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Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Sexuality in American History 20
The 15th to 18th Centuries: The Puritan Ethic and Slavery 20
Sexuality Movements of the 19th Century 20
The 20th Century: Sexual Crusaders and Sexologists 21
The Feminist Movement 21
Gay Rights 22

CHAPTER REVIEW 23
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 24
WEBSITES 25
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] Making Decisions about Sexual Activity 5
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] The Epic of Gilgamesh: A Mesopotamian Male‒Male Love Story? 8
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] Beauty, Status, and Chinese Foot Binding 11
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] The History of Vibrators 16
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] “Topfreedom” in Canada 19

Chapter 2
Understanding Human Sexuality:
Theory and Research 26

© Janell Carroll
Theories about Sexuality 28
Psychoanalytic Theory 28
Behavioural Theory 30
Social Learning Theory 30
Cognitive Theory 30
Humanistic Theory 31
Biological Theory 31
Evolutionary Theory 31
Sociological Theory 32
Anthropological Research 32
Feminist Theory 33
Queer Theory 33
Sex Research: Philosophers, Physicians, and Sexologists 34
Early Sex Research 34
Obstacles to Sex Research 35
Politics and Sex Research 35

vi Contents NEL

Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Sex Researchers 36
Early Promoters of Sexology 36
Sex Research Moves to the United States 38
Recent Sex Research in the United States 42
National Health and Social Life Survey 42
National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior 43
Sex Research in Canada 43
National Surveys 43
Canadian Sexual Health Indicators Survey 44
Sex Research Methods and Considerations 44
Case Studies 44
Interviews 45
Questionnaires and Surveys 45
Direct Observation 45
Participant Observation 45
Experimental Methods 45
Correlational Methods 46
Internet-Based Research Methods 46
Problems and Issues in Sex Research 47
Ethical Issues 47
Volunteer Bias 47
Sampling Problems 47
Reliability 47
Sex Research across Cultures 49
Sex Research in the Future: Technology, Immigration, and Human Rights 50
CHAPTER REVIEW 52
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 53
WEBSITES 53
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] The Canadian Sex Research Forum 35
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] What Questions Would They Ask? 48
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] Global Sex Research 50

NEL Contents vii

Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Chapter 3
Female Sexual Anatomy,
Development, and Health 54
The Female Sexual and Reproductive System 56
External Genitalia 56

© Shawn Pecor/Shutterstock
Internal Sex Organs 61
The Breasts 64
Prenatal Development: X and Y Make the Difference 66
Sexual Reproduction 66
Sexual Differentiation in Utero 67
Atypical Sexual Development in Females 71
Chromosomal Syndromes—Turner and Triple X 71
Hormonal Syndrome—CAH 72
The Female Maturation Cycle 73
Female Puberty 73
Menstruation 74
Menopause 79
Female Reproductive and Sexual Health 81
Gynecological Health Concerns 81
Cancer of the Female Reproductive Organs 84

CHAPTER REVIEW 88
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 88
WEBSITES 89
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] Female Genital Self-Examination 57
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] Female Genital Mutilation 60
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] Breast Self-Examination 85

viii Contents NEL

Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Chapter 4
Male Sexual Anatomy,
Development, and Health 90

© Anthony Hatley/Alamy
Male Sexual and Reproductive System 92
External Genitalia 92
Internal Sex Organs 97
Prenatal Development: X and Y Make the Difference (Continued) 100
The SRY Gene 100
External Sex Organs 101
Variations of Sexual Development 101
Chromosomal Conditions 101
Hormonal Conditions 101
Other Types of Atypical Development in Males 103
Male Maturation Cycle 104
Male Puberty 104
Andropause 105
Male Reproductive and Sexual Health 106
Disorders of the Male Reproductive Organs 106
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse 108
Cancers of the Male Reproductive Organs 108

CHAPTER REVIEW 110

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 111
WEBSITES 111
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] Penis Size and Male Anxiety 93
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] Ethnicity, Religion, and Circumcision 95
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] Sperm, Toxins, Cell Phones, and Tofu: What’s the Relationship? 97
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] Testicular Self-Examination 107

NEL Contents ix

Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Chapter 5

© Petit Format/Science Source

The Biology of Sex, Pregnancy,
and Childbirth 112
Studying Sexual Response 114
Hormones and Neurotransmitters 114
Masters and Johnson’s Sexual Response Cycle 114
Fertility 120
Statistics and Current Trends 120
Conception 121
Early Signs of Pregnancy 124
Pregnancy Testing 126
Sex Selection: Myth and Modern Methods 126
Infertility 128
Assisted Human Reproduction 128
A Healthy Pregnancy 132
Prenatal Period 132
Health Care during Pregnancy 134
Exercise and Nutrition 134
Drugs and Alcohol 135
Pregnancy in Women Older than 30 136
Sex during Pregnancy 137
Problems during Pregnancy 137
Ectopic Pregnancy 137
Spontaneous Abortion 138
Birth Defects 138
Rh Incompatibility 139
Toxemia 140
Childbirth 140
Preparing for Birth 140
Birthplace Choices 141
Inducing the Birth 142
Birthing Positions 142
Stages of Childbirth 142

x Contents NEL

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Problems during Birthing 144
Premature Birth 144
Breech Birth 145
Cesarean-Section Delivery 145
Stillbirth 145
Postpartum Parenthood 146
More Physical Changes for the Mother 146
Postpartum Psychological Changes 146
Sexuality for New Parents 147
Breast-Feeding the Baby 147

