RAS MAINS - 2018

PAPER -I
SCIENCE AND TECH PART - II
Sci. & Tech. 2

CHAPTER : 1
—: DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY :—
Indian Army commands  Resolution of Biological and chemical
Command HQ location warfare agents.
Central Command Lucknow  Development of dengue control kit on
Eastern Command Kolkata indigenous technology
Northern Command Udhampur  Development of transgenic tomato ―Pusa
Southern Command Pune Rubi‖.
South-western Jaipur  Development of technology for production
Command of titanium sponge
Western Command Chandimandir  Development of poly-herbal products
Training Command Shimla which help in lukoderma, ringworm and
(ARTRAC) tooth ache.
Indian Air force command  Development of Multi-insect repellant
Command HQ location Diethyl phenyl acetamide spray.
Central Air command Allahabad  Water testing technology
Eastern Air Command Shilong  Tested packaged food product technology
Southern Air Thiruvanantpuram  Development of agricultural technology
Command 2. Electronic engineering
Western Air New delhi  RADAR – 3, DCAR, RADAR – Revati etc.
Command  Electronic warfare
South-western Air Gandhi Nagar  Communication technology
command 3. Aeronautics
Training Command Bangalore  Air borne telemetry receiving system for
Indian Naval Command down range applications
Command HQ location  Quick warning suit for fighter planes
Western Naval Mumbai  Remote controlled pilot vehicle, Drone
Command (Lakshya, Nishant, Rustom)
Eastern Naval Vishakhapatnam 4. Educational research
Command  Aeronautical research and development
Southrn Naval Cochin board
Command  Armament research board
Defence Research and Development  Naval research board
Organisation (DRDO)  Life Sciences research board
It is an agency of the republic of India, 5. Exploitation of geo-tagging
responsible for the development of technology for
 Weather research by developing unmanned
use by the military, headquarters in New Delhi. It
aerial vehicles, communication disaster
was formed in 1958, by te merger of Technical
management, pollution tracking and law
Development Establishment and the Directorate of
enforcement.
Technical Development and Production with the
Defence Science Organising. IGMDP (Integrated Guided Missile
The first successful testing of space-cum- Development Programme)
missile technology was the Rohini-75, which was
tested in 1967.  It was a program launched by MoD under
Role of DRDO in fields other than weapons the aegis of Dr. A.P.J. Kalam between
DRDO has the following roles apart from 1983-2007 for development of a
weapon development. comprehensive range of missiles.
1. Life Sciences
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 To make India self-sufficient in the design  Carry both conventional and nuclear
and production of a full range of missiles. warheads.
 To meet the requirements of defence  AGNI missile is a modified version of
services and establish re-entry technology. ASLV-3 OF ISRO
Under IGMDP, 5 major Projects were
initiated:- Missile
1. Short Range Surface to Air missile : Agni-I  Single-stage engine powered
Trishul by solid fuel
2. Medium Range Surface to Air missile:  Short-range ballistic missile.
Akash Coverage: 700 km
3. Short Range Surface to Surface missile: Agni-II  Two stage solid propellant
Prithvi engine medium range
4. Medium Range Surface to Surface missile: ballistic missile
Agni  Coverage: 2000 km
5. Third generation anti-tank guided missile: Agni-III  Two-stage solid propellant
Nag.
engine
 Expansion of program in 1990-
 Intermediate range ballistic
1. to develop long range Agni missile
missile Coverage: 3000 km
2. Ballistic missile
Agni-IV  Two-stage solid propellant
3. ICBM
engine
 IGMDP is managed by DRDO
 Intermediate range ballistic
 On 7 May, 2008 GoI closed IGMDP
missile Coverage: 4000 km
because most of the missiles have been
developed and inducted into Indian armed
Agni-V  Powered by 3 stage solid, all
forces. composite rocket motors
Agni Missile System  It‘s an Intercontinental
 Surface to Surface IRBM, for tactical Ballistic Missile Coverage:
purpose developed by DRDO and 5000 km Maximim speed: 24
manufactured by BDL, Hyderabad. Tessy times speed of
Thomas is the Project Director c/a Missile. sound
 At present, US, China, Russia, UK, France  Canister-lauch for quick-
and Israel are known to have ICBMs response, higher reliability,
longer shelf-life, less
 Have re-entry capability i.e. it propels itself
maintenance and enhanced
out of the earth atom and then re-entry and
road
falls to surface of earth. India has
mobility
reportedly also been working on multiple
independently targetable re-entry
vehicles (MIRV) for the Agni-V in order Prithvi
to ensure a credible second strike capability  Surface to surface Short Range Ballistic
or credible minimum deterrence. MIRV Missile
means one missile can carry several  India's first indigenously developed
warheads, each for different targets. ballistic missile.
 It has been equipped with very high  Developed by DRDO for strategic purpose
accuracy and manufactured by BDL, Hyderabad.
Ring Laser Gyro based Inertial  150-300 km range with carrying capacity
Navigation 500-1000 kg, capable of carrying nuclear
System (RINS) and Micro Navigation warhead and conventional payloads.
System  It has significant strategic value despite its
(MINS) short range because if deployed in states of
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J&K, Punjab & Gujarat with border
Pakistan, it would place Islamabad and
other major cities in range.
 Uses both liquid and solid fuels. It has 3
versions
 Prithvi I (SS-150) Army Version- 150
km range. It has been inducted in
Army. Payload: 1000 kg.
 Prithvi II (SS-250) Air Force Version-
250km range. It is in its final phase of
trial. Payload: 500 kg
 Prithvi III (SS-350) Naval Force- 350
km range (Dhanush). Can be launched
from ships. Payload : 1000 kg
K-15Sagarika- Nuclear capable submarine
launched variant of Prithvi, range of 700 km.
 Prithivi used as Interceptor missile-
PRADUMAN
 The latest test of K-15 Missile was done on
11th March 2012.
Trishal Missile System
 Surface to air missile, Range: 12 km fitted
with 14kg warhead.
 To be used against low level targets at short
range, to defend naval vessels against
missiles.
 Have radar guided surveillance, tracking
and guided mechanism for accurate
interception of targets.
 Officially shut down on 27 Feb. 2008.
 Fitted with BARAK technology developed
by Israel for guiding missile.
