm x cos nx dx, where m and n are real numbers.
3. Ú sec x dx = log |sec x + tan x| + c Case I: When m is odd and n is even

|
p
= log tan __
4 2 (
    + __
x
)|
       + c
4. Ú cosec x dx = log |cosec x – cot x| + c
Rule: Put cos x = t
Case II: When m is even and n is odd
= log tan __
x
| ( )|
       + c.
2
Rule:
Case
put sin x = t.
III: When m and n both are odd
Proof Rule: Put either sin x = t or cos x = t
sin x
1. Ú tan x dx = Ú  ____
cos x dx Case IV: When m and n both are even
= – log |cos x| + c Rule: In this case, we shall use the following formulae:
= log |sec x| + c
Indefinite Integrals 1.3
1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2x d (Denominator) = Numerator + k

or 1 – cos 2x = 2 sin x. 2 2. Then separate the Numerator into two terms and
use
Case V: When m is odd and n is zero
dx
Rule: put cos x = t Ú  x______
2
± a2
 .
Case VI: When m is zero and n is odd
Rule: Put sin x = t Type 12: Integrals of the form
Case VII: When m is even and n is zero. dx
Ú  ____________
   .
___________
Rule: In this case we shall use the following formulae: ÷ax + bx   
2
+ c
1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2x Rules
1 – cos 2x = 2sin2x. 1. Make the coefficient of x2 unity.
Case VIII: When m is zero and n is even 2. Express the term under the square root as a sum or
difference of two perfect squares.
Rule: In this case, we shall use the following formulae:
dx dx
1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2x 3. Use Ú  ______
2 2
  or Ú  _______
______  
x ±a ÷a – x2 
2
1 – cos 2x = 2 sin2x. _______
Case IX: When m + n = – ve even integer | | x
x2 ± a2   + c or sin–1 __
= log x + ÷ ( )
 a   + c
= – 2k (say), where k Œ N
Rules
1. Divide the numerator and denominator by cos2k x f ¢(x)dx
Ú  ____________________
     ,
  
___________________
2. Put tan x = t. ÷a{f (x)} ±    
2
b{f (x)} ± c
Formula 6 dx
dx 1 x i.e. reducible to Ú  ____________
   
___________
1. Ú  ______
x2 + a2 a
  = __ ( )
  tan– 1 __
 a   + c ÷ax + bx   
2
+ c
Rules
2. 2
dx
Ú  x______
–a 2
1
  = ___
| x + a|
x–a
  log  _____   + c
2a 1. Put f (x) = t
_______ 2. Apply (Type 12)
______   = log | x + ÷
x2 + a2  | + c
dx
3. Ú  _______ Type 14: Integrals of the form
÷x + a  
2 2
______ px + q
4. ______  = log | x + ÷x2 – a2  | + c.
dx
Ú  ________ Ú  _____________
    dx
___________
÷x – a  
2 2 ÷ax + bx   
2
+ c
dx x Rules
5. ______  = sin– 1 ( __
Ú  ________  a  ) + C. 1. Reduce the term under the square root in such a way
÷a – x  
2 2
that
Note: You should keep in mind that, the coefficient of x2 d (ax2 + bx + c) = numerator + k
must be unity every time. If not, first we make the co-
efficient of x2 be unity. 2. Separate the numerator into two terms and use
_______
dx
Type 10: Integrals of the form Ú  ___________
  
ax2 + bx + c

dx
Ú  ________ |
______   = log x + ÷x2 ± a2   + c|
÷ x ± a2 
2
Rules
1. Make the co-efficient of 2 unity
dx
2. Express the denominator as a sum or difference of
two perfect squares.
Ú  ______________
2
  ,
a sin x + b cos2x
Type 11: Integrals is of the form
dx dx
px + q Ú  a_________ , Ú  _________ ,
± b sin2x a ± b cos2x
Ú  ___________
2
   dx.
ax + bx + c
dx
Rules Ú  __________________
2
   2  ,
a sin x ± b cos x ± c
1. Reduce the denominator in such a way that
dx Rules
Ú  (a
_______________     ,
sin x ± b cos x)2 1. Divide
______
the numerator and the denominator by
dx ÷a2 + b2
Ú  ____________________________
    
  
(a sin x ± b cos x)(c sin x ± d cos x)
 ,
2. Reduce the denominator as sin (A ± B) or
 
dx cos (A ± B)
Ú  __________
  .
a + b sin2x 3. use
Rules

| p
Ú sec x dx = log tan __ (
    + __
4 2
x
)|
       + c
| ( )|
1. Divide the numerator and denominator by the highest
power of cos x. or Ú cosec x dx = log tan __ 2x     + c
2. Put tan x = t. Type 19: Integrals of the form
Type 16: Integrals of the form a sin x + b cos x
Ú  _____________
   dx.
  
c sin x + d cos x
sin x cos x
Ú  _______
sin 3x dx Ú cos 3x dx
,  ________ Rules
1. Write the numerator = l (denominator) +
Rules
m (denominator).
1. First we cancel the common factors from the
2. Compare the coefficients of sin x and cos x
numerator and the denominator.
3. Solve for l and m.
2. Divide the numerator and the denominator by
cos2x. Type 20: Integrals of the form
3. Put tan x = t. a sin x + b cos x + c
Ú  ________________
   dx.
p sin x + q cos x + r
Rules
dx dx
Ú  _____________
a cos x + b sin x Ú a + b sin x
  ,  _________ , 1. Write numerator = l (denominator) + m (denomina-
tor) + n
dx dx 2. Compare the coefficient of sin x, cos x and the contant
Ú  a_________
+ b cos x Ú a cos x + b sin x + c
,  ________________
      . term.
3. Find the values of l, m and n.
Rules
1. Replace sin x by ___________

 
2
x
2 tan __
  
()
    

(cos x ± sin x)
Ú  ___________
  
  dx
x  , f (sin2x)
2 __
1 + tan     
2 () Rules
1. Put sin x ± cos x = t

1 – tan __
cos x by ___________
    
2
x
2
()
     2. Use (sin x ± cos x)2 = 1 ± sin2 x
x  .
1 + tan2 __ ()
    
2
2
x +1
Ú ___________
     dx,
2. Replace 1 + tan __ 2 x
() x
     in the numerator by sec2 __
2 ()
    
2 x4 ± l x2 + 1
2
3. Put
x
tan __ ()
     = t
2
4
x –1
Ú ___________
2
x ± lx + 1
dx
     dx, Ú  ___________
    ,
x ± lx2 + 1
4
dx dx
4. Use Ú  _______  or Ú  ______  . where l ŒR
x2 + a2 x2 – a2
Rules
Type 18: Integrals of the form 1. Divide the numerator and the denominator by x2.
dx 2. Reduce the denominator in such way that
Ú  _____________
   ,
a cos x + b sin x
_______
( 1
d x ± __ )
 x   = numerator ± k
dx
where 0 < ÷a2 + b2  £ 2 3. Use Ú  _______  .
x ± a2
2
Type 23: Integrals of the form Type 24: Integrals of the form
Ú tan x dx, Ú cot x dx Ú ex {f (x) + f ¢(x)} dx = ex f (x) + c
Ú (tan x + cot x) dx Type 25: Integrals of the form
Ú ex {( f + g) + ( f ¢ + g¢ )} dx = ex ( f + g) + c
Ú (tan x – cot x) dx.
Rules
1. Put tan x or cot x = t2
Ú ekx {k f (x) + f ¢(x)} dx = ekx f (x) + c
2. Apply the form 24. Type 27: Integrals of the form
5. Integration by Parts Ú eax sin bx dx, Ú eax cos bx dx.

If u and v be two functions of x, then
Rule 1 Ú eax sin bx dx
du
Ú (u v) dx = u Ú v dx – Ú ___
dx {
  Ú v. dx dx }   2
eax
= _______  (a sin bx – b cos bx) + c
a + b2
Proof: We know that,
d Rule 2 Ú eax cos bx dx.
 ___ ( f (x).g(x)) = f (x) . g¢(x) + g(x) . f ¢(x)
dx eax
=  _______ (a cos bx – b sin bx) + c
a2 + b2
fi Ú [f (x) . g¢(x) + g(x) . f ¢(x)] dx = f (x) . g(x)
Proof: Let u = Ú eax cos bx dx
fi Ú ( f (x) . g¢(x)dx
and v = Ú eax sin bx dx
= f (x) g(x) – Ú g(x) . f ¢(x)dx
Then u + iv
d
Put f (x) = u, and ___
  [g(x)] = v
dx = Ú eax cos bx dx + i Ú eax sin bx dx
fi Ú v dx = g(x) = Ú eax (cos bx + i sin bx) dx
= Ú eax◊ eibxdx
Thus, Ú (u v) dx = u Ú v dx – Ú { ___
  Ú v . dv } dx.
du
dv

i.e. the integral of the product of two function = Ú eax + ibxdx

= (First function) × (Integral of the second func-
= Ú e(a + ib)xdx
tion) – Integral of [(derivative of the first func-
tion) × (Integral of the second function)] e(a + ib)x
= ______
  + c
6. Choice of the first function and the second function a + ib
1. We can choose the first fnction as the function which (a – ib)e(a + ib)x
= _____________
      
  + c
comes first in the word ILATE, where (a2 + b2)
I stands for inverse trigonometric functions Comparing the real and imaginary part, we get the required
L stands for logarithmic functions result.
A stands for algebraic functions Formula 7
T stands for trigonometric functions ______ ______ 2
E stands for exponential functions. 1. Ú ÷a2 – x2  dx = __ 2x  ÷a2 – x2  + __
a
2
x
    sin– 1 ( __
 a  ) + c
_______
2. If the integrand be logarithmic functions or inverse
trigonometric functions alone, take the second func- 2. Ú ÷x2 + a2  dx _______ ______
a2
tion as unity.
______ 2
x 2
=  __  ÷
x + a2  + __
2
| |
    log x + ÷x2 – a2   + c
3. If both the functions are trigonometric, consider the
second function, whose integral being simpler and 3. Ú ÷x2 – a2  dx
_______ ______
a2
the other as the first function.
x
=  __  ÷x2 – a2  –
2
__ |
    log x + ÷
2
|
x2 – a2   + c
Proof: ______ ______

a2
______ = x ÷x2 – a2  – Ú ÷x2 – a2  dx – Ú  ________
______  dx
1. Let I = Ú ÷a2 – x2  dx ÷ x2 – a2  
______ ______
|
= x ÷x2 – a2  – I – a2 log x + ÷ |
x2 – a2   + c
( )
______
1 ______
× – 2x
fi I = ÷a2 – x2  Ú dx – Ú  ________   ◊ x dx
2 ÷a2 – x2  ______ ______
______ fi |
2I = x ÷x2 – a2  – a2 log x + ÷ |
x2 – a2   + c
fi
(
I = x ÷a2 – x2  + Ú x ________
2
2
  _______   dx
÷ a – x2  ) fi
x
I = __
______
a2
    ÷x2 – a2  – __ |
    log x + ÷
______
|
x2 – a2   + c
( )
______ 2 2
(a2 – x2) – a2
fi I = x ÷a2 – x2  – Ú  ____________
  
