RELAY

PRESENTED BY
ANIL KUMAR

USN:-1NT19EE013

SENSOR AND TRANSDUCER

What is a Relay?
  A Relay is an electromechanical switch,
operated by passing current through a coil of wire
wound around a steel core, which acts as an
electromagnet, pulling the switch contact down to
make or break a circuit.

Relay Design
 There are only four main parts in a relay. They
are
 Electromagnet
 Movable Armature
 Switch point contacts
 Spring
The figures given below show the actual design of a simple relay .
 It is an electro-magnetic relay with a wire coil, surrounded
by an iron core. A path of very low reluctance for the magnetic
flux is provided for the movable armature and also the switch
point contacts. The movable armature is connected to the yoke
which is mechanically connected to the switch point contacts.
These parts are safely held with the help of a spring. The spring is
used so as to produce an air gap in the circuit when the relay
becomes de-energized.

How relay works?

The relay function can be better understood by explaining the
following diagram given below.
 The diagram shows an inner section diagram of a relay. An
iron core is surrounded by a control coil. As shown, the power
source is given to the electromagnet through a control switch and
through contacts to the load. When current starts flowing through
the control coil, the electromagnet starts energizing and thus
intensifies the magnetic field. Thus the upper contact arm starts to
be attracted to the lower fixed arm and thus closes the contacts
causing a short circuit for the power to the load. On the other
hand, if the relay was already de-energized when the contacts
were closed, then the contact move oppositely and make an open
circuit.

As soon as the coil current is off, the movable armature will be

returned by a force back to its initial position. This force will be
almost equal to half the strength of the magnetic force. This force
is mainly provided by two factors. They are the spring and also
gravity.
Relays are mainly made for two basic operations. One is low
voltage application and the other is high voltage. For low voltage
applications, more preference will be given to reduce the noise of
the whole circuit. For high voltage applications, they are mainly
designed to reduce a phenomenon called arcing.

Relay Basics

The basics for all the relays are the same. Take a look at a 4 – pin
relay shown below. There are two colours shown. The green
colour represents the control circuit and the red colour represents
the load circuit. A small control coil is connected onto the control
circuit. A switch is connected to the load. This switch is controlled
by the coil in the control circuit. Now let us take the different
steps that occour in a relay.

Energized Relay (ON)

As shown in the circuit, the current flowing through the coils

represented by pins 1 and 3 causes a magnetic field to be
aroused. This magnetic field causes the closing of the pins 2 and
4. Thus the switch plays an important role in the relay working. As
it is a part of the load circuit, it is used to control an electrical
circuit that is connected to it. Thus, when the electrical relay in
energized the current flow will be through the pins 2 and 4.

De – Energized Relay (OFF)

As soon as the current flow stops through pins 1 and 3, the relay
switch opens and thus the open circuit prevents the current flow
through pins 2 and 4. Thus the relay becomes de-energized and
thus in off position.
Normally Open Contact (NO) – NO contact is also called a make
contact. It closes the circuit when the relay is activated. It disconnects
the circuit when the relay is inactive.

Normally Closed Contact (NC) – NC contact is also known as break

contact. This is opposite to the NO contact. When the relay is
activated, the circuit disconnects. When the relay is deactivated, the
circuit connects.

Change-over (CO) / Double-throw (DT) Contacts – This type of

contacts are used to control two types of circuits. They are used to
control a NO contact and also a NC contact with a common terminal.
According to their type they are called by the names break before
make and make before break contacts.
 Types of Relay

Solid State Relays (SSR). These relays use thyristors and triacs for their
operation. The coupling, between the input circuit and the output circuit,
is optical. SSR are faster, quieter, smaller, more reliable, and last longer
than electromagnetic relays.

Industrial relays. These relays handle high currents and are long lasting
.
Interlocking relays. Devices that are activated or deactivated with a
voltage pulse. Depending on the polarity of the pulse, the position of the
contacts change.
Thermal relays. They are used to protect motors against over-
temperature. When the temperature reaches a certain level, it is activated
and disconnects the contactor which in turn disables the motor.
Reed relays. This device is very basic and has a small size. It is a fast
operating switch design with only one NO contact. Some have glass
encapsulation and others with metal encapsulation to prevent external
magnetic fields from activating the relay.

Mercury relays. Inside it has a drop of mercury that moistens the

contacts, giving them a longer life and avoiding the rebounds that appear
when they are activated.
Contactors. These devices have the same principle of operation of
relay. The current, voltage or power values are very large and the
contactors must have characteristics that withstand
Advantages of Relay:-
• It allows to control a remote device. It is not necessary to be near
the device to make it work.
• Change contacts easily.
• Isolates the activating part of the actuating part.
• It works well at high temperatures.
• It is activated with low current, however it can activate large
machines of great power.
• With a single signal you can control several contacts at once.
• It can switch direct current or alternating current.

Disadvantages
• Contacts are damaged over time and continuous use (wear,
oxidation, etc.)
• They generate a lot of noise with the activation and deactivation of
the contacts.
• Switching time is high.

APPLICATON:-
Electric bell Using relay
An electric bell is a mechanical or electronic bell that functions
by means of an electromagnet. When an electric current is
applied, it produces a repetitive buzzing, clanging or ringing
sound. Electromechanical bells have been widely used at railroad
crossings, in telephones, fire and burglar alarms, as school
bells, doorbells, and alarms in industrial plants, since the late
1800s, but they are now being widely replaced with electronic
sounders. An electric bell consists of one or more electromagnets,
made of a coil of insulated wire around an iron bar, which attract
an iron strip armature with a clapper. When an electric current
flows through the coils, the electromagnet creates a magnetic
field which pulls the armature towards it, causing the hammer to
strike the bell.
 How they work:-

The most widely used form is the interrupter bell, which is a

mechanical bell that produces a continuous sound when current is
applied. See animation, above. The bell or gong (B), which is
often in the shape of a cup or half-sphere, is struck by a spring-
loaded arm (A) with a metal ball on the end called a clapper,
actuated by an electromagnet (E). In its rest position the clapper
is held away from the bell a short distance by its springy arm.
When the switch (K) is closed, an electric current passes from
the battery (U) through the winding of the electromagnet. It
creates a magnetic field that attracts the iron arm of the clapper,
pulling it over to give the bell a tap. This opens a pair of electrical
contacts (T) attached to the clapper arm, interrupting the current
to the electromagnet. The magnetic field of the electromagnet
collapses, and the clapper springs away from the bell. This closes
the contacts again, allowing the current to flow to the
electromagnet again, so the magnet pulls the clapper over to
strike the bell again. This cycle repeats rapidly, many times per
second, resulting in a continuous ringing.
The tone of the sound generated depends on the shape and size
of the bell or gong resonator. Where several bells are installed
together, they may be given distinctive rings by using different
size or shapes of gong, even though the strike mechanisms are
identical.
Other application:-
• Commonly used in switching circuits.
• For Home Automation projects to switch AC loads
• To Control (On/Off) Heavy loads at a pre-determined
time/condition
• Used in safety circuits to disconnect the load from
supply in event of failure
• Used in Automobiles electronics for controlling
indicators glass motors etc.

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