Akash Missile System
 Surface to Air MRBM
 Range 30 km
 Flies at supersonic speed of Mach 2.5
 Capable of attacking multiple targets –
Multibarrel Missile
 Developed by DRDO and BEL.
 Capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
 It is guided by a phased array; fire control
radar called "Rajendra".
 Can aim against 8 targets simultaneously.
 First Indian Missile system to use Scramjet
principal for its propulsion that uses
atmospheric Oxygen for propulsion.
 Uses Stealth technology
 Sensors detect atomic/ nuclear warhead.
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 Civilian vision - ASTRA MISSION
 Uses Rajendra Radar (for stealth tech.) and
3-d Radar (for pre-wearing)
Nag Missile System
 Third generation "fire and forget" anti-
tank-missile.
 All weather, top attack missile
 4 to 7 km range.
 Uses Imaging technology IR guidance that
day and night capability.
 Developed by BDL Hyderabad
 HELINA (Helicopter launched Nag):- air
launched version intended to arm RUDRA
 Uses smokeless fuel.
 NAMICA - carrier for NAG development
by DRDO.
Astra Missile System
 India's first civilian missile, developed
indigenously.
 Beyond visual range air to air missile
(BVRAAM)
 Manufactured by DRDO.
 Range 80 km
 BVR has ability to detect, track and destroy
the enemy aircraft much before their come
in visual contact.
 Will be equipped to mirage 2000, MiG-29,
Sea Harrier, LCA and other fighter in the
IAF.
 To be used for security of metropolitans.
 Modified form of AKASH.
 Plan to integrate with TEJAS
 Uses LASER Technology
 All weather missile with active Radar
terminal guidance
 Maximum speed of Mach 4.
Surya Missile System
 First ICBM (speculated) developed outside
IGMDP
 Range 8000-12000 km
BrahMos (R. Brahmaputra + R. Moskva)
 Supersonic cruise missile jointly
manufactured by India (Developed Guided
System; (DRDO) and Russia (Developed
Propellant System; (NPO
Mashinostroeyenia), who have together
formed Brahmos Aerospace Private
Limited.
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 World‘s fastest cruise missile in operation.
Speed: 2.8 to 3.0 Mach.
 The land-to-land configuration of
BRAHMOS Block III, missile was
launched from a Mobile Autonomous
Launcher (MAL) for its full-range testing
in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
 An anti-space missile with capability to be
launched from a variety of platforms.
 Only supersonic cruise missile in existence.
 Anti-ship missile with capability to be
launched from a variety of platforms.
Features of BrahMos
 Original Name P.J.10
 Equipped with stealth technology(to make
it less visible to radar)
 Supersonic speed- Mach2.8 (three times
faster than USA made subsonic Tomahawk
cruise missile)
 Equipped with advanced jamming
protection.
 Operates on "fire and forget" principle
 Has INS/GPS to use against ship and land
targets
 can attack surface targets at altitudes as low
as 10 m
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 High reliabile and ease of operation.
 Ability to conduct multiple launches
against multiple targets.
 Long shelf life with minimum
maintenance.
 Range 290 km
 Powered by a two stage propulsion system
(Initial acceleration with solid propellant
and supersonic cruise speed by liquid
fuelled ramjet system)
 It is in operation since 2006
BrahMoS II
 Hypersonic cruise missile under
development
 Joint project of India and Russia
 Expected range-290 km
 Speed-7 Mach.
Shaurya
 Surface to surface SRBM
 Developed by DRDO for use tactical by
Indian Army
 Hypersonic speed
 Range-600 km
 Can carry up to 1 tonne of both
conventional and nuclear war heads.
 land version and under water K-15 missile
(Sagarika)
Sarath: Missile platform to launch AKASH,
TRISHUL and NAG.
Nirbhay
 NIRBHAY is India‘s first indigenous Long
Range Sub-Sonic Cruise Missile,
developed and designed by Defence
Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO)
 It can carry a warhead of 200 kg to 300 kg
at a speed of 0.6 to 0.7 Mach with a launch
weight of about 1500 kg.
 It can avoid detection as it has ability to
cruise at heights as low as 100 m
 It is powered by solid rocket motor booster
and has a range of 1000km
 The successful development would provide
a definite boost to armed forces,
indigenous defence industry and India‘s
capability to design and develop lethal
weapons of strategic importance.
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 With the successful launch of NIRBHAY,
India joins the select league of nations that
possess the ability to make sub-sonic cruise
missile
Prahaar
 Solid fuelled surface to surface SRBM
 Developed by DRDO, range 150 km
 Use of Stealth technology
Barak Missile
 Long Range Surface to Air missile
 Rang 70km
 A joint venture between India and Israel,
co-developed by DRDO and IAI.
Interceptor / Anti Missile Technology
 Recently, India have done successful test of
this technology using PRITHVI MISSION.
Amoga-I
 Indeginously developed IInd generations
anti-tank missile
 Strike range of 2.8 km
 Developed by BDL, Hyderabad.
Indian Military Aircrafts
Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)
Tejas
 Tejas is a multirole light fighter aircraft
developed by HAL under LCA program in
1980s to replace the MiG-21 series.
 Two seater indigenously developed LCA
fighter plane.
 LCA was officially named "Tejas" by K-15 Sagarika
Prime Minister AB Vajpayee in 2004
 Tejas is the second supersonic fighter
developed indigenously by HAL.
Indian Naval Aircrafts
Aircrafts Origin Type
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 Took part in Iron First Exercise in
Pokhran, Jaisalmer in Feb. 2013
 Inducted into IAF on 20th Dec, 2013
 LCA fighter can carry Air to Air missiles,
Air to ground missiles, Anti-ship missiles,
laser guided Bombs, etc.
 Supersonic speed.
 Equipped that 'KAVERI' Engine, but due
to lack of proper thrust, plan replace it.
 Can fly at a height of 8 km and for 80 hrs.
continuously
 Equipped that technique to refuel during
flight.
 Multimode Radar technology
HELICOPTER: DHRUV, RUDRA
Dhruv- Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH)
 Indigenously developed helicopter by
HAL, twin engined, cost effective,
multipurpose and multirole helicopter.
 Flown in extensively diverse terrains
ranging from hot tropical deserts to great
Himalayan ranges.
 For both civilian and military operations.