______  
   dx Type 28: Integrals of the form
÷ a2 – x2 
___________
______ ______
fi I = x ÷a – x  – Ú ÷a – x   dx + a Ú  _______
2 2 2 2 dx2
______ 
Ú ÷ax2 + bx    + c  dx
÷ a – x   Rules
2 2
______
1. First we make the coefficient of x2 unity
fi I = x ÷a2 – x2  – I + a2 sin–1  __
x
a   +( )
C
2. Express the term under the square root as a sum or
______
fi 2 2 2 – 1 __x
2I = x ÷a – x   + a sin  a   + c ( ) difference of two perfect squares.
_______ ______
______ 2 3. Use Ú ÷
x2
± a 2
 
d x or Ú ÷
a2 – x2  dx
fi
x
I = __
2
2 a
a – x   + __
    ÷ 2
2
–1
a
x
    sin  __   + ( )
c
______ Type 29: Integrals of the form
2. Let I = Ú ÷x2 + a2  dx ___________
Ú ( px + q) ÷ ax2 + bx  
+ c dx
( )
_______
1_______
× 2x
= ÷x2 + a2  Ú dx – Ú  _________  ◊ x dx Rules
2 ÷x2 + a2  1. Reduce (px + q) as a derivative of (ax2 + bx + c)
( )
_______
x2
= x ÷x2 + a2  – Ú _______
  ______    dx 2. Use
______ _______
÷ x2 – a2  Ú ÷a2 – x2  dx Ú ÷x2 ± a2  dx.
( )
_______
(x2 + a2) – a2
= x ÷x2 + a2  – Ú  ____________
  
______  
   dx 7. Partial Fractions
÷ x2 + a2  A special type of Aational (proper) function is known as the
_______ _______
a dx partial fraction, where the degree of the numerator < degree
2
= x ÷x2 + a2  – Ú ÷x2 + a2  dx + Ú  _______
______  
of denominator.
÷x2 + a2 
______ ______ f (x)
= x ÷x2 + a2  – I + a2 log x + ÷ |
x2 + a2   + c Let |
h (x) = ____
   .
g(x)
_______ ______
fi |
2I = x ÷x2 + a2  + a2 log x + ÷x2 + a2   + c | Type I: When the denominator is expressible as the product
of non-repeating linear factors.
_______ _______
x 2 a2 Let g(x) = (x – a1) (x – a2) (x – a3) ... (x – an)
fi I = __ x + a2  + __
    ÷     log |x + ÷
x2 + a2 | + c
2 2 f (x)
______ Then ____
   
3. Let I = Ú ÷x – a   dx
2 2 g(x)
A1 A2 A3 An
( )
______
1______
× 2x = _______
    + _______
    + _______
    + ... + _______
   
= ÷x2 – a2  Ú dx – Ú  ________   ◊ x dx (x – a1) (x – a2) (x – a3) (x – an)
2÷x2 – a2 
where A1, A2, ..., An are constant and can be determined by
( )
______
x2 equating the numerator on RHS to the numerator on LHS
= x ÷x – a   – Ú _______
2 2
  ______    dx
and then substituting x = a1, a2, a3, ..., an
÷ x2 – a2 
Type II: When the denominator is expressible as the product
( ) of linear factors such that some of them are repeating.

______
(x2 – a2) + a2
= x ÷x2 – a2  – Ú  ____________
  
______  
   dx
÷ x2 – a2  Let g(x) = (x – a1)k(x – a2)(x – a3)...(x – an)
f (x) A1 A1 A1 Rules
Then  ____  =  _______   +  _______2  + ... + _______
 
g(x) (x – a1) (x – a1) (x – a1)k 1. If m is even or odd integer and n is even positive
B1 B2 Bn integer, put cot x = t.
+  _______   +  _______   + ... + _______
    2. If m is odd positive integer and n Œ even positive
(x – a2) (x – a3) (x – an)
integer, put cosec x = t.
Type III: When the denominator is expressible as the 3. If m = 0 and n = 2 r + 1, " r Œ N, write
product of linear and quadratic factors but non-repeating.
Ú cosec2r + 1x dx = Ú cosec2r – 1x . cosec2x dx
Let g(x) = (x – a1)(x – a2)(x – a3) ... (ax2 – bx + c)
f (x) A1 A2 A3 and then integrate it by parts, where consider cosec2x

Then  ____  = _______
    + _______
    + _______
    as the first function. consider sec2x as the second
g(x) (x – a1) (x – a2) (x – a3)
function.
Bx + C
+ ... +  ___________
   Type 3: Integrals of the form
ax2 + bx + c
dx dx
Type IV: Integrals of the form
Ú  ________
x(xn + 1)
 , Ú  ____________
  
(n – 1)
______
 ,
2 n   n
x (x + 1)
2
x
Ú  ______________
     dx
(x + a)(x2 + b)
2
dx
Ú  ___________
  , where n Œ N
x (1 + xn)1/n
n
Rules
Rules
1. Put x2 = t
1. Take common xn from the denominator.
2. Donot find its derivative
3. Use the concept of partial fractions. 2. Put 1 + x– n = t.
Type V: Integrals of the form Type 4: Integrals of the form

m
x
(x2 + a)(x2 + b) Ú  ________
(ax + b)n
dx, where m, n ŒN
Ú  ______________
  
     dx
(x2 + c)(x2 + d)
Rule put ax + b = t.
Rules
1. Put x2 = t Type 5: Integrals of the form
2. Do not find its derivative dx
Ú  __________
  , where m, n ŒN
3. Reduce it into a partial fraction (degree of the numer- xm(ax + b)n
ator < Degree of denominator)
4. Use the concept of partial fractions.
ax + b
Rule put ______ (
  x   = t )
Advanced Level Type 6: Integrals of the form
dx
Type 1: Integrals of the form Ú  (x_____________
  , where m, n ŒN
– a)n(x – b)n
Ú tanmx . secnx dx Rules
Rules (x–a
1. _____
 
x–b )
  = t, when m < n
1. If is even or odd integer and n is even positive
integer, put tan x = t (x–b
2. _____ )
 x – a   = t, when m > n
2. If m is odd positive integer and n Œ even positive
integer, put sec x = t. Type 7: Integrals of the form
3. If m = 0 and n = 2 r + 1, " r Œ N, write dx
Ú  _________
x(a + bx n)
 , where n ŒN
Ú sec2r + 1x dx = Ú sec2r – 1x . sec2x dx Rule: put

1
xn = __
 
t
and then integrate it by parts, where Type 8: Integrals of the form
2m + 1
x
Ú cotmx . cosecnx dx Ú  (ax
________
2
+ b)n
dx
Rule Put (a x2 + b) = t Rule Put (ax + b) = t p, where p is the LCM of m and n.

Type 9: Integrals of the form Type 3: Integrals of the form
(a sin x + b) dx_____
Ú  ___________
    dx
  
(a + b sin x)2
Ú  __________
   
1 ÷
L (x) L (x) 
2
Rules Rule Put L2(x) = t 2

1. Divide the numerator and the denominator by cos2x
2. Put a sec x + b tan x = t.
dx_____
Type 10: Integrals of the form Ú  _________
   
(a cos x + b) ÷
Q(x) L (x) 
Ú  ____________
    dx
  
(a + b cos x)2 Rule Put L(x) = t2
Rules Type 5: Integrals of the form
1. Divide the numerator and the denominator by sin2x
dx_____
2. Put a cosec x + b cot x = t. Ú  __________
   
Type 11: Integrals of the form ÷
L (x) Q (x) 
1
dx Rule Put L (x) = __
 
Ú  (a
___________    
+ b sin x)2
t
a sin x + b
Rule Put  _________ = t dx_____
a + b sin x Ú  ___________
   
1 ÷
Q (x) Q (x) 2
1 Q2(x)
dx Rule Put x = __
  or t2 = _____
   
Ú  (a
___________    
+ b cos x)2
t Q1(x)
Rule put   (
a cos x + b
t = __________
    
a + b cos x )
______ n
Ú { f ( x ± ÷x2 + a2  )  } dx
Type 13: Integrals of the form ______
Rule Put ( x ± ÷x2 + a2  ) = t
( )
x –x
ae + be
Ú __________
  x      dx
  
p e + q e– x Type 8: Integrals of the form
Rules dx
1. Express the numerator = l (Denominator)
Ú  __________
  , where m + p = N
xm(a + bx)p
+ m × derivative of (Denominator) and m+p>1
2. Compare the coefficients of ex and e– x
Rule Put a + bx = t x.
3. Find l and m.
8. Integration of Irrational Functions
dx
Type 1: Integrals of the form Ú  _____________
  , where m, n ŒR
L (x))m(L (x))n
1 2
( ( ))
a
ax + b __  
Ú f x, ______
    n   dx, Rules
cx + d
L1(x)
where a, b, c, d, a , ŒR 1. If n > m, Put  _____  = t
L2(x)
ax + b
Rule Put ______
 
cx + d (
  = t n ) L 2 (x)
2. If m > n, Put  _____  = t
L 1(x)
dx
Type 10: Integrals of the form Ú  ________
______  
Ú f ( x, (ax + b) a /n
, (ax + b) b /m
) dx, x ÷axn + b
Rule Put axn + b = t2
where m, n are positive integers.
___________
Type 11: Integrals of the form Ú R ( x, ÷ax 2 + bx  
+ c  ) dx
dx
Ú  (a__________
     where a, b Œ R – {0}
+ bx2)3/2
Rules
___________
__
1 1. Put ÷ax 2 + bx   
+ c  = t ± x ÷a , if a > 0
Rule Put x = __
  ___________
t __
2. Put ÷ax 2 + bx  
+ c  = t x ± ÷c , if c > 0,
Type 12: Integrals of the form ___________
3. Put ÷a x 2 + bx   (x – a) t, or (x – b) t, where a
+ c  =
dx
Ú  __________________
       ,
___________ and b are the real roots of ax 2 + bx + c.
(x – k) ÷r
ax2 + bx   
+ c 
10. Integration by Reduction Formula
where r Œ N and k Œ R – {0} A reduction formula is defined as a formula or a connection
1 by means of which the power of the integrand is reduced,
Rule Put x – k = __
 
t therefore, making the integration easier. The basic technique
Type 13: Integrals of the form of obtaining a reduction formula is the integration by parts.
In some cases the method of differentiation or other special
(ax + b)
Ú  ___________________
   
  
___________   dx devices is adopted.
(cx + d) ÷px + qx   
2
+ r Type I: Reduction formula for Ú sinnx dx
Rules Soln. Let In = Ú sinnx dx
1. Put (ax + b) = A(cx + d) + B
2. Find the values of A and B = Ú sinn – 1x ◊ sin x dx
3. Reduce the given integral into two separate
= sinn – 1x Ú sin x dx – Ú (n – 1)sinn – 2x (– cos2x) dx
integrals.
Type 14: Integrals of the form = sinn – 1x(– cos x) + (n – 1) Ú sinn – 2x (1 – sin2x) dx
(ax2 + bx + c)
Ú   ___________________
   