CHAPTER REVIEW 149

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 150
WEBSITES 151
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] Is It a Boy or a Girl? 127
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] “I Want to Have a Baby!” 136

Chapter 6
Contraception and Abortion 152

© Kenzie Henke
Contraception: History and Method Considerations 154
Contraception in Ancient Times 154
Contraception in Canada: 1800s and Early 1900s? 154
Contraception Outside of Canada 155
Contraception in Canada Today 156
Contraception Approval Process 156
Choosing a Method of Contraception 157
Barrier Methods 159
Male Condoms 159
Female Condoms 161
Cervical Barriers: Diaphragms and Cervical Caps 163
Contraceptive Sponge 165
Combined Hormone Methods for Women 166
Birth Control Pills 166
Hormonal Ring 170
Hormonal Patch 170

NEL Contents xi

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Progestin-Only Hormone Methods for Women 172
Progestin-Only Pills 172
Subdermal Implants 172
Hormonal Injectables 173
Chemical Methods for Women 174
Intrauterine Methods for Women 175
Natural Methods for Women and Men 176
Fertility Awareness–Based Methods 176
Withdrawal 177
Abstinence 177
Permanent Contraceptive Methods 178
Female Sterilization 178
Male Sterilization 178
Emergency Contraception 180
Contraception in the Future 181
What’s Ahead for Men? 181
What’s Ahead for Women? 182
Abortion 182
The Abortion Debate 182
Historical Perspectives 183
Abortion Procedures 185
Reactions to Abortion 186
Teens and Abortion 187
Cross-Cultural Aspects of Abortion 187

CHAPTER REVIEW 188

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 189
WEBSITES 189
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] Herbal Lore and Contraception 155
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] Nonoxynol-9: Harmful or Helpful? 160
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] Drugs and Herbs That Interact with Oral Contraceptives 168

xii Contents NEL

Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Chapter 7

© Collection CNRI/Phototake
Sexually Transmitted Infections
and HIV/AIDS 190
Sexually Transmitted Infections 192
A History of STIs in Canada 192
Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections 193
Age, Race, Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Sexually Transmitted Infections 194
Birth Control, Pregnancy, and Sexually Transmitted Infections 195
Ectoparasitic Infections: Pubic Lice and Scabies 196
Pubic Lice 196
Scabies 197
Bacterial Infections: Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Chlamydia, and Others 197
Gonorrhea 197
Syphilis 199
Chlamydia 200
Vaginal Infections 201
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease 202
Viral Infections: Herpes, Human Papillomavirus, and Hepatitis 202
Herpes 202
Human Papillomavirus 204
Viral Hepatitis 206
HIV and AIDS 207
Incidence in Canada 208
Knowledge of AIDS and Sexual Behaviour 209
Symptoms 209
Diagnosis 210
Treatment 210
Prevention of HIV/AIDS 210
Global Aspects of AIDS 211
Asia and the Pacific 212
Eastern Europe and Central Asia 213
Sub-Saharan Africa 213
The Caribbean 214
Central and South America 214

NEL Contents xiii

Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
 The Middle East and Northern Africa 215
HIV/AIDS Education and Popular Culture 215
Safer Sexual Behaviour 215

CHAPTER REVIEW 216

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 217
WEBSITES 217
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] HIV Risk Levels of Sexual Behaviours 194
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] The Hassle Free Clinic, Toronto 199
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] Microbicides: New Barriers against HIV 211
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] Thailand: “No Condoms, No Sex”! 212
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] AIDS Orphans in Africa 214

© Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock

Chapter
Gender Development, Gender
Roles, and Gender Identity 218
Sexual Differentiation in the Womb 220
Gender Roles and Gender Traits 222
Masculinity and Femininity 222
Are Gender Roles Innate? 223
Gender Role Theory 225
Evolutionary Theory: Adapting to Our Environment 225
Social Learning Theory: Learning from Our Environment 225
Cognitive Development Theory: Age-Stage Learning 226
Gender Schema Theory: Our Cultural Maps 226
Varieties of Gender 227
Masculinity: The Hunter 227
Femininity: The Nurturer 228
Androgyny: Feminine and Masculine 228
The Gender Spectrum 229
Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment Surgery 230
Gender Diversity in Other Cultures 232

xiv Contents NEL

Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Gender Role Socialization Throughout the Lifespan 234
Childhood: Learning by Playing 234
Adolescence: Practice Being Female or Male 234
Adulthood: Careers and Families 235
The Senior Years 235
Toward Gender Equality 235