 Designed with the assistance from MBB,
Germany
 14 seater and 12 pilots
Rudra:-Modified version of DHRUV with
fighting capacity to be used with HELINA
Swapn
 Future missile project of India to develop
hypersonic cruise missile which could be
reused more than 100 times.
Pinaka
 Multibarrel rocket launcher system
developed by ARDE, Pune and DRDO for
Indian Army capable of launching 12
missiles at a time.
 Its range is 40 km.
 It can be situated near border line to
control strategic activities of neighbouring
countries.
 India's first submarine ballistic missile
 Modified version of PRITHVI-3
 Plan to be integrated with ARIHANT
Submarine.
Version
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Dornier Do 228 Germany Utility Helicopter Do 228-101 Do 228-

201
HAL Dhruva India Utility Helicopter
Aerospatiale SA 316 India Utility Helicopter SA 316 B
Alouette III SA 319
Westland Seaking UK Utility Helicopter, Anti-submarine
Warfare Search and Rescue, Utility
Transport.
Sikorsy SH Sea King USA Utility Helicopter, Anti-submarine UH-3 H
Warfare utility
HAL HJT-16 Kiran India Trainer
HAL HPT-32 Deepak India Basic Trainer
BAE Sea Harrier UK Fighter Trainer FRS 51 T4
Mikoyan MiG-29 K Russia Multi-role Fighter Trainer MiG-29 K, MiG-29
KUB
Tupolev Tu-142 Bear Russia Maritime Patrol Tu-142 M
Ilyushin II-38 May Russia Maritime Patrol II-38 SD
Kamov Ka-31 Helix-B Russia AEW (Airborne Early Warning)
Kamov Ka-28 Helix A Russia Anti Submarine Naval Helicopter
Kamov Ka-25 Hormone Russia Naval Helicopter
QRSAM (15km range) developed by
Air Defence Systems
Israel's Rafael Advanced defence system
Advanced MRSAM
and is to be deployed on Pakistan border.
 The Indian Army has signed a MoU with
Endo-Atmospheric Interceptor missile
the Defence Research and Development
 India successfully test-fired it‘s
Organisation (DRDO) to raise one regiment
indigenously developed Advanced Air
of the advanced Medium Range Surface
Defence (AAD) supersonic interceptor
to Air Missiles (MRSAM)
missile
 MRSAM is an advanced, all weather,
 The interceptor missile has a navigation
mobile, landbased air defence system.
system, mobile launcher, and secure data
 It is capable of engaging multiple aerial
link for interception, independent tracking
targets at ranges of more than 50 km.
and sophisticated radars.
 The system will be jointly developed by
 The missile is capable of destroying
Israel and DRDO with the involvement of
incoming ballistic missile at low altitude
private sectors and DPSUs. The system will
within 30 km of the earth‘s atmosphere.
have majority indigenous content, giving
Ballistic Missile Defence System
boost to the Make-in-India initiative
India has developed a functional ‗iron dome‘
 The MRSAM is a land-based variant of the Ballistic missile which comprise of Endo and Exo
long-range surface-to-air missile (LRSAM) Atmospheric Missiles
or Barak-8 naval air defence system, which It consists of two interceptor missiles namely:
is designed to operate from naval vessels Prithvi Defence vehicle (PDV) missile for
and has range upto 100 km exoatmospheric ranges - capable of destroying
 Barak-8 was also jointly developed with targets at a high altitude of more than 120
Israel km
 Maitri: This is also a QRSAM being Advanced Area Defence (Ashwin) missile for
developed by DRDO with the help of endo-atmosphere - capable of intercepting
France. incoming targets at an altitude of 15 to 25 kms.
 SPYDER (Surface to Air Python and India is the fifth nation in the world to have a
Derby) missile system is a Low level robust Ballistic Missile Defence system. Other
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countries are US, Russia, Israel and China.
Quick reaction surface-to-air missile (QRSAM)
 It is a canister-based high-speed and
shortrange weapon system, which uses
high energy solid propellant.
 It is a highly mobile air defence system
which can destroy multiple targets at a
distance of 25 km in less than one minute.
 It can also deceive enemy radars making
it difficult to be detected
Surveillance Technologies
Netra
 It is a first indigenously developed
airborne
early warning and control system
(AEW&C),
mounted on a Brazilian Embraer-145,
developed by Defense Research and
Development Organization (DRDO)
 India is only 4th such nation after United
States, Russia and Israel that have such
technology on their own.
 Range: 200km; 240 Degree coverage;
 State of the art active electronically
scanned radar and Secondary surveillance
radar.
 Electronic and communication counter
measures.
 Line of sight and beyond line of sight data
link.
 Voice communication system and self-
protection suit.
Unmanned aerial vehicles
 It operates without a human pilot. UAVs
are commonly used in both the military and
police forces in situations where the risk of
sending a human piloted aircraft is
unacceptable, or the situation makes using
a manned aircraft impractical.
Daksh: It is aland based drone used for bomb
disposal developed by DRDO.
Nishant: -
 High altitude Unmanned spy air craft that
can be controlled from ground.
 UAV developed by ADE
reconnaissance, training border
surveillance, intelligence gathering over
enemy territory, target designation, damage
assessment etc.
 Rang-100 km
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 Detection on radar difficult as it is made
entirely of fibre rein forced glass, stealth
technology.
 Lakshya- Unmanned training aircraft
 Subsonic (0.7 mach) Pilotless Target
Aircraft (PTA)
 Provides training to gun/missile crew and
to air defence pilots for weapon
engagement developed by DRDO.
 UAV, can be launched either from ground
or a ship
 spy and patrolling
Rustam 2
 Rustom-2 is medium-altitude (22,000 feet)
long-endurance (20 hours) drone (MALE)
designed and developed by Aeronautical
Development Establishment (ADE) of the
DRDO, Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd and
Bharat Electronics.
 It can carry variety of payloads like
Electronic Intelligence (ELINT), Synthetic
Aperture Radar (SAR), Communication
Intelligence (COMINT) and Situational
Awareness Payloads (SAP) for performing
missions even during the night.
 It will be used by all three services of
Indian armed forces, primarily for
intelligence, surveillance and
reconnaissance (ISR) operations.
 Rustom 2 can fly missions on manual as
well as autonomous modes.
Stealth Technology
 It is a military tactics to make aircraft,
submarines, missiles and satellites less
visible/ hide to radar, infrared, sonar and
other detection methods.