  
___________   dx = sinn – 1x(– cos x) + (n – 1) I n – 2 – In
(dx + e) ÷px2 + qx  
+ r
Rules Thus, (1 + n – 1) In = – cos x ◊ sinn – 1x + (n – 1)In – 2
1. Put (ax2 + bx + c)
fi nIn = – cos x ◊ sinn – 1x + (n – 1) In – 2
= L (dx + e) (2px + q) + M(dx + e) + N
2. Compare the co-efficents of the like terms of both
the sides and find L, M and N.
cos x ◊ sinn – 1x
In = ___________
 
n–1
_____ (
n    +   n   In – 2 )
3. Integrate the given integral. which is the required reduction formula.
Type 15: Integrals of the form Type 2: Reduction formula for Ú cosnx dx
Ú xb (a + bx g )a dx Soln. Let In = Ú cosnx dx
Rules
1. If a Œ I +, expand the integral by the concept of bino- = Ú cosn – 1x ◊ cos x dx
mial expansion.
2. If a Œ I –, we put x = t p, where p is the LCM of the = cosn – 1x Ú cos x dx + (n + 1) Ú cosn – 2x ◊ sinnx dx
denominator of b and g.
= cosn – 1x ◊ sin x + (n + 1) Ú cosn – 2x ◊ (1 – cos2x) dx
b+1
3. If  _____ Œ I and a is a fraction, put (a + bxg ) = t p,
= cosn – 1x ◊ sin x + (n + 1) I n – 2 – In
where p is the denominator of a . Thus, (1 + n + 1)In = cosn – 1x ◊ sin x + (n + 1) I n – 2 + C
b + 1
4. If  _____ + a Œ I, put (a + bxg ) = t pxg, where p is
the denominator of a .
cosn – 1x ◊ sin x
fi In = ___________
 
(n + 2)
    + ( _____
n + 2)
n+1
     I n–2 +C
which is the required reduction formula.

9. Euler’s Substitution Type 3: Reduction formula for Ú tann x dx
Soln. Let In = Ú tann x dx
2 sin(n – 1) x
= Ú tann – 2x ◊ tan2 x dx = ___________
      + In – 2
(n – 1)
= Ú tann – 2x ◊ (sec2 x – 1)dx which is the required reduction formula.
dx
= Ú tann – 2x ◊ sec2 x dx – Ú tann – 2x dx Type 7: Reduction formula for Ú  ________
2

(x + k)n
(tann – 1x
= ______
 
n–1 )
   – In – 2 + C dx
Soln. Let In = Ú  ________
(x2 + k)n

which is the required reduction formula. dx

Then In – 2 = Ú  __________
   
Type 4: Reduction formula for Ú cot x dx n
(x + k)n – 1
2
In = Ú cotnx dx
Soln. Let
= Ú cotn – 2x ◊ cot2 x dx
  2
( 1
= Ú ___________
     dx
(x + k)n – 1 ◊1 )
= Ú cotn – 2x ◊ (cosec2 x – 1) dx
1
n–1 Ú
= _________
  2
(x + k)
– (n – 1)
  1 ◊ dx – Ú  ________
(x2 + k)n( ◊ 2x ◊ x dx
)
= Ú cotn – 2x ◊ cosec2 x dx – Ú cotn – 2x dx
n–1
  2
x
= __________
(x + k)
  
n–1
  2
x2
  + 2(n – 1) Ú _______
(x + k)n
  dx
( )
( )
cot x
= – ______
    – I n – 2 + C x (x2 + k) – k
n–1 =  _________
(x2 + k)n – 1
  + 2 (n – 1) Ú ___________
       dx
(x2 + k)n
Type 5: Reduction formula for Ú secnx dx   2
x
= _________
(x + k)n–1
  2
1
  + 2 (n – 1) Ú __________
(x + k)n–1( 2
k
    –  ________
(x + k)n
  dx
)
Soln. Let In = Ú sec x dx
n
= Ú secn – 2x ◊ sec2 x dx
x
= _________
  2
(x + k)n – 1 (x 2
dx
  + 2 (n – 1) In – 1 – In – 1 – k Ú  _______
+ k)n
 
]
x
= secn – 2x Ú sec2 x dx – Ú (n – 2)secn – 2x ◊ tan2 x dx = _________
    + 2 (n – 1) (In – 1 – k In)
(x2 + k)n – 1
= secn – 2x tan x – (n – 2) Ú secn – 2x ◊ (sec2 x – 1)dx x
= _________
    + 2(n – 1)In – 1 – 2(n – 1)k In
(x2 + k)n – 1
= secn – 2x tan x – (n – 2) Ú (secnx – secn – 2 x)dx
fi 2 (n – 1) k In
= secn – 2x tan x – (n – 2) In + (n – 2) In – 2
x
= _________
    + 2(n – 1) In – 1 – In – 1
fi (n – 2) In = secn – 2x tan x – (n – 2) In – 2 (x2 + k)n – 1
secn – 2x tan x
fi In = __________
 
n–1
  +
   ( _____
n – 1)
n–2
     I
n–2 +C
x
= _________
  2
(x + k)n – 1
  + (2n – 3) In – 1

sin nx
Type 6: Reduction formula for Ú  _____ dx
fi  
x
In = __________________
   2   
2(n – 1) k (x + k)n – 1
  + __
(
1 2n – 3
  ______
     I
k 2n – 2 n – 1 )
sin x
sin nx which is the required reduction formula.
Soln. Let In = Ú  _____ dx
sin x Type 8: Reduction formula for Ú x m(log x)n dx
( sin(n – 2)x
= Ú 2cos(n – 1)x + __________
 
sin x
     dx ) Soln. Let Im, n = Ú x m(log x)n dx
[ sin nx – sin (n – 2)x = 2 cos (n – 1) x sin x

( 1 x m+1
= (log x)n Ú x m dx – Ú n(log x)n – 1 __ ()
 x    _____    dx
m+1 )
sin n x
sin x
sin(n – 2)x
fi  _____ = 2 cos (n – 1)x + __________
 
sin x
    
= (log x)n, ] x m+1
m+1 m+1 Ú
_____
 
n
  – _____
    ( x m(log x)n – 1 ) dx
x m+1 n m
= (log x)n, _____   –  _____   I
n Ú – cos
–  __ m–1
  x(sin nx cos x – sin(n – 1)x) dx
m + 1 m + 1 m, n – 1
x m+1 cosmx ◊ cos nx __
m
n    –  n Ú cos x sin nx dx
n = –  ___________
fi Im, n – 1 = (log x)n, _____   – _____
m
      I
m + 1 m + 1 m, n – 1
which is the required reduction formula. m
n Ú cos
+  __ m–1
x sin (n – 1) x dx
Type 9: Reduction formula for
Ú x m(1 – x)n cosmx ◊ cos nx __
= –  ___________
m m
__
n    –  n Im, n +  n Im – 1, n – 1
Soln. Let Im, n = Ú x m(1 – x)n dx
m
fi 1 + __ (
 n   Im, n )
= (1 – x) n
Ú x m
(
dx + Ú n(1 – x)
n–1
 
m+1
x
◊ _____
m+1 )
   dx

cosmx ◊ cos nx __
= –  ___________
m
n    +  n Im – 1, n – 1
x m+1 n
= (1 – x)n  _____   +  _____   Ú [x m + 1 ◊ (1 – x)n – 1] dx
m+1 m+1 cosmx cos nx _______
m
fi Im, n = –  ___________
  +  
     I
(m + n) (m + n) m – 1, n – 1
x m+1 n
m + 1 m + 1Ú
= (1 – x)n  _____   + _____
    x m + 1 . (1 – x)n – 1dx which is the required reduction formula.
x m+1 n Note: Similarly, we can easily formulate the reduction

m + 1 m + 1Ú
= (1 – x)n  _____   + _____
    [x m . (1 – x)n – 1 ◊ x] dx formula for
m
x m+1
 
n
= (1 – x)n  _____   + _____  
Ú cosmx cos nx dx =  cos x sin nx
__________
m+n
m
   + _______
    I
(m + n) m – 1, n – 1
m+1 m+1
Ú [x m ◊ (1 – x)n – 1 ◊ {– 1(1 – x)}] dx
x m+1 n Ú sinmx sin nx dx
= (1 – x) _____
  n
  + _____
    [I – Im, n]
m + 1 m + 1 m, n – 1
Soln. Let Im, n = Ú sinmx sin nx dx
m+1
x n n
= (1 – x)n _____
    + _____
    I – _____
    – Im, n
m + 1 m + 1 m, n – 1 m + 1 = sinmx Ú sin nx dx
(
fi 1 + _____
 
n
   I
m + 1 m, n ) (cos n x
– Ú m sinm – 1x ◊ cos x ◊ –  ______ )
n   dx
x m+1
n _____n
= (1 – x)     + _____
    I
m + 1 m + 1 m, n – 1 sinmx ◊ cos nx
= –  ___________
n   
x m + 1 (1 – x)n n
fi Im, n = ____________    +  _________   Im, n – 1 m
n Ú sin
+  __
     m–1
x cos x cos nx dx
(m + n + 1) m+n+1
which is the required reduction formula. sinmx ◊ cos nx
= –  ___________
n   
Ú cosmx sin nx dx m
n Ú sin
+  __ m–1
x (cos(n – 1)x – sin nx sin x)dx
Soln. Let Im, n = Ú cosmx sin nx dx
sinmx ◊ cos nx
= –  ___________
n   
= cosmx Ú sin nx dx
m
n Ú sin
+  __ m–1
x (cos(n – 1) x dx
– Ú –  _____
cos nx m–1
(
n ◊ m ◊ cos x◊ – sinx dx )
m
n Ú sin x sin nx dx
–  __ m

cos nx
= cosmx –  _____
n   ( )
m sinmx ◊ cos nx
m
n Ú – cos
–  __ m–1
x (cos nx sin x) dx fi 1 + __ ( )
 n   Im, n = –  ___________
n   
m
cosmx ◊ cos nx +  __
n Im – 1, n – 1
= –  ___________
n   
sinmx ◊ cos nx _______

fi Im, n = –  ___________
  
(m + n)
  +  
m
  I
(m + n) m – 1, n – 1
fi Ú sinmx cosnx dx
sinm – 1x cosn + 1x m–1
Note: Similarly, we can easily formulate the reduction = – Ú  _____________
   + ______
  I
m+n m + n m – 2, n
formula for
sin nx m which is the required reduction formula.
Ú sinmx cos nx dx = sinmx  _______   + _______
    I
(m + n) (m + n) m – 1, n – 1
11. Inexpressible integrals
If an integral Ú f (x) dx as expressible in terms of elementary
Ú sinmx cos nx dx functions, the integral is known as computable. But if an
m–1
Soln. Let P = sin x cos x n+1 integral Ú f (x) dx is not expressible in terms of elementary
dp functions, the integral is known as inexpressible or ‘cannot
fi  ___ = (m – 1) sinm – 2 x cos n + 2x be found’.
dx
Some inexpressible integrals are
– (n + 1) sinm x cos nx
Ú ex dx
2
= (m – 1) sinm – 2x cosnx ◊ cos 2x (i)
Ú e– x dx
2
– (n + 1) sinmx cos nx (ii)
____
= (m – 1) sinm – 2 x cosnx ◊ (1 – sin 2x ) (iii) Ú ÷sin x dx
– (n + 1) sinmx cos nx _____
m–2 n 2
(iv) Ú ÷cos x dx
= (m – 1) sin x cos x ◊ (1 – sin x )
(v) Ú x tan x dx
m n
– (n + 1) sin x cos x sin x
m–2 n
(vi) Ú  ____
x dx
= (m – 1) sin x cos x cos x
– (m – 1) sinmx cosnx – (n + 1) sinmx cos nx
(vii) Ú  ____
x dx
dx
= (m – 1) sinm – 2 x cosnx (viii) Ú  ____
log x