CHAPTER REVIEW 236

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 237
WEBSITES 237
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] A Case of a Boy Being Raised as a Girl 221
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] The Fear of Men? 223
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] Transsexuality in Iran 229
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] Twelve-Year-Old Transgender Boy Gets New Birth Certificate 232
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] ICEIS Rain 233

Chapter 9
Sexual Orientation 238

© Angela Maria Photography

Definitions of Sexual Orientation? 240
Models of Sexual Orientation 240
Measuring Sexual Orientation: How Prevalent? 241
Why Are There Different Sexual Orientations? 243
Biological Theories 243
Developmental Theories 245
Behaviourist Theories 247
Sociological Theories 247
Homosexuality in Western History 248
The Classical Era 248
The Middle Ages 249
Early Modern Europe 249
The Victorian Era 249
The 20th Century 249
Homosexuality in Other Cultures 251
The United States 251
Latin America 251

NEL Contents xv

Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
 The Middle East and North Africa 251
Asian and the Pacific 252
Africa 252
Gay and Lesbian Globalization 253
Gays, Lesbians, and Bisexuals throughout the Life Cycle 253
Growing Up Gay, Lesbian, or Bisexual 253
Coming Out to Self and Others 254
Effects of Stigma 256
Life Issues: Partnering, Parenthood, and Aging 256
Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Organizations 258
Homophobia, Heterosexism, and Hate Crimes 259
What Is Homophobia? 259
Hate Crimes Against Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Individuals 260
How Can One Combat Homophobia and Heterosexism? 260
Lesbianism and Bisexuality 262
Gays and Lesbians of Colour 263
Homosexuality in Religion and the Law 264
CHAPTER REVIEW 265
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 266
WEBSITES 266
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] Kathleen Wynne—25th Premier of Ontario 250
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] A Model of Coming Out 255
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] John Damien—Wrongfully Dismissed 258
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] Gay-Themed Canadian Films 261

Chapter 10
© Pressmaster/Shutterstock

Childhood and
Adolescent Sexuality 268
Studying Childhood and Adolescent Sexuality 270
Beginnings: Birth to Age Two 271
Physical Development 271
Psychosexual Development: Bonding and Gender 271

xvi Contents NEL

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Early Childhood: Ages Two to Five 272
Physical Development: Mastering the Basics 272
Psychosexual Development: What It Means to Be a Girl or a Boy 272
Sexual Behaviour: Curiosity and Responsibility 272
Sexual Knowledge and Attitudes 272
Middle Childhood to Preteen: Ages 6 to 12 273
Physical Development: Preadolescence and Puberty 273
Psychosexual Development: Becoming More Private 274
Sexual Behaviour: Learning about Sex and Sexuality 274
Sexuality and Relationships: What We Learn 275
Adolescence: Ages 12 to 18 277
Physical Development: Big Changes 277
Psychosexual Development: Emotional Self-Awareness 278
Sexual Behaviour: Experimentation and Abstinence 279
Influences: Peers, Family, and Religion 282
Contraception, Pregnancy and Abortion: Complex Issues 283
Sexually Transmitted Infections: Education and Prevention 285
What Children Need to Know: Sexual Health Education 286
Why Sexual Health Education Is Important 286
History of Sexual Education in Canada 286
Sexual Health Education Today 287
Effects and Results of Sexuality Education Programs 287
Sexual Health Education Today: What Is Still Needed 290

CHAPTER REVIEW 292

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 293
WEBSITES 293
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] Parents and Anxiety: Where Does It Come From? What Can You Do? 276
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] What Do Children Want to Know and What Are They Ready For? 289
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] Sexuality Education around the World 291

NEL Contents xvii

Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Chapter 11
Communication and Sexuality 294
The Importance of Communication 296

© Mary Kate Denny/PhotoEdit

Learning to Communicate 297
Goals of Communication 298
Families and Communication 298
Communication Differences and Similarities 298
Communication and Gender 298
Communication and Culture 301
Communication and Sexual Orientation 302
Communication and Language 302
Types of Communication 303
Non-verbal Communication 303
Computer-Mediated Communication 304
Sexual Communication 306
Important Components in Sexual Communication 306
Obstacles to Sexual Communication 309
Listening, Expressing Criticism, and Non-constructive Communication 310
The Importance of Listening 310
Becoming a More Effective Listener 310
Message Interpretation 310
Negative Feelings and Criticism 310
Non-constructive Communication: “Don’t Yell at Me”! 311
Fighting 311
CHAPTER REVIEW 312
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 313
WEBSITES 313
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] Recipes for Good Same-Sex Marriages: The Importance
of Communication 297
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] Language Desire—The Je Ne Sais Quoi of Language 303
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] Social Networks 306

xviii Contents NEL

Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Chapter 12
Love and Intimacy 314