 Stealth aircraft either absorb radar energy
or deflect it away from the radar receiver.
 It has advanced material, paint-coat that
makes surface of aircraft less reflective and
observes EM waves produced by Radar.
 They are made in triangular shape to
for
misguide.
 USA was the first country to use stealth
technology. First stealth aircraft was
Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk developed by
Lock Martin.
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 French Rafael and European Euro fighter /
Typhoon have stealth features.
Limitation of Stealth Technology
 The paint coating produces poisonous
effect so, human cannot coat and use of
robots is required.
Tank Technology
ARJUN
 IIIrd Generation Main Battle Tank.
 India's first indigenous and only tank (58
ton) commissioned in 2011
 Format- 1974, developed - 1989 under
guidance of Dr. APJ Kalam
 Speed: 45-55 Km/hr
 Equipped that laser Range Finder to detect
targets preciously.
 Kanchan Kavach - shield of alloy metal
through with objects visible in all direction
and movable in all direction. This shield is
a capable to resist alchemical and
biological attacks.
 Limitation - Huge in size and heavy
 Have night vision facility, laser range
finder and IR imaging system
 GPS can facilitate it to find its geographical
grid in barren areas and in the dark.
KARAN - TANK-X
 Under development by DRDO to replace
Arjun
 Middle Battle Tank
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 Vehicles used to carry warheads in remote
areas- deserts, marshy, mountainous
regions.
 India has a land frontier of 15200 km with
diverse geographical features.
 Army realised the importance of tanks
during Indo-Pak war of 1971 and plan for
development of tanks was layed down by
DRDO.
It will have features of both Arjun (fire
heavy warhead) and Ajay (Night Vision).
ARJUN MARK - II
 Main Battle Tank, indigenously
development in 2013, speed- 72 km/hr
AJAY - T-72
 Imported from Russia with Night Vision.
 Not used these days.
 Medium battle tank.
Bhism (T-90)
 Agreement between India and Russia for
124 tanks in 2001.
 Medium battle tank.
Muntra: India‘s first unmanned tank
 Developed by DRDO for surveillance
(Muntra-S), can be used in mine detection
(Muntra-M) and reconnaissance in areas
with nuclear and biological threat (Muntra-
N).
 The tank is tested at Mahajan field firing
range in Rajasthan.
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 The tank has a radar, an integrated camera
along with laser range finder which can spy
on a ground target 15km away.
Naval Ships
Ship
INS Vikrant  The first indigenously
(2013) developed aircraft carrier.
 The project launched in
2013 and expected to be
completed in 2018
INS  It is india‘s biggest ship,
vikramaditya aircraft carrier.
 It was acquired from
Russia and entered into
service since 2013.
INS Vikrant  The first aircraft carrier
(R11) of India.
 It was purchased from
UK in 1957
INS Prahar  It is world‘s fastest
missile ship
commissioned in 1997. It
is a veer-classe corvette.
INS Delhi  India‘s largest and most
sophisticated
indigenously built
warships/
 Launched in 1991 at
Mazgaon Docks and
Commissioned in 1997.
 It is the leadership of her
class of guided missile
destroyers
INS Mysore  It is a Delhi class guided
missile destroyer.
 Built by Mazgaon Docks
and commissioned in
1999
INS Kolkata  It is the lead ship of the
Kolkata class guided
missile destroyer of
Indian Navy
commissioned in 2014
INS Vishakh  Lead ship of vizag class
apatnam stealth guided missile
destroyer.
INS Beas  It is a Brahmaputra class
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frigate of the navy.
 It was built by Garden
reach Shipbuilders and
Engineers at Kolkata.
INS  It is an anti-submarine
Kavaratti warfare corvette
 Build by Garden reach
and commissioned in
2015
INS  India‘s Largest naval
Kadamba base located near Karwar,
Karnataka
Submarine Technology
INS Shakti
 It was India‘s first indigenously built
submarine.
Scorpene class submarine
 The first of its class is INS Kalvari,
commissioned in 2017.
 It is diesel electric attack sub-marine,
which is designed by French Naval defence
and energy company DCNS and being
manufactured at Mazgaon docks, Mumbai.
 The second one INS Khandari is
undergoing sea trials, Indian navy has also
recently launched the third in the series
named INS Karanj. Remaining three
submarines Vela, Vagir and Vagsheer.
 The scorpene-class can undertake various
missions such as anti-surface warfare, anti-
submarine warfare, intelligence gathering,
mine layering and area surveillance.
Arihant Class Submarine
 It is class of nuclear powered ballistic
missile submarines. INS Arihant is first
indigenously designed and built nuclear
submarine.
 Arindam the second to be launched,
developed under Advanced Technology
Vessel (ATV) project at Vishakhapatnam.
 It is powered by pressurised water reactor.
 India has become the sixth country to have
nuclear powered submarine after UNSC
permanent members USA, UK, China,
Russia and France.
INS Chakra
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 The INS chakra II is a 8140 tonne project
518 (NATO Akula II) type nuclear
powered attack submarine.
 The submarine was leased to Indian navy in
2011 and was formally commissioned into
service as the INS Chakra II in 2012.
Project 28
 It is the project for naval modernisation,
four Kamorta class anti submatine warfare
corvettes are being built in this project.
 INS Kamorta, INS Kadmatt, INS Kavaratti
and INS Kiltan are the four ships built.
 It is India‘s first major warship to have a
superstructure of carbon fibre composite
material resulting in improbed stealth
features, lower top weight and maintenance
costs.
 It was designed by directorate of naval
design and construction by Garden reach
shipbuilders and engineers limited,
Kolkata.
Indian Military Radar
 Naval:
i. Super vision-2000 3D airborne naval
surveillance radar.
ii. Revathi 3D Naval medium range
derived from 3D CAR.
 Land-Based and Airborne
i. Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar
ii. INDRA series of 2D radars, low level
radar to search and track low flying
cruise missiles, helicopters and aircrafts
for the Indian Army.
iii. BFSR-SR 2D short range battlefield
surveillance radar for the Indian Army.
iv. Rajendra Radar 3D medium range fire
control radar for Akash SAM.
v. Central Acquisition Radar (3D-CAR)
planar array tracking radar dor all
branches of Indian Armed Forces. Air
force version is known as Rohini and
the Naval version as Revathi.
vi. 3D AESA Long Range Tracking high
speed ballistic missile targets.
vii. Low level light weight Radar (LLLR)
2D low level aircraft tracking radar.