– (m – 1 + n + 1) sinmx cosnx _____
= (m – 1) sin m–2
x cos xn (ix) Ú ÷1______
+ x3 
3
– (m + n) sinmx cosnx
(x) Ú ÷1 + x3  dx
On integration, we get (xi) Ú sin (x2) dx
P = (m – 1) Ú sinm – 2x cosnx dx (xii) Ú cos (x2) dx
2
– (m – n) Ú sinmx cosnx dx x
(xiii) Ú  1_____
+ x5
 dx
(m – n) Ú sinmx cosnx dx
__________
fi
(xiv) Ú ÷1 – k2sin   2
x dx
= – P + (m – 1) Ú sinm – 2x cosnx dx (xv)
__ __
Ú ÷x cos ÷x dx.
Exercises
m
(
3. Evaluate: Ú xm + mx + mm + __
 x   dx )
(Problems based on Fundamentals)
4. Evaluate: Ú 2 ◊ 3 ◊ dx x x
ABC of Integration
5. Evaluate: Ú tan2x dx
1. Evaluate: Ú logx x dx
6. Evaluate: Ú cot2x dx
2. Evaluate: Ú ( 3log x3 )
x2 – 2 log dx
7. Evaluate: Ú  _________
sin x cos2x
2
( (
3p
8. Evaluate: Ú 1+ tan x + ___ )) ( p
       1 + tan __
8 ( ))
    – x   dx
8 ( cos 5x + cos 4x
29. Evaluate: Ú _____________
  )
    dx
  
1 + 2 cos3x
9. Evaluate: Ú (tan x + cot x) dx 2
30. Evaluate: Ú ( ____________
1 – cosx )
cos x – cos2x
       dx
  
dx
10. Evaluate: Ú  _________
1 + cos2x dx
31. Evaluate: Ú  ________________________
        
(tan x + cot x + sec x + cos x)
11. Evaluate: Ú ( 3log 5x ) dx
5x – 2 log
Type 2
( p
12. Evaluate: Ú 1+ tan __ ( ))( p
    – x   1+ tan __
8 ( ))
    + x   dx
8 x+1
x
32. Evaluate: Ú  _____   dx
 (
81 + x + 41 + x
13. Evaluate: Ú __________
22x
     dx ) (1 + x)2
33. Evaluate: Ú  ________
x (1 + x2)
  dx
x m
14. Evaluate: Ú __(
 m + __
 x + xm + mx dx ) x2 – 2
34. Evaluate: Ú  ______   dx
x2 + 1
(ax + b x)2
15. Evaluate: Ú  ________ dx x–1
axbx 35. Evaluate: Ú _____________      dx
(x2/3 + x1/3 + 1)
(2x + 3 x)2
16. Evaluate: Ú  ________
1
2x ◊ 3xdx

1 p
(
x4 + 2
36. Evaluate: Ú ______
  2
x +2
   dx)
17. If f ¢(x) = __
 x + ______
  ______  and f (1) = __
Ú( )
   , find f (x). x4 – 3
÷ 1 – x  
2 2 37. Evaluate: ______
  2    dx
x +1
18. If f ¢(x) = a cos x + b sin x and
p Ú(
x6 – 1
38. Evaluate: ______
  2    dx)
f ¢(0) = 4, f ¢(0) = 3, f __ ( )
     = 5, find f (x).
2
x +1
Type 1
Ú(
x8 + x4 + 1
39. Evaluate: __________
  4   
     dx
x + x2 + 1 )
dx
19. Evaluate: Ú  _______
Ú( )
1 – sin x x4
40. Evaluate: _____
  2    dx
(
sin4x + cos4x
20. Evaluate: Ú ____________
      dx
   ) x +1
Ú( )
sin2x cos2x x4 + x2 + 1
41. Evaluate:  __________
  
     dx
Ú( )
6 6
sin x + cos x
21. Evaluate: ____________
  2     dx
   x2 + x + 1
sin x cos2x
Ú(
x6 + 1
42. Evaluate: ______
  2    dx)
 (
cos 2x – cosa
22. Evaluate: Ú ____________
  
     dx
cosx – cosa ) x +1
Type 3
(
cos4x – sin4x
23. Evaluate: Ú ___________
  _________
÷
     dx
  
1 + cos4x ) 43. Evaluate: Ú sin– 1(sin x) dx
Ú(
1 + tan2x
24. Evaluate: ________
 
1 + cot2x
  dx ) 44. Evaluate: Ú sin– 1(cos x) dx
_________
(
cos x – cos 2x
25. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
     dx
  
1 – cos x )  (÷
1 – cos 2x
45. Evaluate: Ú tan _________
–1
1 + cos 2x
   dx )
___________
(
÷ x4 + x–  
4
+ 2 
26. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
x3
  
   dx )  (sin 2x
46. Evaluate: Ú tan– 1 _________    dx
1 + cos 2x
_________
)
(
5cos3x + 3sin3x
27. Evaluate: Ú ______________
      dx
  
cos2x sin2x ) (÷
1 – cos 2x
47. Evaluate: Ú tan– 1 _________
       dx
1 + cos 2x )
(
cos x – sin x
28. Evaluate: Ú ___________
  )
     (1 + sin2x) dx
cos x + sin x
 (sin x
48. Evaluate: Ú tan– 1 ________
1 – cos x )
  dx
________
–1
  (÷
1 – sin x
49. Evaluate: Ú tan ________
1 + sin x
   dx )   
_________
dx _________
71. Evaluate: Ú  ______________________
     
2x + 2014   + ÷2x + 3013 
÷
Type 6
(
sin x
50. Evaluate: Ú tan–1 ________
 
1 + cos x
  dx ) x
72. Evaluate: Ú  ______
_____   dx
÷
x – 1 
(
cos x
51. Evaluate: Ú tan–1 ________
 
1 – sin x
  dx ) __
x
÷
x+1
( ________
  cos x  ) dx
1 – sin x
52. Evaluate: Ú tan– 1 x
74. Evaluate: Ú  _______
______   dx
_________ _________ ÷
( )
3x + 1 
÷(1 + sin x)  + ÷(1 – sin x) 
53. Evaluate: Ú tan– 1 ______________________
  _________         _________    dx +1
x______
75. Evaluate: Ú  _______   dx
÷ ÷
(1 + sin x)  – (1 + sin x) 
÷
2x – 1 
54. Evaluate: Ú tan– 1 (sec x + tan x) dx –1
x_____
76. Evaluate: Ú  ______   dx
÷
( )
sin 2 x x + 4 
55. Evaluate: Ú tan– 1 __________
      dx
1 + cos 2 x x
Type 4 x2 + 1
Type 7
56. Evaluate: Ú (3x + 2) dx
cos x – sin x
dx 78. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
   dx
57. Evaluate: Ú  ______   sin x + cos x
2x – 3
3 cos x
dx 79. Evaluate: Ú  _________  dx
58. Evaluate: Ú  ______ 2 sin x + 5
5 – 2x
cos x – sin x
80. Evaluate: Ú  __________
   dx
59. Evaluate: Ú eax + b dx 2 + sin 2x
xe x + ex
60. Evaluate: Ú 34x + 5 dx 81. Evaluate: Ú  ________   dx
cos2(xex)
61. Evaluate: Ú cos (5x + 3) dx dx
82. Evaluate: Ú  _________
    
x(1 + ln x)2
62. Evaluate: Ú sin 2x dx
cos x – sin x + 1 – x
______ 83. Evaluate: Ú  _________________   dx
  
63. Evaluate: Ú ÷3x + 2  dx ex + sin x + x
dx
dx 84. Evaluate: Ú  _____x
64. Evaluate: Ú  _______
______   1+e
÷
3x + 4 
dx
85. Evaluate: Ú  ________
3
 
Type 5 x(x + 1)
dx _____
65. Evaluate: Ú  ______________
_____      dx
86. Evaluate: Ú  ________  
x + 2   – ÷x + 1 
÷ 4
x(x + 1)
dx
66. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
   ______
______      dx
(÷2x + 5   – ÷2x + 3 ) 87. Evaluate: Ú x(x
_______
  5
– 1)
 
dx
67. Evaluate: Ú  ________________
    
______   ______
3x + 4   – ÷3x + 1 
÷ sin 2x
88. Evaluate: Ú  __________
   dx
dx ______ sin 5 x sin 3x
68. Evaluate: Ú  ________________
______     
2x + 3   + ÷2x – 3 
÷
dx
dx 89. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
       
69. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
_____    __  sin(x – a) sin (x – b)
÷
x + 1   + ÷x
dx _____ e x – e– x
70. Evaluate: Ú  _______________
_____     90. Evaluate: Ú  ________ dx
x + a   + ÷x + b
÷ e x + e– x
dx dx
91. Evaluate: Ú  ______ 112. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
__   
__  
1 + e– x x (4 + 3÷x )2
÷
dx
92. Evaluate: Ú  _____x 113. Evaluate: Ú 33 ◊ 33 dx
3x x
1+e
sin 2 x
93. Evaluate: Ú  ______________
      dx 114. Evaluate: Ú tan3 x ◊ sec2xdx
a sin x + b cos2x
2
115. Evaluate: Ú sin3 x ◊ cos xdx

sin(x – a)
94. Evaluate: Ú  _________dx (log x)3
sin x
116. Evaluate: Ú  ______
x dx
sin x
95. Evaluate: Ú  ________   dx sin x
sin (x – a) 117. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
_________    dx
÷
3 + 2 cos x
  
sin(x + a)
96. Evaluate: Ú  _________  dx ________
÷2 + log x
sin(x + b)
118. Evaluate: Ú  _________
x dx
dx
97. Evaluate: Ú  _________
__ __   dx
119. Evaluate: Ú  ________ 
x (÷
÷ x + 1) 1 + ÷x
1 + tan x
98. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
   dx 120. Evaluate: Ú x3sin x4 dx
x + log sec x
121. Evaluate: Ú 55 ◊ 55 ◊ 5x dx
5x x
sin 2x
99. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
  dx
sin 5x . sin 3x
sin x – cos x
122. Evaluate: Ú  __________
   dx
cos x – sin x
100. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
   dx
   ex + sin x
1 + sin 2x
dx
dx 123. Evaluate: Ú  _________ 
101. Evaluate: Ú  _________
   x (1 + x 3)
sin x . cos2x
Type 9
dx
102. Evaluate: Ú  __________
  .
sin2x . cos2x case I:
dx 124. Evaluate: Ú sin3 x ◊ cos4x dx

103. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
       
sin (x – a) sin (x – b)
125. Evaluate: Ú sin x ◊ cos6x dx
dx
104. Evaluate: Ú  __________________
       
cos (x – a) cos (x – b) 126. Evaluate: Ú sin5x ◊ cos9x dx
dx
105. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
        case II:
sin (x – a) sin (x – b)
x x(1 + ln x) 127. Evaluate: Ú sin2x ◊ cos3x dx

106. Evaluate: Ú  __________
  
 dx
xx + 1 128. Evaluate: Ú sin4x ◊ cos3x dx
cos x – sin x + 1 – x
107. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
   dx
   129. Evaluate: Ú sin6x ◊ cos5x dx
ex + sin x + x
case III:
108. Evaluate:
sin3x 130. Evaluate: Ú sin3x ◊ cos3x dx
Ú  _________________________________
          dx
(cos x + 3cos x + 1)tan– 1(sec x + cos x)
4 2
131. Evaluate: Ú sin5x ◊ cos5x dx
Type 8
132. Evaluate: Ú sin5x ◊ cos7x dx
109. Evaluate: Ú 3x2 sin (x3) dx
case IV:
(1 + ln x)3
110. Evaluate: Ú  _________ dx
x 133. Evaluate: Ú sin2x ◊ cos2x dx
dx
111. Evaluate: Ú  __________
    
x (1 + x4)3/4
2 134. Evaluate: Ú sin2x ◊ cos4x dx
135. Evaluate: Ú sin4x ◊ cos2x dx dx

156. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
1
  
7

__
    __
   
sin x ◊ cos x
2 2
case V:
dx
157. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
   
136. Evaluate: Ú sin3x dx
__________
÷ sin x ◊ cos  
3 5
x
137. Evaluate: Ú sin5x dx ABC of Formula 6
138. Evaluate: Ú sin7x dx dx
158. Evaluate: Ú  ______  
case VI: x2 + 4
dx
139. Evaluate: Ú cos5x dx 159. Evaluate: Ú  _______  
9x 2 + 1
140. Evaluate: Ú cos3x dx dx
160. Evaluate: Ú  ______
2
 
141. Evaluate: Ú cos7x dx x –4
x4 – 1
case VII: 161. Evaluate: Ú  _______
x2 + 5dx
162. Evaluate: Ú  _______
_____  
÷ x + 4 
4

163. Evaluate: Ú  ________
______  
144. Evaluate: Ú sin6x dx ÷ 4x2 + 1 
case VIII:
(
x+4
164. Evaluate: Ú  _______
x3 + 4x
  dx
)
145. Evaluate: Ú cos x dx
6
146. Evaluate: Ú cos2x dx

(
x4 + 1
165. Evaluate: Ú ______
  2
x +1
   dx)
dx
166. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
    
147. Evaluate: Ú cos4x dx
__________
÷ (2 – x)2   
+ 1 
case IX: x+9
167. Evaluate: Ú  _______ dx
dx
148. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
   x3 + 9x
sin x cos3/2x
1/2
1+x
168. Evaluate: Ú  _____2  dx
dx 1+x
149. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
  
sin x cos5/2x
3/2
1+x
____ 169. Evaluate: Ú  _____ dx
÷tan x x3 + x
150. Evaluate: Ú   ________ dx
sin x cos x dx
170. Evaluate: Ú  _____  
sin x x4 + 1
151. Evaluate: Ú  _____ dx.
cos5x dx
171. Evaluate: Ú  _____
3

x +x
dx
152. Evaluate: Ú  _________
sin x cos5x
3 Type 10
dx
sin2x dx
153. Evaluate: Ú  _______ 172. Evaluate: Ú  __________
3
    
cos6x x + 4x + 4
dx dx
154. Evaluate: Ú  _________ 173. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
2
    
sin x cos3x x + 6x + 10
dx dx
155. Evaluate: Ú  _________ 174. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
    
sin x cos4x
2 2
2x + 5x + 6
3x + 2
dx
175. Evaluate: Ú  _________   195. Evaluate: Ú  __________
     dx
x2 + x + 1 x2 – 3x + 4
x
dx 195. Evaluate: Ú  _________   dx
176. Evaluate: Ú  _________2  2
x +x+1
1+x+x
4x + 1
dx 196. Evaluate: Ú  __________
     dx
177. Evaluate: Ú  __________
2
     x2 + 3x + 2
x + 4x + 3
dx dx
178. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
     197. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
    
2
4x + 7x + 10 2e2x + 3ex + 1
dx (3 sin x – 2) cos x dx
179. Evaluate: Ú  _______ 198. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
    
  
x2 – 2ax (5 – cos2x – 4sin x)
dx
180. Evaluate: Ú  _______ ax3 + bx
2
199. Evaluate: Ú  ________  dx.
x + 2ax x4 + c2
2
dx
181. Evaluate: Ú  ________
a + 2a x
(
cos x – sin x
200. Evaluate: Ú ___________
  )
     × (2 + 2 sin 2 x) dx
cos x + sin x
sin x + cos x
dx
182. Evaluate: Ú  _______2  201. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
   dx
  
2a x – x 5 + 3sin2x
sin x – cos x
dx
183. Evaluate: Ú  ______________
     202. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
   dx
  
3 + 5sin 2x
(x + 1) (x2 + 4)
2
x2 Type 12
184. Evaluate: Ú  ________
6

x + 1dx dx
203. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
   
_________
cos x dx
185. Evaluate: Ú  _______________
      
÷ x + x + 1 
2
2
sin x + 3sin x + 2 dx
204. Evaluate: Ú  _________
________ 
x
x (1 + log x) ÷ x – 2ax
2
186. Evaluate: Ú  ___________

  
    dx dx
x2x + x x + 1 205. Evaluate: Ú  ________
_______ 
dx ÷ 4x – x2 
187. Evaluate: Ú  ________
4
 
x(x + 1) dx
206. Evaluate: Ú __________
  _________
    
x dx
188. Evaluate: Ú  __________
     ÷6 – x – x  
2
x + x2 + 1
4
dx
207. Evaluate: Ú  __________
    
_________
ex dx
189. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
     ÷ 1 + x + x2 
e2x + 6ex + 5 dx
208. Evaluate: Ú  __________
   
_________
x 5 ÷ 1 + x – x2 
190. Evaluate: Ú  _______ dx
1 + x12 dx
209. Evaluate: Ú  _________
________ 
dx ÷ x + 2ax
2
191. Evaluate: Ú  ________
4
 
x(x + 1) dx
210. Evaluate: Ú  _________
________ 
dx ÷ 2ax – x2 
192. Evaluate: Ú  ________  
x(x3 + 1) Type 13
dx x dx
193. Evaluate: Ú  ________   211. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
    