© Yagi Studio/Getty
What Is Love? 316
Love in Other Times and Places 316
Forms and Measures of Love 317
Romantic versus Companionate Love 317
The Colours of Love: John Alan Lee 318
Love Triangles: Robert Sternberg 319
Can We Measure Love? 320
Origins of Love 321
Behavioural Reinforcement Theories 321
Cognitive Theories 322
Evolutionary Theory 322
Physiological Arousal Theory 322
Other Biological Factors 323
Love from Childhood to Maturity 323
Childhood 323
Adolescence 324
Adult Love and Intimacy 325
Attraction 326
Attraction and Gender Inequity 327
Intimate Relationships 327
Long-Term Love and Commitment 331
Loss of Love 331
Love, Sex, and How We Build Intimate Relationships 332
Enhancing Intimacy Skills 332
The Dark Side of Love 332

CHAPTER REVIEW 334

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 335
WEBSITES 335
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] Ten Love Songs by Canadian Aboriginal Music Artists 318
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] In the Men’s Locker Room 328
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] “Come Live with Me and Be My Love” 330
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] Love—It’s All in the Head 330

NEL Contents xix

Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Chapter 13
Adult Sexual Relationships 336

© Beau Lark/Corbis
Dating 338
Interracial and Intercultural Dating 339
Non-marital Sexual Activity 340
Breaking Up 340
Cohabitation 341
Marriage 342
Statistics and Current Trends in Marriage 342
Common-Law Unions 342
Endogamous and Exogamous Marriages 343
Marriage in Later Life 344
Marital Satisfaction 344
Sex within Marriage 345
Sex Outside of Marriage 345
Same-Sex Relationships 347
Differences between Same-Sex and Other-Sex Relationships 348
Sexuality in Same-Sex Relationships 348
Same-Sex Marriage in Canada 348
Same-Sex Marriage in the United States 349
Arranged Marriages in Canada 350
Forced Marriages 350
Polygamous Marriages in Canada 351
Types of Polygamy 351
Polygamy in Canada 352
Consanguineous Marriages 352
International Incidence 352
Aboriginal Kinship Systems 353
Consanguineous Marriage in Canada 353
Parenthood—Same-Sex and Other-Sex Couples 354
Parenting and Relationship Satisfaction 354
Divorce 355
Statistics and Current Trends 355
Reasons for Divorce 356

xx Contents NEL

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 Adjusting to Divorce 357

CHAPTER REVIEW 357

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 358
WEBSITES 359
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] The “Half-Age-Plus-Seven” Rule 339
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] Virginity—A Troublesome Concept 341
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] Living Apart Together 343
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] What Is Polyamory? 347
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] Changing Inuit Marriages 353
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] The Seven-Year Itch 356

Chapter 14

© Leslie Sponseller/Getty Images

Variations of Sexual Expression 360
Sex and the Single Canadian College Student 362
Celibacy, Abstinence, and Asexuality 363
Celibacy 363
Abstinence 364
Asexuality 364
Sexual Fantasies 365
The Nature of Sexual Fantasies 365
A History of Attitudes toward Sexual Fantasies 366
Gender and Sexual Fantasies 367
Solitary Sexual Activity—Masturbation 368
A History of Masturbation 368
Frequency of Masturbation 369
Attitudes toward Masturbation 369
Sex Toys and Masturbation 369
Disembodied Sexual Activity—Cybersex 370
Teledildonics and Bluedildonics 371
Sex with Dolls and Robots 371
Partnered Sexual Activity 372
Foreplay 372
Manual Sex and Mutual Masturbation 373

NEL Contents xxi

Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
 Oral Sex 373
Vaginal Intercourse 376
Anal Intercourse 378
Unconventional Sexual Behaviour 379
Fetishistic Sexual Activity 379
BDSM 382
Safer Sexual Behaviours 383
CHAPTER REVIEW 385
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 386
WEBSITES 386
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] Do Couples Break Up over Sexual Incompatibilities? 375
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] The Fursonas of Furries 381
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] The Divine Marquis and Leopold von Sacher-Masoch 382
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] Safer Sex Guidelines 384

Chapter 15
Challenges to Sexual
Functioning 388
Challenges to Sexual Functioning 390
© Roy McMahon/Corbis
Psychological Challenges to Sexual Functioning 390
Physiological Challenges to Sexual Functioning 391
Evaluating Sexual Problems 391
Treating Sexual Problems 391
Problems with Sexual Desire 392
Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder 392
Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder 392
Problems with Sexual Arousal 395
Erectile Disorder 396
Other Problems with Sexual Arousal 399
Problems with Orgasm 399
Female Orgasmic Disorder 399
Ejaculatory Disorders 401
Treating Ejaculatory Disorders 402
xxii Contents NEL

Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Problems with Sexual Pain 404
Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorders 404
Treating Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorders 405
Substance/Medication-Induced Sexual Dysfunction 405
Alcoholism 406
Opioids 406
Stimulants 406
Antipsychotic Medications 406
Aging, Illness, Disability, and Sexual Functioning 407
Cardiovascular Illnesses 408
Cancer 409
Diabetes 411
Arthritis 411
Multiple Sclerosis 412
Spinal Cord Injuries 412
Mental Illness 412
Other Conditions 413
Getting Help 413
CHAPTER REVIEW 414
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 415
WEBSITES 415
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] What Is an Aphrodisiac? 394
[SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN OUR WORLD] Treating Sexual Problems in Other Cultures 395
[SEX IN REAL LIFE] Optimize Your Health for Sexual Function 408

Chapter 16
Harmful and Antisocial
© Rainer Elstermann/Corbis

Sexual Expression 416

What Is “Abnormal” Sexual Expression? 418
Judging Sexual Behaviour 419
Paraphilic Disorders 421
Theories about Paraphilic Disorders 421

NEL Contents xxiii

Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 THE FOREST FIRE.