DRDO (Defence Research and
Development Organization)
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 Constituted in 1958 by executive resolution
of GoI.
 First Chairman - DS Kothari
 Functions
1. Development programme for defence
technology and research co-ordination
2. Advice government on defence issues
3. Establish relation with international
Defence Organization
4. Design and manufacture of defence
equipments
 DRDO works under Dept. of Defence
Research of Development of Ministry of
Defence.
 Contribution: - Enhanced the combat
effectives there development o state of the
art indigenous defence systems.
 DRDO specialises in the following fields –
 Aeronautical Engineering
 Electronics
 Armaments
 Engineering System
 Combat Vehicles
 Missiles
 Advanced Conmuting and sumukation
 Life sciences
 Special materials
 Agriculture
 Training
Comprehensive integrated border
management system (CBIMS)
 The need for CBIMS arose after the
Pathankot terrorist attack followed by the
Punjab and Haryana high court.
 A committee under Madhukar Gupta 2016
was explicitly tasked to recommend
technological solutions to secure the
international border.
 CBIMS is a robust and integrated system
that is capable of addressing the gaps in the
present system of border security by
seamlessly integrating human resources,
weapons, and high-tech surveillance
equipment.
 It has 3 main components:
1. New high-tech surveillance devices such
as sensors, detectors, cameras, etc. as well
as existing equipment for round-the-clock
surveillance of the international border.
2. An efficient and dedicated
communication network including fiber
Sci. & Tech. 12

optic cables and satellite communication  To control the technology and export of
for transmitting data gathered. items that could be used to produce a
3. A command and control centre to which missile capable of carrying a nuclear war
the data will be transmitted providing a head.
composite picture of the international  Guidelines apply to missiles that range is
border. more than 300 km and payloads is more
India'a Defence Policy than 500 kg
 Promote and sustain durable peace in the  Recently (July 2016) India became
subcontinent member of MTCR
 Equip the defence forces adequately to  No country should supply technology and
safeguard the territorial integrity of the equipment to those countries that have not
country against foreign aggression. signed NGT.
Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)
 Established in 1987
 A group of 35 Members
Difference between Cruise Missile and Inter Ballistic Missile.
 Cruise Missile is unmanned self-propelled guided vehicle that sustains flight through
aerodynamic lift.
 Fly within the earth's Atmosphere
 Use Jet engine technology
 Vary greatly in their speed.
Classified as - Subsonic < 1 Mac (Nirbhaya)
1. Supersonic 1-5 (Brahmos, Saurya)
2. Hypersonic > 5 (BrahmosMacll, Swapan )

Speed of Sound
 Subsonic:<0.8 Mach
 Sonic: 1Mach
 Supersonic: 1.2-5Mach
 Hypersonic: 5-10Mach

 Ballistic Missile follow ballistic trajectory i.e. first move to outer space and then re-enters earth
atmosphere and strike target. They are categorised according to their range- ICBM, IMRBM,
MRBM, SRBM

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CHAPTER : 2
—: ROBOTICS :—
Robotics in the branch of engineering science
and technology dealing that design, construction,
operation, manufacture and application of robots.
Robotics is related to electronics, mechanics
psychology and Biology. Term Robotics first used
by Isaac Asimov. First robot was 'ultimate' in 1961
to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting
machine and stack them.
A robot is an automated, reprogrammable,
multifunctional manipulator designed to perform a
variety of task through programmes motion similar
to human.
Components of Robots
 Manipulator - like human arm,
manipulator, have several joints and links
 Locomotion Device - The power for
movement is provided ley the motors. The
motors used in robots are of 3 types -
depending on the source of energy -
Electric, hydraulic or Pneumatic.
 Endeffector - Perform tasks of palm and
fingers arrangements of the human arm.
 Controller - Function as the 'brain' of the
robot of provider necessary intelligence to
control the robot. It processes the sensory
information and compute control
commands for actuators to carry out
specific tasks.
 Sensors - Measures robot condition and it
environment and send such information to
robot controller as electronic signal.
Without sensors, robot would not only lie
blind but also deaf to its environment.
Applications of Robots/ Robotics:
 Industry - Material handling
 Material transfer and loading-unloading
 Spot welding
 Spray coating
 Military - Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
(Pilotless drones) for search and dire
targets.
 To diffuse roadside bombs or LEDs.
 Exploring inside a volcano, exploring
another planets.
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 Medical - Performs laparoscopic surgery
and scientific research modal.
 Space - to launch satellites and construct a
space station.
 Agriculture - automated harvester to cut
and gather crops.
 Nuclear - Maintenance of reactors, during
emergency
 At Home - domestic cleaning, monitor
home security, operate doors and windows,
entertainment, assist sick and elderly.
 Oceans, Arctic and Antarctic xploration
Mission.
 Centre for Artificial Intelligence and
Robotics (CAIR) – Bengaluru
 Centre for Robotics and Mechanotronics,
IIT Kanpur.
Humanoid Robot: A robot with its overall
appearance, based on that of the human body,
allowing interaction with made for human
tools or environments.
Advantages:-
 Self-maintenance.
 Autonomous learning, adjust strategic
based on surroundings.
 Avoid harmful situation to people, property
and itself.
 Safe interacting that human and
environment.
 ASIMO (Advanced step in Innovative
Mobility) - a humanoid robot/baby robot
reselling a small astronaut wearing a bag
pack, developed by HONDA in 2000.
 TOPIO - (Tosy Ping Pong Playing Robot) -
a bipedal humanoid robot designed by
Tosy, a robotics firm in Vietnam in 2005.
 FLO - Robotic Nurse
 Roxy - I life-size Robotic girl.
 ENRYU - Rescue Robot (disaster Mgmt)
Stages of Development:
 I Generation - 1970's: Stationary,
nonprogrammable, electromechanical
devices without sensors.
 II Generation - 1980's: With sensors and
programmable controllers.
Sci. & Tech. 15

 III Generation - 1990's present: Stationary/ Apprehension -

mobile; Autonomous/ insect with  Risk that robots may display human workers
sophisticated programming; Speech from jobs.
recognition and other advanced feature.  Safety issues.