__________
x(xn + 1) ÷ x – x2   
4
+ 1 
________
Type 11 212. Evaluate: Ú ÷sec x – 1  dx
2x + 3
194. Evaluate: Ú  __________
2
     dx dx
213. Evaluate: Ú  ___________   
_______
x + 4x + 5
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the roads only reached that place at 8.30 p.m. The next two or three
days were spent in more or less strenuous marching, and on the
26th the advance guard was held up by machine guns, but these
were silenced and the march resumed. On the 28th the Buffs were
back at Obasi and, on account of the paucity of their numbers, had
to be reorganized into two companies each of two platoons. There
had been recently an epidemic of what was called Spanish influenza,
and both the Buffs and the Middlesex Regiment had suffered
considerably.
On the 30th September at high noon hostilities ceased with
Bulgaria, and four days later Sir George Milne’s order of the day
read as follows:—
“Thanks to your gallantry, determination and devotion to duty the
Bulgarian army is now defeated and the Bulgarian nation has sued for
peace. This result has been obtained only by your extraordinary
exertions after three summers spent in a malarious country and
against obstacles of great natural and artificial strength.
“What appeared almost impossible has been accomplished. I
gratefully thank you all, of every arm and of every rank, for your
steadfast loyalty, your perfect discipline and for the magnificent
manner you have answered to every call made on you. No one knows
better the odds against which you have had to contend, and I am
proud to have had the honour of commanding you.”
Thus the war history of the 2nd Battalion of the Buffs concludes.
The unit was not kept long in the neighbourhood of Salonica: after
a stay of a few days at Organdzili, doing salvage work, it moved by
stages down to Summerhill, which was reached on the 5th
November, for re-equipment prior to leaving the country. On the 11th
it marched through Salonica to the quay, where it embarked on the
s.s. Katoomba for Constantinople. At 10 o’clock on that date,
Salonica time being, of course, in advance of Greenwich, a telegram
came from the brigade that an armistice with Germany had been
declared, so the journey on the Katoomba was a joyous one. On the
14th Constantinople was reached and anchor dropped at Stamboul.
Next day the men disembarked and were conveyed by ferry boats to
Bryukdere, where they went into billets and there remained for some
little time. On the 28th November the battalion, 13 officers and 286
men strong, was inspected by Sir George Milne.
CHAPTER XIV
HOLDING ON
I. Preparations
I t has been noticed that the great German offensive had been
foreseen by our commanders long before the storm actually broke.
The transfer of German divisions from their Eastern to their
Western front began as early as November, 1917, and it was known
that the Russian guns and munitions were at our enemy’s disposal.
In fact, it became a question of the French and English holding their
own till the Americans could make their weight felt, and thus the war
was for the present to be a defensive one and all preparations were
made to this end. The defensive area or belt was divided into the
forward, the battle and the rear zones, and each of these was
carefully chosen; but there was a tremendous amount of work to be
done in the way of preparing the ground to be defended, as well as
the construction of roads, railway lines and so on. The men, too,
required much, training in defensive tactics. The whole military art is
not taught in a few months, nor is a man an educated soldier when
he can take his part in a route march or a field day. Most training had
to be imparted during intervals of fighting, and until now the chief
subject of study had been the preparation for the offensive.
Very early in 1918 the British had taken over from the French
another considerable extension of front, one, in fact, of over twenty-
eight miles, and this brought our line down to the River Oise and
gave no less than 125 miles of country to our care. At the same time
the indications of an imminent attack became more marked than
ever, particularly in front of the 3rd and 5th Armies. Now at this time
the 1st Battalion the Buffs was with the former of these and the 7th
Battalion with the latter. The enemy’s immediate objective would
seem to have been to separate the French and English armies,
which joined where the 7th Battalion was, and to capture Amiens, a
very important centre of communications.
The 3rd Army was under General the Hon. J. H. G. Byng, K.C.B.,
and held a front of twenty-seven miles with four Corps; and the 5th
Army, under General Sir H. de la P. Gough, K.C.B., occupied forty-
two miles, also with four Corps. The weakest part of our line perhaps
was that portion so recently taken over from the French, where the
defences were not quite so good as elsewhere.
Sir Douglas Haig reckoned that sixty-four German divisions took
part in the operations on the first day of the battle; “the majority of
these divisions had spent many weeks and even months in
concentrated training for offensive operations and had reached a
high pitch of technical excellence in the attack.” To meet the enemy’s
assault the 3rd Army had eight divisions in line with seven in reserve.
The 5th had eleven divisions in line with six divisions (three being
cavalry divisions) in reserve. Later on, when it was found the enemy
was using his whole strength in the battle, Haig was able to bring
eight more divisions from north to south, and by the end of March the
supreme German effort was broken. This, however, did not result
until after a terrible period of danger had been passed through.
On the 21st March the attack opened after a short but very violent
bombardment and, owing to dense fog, the Germans were able to
penetrate the British front and force the 5th Army to retreat
precipitately. On the 25th of the month the enemy reached Albert,
and this day was perhaps one of the most important in history
because Marshal Foch, by agreement between the Allies, was
appointed to the supreme command of the armies of the West; and
from that time onward final victory was secure, whatever troubles
might intervene. On the 27th March the Germans took Montdidier.
To meet the crisis all the available reserves, totalling 350,000
men, were hurried to France from England, Palestine and the East,
and this brought the 10th Battalion The Buffs on the scene. The
despatch of American troops was greatly accelerated, so that
between 200,000 and 300,000 men a month were embarked for
France. The Germans were stopped before they could reach Amiens
by the united efforts of English, French and American troops, yet
another offensive south of Ypres developed on the 9th April which
was only really stayed three weeks later. During these offensives the
German casualties were enormous, but so were ours; and our loss in
guns, aerodromes, ammunition, machine guns, trench mortars, tanks
and rolling stock was stupendous.
It will be convenient now to trace the history of the 1st, 6th, 10th
and 7th Battalions of the Buffs one by one from the 21st March till
the 8th August, the date usually ascribed to the commencement of
the Allies’ great counter-offensive, which, once started, was
maintained without intermission till the end of the war. It may be as
well to take the 7th Battalion last, for it was heavily engaged on the
6th August, and the 8th of the month found it practically in the midst
of a great battle.
II. 1st Battalion
The 6th Division, in the middle of March, held the ground opposite
the villages of Queant and Pronville. The country consists of
alternate long spurs and narrow valleys of down-like country,
stretching from the high land on the west of our forces down to the
valley in which Cambrai stands, and our position was at right angles
to or astride these spurs and re-entrants. There were trenches in a
state of readiness, but the entire scheme of fortification had not been
completed, chiefly owing to a month’s hard frost in January. Still, the
front and reserve trenches were in good order, and there was an
excellent Corps trench called the Vaulx-Morchies line, a little over a
mile in rear of the reserve system. There were, however, hardly any
support trenches and no dug-outs. The 16th Brigade was on the left
of the division. The distance from the front or outpost zone to the
battle line was about two thousand yards on the day of the battle, the
York and Lancaster, on the right, and the King’s Shropshire Light
Infantry, on the left, were in front line, and it happened to be the turn
of the Buffs to be in reserve, where the men were hard at work as
usual.
At 2 a.m. on the 21st the latter got the order to take up their battle
positions and to be in the Vaulx-Morchies work by 5.30 o’clock, so off
the battalion marched, leaving no one behind at Favreuil except the
company quartermaster-sergeants and spare drummers and
bandsmen, who were detailed as extra runners and stretcher-
bearers. While still on the march, at 5 a.m., the battle opened by a
tremendous bombardment directed on the front system and
Lagnicourt trench, and also on the village of Vaulx. The Buffs were,
of course, in ignorance of what was occurring on their front, but they
recognized from the continuous and tremendous roar that the
bombardment was terribly severe, and themselves suffered
casualties. Indeed, the operation of getting into place was attended
with great difficulty, as it was dark and gas masks had to be worn on
the march. By 5.45 all the forward wires were cut and there was no
more telephonic communication. Gas shells were intermingled with
the others, and as the Buffs approached the scene they found it
more and more difficult to get into position, particularly as it was still
dark. However, by 6 o’clock D Company had got to its place on the
Noreuil-Morchies road, A Company to posts 21 to 24 in the Vaulx-
Morchies lines, B Company to Macauley Avenue, while C, the
reserve company, filled gaps between post 22 (battalion
headquarters) and the Vaulx-Lagnicourt road. All kits, drums,
documents and such-like possessions had been left behind in camp,
and subsequent efforts to regain possession of these were almost
entirely unavailing.
A most anxious and depressing morning followed the battalion’s
arrival in position. Casualties were mounting up from distant shelling:
Lieut. P. W. Newington and six men were killed by a shell which
struck battalion headquarters, but no definite news was received till
10 o’clock. Then the enemy was seen slowly but steadily advancing
under a creeping barrage: now they were moving up the Lagnicourt
valley upon the village; then news came that they had broken
through the right of the 71st Brigade and were approaching “Skipton
Reserve”; again they were in the villages of Noreuil and Lagnicourt;
and soon it became plain that the forward part of the battle zone was
in the hands of the Germans. Moreover, it was equally certain that
the troops of the 6th Division that had defended it had all been killed
or captured, for none returned.
The Buffs, to avoid casualties, had moved into the Vraucourt
Switch (as it was called), about post 7, and had been joined by D
Company, who having got no call from the battalion it was out to
support, and being quite exposed, withdrew when the position
seemed hopeless. Two platoons of B Company were sent up,
however, to the aid of the K.S.L.I., and these were absorbed into the
general ruin of the forward troops. They were under the command of
Lieut. T. L. V. Moody and 2nd Lieut. Wotton, and they never rejoined.
A wounded man stated that he had seen Buffs in “Leeds Reserve,”
and that a strong point there was still holding out. Colonel Smith,
who commanded the K.S.L.I. and two platoons of the Buffs, showed
the greatest gallantry and fought his battalion to the last: not one of
his officers who were in the front line ever came back. Later on it
was ascertained that Moody had been killed trying to lead a break-
through instead of surrendering. With reference to this day’s work in
the forward positions, Sir Douglas Haig writes: “The prolonged
defence of these different localities, under conditions which left little
hope of any relief, deserve to rank among the most heroic actions in
the history of the British Army.”
At noon a message came from the brigadier that the enemy was
in force east of Lagnicourt. In fact, he was advancing up both valleys
and endeavouring to cut off those troops which were still holding the
battle zone. The message directed the reserve company (C) to move
to the Vaulx-Morchies line to garrison that part near the Bois de
Vaulx. The move was successfully accomplished, and C Company’s
place was taken by the York and Lancaster headquarters, which had
withdrawn, by machine gunners, sappers and a mixed lot of men
from various parts of the field. C Company patrolled to its right, but
failed to find any friendly troops on its flank. There now came a lull,
and it was not till later that the enemy’s advance recommenced. The
orders from the brigadier were plain and simple: the flanks were to
be watched and every foot of ground was to be disputed. From now
onward the position, as far as the Buffs were concerned, became
obscure, but the enemy, working up the valleys, was gradually
outflanking position after position, causing the defenders to form
defensive flanks whenever any line became threatened. Thus the
reserve company of the K.S.L.I., leaving Lagnicourt trench, manned
Macauley Avenue, and later in the day a message came from Lieut.
Collison-Morley, of the Buffs, that the enemy was getting round his
No. 24 post, and a defensive flank was formed there. However, the
Germans got into the main trench at No. 24 post and for about five
hundred yards to the north of it. It appeared later that the little
garrison of No. 24 was safe, having withdrawn to a position in some
shell holes across the valley, and having got touch of a battalion of
Scots Fusiliers on their left. An attempt to eject the enemy from the
Vaulx-Morchies line was made by Lieut. Spence, but he was
wounded in the foot while reconnoitring. A counter-attack was,
however, organized by 2nd Lieut. Rogers of the K.S.L.I., who, with
thirty men belonging to the Brigade Grenade School, had come up
as a reinforcement. Some progress down the trench was made, but
it was found to be occupied for a long extent and so a block was
established, for Rogers could get no further. Lieut. E. Foster Hall was
holding the post on the extreme left and rendered distinguished
service throughout.
Meanwhile there had been developments on our right. At 3.30
p.m. Captain Hamilton reported that the enemy was attacking him
there and that he was not in touch with anybody on that flank; that he
had a very mixed lot of men and no officers, and was short of
ammunition. Now, this particular advance by the enemy failed,
notwithstanding very great courage displayed by the German troops.
It could be seen from most parts of the field, and so came under fire
at all sorts of ranges. Also a counter-attack, by a strong collection of
British, got into and occupied the trench into which a few of the
enemy had penetrated. There were no further determined attacks,
and at dusk the fury of the struggle died away. The Buffs during the
day, being in reserve, had suffered far less than the rest of the
brigade and had been called upon to resist no frontal attack, though
towards noon and afterwards their flanks had always been in danger
from the steady hostile advance up both the L’Hirondelle and the
Lagnicourt valleys.
At dusk rations, water, ball ammunition and bombs were sent up.
The remnants of the York and Lancasters and the K.S.L.I., reinforced
from the transport, were reorganized into one unit and were
withdrawn and held in reserve, and at 9 p.m. the brigade front was
readjusted. The remains of the Border Regiment, which had
reinforced the 16th Brigade soon after noon, and a company of the
Leicesters held from the right boundary of the Bois de Vaulx to the
Lagnicourt-Vaulx road, and the Buffs from there to No. 24 post. The
night passed quietly and during it touch was regained with the 71st
Brigade on the right, but with no friends on the other flank because
of the gap in our line which was held by the enemy. A fresh line of
defence some one thousand yards in rear of the Vaulx-Morchies line
had been hastily constructed by the engineers and partially manned
by men from the Corps Reinforcement Camp, and the 40th Division
had been pushed forward on the left of the 16th Brigade, but there
was a large gap between it and the Buffs, so that the left flank of the
regiment was still unsupported.
The morning of the 22nd was heralded by steady and violent
hostile shelling, but no news reached the Buffs till about nine o’clock.
It was evident, however, that the enemy were upon both flanks in
force and therefore that these were in danger of being turned at any
moment.[29] Defensive flanks were therefore arranged down the
communication trench and the lower Noreuil road. At 10 a.m. the
enemy attacked on the immediate right of the Bois de Vaulx and
broke through the front of the brigade on our right, so a defensive
flank had to be made by swinging the right round to the road just
outside the village of Vaulx to the eastward. A counter-attack made
away off to the right gave some hope for a moment, but it was too far
away to relieve the pressure on what was left of the 16th Brigade,
and the enemy quickly reorganized and pushed forward resolutely
and with great vigour to improve his advantage, causing the right of
the new defensive flank to close in. At 2 p.m. a determined attack
was made on the Vaulx line where it crossed the road to Lagnicourt,
and a wedge was driven in between the Borderers and the Buffs.
This caused the former regiment to withdraw, and now the Buffs
were left with both their flanks exposed and resting on nothing. The
old simple order was then given out again: “contest every foot of
ground, conform as far as possible with the movement of other
troops and only retire fighting.” Hand-to-hand fighting resulted, in
which Captain Hamilton greatly distinguished himself as a leader.
During the afternoon the regiment formed fresh defensive flanks,
one near the place where the Lagnicourt road leaves Vaulx, and the
other facing west across the spur, because the posts hitherto held in
the valley had been driven in. These movements, as well as others,
were immensely assisted by a machine-gun battalion which showed
great pluck and ingenuity in selecting positions. The Buffs held on till
4.15, when the enemy launched a very heavy attack on Vraucourt
and the ridge immediately north-east of Vaulx from the L’Hirondelle
valley, and this was attended by low-flying aeroplanes which were
very audacious. It was in and around Vraucourt that the Buffs
concluded their two days’ combat. A very lively battle ensued here;
as the Germans advanced up the valley they were met with rapid fire
and the fighting was ultimately at point-blank range. The men were
heartened by knowing that they inflicted many casualties, but at last
the Buffs, together with the rest of the brigade, were forced to
commence a withdrawal. Other troops had all gone, and it became
obvious to those on the spot that to remain longer merely meant to
be surrounded by sheer numbers, so a general retirement to the new
army line was ordered. This was successfully carried out, and the
battalion was then reorganized and placed in support to the 41st
Division, which was now holding the line. The enemy did not attempt
any further advance at this time, though he directed a lively machine-
gun fire on men of many units who were holding various shell holes
which existed between the Vaulx-Morchies and the “Army” lines. At
nightfall the 6th Division was withdrawn from the fighting area and,
after marching to Favreuil, was embussed there for Achiet le Grand,
where it arrived about 3 a.m. on the 23rd.
To sum up the Buffs’ experience during the two momentous days,
the 21st and 22nd March, the fighting for them meant a process of
being continually outflanked, for that reason forming defensive
flanks, and of their straightening out the line again in conformity with
the movements of other troops whenever such straightening out
became a possibility. These manœuvres were twice carried out at
most critical moments, and on each occasion the enemy suffered
severely while the battalion experienced but little loss. Great credit is
due to the officers and men who rendered this possible by their
coolness and quick grasp of each situation as it arose. The net result
perhaps was that the battalion delayed the enemy on this front for
many hours and withdrew from the fight with less than two hundred
casualties, a large percentage of which were lost with Moody’s party.
It was the last unit to leave Vaulx, as it had been the last to leave the
Morchies line, and it was never disorganized nor out of hand for a
moment. “Steady, the Buffs” is an expression often heard in the army
and even outside it; it has been used in reference to this old battalion
through the ages.
LAGNICOURT AND NOREUIL
Casualty list:—Officers: killed, Lieuts. T. L. V. Moody and P. W.