And so it was, our absent-minded botanist who had got up this

mighty conflagration, and frightened all the wild beasts out of their
senses. It was lucky for him that he lighted the fire, otherwise it is
more than probable some one of the wild beasts would have made
short work of him in the course of the night.
 His next adventure was a very serious one, and yet it was very
funny too. It happened when the expedition was returning to Cape
Town. By that time Mr. Reed’s herbarium was filled with specimens.
It was of more value, he said, than diamonds. He expected to
astonish and delight the scientific world with that book of plants. He
would never trust it to any one else for more than a few moments at
a time. He slept with it under his pillow.
And yet he allowed this precious book to be stolen from him.
And by whom?
By a baboon!
In one of his fits of abstraction he had again wandered out of sight
of his companions. He had the herbarium open, and, as he walked
along, was studying his contents. Suddenly a great, black, hairy paw
was thrust right under his nose, and the book snatched out of his
hand in a twinkling.
Looking up, he saw in the tree far above his head, a large baboon,
grinning and chattering, and turning over the leaves of his beloved
herbarium with no gentle hand. But Mr. Reed had no idea of losing
his book, and immediately began to climb the tree. The baboon
grasped his stolen property, firmly, and swung himself lightly to the
next tree.
Seeing the folly of attempting to follow the animal, Mr. Reed
returned to his companions, finding his way with some difficulty; and
implored them to recover for him this lost treasure.
They laughed at him, but good-naturedly accompanied him to the
place of the theft, though they did not expect to find the monkey
there; much less did they suppose the book to be still entire.
But, on reaching the spot, there, on a low branch of a tree, was the
baboon, busily engaged in turning the book over and over, as if
anxious to make out what manner of thing he had got hold of.
 THE COMBAT WITH THE BABOON.
He did not take any notice of the party of men, and it would have
been easy to have shot him. But the botanist made this impossible,
for no sooner did he get a sight of the thief, thus displaying his booty,
than he rushed forward to seize his precious volume; in this way
getting between the gun and the animal.
The baboon, instead of retreating, as he had done before, sprang
to the ground, and rushed upon the botanist. A fierce battle ensued.
Sometimes the baboon was uppermost, and sometimes Mr. Reed.
But the monkey had weapons in its claws, whereas the man had
nothing but his fists, and great physical strength. The hunters tried to
shoot the baboon, but this they found they could not do without
danger to Mr. Reed.
Finally one of them, watching his chance, when the beast was
uppermost, split its head with a hatchet, and ended the combat.
Early in the fight Mr. Reed had got hold of his book. It was
somewhat crushed, and a few of the specimens destroyed, but, on
the whole, it was in pretty good condition.
This was the last serious adventure that befell Mr. Reed. He met
with some mishaps, but these he did not mind, and soon forgot them
after his return to Cape Town, where he had the pleasure of showing
his beloved herbarium, and of describing to his friends the plants he
had found, and their characteristics.
 SOMETHING TRUE ABOUT THE MOON.

THE FULL MOON.