 IV Generation - R & D phase: Artificial
 Robots are sensitive less.
intelligence, self replication, self assembly,
mono scale size.  V. Robotics can play an important role in sc.,
Nano robots/ Nanobots/ Nanites : tech, engineering and mathematics (STEM)
Technology of creating machines/ robots with education because it encourage hands on
components of nanoscale. Application includes learning and integration of science,
microsurgery, utility fog, weaponry and cleaning. engineering and creative thinking.
Application -
 The productivity of workers in manufacturing
sector.
 Assist astronauts in dangerous and expensive
missions.
 Help scientists accelerate discovery of new,
life saving drugs.
 Improve food safety by rapidly sensing
microbial contamination.

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CHAPTER 3
—: BIOTECHNOLOGY :—
 Biotechnology deals with techniques of
using live organisms or enzymes from
organisms to produce products and
processes useful to humans.
 Making curd, bread or wine, which are all
microbe-mediated processes, could also be
thought as a form of biotechnology.
 However, it is used in a restricted sense
today, to refer to such of those processes
which use genetically modified organisms
to achieve the same on a larger scale.
 Modern biotechnology using genetically
modified organisms was made possible
only when man learnt to alter the chemistry
of DNA and construct recombinant DNA.
This key process is called recombinant
DNA technology or genetic engineering.
 This process involves the use of restriction
endonucleases, DNA ligase, appropriate
plasmid or viral vectors to isolate and
ferry the foreign DNA into host organisms,
expression of the foreign gene, purification
of the gene product, i.e., the functional
protein and finally making a suitable
formulation for marketing. Large scale
production involves use of bioreactors.
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid
 It is the hereditary material in humans and
almost all other organisms.
 Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus
(where it is called nuclear DNA), but a
small amount of DNA can also be found in
the mitochondria (where it is called
mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).
 DNA is made up of molecules called
nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a
phosphate group, a sugar group & a
nitrogen base. The four types of nitrogen
bases are adenine(A), thymine(T),
guanine(G) & cytosine (C)
 DNA is a double helix formed by base
pairs attached to a sugar-phosphate
backbone.
 It can almost accurately ascertain the
identity of a person, establish biological
relationships between individuals etc. Thus, Cloning
useful in investigations of crime,
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identification of unidentified bodies, or in
determining parentage.
 It can also reveal person looks, eye colour,
skin colour as well as more intrusive
information like their allergies or
susceptibility to diseases.
 It can be used in biometric identification
in addition to Iris scanning, Retinal
scanning and Voice recognition
Genetic Engineering
 Genetic engineering involves the
techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic
material (DNA and RNA) and thus change
the phenotype of the host organism.
 Asexual reproduction preserves the genetic
information, while sexual reproduction
permits variation.
 Traditional hybridization procedures used
in plant and animal breeding, very often
lead to inclusion and multiplication of
undesirable genes along with the desired
genes.
 The techniques of genetic engineering
which include creation of recombinant
DNA, use of gene cloning and gene
transfer, overcome this limitation and
allow us to isolate and introduce only one
or a set of desirable genes without
introducing undesirable genes into the
target organism.
 There are three basic steps in genetically
modifying an organism :—
1. Identification of DNA with desirable genes;
2. Introduction of the identified DNA into the
host;
3. Maintenance of introduced DNA in the
host and transfer of the DNA to its
progeny.
Techniques used in Biotechnology:
 DNA manipulation, GE/rDT, hybridoma
technology , issue culture , protoplasm
fusion, embryo transfer technology,
enzyme and protein engineering etc. cell
cataclysm
Sci. & Tech.
 DNA which is somehow transferred into an
alien organism would not be able to
multiply itself in the progeny cells of the
organism.
 But, when it gets integrated into the
genome of the recipient, it may multiply
and be inherited along with the host DNA.
This is because the alien piece of DNA has
become part of a chromosome, which has
the ability to replicate.
 In a chromosome there is a specific DNA
sequence called the origin of replication,
which is responsible for initiating
replication.
 Therefore, for the multiplication of any
alien piece of DNA in an organism it needs
to be a part of a chromosome(s) which has
a specific sequence known as ‗origin of
replication‘.
 Thus, an alien DNA is linked with the
origin of replication, so that, this alien
piece of DNA can replicate and multiply
itself in the host organism. This can also be
called as cloning or making multiple
identical copies of any template DNA.
Techniques of cloning-
 Embryo Separation (embryo cloning)
 Nuclear transfer (SCNT)
Types of cloning -
 Animal Cloning
1. I- Dolly be Ian Wilmut in Feb.1997 and death
in 2003
2. India- NDRI- 2009- clone of Murrah Buffalo
GARIMA
3. Clone of GARIMA - MAHIMA
Animal cloning is approved by almost all
countries.
Therapeutic cloning (Biomedical cloning)
Initial stages identical to adult DNA cloning.
In this, stem cells are removed pre embryo that can
be grown into a tissue, organ for transplant pre
embryo dies in this process. Therapeutic cloning
has not yet been accomplished in lab or clinics.
Human cloning-
Creating a genetically identical copy of human
in test tube without use of sexual reproduction
system. It is a punishable crime and ban all over
the world.
Advantages of cloning:-
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 For production of proteins - Ex. clotting
factors,
 Cure human diseases.
 Make superior animals those high quality
traits.
 Childless couple can have their own baby.
 Organ transplant no issue of rejection.
Disadvantage of cloning:-
 Ethical - relation between parent and clone?
 Man is not only a biological but also a
social animal. The social angle is ignored.
 Can have their own clone but man cannot
have a clone without help of womb of this
will jeopardise various social institutions
like marriage and family.
 Dictators can propagate their clone.
 Fear of treating the clone's mere as
commodities and might not lie treated as
equals or respected.
 May lead to malformations or disease in the
human clone as it is full of risks and error.
 Difference in genetic and actual age.
Genetic age is equivalent to donor cell
because of that again process is fast in
cline. Ex. Dolly sheep got aged in 6 year
and died. So, not a good option.
 Low success rate of cloning. Ex. Dolly as
cloned after 276 unsuccessful efforts.
 DNA fingerprint and cline are same. So,
human cloning will create problem in
solving forensic and paternal cases.
 Human trafficking.
Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
 Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are
DNA molecules formed by laboratory
methods of genetic recombination (such as
molecular cloning) to bring together
genetic material from multiple sources,
creating sequences that would not
otherwise be found in the genome.