Newington; missing, 2nd Lieuts. Davison and Wotton; wounded,
Lieuts. Buss and Spence and 2nd Lieut. Froome.
Other ranks: killed, 24; wounded, 112; wounded but remaining on
duty, 2; died of wounds, 5; missing, 65, of whom 40 were with
Moody; wounded and missing, 3; missing, believed killed, 1.
For his able handling of the battalion (in the absence of Lt.-
Colonel Power, who had been called to Brigade H.Q.) on the 21st
and 22nd March, Captain H. de R. Morgan was awarded the D.S.O.
The 23rd March was a fairly peaceful day, but in the morning the
men had to get into position and the battalion to push forward patrols
towards Courcelles because the enemy was vaguely reported to be
within three miles of that place. Gun fire was heavy, but no enemy
was discovered in the immediate vicinity. An attempt was made to
recover kits, drums and band instruments from Favreuil, but the
searchers were promptly turned back by the military police. Two
sporting drummers, however, managed to slip through these
guardians of law and order and they rescued the big drum and three
side drums. On the 24th the 6th Division was transferred to the 2nd
Army and at 2.30 p.m. the Buffs entrained for Doullens and next day
for Rousbrugge in Belgium, where they arrived at six o’clock on the
26th and from whence they marched six kilometres to Crombeke,
going into scattered billets near Watow (some five miles west of
Poperinghe).
On the 28th of the month H.M. The King visited Steenvoorde,
close by, and the commanding officer, Lt.-Colonel Power, Captain
Hamilton and one N.C.O., who had done well in the recent fighting
from each company, attended his parade there.
At the very end of the month the battalion moved into the trenches
again at Zonnebeke. A second German offensive, which
commenced south of Ypres on the 9th April, was referred to at the
commencement of this chapter. The 1st Battalion of the Buffs was
engaged in no severe fighting in connection with this phase of the
war, though it naturally joined in the general gradual withdrawal
which was rendered necessary. This withdrawal, as far as it
concerned the battalion, commenced on the 15th April, when after a
few days of the usual trench warfare, losing eight casualties, one of
which was Lieut. S. W. Taylor killed, and receiving a couple of drafts
amounting to 230 men, it moved to Westhoek and the
neighbourhood, being, in fact, somewhat scattered about to man
several posts which were occupied up till the 23rd. The posts were
heavily shelled on the 17th, with the result that C.S.M. Field and
eleven men were wounded. The situation at this time was that the
second German offensive had developed south of Ypres and that
Messines Ridge and Kemmel Hill had been taken from us, these two
positions being of the greatest importance for the defence of Ypres.
Consequently the troops all round this area were in a somewhat
desperate position and, as Sir Douglas Haig expressed it, “with their
backs to the wall.” The gradual withdrawal of our forces west of
Ypres into or immediately around the ruins themselves resulted; and
so it came about that on the 23rd April the Buffs moved by
detachments into the ramparts of Ypres. On that day the place was
heavily gassed and twenty-two of our men were caught in the fumes.
On the 26th the K.S.L.I. withdrew from the front line, leaving the York
and Lancasters on outpost duty. After this withdrawal the enemy
advanced very quickly, but they stopped at the York and Lancaster
picquets. There were daily casualties now; men died by twos and
threes and some were wounded more or less severely, and there
was a continuous toll of gas casualties. A big attack was expected
on the 28th, but it did not materialize, for now French reserves were
hurrying up to the threatened portion of our line, and the second
great German effort to wrest a victory before the Americans were in
strength had proved a failure.
The month of May was a remarkable one to the 1st Battalion for
the terrible list of casualties from gas. This mode of warfare began,
as we have seen, at Ypres, and now, after three years of warfare, it
seemed almost as formidable a weapon as ever, notwithstanding the
mask, respirators and so on which had been invented to cope with it.
During this month alone the 1st Battalion counted 119 casualties
from this cause, and the unit was all the month (and up till the 12th
June) either in Ypres or its vicinity. There was, however, a bright side
to life this merry month of May. There was a gracious and fairly
liberal distribution of honours to gladden the hearts of both the
recipients and their friends. These were nearly all awarded for the
fighting at Vaulx, and it is somewhat curious to note how well the
number of awards compares with those given to our 2nd Battalion in
1915 and in connection with their terrible struggle north and east of
Ypres. This remark is not for an instant to be misconstrued into an
opinion that the 1st Battalion medals were not most magnificently
won; it is only by way of a sigh of regret for the brave 2nd Battalion’s
bad luck. Military Medals were given to Sgt. Morgan, Corpls.
Andrews and Thomas, Ptes. Croft, Highton, Johnson, Kear (attached
T.M.B.), Knight, Rainsbury and Stevenson. A bar to his M.M. to L.-
Corpl. Wilson; to C.S.M. Peters a D.C.M.; to Major Morgan the
D.S.O.; to Lieut. Spence the M.C.; and to Sgt. MacWalter, who had
the M.M. already, the D.C.M. Corpl. Brookman also got the M.M. on
the 29th. In addition to the gas casualties twelve men were killed
during May and twenty-three wounded, as this part of the line, never
a quiet one, was the scene at this period of unusual activity.
At 12.45 a.m. on the 27th May the whole of the back area of the
brigade was very heavily shelled with gas and high explosive for
three hours while the forward area was untouched. A number of
direct hits was obtained on brigade headquarters without damage,
and the Buffs (in reserve) were obliged to wear their respirators for
more than four hours. Meanwhile the enemy attacked the French on
our right and penetrated their line to a depth of about seven hundred
yards, but did not reach his objective. No attack took place on the
6th Divisional front, but the 71st Infantry Brigade was constrained to
form a strong defensive flank. During the day the French partially re-
established their position and artillery activity continued on both
sides, particularly by the enemy on our back area. During the night
the 71st Brigade relieved the French regiment on their right and, in
order to supply the number of men required by its brigadier, the Buffs
were placed under his tactical orders as his reserve battalion. After
this the enemy became for some days comparatively inactive except
for the shelling of back areas and the use of aircraft, and on the 8th
the brigade retired temporarily to Corps Reserve, moving by train to
St. Omer for a few days’ musketry near that city, and afterwards
returning to Poperinghe. On the 26th the Buffs relieved a French
battalion in the Dickebusch area, taking over a bad line almost
unprovided with wire and with no communication trench, so that
movement by daytime was impossible. Then casualties
recommenced and in four days 2nd Lieut. Thompson (attached from
the Queen’s) and three men died, 2nd Lieut. Collett and seventeen
were wounded, and this kind of thing went on steadily all July, the
battalion losing 2nd Lieut. P. V. Drake-Brockman killed, Captain W.
A. C. Hedley, who died of wounds, and eight men killed, one of
whom was buried by a shell. 2nd Lieut. Balding and fifty men were
wounded, fourteen of whom were, however, able to remain at duty.
During June the following were mentioned in despatches for good
work during the German offensive: Lt.-Colonel Power, D.S.O.; Major
Blackall; Captains E. H. Allen, Marshall, D.S.O., M.C., and Stone;
Lieuts. Corney and Froome; Sgt. French; and Ptes. Dewhurst and
Keyes.
Towards the end of July two companies of Americans, numbering
4 officers and 340 men, arrived and were distributed amongst our
people to learn the hang of things and prepare themselves for the
early advance which was now every day becoming more clearly a
certainty.
On the 2nd August C Company and No. 7 platoon of B carried out
a raid which was arranged and organized by Captain Moss, M.C.,
the battalion being then on the left sector of the brigade front. The
18th and the 100th Brigades on either flank co-operated with
demonstrations and so on, and great help was given by the 6th
Divisional Artillery. The object of the expedition was the capture of
prisoners and consequent obtaining of identification, and this object
was very successfully gained, but at a terrible loss. The story is
briefly as follows: two platoons, commanded by Lieut. Hollis, M.C.,
had for their objective the Brasserie, and another, under Lieut.
Harper, a certain cabaret; while No. 7 Platoon, under 2nd Lieut.
Lister, was directed on the Brasserie Farm. The raiders left our
trenches at 7.5 a.m., and at the same time our barrage opened; a
trench mortar of ours engaged the objectives and did great service;
the divisional artillery engaged the enemy’s positions and also put up
a smoke screen on the right of the raiders, and all neighbouring
troops rendered assistance. The affair was most successful and all
objectives were gained. The main opposition came from the hostile
machine guns. The enemy lost heavily, several prisoners were taken
and the fact was established that it was the 153rd regiment of
infantry in front of our force. After this success, however, came
trouble. It was while returning that the centre and left parties came
under the heaviest machine-gun fire and casualties became very
numerous. Besides, as there were no communication trenches and
our lines were much exposed, the raiders had to scatter into any
available cover there was behind our trench. Owing to the hostile
sniping, which became very active after the barrage had ceased, it
was impossible to remove several badly wounded men, and a
machine gun which had been captured could not be brought in. The
casualties resulting from this minor affair were, in fact, far too high.
Captain R. W. Jones, D.S.O. (R.A.M.C.), Lieut. C. F. G. Hollis and
thirteen men were killed; twenty-seven were wounded, of whom two
died, and five men were missing. The death of Captain Jones was a
very sad blow to the Buffs. With his usual utter disregard for personal
safety whenever there was fighting or his assistance needed, this
officer had gone over with the raiding party and though himself hit in
the arm continued to move about bandaging the wounded until he
was again hit, this time fatally. Except for a period following a wound
which he had received on the Somme, Captain Jones had, at his
own wish, remained always with the battalion since the early days of
the war, and no British unit loved or reverenced their Medical Officer
more than the Buffs their dear old “Doc.” In Lieut. Hollis, too, another
very good officer fell. He had distinguished himself at Cambrai and,
poor fellow, was almost back in safety when he received the bullet
that killed him.
On the 5th August the battalion was relieved at night and
withdrew to the Malin House area, and next day H.M. The King
visited the Corps, and two hundred of all ranks, from each unit of the
6th Division, under Lt.-Colonel R. E. Power, D.S.O., went to greet
him.
On the 8th August the Buffs became reserve battalion, but did not
change their position.
III. 6th Battalion
On the day that the 6th Division, with the 1st Battalion The Buffs,
were taken from the 3rd Army, namely, on the 24th March, 1918, the
12th Division, which included the 6th Buffs, was posted to it, and so
the regimental history, as far as the 3rd Army is concerned, becomes
more or less continuous. The 1st Battalion left from Favreuil in the
neighbourhood of Bapaume, and the 6th Battalion reached
Contalmaison, ten miles to the south-west of it, on the same day,
having moved rapidly by march and by bus from the neighbourhood
of Armentieres. Of course the rest of the 37th Brigade was with
them, and in the evening the Queen’s and West Kent sent
reconnoitring patrols into Pozieres, which was found to be
unoccupied; so at 11 o’clock a line was taken up in front of Ovillers.
On the 25th the Buffs were on the left of the brigade, joining up with
the 63rd Division, the 6th Battalion West Kents being on the right.
Battalion headquarters were at Crucifix Corner, Aveluy. In the early
morning of the 26th it was reported that the enemy had entered
Thiepval and it became necessary to withdraw across the River
Ancre. The Buffs were detailed as rear guard while the 47th Division
and the rest of the 12th effected the crossing, and, at 7.30 a.m., the
37th Brigade took up a fresh position opposite Hamel, the Buffs
being in support in front of Mesnil.
On the following day the most extraordinary mistake was made,
due to a false and erroneous report made to brigade headquarters
by some unit or other. The Buffs, as has been seen, were at Mesnil,
and there were some of the 188th Brigade details, including sailors,
at the village of Martinsart, a little over a mile to the southward. An
enemy’s patrol was reported on the road which connects these two,
and as this seemed to imply considerable danger, the men at
Martinsart were placed at the disposal of the brigadier of the 37th
Brigade. Then came the report that Mesnil had fallen to the
Germans, and the Anson Battalion of the Naval Division was ordered
to counter-attack the village from Martinsart, advancing astride the
road and engaging the enemy wherever met. Now, as a matter of
fact, a strong reconnoitring thrust had been made on the line at
Mesnil held by the Buffs, but the attack was completely repulsed by
Lewis gun and rifle fire, numbers of the enemy being killed and
fourteen taken prisoner. When the naval battalion therefore arrived
on the scene, eager for blood, it attacked the Buffs’ headquarters,
who defended the post with their usual resolution, so that for a while
quite a lively fight between the two raged, each under the impression
that the other force was German, until the error was discovered. The
Queen’s had also been attacked (about 1 p.m.) and a few Germans
entered our lines on the extreme left after a heavy bombardment, but
these were driven off by a counter-attack delivered by D Company.
The enemy having entered Hamel, the Queen’s had to throw back
their flank, but all the dispositions of the Buffs remained intact at
nightfall. A large hostile division had been seen during the afternoon
about Pierre Divion and our lines had been heavily shelled, this
continuing all next day. The Buffs’ casualties on the 27th were
Lieuts. E. F. Henderson and W. T. Score killed, Captain Dixson, 2nd
Lieut. Caney and about twelve other ranks wounded. And next day,
the 28th, 2nd Lieut. E. M. S. Hoare and two men were killed by a
shell at the foremost Lewis gun post.
The battalion was relieved late at night by the Oxfordshire Light
Infantry in order to enable it to move further south. Indeed, the whole
division took up position next to the 2nd Division, because a
message had warned everybody that a strong attack was pending,
but, after being in support in Martinsart Wood all the 29th, the Buffs
were relieved and marched back to billets in Warloy, where they
remained for three days of very wet weather, marching to
Henencourt on the 2nd April, the rumour of an attack being still very
persistent. In fact, the period spent at Warloy had mostly been used
for work, particularly at night.
On the 5th April Henencourt was very heavily shelled and the
divisional authorities were informed at the same time that it was
considered by the Higher Command that it was intended to attack
Amiens on that day. There was a very thick mist when the firing
commenced and this rendered observation impossible, so the Buffs
were ordered to go forward, occupy the reverse slope of the ridge in
front and send patrols on from there. The battalion started at 7.5
p.m. and moved through an intense barrage in artillery formation to
what was known as the Old Corps Line, which was west of Albert,
and did as it was bid. This day’s fighting is known as the Battle of the
Ancre. At 7.45 the situation being still obscure, the Queen’s were
sent up to support the Buffs, partly, it would seem, because
Henencourt was now no place to rest in, as the shelling was terrific
up to about a quarter-past ten, when it died down somewhat. The
hostile artillery kept both Buffs and Queen’s under very heavy fire,
but no infantry attack eventuated; an hour later, however, news came
that Dernancourt, which is a couple of miles or so away and down in
the Ancre valley, was being very hardly pressed. At 2.30 the Buffs
moved forward over the ridge and occupied some old trenches there.
Here a bitterly cold night was spent; rations were brought up by
Lewis gunners and signallers who had been left behind because
they had been out at training when the sudden order to move came.
The morning march cost the regiment 2nd Lieut. L. J. G. Davis killed,
Lieuts. G. C. Allen and C. S. Newcomb severely wounded (died of
wounds), 2nd Lieut. Dorman slightly wounded, twelve men killed and
thirty-three wounded. The enemy had put down a barrage on the old
Corps trenches directly they were occupied, and fifteen more
casualties occurred there. Another fourteen were killed or wounded
on the morning of the 6th, and in the afternoon the battalion relieved
the Queen’s, which regiment had been sent off to support the 36th
Brigade south of Bouzincourt. 2nd Lieuts. Cooper and Dalton were
wounded during the relief.
All this time and for several days the weather had been very wet,
and about now that old and persistent enemy called trench feet
began to raise his head again and there were several cases of this
disease in the battalion about this time. After a day in the front line in
relief of the West Kent, the battalion marched on the 11th to
Herissart, which is some miles to the westward, and there went into
billets. The latter half of April was spent in the regions lying west of
Albert. Nothing of any great regimental importance is to be noted.
There were some changes of scene in so far that Harponville,
Mirveux and Acheux were all visited before the next tour of duty in
the line, which commenced on May Day, when the brigade relieved
elements of the 35th and 36th Brigades in the centre of the divisional
front.