In another part of this book I told you something about the moon,
which did not even pretend to be true. No body can go to the moon,
although very many people have traveled more miles than the
distance between the earth and its lunar companion. Any one who
has sailed from New York to Liverpool and back forty times has gone
over a greater distance than that from here to the moon, which is
less than 240,000 miles away.
Many a sea-captain has sailed more miles than these. A ship
came into New York Bay very recently that had sailed, in one voyage
over 110,000 miles.
But we cannot visit the moon because there is no atmospheric air
between that planet and the earth. If air existed in this vast space in
which a balloon might float, and which a man might breathe, I think
that some of us would manage to get to the moon before any one
reaches the North Pole. The journey would be longer, but there
would be no ice to block up the way.
But notwithstanding the fact that we cannot go to the moon, we
know a great deal about that planet, especially as it affects the earth.
And with the great telescopes that have been constructed, in late
years, we can see much of the general configuration of that side of
the moon which is turned towards us, and it appears very like the
picture at the head of this article. Here we see depressions and
elevations, and plain surfaces which may be, and probably are,
mountains and beds of dried up oceans and vast plains, which, in all
probability, are barren and desolate.
For scientific men feel quite certain that the moon has no
atmosphere, and of course if there is no air, we have no reason to
suppose that there is any life there.
But our principal interest in the moon relates to its effects upon
ourselves, and our own planet, and therefore we should all
understand it as we see and enjoy it from our stand-point.
We all know that sometimes the moon is full and bright, flooding
the earth with its lovely light, and that, at other times it is quite dim,
just a curved strip of light in the sky, and at still other times it seems
to be absent altogether.
Though we have noticed all this, it is very probable indeed that
some of us do not entirely understand these changes, and so I shall
briefly explain them.
When we cannot see the moon at all, which is the case for two or
three days every month, it is because the sun is not shining on that
side of the moon which is turned to us. And we might as well
remember that although the moon moves around the earth once
every four weeks, it always turns the same side to us. We never
have seen the other side, with telescopes, or in any other way.
When the moon is between us and the sun, the side towards us
must of course be dark. Then it is that we do not see the moon at all.
But as the moon moves gradually to one side we begin to see a
little strip of the bright portion as you notice in Fig. 1. This represents
the moon in its first phase.
I suppose you have noticed at such times, when the new moon is
very small, that we can often see the whole disk of the moon,
although the principal portion of it is very dim indeed. Still we can
see a faint light shining upon it which makes it comparatively easy
for us to discern its outlines.
This pale light is “earth-light.” The earth
is then “full” to the moon-folk, (if there be
any such creatures who can live without
air,) and its brilliancy is partially reflected
back to us from the surface of the moon.
The bright portion of the moon now
grows larger and larger until, in about
seven or eight days, we see it as it is
shown in Figure 2. Then it is said to be in
its first quarter.
FIG. 1. FIRST PHASE OF At this time the spots and various
MOON.
markings on its surface are generally seen
very distinctly.
For seven days the bright portion of the moon continues to grow
larger and larger, and during a part of this time it presents the
appearance shown in Figure 3.
 At last, after about fifteen days of active
increase of bright surface the moon
reaches that point where the sun shines
directly upon the side presented to the
earth, and then it is “full moon.” Of course
it must, at this time, be on the side of the
earth farthest from the sun so that the sun
can shine on it, and at the same time, we
can see it.
Figure 4 is a small picture of the full
moon. FIG. 2. FIRST QUARTER.

But the moon does not remain full very

long, as many of us who delight in
moonlight rambles, and boat-rides, know
to our sorrow. It soon begins to wane, and
then assumes very much the same forms
that it presented when on the increase,
with this difference; its lighted portion is
always turned the other way.
It now rises later and later. When it was
full it rose at about the time that the sun
set, and set about sunrise. But now it rises
FIG. 3. BETWEEN FIRST
later and later until at last it rises just QUARTER AND FULL
before the sun, and is of course soon MOON.
invisible in his brighter rays.
Figures 5, 6 and 7 will give you an idea of the various phases
assumed by the moon when in its wane, or decrease.
 FIG. 4. THE FULL
MOON.

FIG. 5. BETWEEN FULL MOON FIG. 6. LAST FIG. 7. BETWEEN LAST

AND LAST QUARTER. QUARTER. QUARTER AND NEW MOON.

So now we have seen the moon in its various phases, which is

nothing more than we can see in the heavens when the sky is clear,
but it is better always to understand what we see.
We should remember, then, that one half of the moon is always
bright. When it is between us and the sun (not on an exact line,
however, for that would make an eclipse of the sun) we cannot see it
at all, and then we say “there is no moon to-night.” When it moves
around so that we can see a little of the bright side, it is “new moon,”
and when it gets around behind us, so to speak, so that we can see
the sun shining full upon one side of it, it is “full moon.”
If one of us could live upon that part of the surface of the moon
that is always turned toward us, he could see the same changes
taking place upon our planet as we see on the moon.
 There would be “new earth,” and “quarter earth,” and “full earth,”
which last would be truly grand!
Think of a bright orb of light in the heavens fourteen times larger
than the full moon, and you will have an idea of how our earth would
sometimes appear to observers on the moon,—were there any one
there to see.
 A VOYAGE TO THE LOWER AMAZON.

In another part of this volume there is an adventure related by Mr.