 Recombinant DNA is possible because
DNA molecules from all organisms share
the same chemical structure. They differ
only in the nucleotide sequence within that
identical overall structure.
 In most cases, organisms containing
recombinant DNA have apparently normal
phenotypes. That is, their appearance,
Sci. & Tech. 18

behavior and metabolism are usually  In the same way, a plasmid can be used as
unchanged. vector to deliver an alien piece of DNA
 The cutting of DNA at specific locations into the host organism.
became possible with the discovery of the  The linking of antibiotic resistance gene
so called ‗molecular scissors‘- restriction with the plasmid vector became possible
enzymes. with the enzyme DNA ligase, which acts
 Restriction enzymes belong to a larger on cut DNA molecules and joins their ends.
class of enzymes called nucleases. These This makes a new combination of circular
are of two kinds; exonucleases and autonomously replicating DNA created in
endonucleases. vitro and is known as recombinant DNA.
 Exonucleases remove nucleotides from the  When this DNA is transferred into
ends of the DNA whereas; endonucleases Escherichia coli, a bacterium closely
make cuts at specific positions within the related to Salmonella, it could replicate
DNA.
using the new host‘s DNA polymerase
 The cut piece of DNA was then linked with
enzyme and make multiple copies. The
the plasmid DNA. These plasmid DNA act
as vectors to transfer the piece of DNA ability to multiply copies of antibiotic
attached to it. resistance gene in E. coli was called
 You probably know that mosquito acts as cloning of antibiotic resistance gene in E.
an insect vector to transfer the malaria coli.
parasite into human body.
Steps involved in rDNA
1. Isolating the genomic DNA from the donor
2. Fragment this DNA using Molecular scissors
3. Screen the fragment for a "desired gene"
4. Insert the fragment with the desired gene in a 'cloning vector'.
5. Introduce the recombinant vector into a competent host cell.
6. Culture the cells to obtain multiple copies/ clones of desired DNA fragments.
7. Use these copies to transform suitable hot cells so as to express the desired gene.

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Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology
 Recombinant DNA is widely used in
biotechnology, medicine and research.
 Recombinant DNA is used to identify, map
and sequence genes, and to determine their
function.
 Recombinant DNA is used to produce
a. Recombinant human insulin,
b. Recombinant human growth
hormone,
c. Recombinant blood clotting factor
VIII,
d. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine,
e. Insect-resistant crops etc.
Cloning Vectors
 You may be surprised to know that we
have learnt the lesson of transferring genes
into plants and animals from bacteria and
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viruses which have known this for ages -
how to deliver genes to transform
eukaryotic cells and force them to do what
the bacteria or viruses want.
 For example, Agrobacterium tumifaciens, a
pathogen of several dicot plants is able to
deliver a piece of DNA known as ‗T-DNA‘
to transform normal plant cells into a tumor
and direct these tumor cells to produce the
chemicals required by the pathogen.
 Similarly, retroviruses in animals have the
ability to transform normal cells into
cancerous cells.
 A better understanding of the art of
delivering genes by pathogens in their
eukaryotic hosts has generated knowledge
to transform these tools of pathogens into
Sci. & Tech.
useful vectors for delivering genes of
interest to humans.
 The tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid of
Agrobacterium tumifaciens has now been
modified into a cloning vector which is no
more pathogenic to the plants but is still
able to use the mechanisms to deliver genes
of our interest into a variety of plants.
 Similarly, retroviruses have also been
disarmed and are now used to deliver
desirable genes into animal cells.
 So, once a gene or a DNA fragment has
been ligated into a suitable vector it is
transferred into a bacterial, plant or animal
host (where it multiplies).
 Plasmids and bacteriophages [vectors] have
the ability to replicate within bacterial cells
independent of the control of chromosomal
DNA.
Competent Host – Methods to Induce Alien
DNA into Host Cells
 Since DNA is a hydrophilic molecule, it
cannot pass through cell membranes. In
order to force bacteria to take up the
plasmid, the bacterial cells must first be
made ‗competent‘ to take up DNA.
Recombinant DNA can then be forced into
such cells by incubating the cells with
recombinant DNA on ice, followed by
placing them briefly at 420C (heat shock),
and then putting them back on ice. This
enables the bacteria to take up the
recombinant DNA. This is not the only way
to introduce alien DNA into host cells.
 In a method known as micro-injection,
recombinant DNA is directly injected into
the nucleus of an animal cell.
 In another method, suitable for plants, cells
are bombarded with high velocity
microparticles of gold or tungsten coated
with DNA in a method known as biolistics
or gene gun.
 And the last method uses ‗disarmed
pathogen‘ vectors, which when allowed
infecting the cell, transferring the
recombinant DNA into the host.
 Biotechnology and Its Applications
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 Biotechnology essentially deals with
industrial scale production of
biopharmaceuticals and biologicals using
genetically modified microbes, fungi,
plants and animals.
 The applications of biotechnology include
therapeutics, diagnostics, and genetically
modified crops for agriculture, processed
food, bioremediation, waste treatment, and
energy production.
Cloning of Dolly
 Cloning is the production of an exact copy
of a cell, any other living part, or a
complete organism.
 Cloning of an animal was successfully
performed for the first time by Ian Wilmut
and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute in
Edinburgh, Scotland.
 They cloned successfully a sheep named
Dolly. Dolly was born in 1996 and was the
first mammal to be cloned.
 During the process of cloning Dolly, a cell
was collected from the mammary gland of
a female Finn Dorsett sheep.
Simultaneously, an egg was obtained from
a Scottish blackface ewe. The nucleus was
removed from the egg. Then, the nucleus of
the mammary gland cell from the Finn
Dorsett sheep was inserted into the egg of
the Scottish blackface ewe whose nucleus
had been removed. The egg thus produced
was implanted into the Scottish blackface
ewe. Development of this egg followed
normally and finally Dolly was born.
Though Dolly was given birth by the
Scottish blackface ewe, it was found to be
absolutely identical to the Finn Dorsett
sheep from which the nucleus was taken.
Since the nucleus from the egg of the
Scottish blackface ewe was removed, Dolly
did not show any character of the Scottish
blackface ewe.
 Dolly was a healthy clone of the Finn
Dorsett sheep and produced several
offspring of her own through normal sexual
means.
 Since Dolly, several attempts have been
made to produce cloned mammals.