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ebook download Integral Calculus 3D Geometry and Vector Booster with Problems and Solutions for JEE Main and Advanced 1st Edition - eBook PDF all chapter

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Integral Calculus 3D Geometry and

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Integral Calculus, 3D Geometry & Vector Booster

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

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Integral Calculus, 3D Geometry & Vector Booster

Copyright © 2017, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.

This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers,

ISBN (13): 978-93-5260-576-7

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Level - I : Problems based on Fundamentals

1. Indefinite Integrals 1.1–1.161

2. Definite Integrals 2.1–2.131

3. Area Bounded by the Curves 3.1–3.62

4. Differential Equation 4.1–4.103

Physical significance of the dot prodcut of two vectors 5.8

6. 3D-Co-ordinate Geometry 6.1–6.69

3. Basic formulae on integration dx

(i) Integration by substitution

(iii) Integration by partial fractions.

cosec x(cosec x – cot x)

Rule: Put g(x) = t2

1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2x d (Denominator) = Numerator + k

1. Replace sin x by ___________

5. Integration by Parts Ú eax sin bx dx, Ú eax cos bx dx.

ﬁ Ú v dx = g(x) = Ú eax (cos bx + i sin bx) dx

i.e. the integral of the product of two function = Ú eax + ibxdx

Proof: ______ ______

( ) of linear factors such that some of them are repeating.

f (x) A1 A2 A3 and then integrate it by parts, where consider cosec2x

Type V: Integrals of the form Type 4: Integrals of the form

Ú sec2r + 1x dx = Ú sec2r – 1x . sec2x dx Rule: put

Rule Put (a x2 + b) = t Rule Put (ax + b) = t p, where p is the LCM of m and n.

Rules Rule Put L2(x) = t 2

which is the required reduction formula.

which is the required reduction formula. dx

which is the required reduction formula.

[ sin nx – sin (n – 2)x = 2 cos (n – 1) x sin x

x m+1 n Note: Similarly, we can easily formulate the reduction

sinmx ◊ cos nx _______

= (m – 1) sinm – 2x cosnx ◊ cos 2x (i)

115. Evaluate: Ú sin3 x ◊ cos xdx

dx 124. Evaluate: Ú sin3 x ◊ cos4x dx

x x(1 + ln x) 127. Evaluate: Ú sin2x ◊ cos3x dx

135. Evaluate: Ú sin4x ◊ cos2x dx dx

143. Evaluate: Ú sin2x dx dx

146. Evaluate: Ú cos2x dx

186. Evaluate: Ú ​ ___________

II. 1st Battalion

LAGNICOURT AND NOREUIL

Casualty list:—Officers: killed, Lieuts. T. L. V. Moody and P. W.

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Proof:

186. Evaluate: Ú  ___________