Moore, in which he encountered a snow storm in a tropical country.
Mr. Moore had spent the earlier part of his life in South America;
and, in after years, he was very fond of talking about these youthful
days with his son George, who was a delighted listener to the travels
and exploits of his father.
On one occasion Mr. Moore gave George an account of the first
voyage he took on the lower part of the Amazon river, and I think it
will prove almost as full of interest to my readers as it was to George
Moore.
So here it is.
“I had made up my mind,” said Mr. Moore, “to overhaul the boat of
Miguel Espartero. He was a Spanish South American, and captain of
the sloop Bella Donna, which sloop, I had been told, was to start that
very day on its voyage down the river to Para, to which place it was
conveying coffee and chocolate, the produce of the river farms.
“I had some acquaintance with Captain Espartero; and I knew he
did not want me on his sloop, and I guessed the reason. His ideas of
hospitality would compel him to offer me his state-room, and he
feared I would accept the offer. That was the reason he pretended
not to see me when I first came in sight of him in the gapo. He rowed
with all his might and main, without turning his head in my direction.
But I thought if I could overtake him, and convince him I did not want
his state-room, he would be very glad of my company.
 THE CHASE IN THE GAPO.
“So I bribed my Indian rower to his best speed. The captain’s boat
was several lengths ahead, and was lighter than ours, but he was
not as much accustomed to rowing as my Indian, and I felt pretty
sure of overtaking him in the gapo.
“What is a gapo?” said George.
“At certain seasons the Amazon river overflows its banks; and the
forest land, covered by the waters, is called a gapo, and Captain
Espartero was rowing through one of these to get to his sloop in the
open river, and I was following him. I was afraid he would hoist sail,
and away before I could reach the sloop, so I made up my mind to
overhaul his boat.
“We overtook him after a little rapid rowing, and I made a bargain
with him to take me down the river. He was in a hurry, he said, but I
was all ready; and in half an hour we were on board the Bella
Donna.”
“Why!” exclaimed George, “that is the name of a medicine!”
“The sloop was not named after the medicine, but Bella Donna is
Spanish for Beautiful Lady.
“For several hours we drifted with the tide, which was running
pretty fast; and then we stopped at a town to take on some
chocolate. Here there were farm-houses on both banks of the river—
low whitewashed buildings, looking very picturesque in the midst of
the pretty cacao or chocolate trees.
“After leaving here, our progress was very slow; and, before night,
we came to a dead stop. Our pilot had steered us upon a sand-bank!
There was nothing for it but to wait for the tide to float us off.
Fortunately we could go to sleep, and we did.
“It was a warm night, and I wrapped myself in my cloak, and laid
down on some cushions on the deck. After a long time I was
awakened by a splashing noise, and, lying quite still in the moonlight,
I listened. There seemed to be many creatures swimming around our
sloop. And then I plainly smelled a musky odor. I knew by that sign
who our visitors were. I got up and looked over the side of the
vessel.
“Yes, there they were! I was sure of it! Their long, villainous-
looking heads were thrust out of the water, as if enjoying the
moonlight. These were several alligators looking for something to
eat, no doubt, and I was very glad they were not going to have a
chance to eat me. I was safely out of their reach on the deck of the
sloop, but the idea of having so many of these disgusting and
ravenous beasts so near me disturbed my rest for a long time. So
that my first night on the sloop was not particularly pleasant.
“But the second was worse. We floated off the sand-bar about
daybreak, and made very good progress through the day. Very early
in the night I retired to my little room in the cabin, and was soon
sound asleep.
 “After some time I awoke. I was conscious of a disagreeable
sensation. I soon found that my hammock was rocking at a furious
rate. Presently it gave a tremendous lurch, and banged my head
against the wall. With some difficulty I managed to get out of the
hammock, and, as soon as I put my feet on the floor, I fell down. The
room was pitchy dark, and the vessel was evidently very pitchy too,
though in a different way. On the deck there was a great trampling of
feet.
“I scrambled up in haste, and was eager to get out of the cabin,
and to see what had happened. But I could not find the door. I felt
around the walls, but the door seemed to have vanished. I imagined
that the ship was on fire and that I should be burned up in that little
cell. I kicked, and pounded, and shrieked; and, after a long time, the
uproar I made was heard on deck. Somebody came, and let me out.

A NIGHT TEMPEST.
 “Then I found that a fearful storm was upon us. The scene had
been entirely changed in an hour. All day it had been calm. There
was not breeze enough to move a sail, and scarcely to ruffle the
water. Now the wind was blowing violently, bending the trees until it
seemed as if they would be torn up by the roots. The air was filled
with whirling leaves. The river was lashed into waves, and white with
foam. The lightning was almost incessant, sometimes in blinding
sheets, and sometimes with flaming lines crossing each other.
“The sloop was flying over the waves as gaily as a bird. There was
not a thread of canvas out. We were rushing along under bare poles.
“The Indian sailors were of no use whatever—worse than useless,
for they were in an agony of terror. They were all in the shrouds and
rigging, holding on for dear life. If it had not been for the pilot, the
captain, and one white sailor, I don’t know what would have become
of us.
“The captain assured me there was no danger, so I secured
myself on deck, and watched the tempest, admiring the fine display it
made, but wishing from my heart it would stop. For I preferred the
certainty of safety to the captain’s assurance that we were safe.
“Fearing that the wind would blow me off the slippery deck, I had
tied one end of a rope around the mast, and the other end around
my waist. I suppose I did not tie it firmly, for the rope slipped from
me; and I felt that I was sliding swiftly over the wet deck, on my way
to the river. The sloop was tipped up at such a high angle I could not
save myself. I gave a shriek; there was a crash; and down I went into
the raging waters!
“For an instant I had no sensation but that of terror. Then the
horror of my situation forced me to think how to save myself. I was in
the midst of this boiling river, at the mercy of the furious waves, and
still more furious wind. The vessel was going at a frantic speed, and
would soon be far away from me. At such a time I would not be
missed; and, even if I were my companions could not save me. They
could do nothing except to throw me a rope, and try to hold me up
until I could get to the ship’s side, when there was a possibility they
might haul me up. But all this was not probable.
 “These thoughts flew through my mind in a moment. Then I found I
was close to the ship, but I could not see distinctly. The lightning
flashes seemed to have grown very faint, and everything was
obscure. The only thing I could do was to try to get up the ship’s
side, and I made a desperate clutch at it. My hands failed to get hold
of anything, and down I went into the water again. But I did not sink. I
seemed to be borne up on the top of the waves all the time. But, of
course, I did not reflect upon the strangeness of this. I made another
attempt to scramble up the side of the sloop; and this time, I caught
hold of an iron ring!
“How desperately I clutched it! And how I shrieked for help! But the
gale made such a noise no one heard me. I found to my surprise that
the rolling of the vessel dipped only my feet in the water, and that the
waves did not dash over me. My situation then did not seem to be
quite so hopeless, and I redoubled my cries for help.
“Soon I heard the gruff voice of the Captain calling down to me:
‘What is the matter there?’”
“‘I am overboard, and drowning,’ I shrieked in reply.
“Upon this instead of lowering a rope, he extended me his hands,
and helped me up—out of the cabin!
“The crash I had heard was the cabin hatchway, and I had fallen
through it into the room below, and into about two feet of water! The
iron ring was a hammock ring. No wonder I did not see the lightning
flashes down in that hole.
“The raging waves, and the tossing about in the wind, and the
vessel scudding away from me had only existed in my imagination. I
was so certain that I had fallen into the river that I imagined the rest.
“The tempest soon ceased, but not the laugh at me. That lasted all
the way to Para. Somehow my adventure seemed more ridiculous to
the Captain and the sailors than it did to me!
 STILL WATERS.
“We had lovely weather during the remainder of our trip. Our Bella
Donna behaved very well except that she would get on a sand-bar
occasionally. This was partly the pilot’s fault, and partly the fault of
the river in having so many sand-bars.
‘Did not the Captain try to get his sloop off the sand-bars?’ George
inquired.
“Yes, the sailors would try to work the vessel off, sometimes
getting into the water, and working like Trojans. But they never did
get her off; and we would just stick there until the next tide which
invariably floated us on our way.
“I took advantage of these detentions to visit the shores, and
explore the country. In this way I became acquainted with some very
strange Indian tribes. But I saw nothing of the Amazons—the female
warriors you have read of. Nor did I meet with any one who ever had
seen any of them. I did find a ruined fortress, but I never heard that
the Amazons had anything to do with fortresses. They trusted to their
bows and spears.
“In the place of these warlike females are gentle, inoffensive
Indian women, who will sell you delicious fruits, or make you a
hammock for a small sum of money, or a few ornaments.
“Immense forests stretch along both banks, filled with luxuriant
vegetation. To a resident, a trip on the river, sailing between these
lines of forests, is tedious, and monotonous. But a stranger is
constantly interested in the beautiful and wonderful plants around
him.
“There are also farms along the river, and occasionally a white
settlement—usually a village; rarely a town.
“And, if the vessel gets on sand-bars as often as our good sloop,
the Bella Donna, the stranger will have an opportunity of seeing
some of the animals of the country, Some of them are not very
pleasant to meet, especially the jaguar. But the monkeys are
amusing.
“At some of the mission stations among the Indians he will also
see a good deal to interest him. The Indians have been taught
something of agriculture, and have some very primitive machines.
“In one of my rambles I came across a sugar-cane mill, in which
three Indians were at work.
 SUGAR-CANE MILL.
“It was an enormous affair, but worked entirely by man-power. The
great wheels were made to revolve by a single man working in each,
very much in the style in which squirrels turn toy wheels in their
cages.
“With the exception of my sad adventure during the tempest, I
enjoyed the ten days’ trip on the Bella Donna very much. But ten
days is enough for such a journey, and I was not sorry when I
reached Para, and the sea coast.”
 THE BEDOUIN ARABS.

Fine stories are told of the Bedouin Arabs. We have heard a great
deal about these wandering tribes of the desert; of their hospitality to
strangers; of their generosity; of their gratitude; of their affection for
their fleet and beautiful horses; of the wild free life they lead. They
will not allow themselves to be cooped up in towns, they will not
even live in houses, but spend their lives in breezy tents, out on the
wilds.
When girls and boys read these accounts their hearts glow at the
thought of the happy life of the Arab children. No lessons to learn, no
school to attend, no work to do. They course around on splendid
horses, and their whole life is one delightful “camping out.” When
they get tired of living in one place, they go to another. They dress
gorgeously too! A loose, and gracefully flowing costume, made of
“rich stuffs,” and costly camel’s hair cloth.
And then besides the horse they have the docile and intelligent
camel to bear their burdens, and to be their companions.
Such are the pictures often drawn of Bedouin life; and, no doubt
you have thought when you read them, that if these ignorant, lazy,
heathen Arabs were so good, and so happy, why should you be sent
to school, and taught to be industrious, and trained to follow the
precepts of the Bible? To be good, and to be happy are certainly the
main things, and if these Arabs have learned the secret of
commanding these we had better take lessons from them.
Let us look at the accounts of reliable travelers, and see how far
the descriptions of the story-writers are true.