Sci. & Tech.
However, many die before birth or die soon
after birth. The cloned animals are many-a-
time found to be born with severe
abnormalities.
Biotechnological applications in agriculture
 Let us take a look at the three options that can
be thought for increasing food production
1. Agro-chemical based agriculture;
2. Organic agriculture; and
3. Genetically engineered crop-based
agriculture.
 Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose
genes have been altered by manipulation are
called Genetically Modified Organisms
(GMO). GM plants have been useful in many
ways.
 Genetic modification has:
a. Made crops more tolerant to abiotic
stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat).
b. Reduced reliance on chemical
pesticides (pest-resistant crops).
c. Helped to reduce post harvest
losses.
d. Increased efficiency of mineral
usage by plants (this prevents early
exhaustion of fertility of soil).
e. Enhanced nutritional value of food,
e.g., Vitamin ‗A‘ enriched rice.
 In addition to these uses, GM has been used to
create tailor-made plants to supply alternative
resources to industries, in the form of starches,
fuels and pharmaceuticals.
 Bt toxin is produced by a bacterium called
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt for short).
 Some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis produce
proteins that kill certain insects such as tobacco
budworm, armyworm, beetles and dipterans
flies, and mosquitoes.
 Why does this toxin not kill the Bacillus?
Actually, the Bt toxin protein exist as inactive
protoxins but once an insect ingest the inactive
toxin, it is converted into an active form of
toxin due to the alkaline pH of the gut which
solubilise the crystals.
 Bt toxin gene has been cloned from the bacteria
and been expressed in plants to provide
resistance to insects without the need for
insecticides; in effect created a bio-pesticide.
 Examples are Bt cotton, Bt corn, rice, tomato,
potato and soyabean etc.
Biotechnological applications in medicine
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 The recombinant DNA technological
processes have made immense impact in
the area of healthcare by enabling mass
production of safe and more effective
therapeutic drugs.
 Further, the recombinant therapeutics does
not induce unwanted immunological
responses as is common in case of similar
products isolated from non-human sources.
 At present, about 30 recombinant
therapeutics have been approved for
human-use the world over. In India, 12 of
these are presently being marketed.
Genetically Engineered Insulin
 Management of adult-onset diabetes is
possible by taking insulin at regular time
intervals. What would a diabetic patient do
if enough human-insulin was not available?
 If you discuss this, you would soon realise
that one would have to isolate and use
insulin from other animals. Would the
insulin isolated from other animals be just
as effective as that secreted by the human
body itself and would it not elicit an
immune response in the human body?
 Now, imagine if bacterium were available
that could make human insulin. Suddenly
the whole process becomes so simple. You
can easily grow a large quantity of the
bacteria and make as much insulin as you
need.
 Think about whether insulin can be orally
administered to diabetic people or not.
Why?
 Insulin used for diabetes was earlier
extracted from pancreas of slaughtered
cattle and pigs.
 Insulin from an animal source, though
caused some patients to develop allergy or
other types of reactions to the foreign
protein.
 Insulin consists of two short polypeptide
chains: chain A and chain B, that are linked
together by disulphide bridges.
 In mammals, including humans, insulin is
synthesized as a pro-hormone (like a
proenzyme, the pro-hormone also needs to
be processed before it becomes a fully
mature and functional hormone) which
contains an extra stretch called the C
peptide. This C peptide is not present in the
mature insulin and is removed during
maturation into insulin. The main challenge
for production of insulin using rDNA
Sci. & Tech.
techniques was getting insulin assembled
into a mature form.
 In 1983, Eli Lilly an American company
prepared two DNA sequences
corresponding to A and B, chains of human
insulin and introduced them in plasmids of
E. coli to produce insulin chains. Chains A
and B were produced separately, extracted
and combined by creating disulfide bonds
to form human insulin.
Gene Therapy
 If a person is born with a hereditary
disease, can a corrective therapy be taken
for such a disease? Gene therapy is an
attempt to do this.
 Gene therapy is a collection of methods
that allows correction of a gene defect that
has been diagnosed in a child/embryo.
 Here genes are inserted into a person‘s cells
and tissues to treat a disease. Correction of
a genetic defect involves delivery of a
normal gene into the individual or embryo
to take over the function of and compensate
for the non-functional gene.
 The first clinical gene therapy was given in
1990 to a 4-year old girl with adenosine
deaminase (ADA) deficiency. This
enzyme is crucial for the immune system to
function.
 The disorder is caused due to the deletion
of the gene for adenosine deaminase.
 In some children ADA deficiency can be
cured by bone marrow transplantation; in
others it can be treated by enzyme
replacement therapy, in which functional
ADA is given to the patient by injection.
 But the problem with both of these
approaches that they are not completely
curative.
 As a first step towards gene therapy,
lymphocytes from the blood of the patient
are grown in a culture outside the body. A
functional ADA cDNA (using a retroviral
vector) is then introduced into these
lymphocytes, which are subsequently
returned to the patient.
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 However, as these cells are not immortal,
the patient requires periodic infusion of
such genetically engineered lymphocytes.
 However, if the gene isolate from marrow
cells producing ADA is introduced into
cells at early embryonic stages, it could be
a permanent cure.
 Recently, U.S Food and Drug
Administration
(USFDA) approved a Yescarta
(axicabtagene
ciloleucel) therapy to treat adults with
certain
types of large B-Cell lymphoma (blood
cancer)
 Yescarta uses CAR (chimeric antigen
receptor) Tcell therapy for treatment.
Yescarta therapy
 It is a type of gene therapy that turns cells
in the patient‘s body into a ―living drug‖
that targets and kills cancer cells.
 It has been given Orphan Drug
designation, under which it will be
provided with financial incentives to
encourage the development of drugs.
 Living Drug - Genetically modified cells
are that are infused back into patients in
CAR T-cell therapy, continue
multiplying to fight disease for months or
years. That‘s why these immunotherapy
treatments are called ―living drugs.‖
 Orphan Drug - A biological product or
medicine that is intended to treat diseases
so rare that sponsors are reluctant to
develop them under usual marketing
conditions. According to WHO, disease
having fewer than 100 patients per
100,000 population is described as rare
disease and fewer than 2 patients per
100,000 is described as ultra rare disease.
Examples of the rare diseases are
haemophilia, thalassemia etc
 Genes – They are the biological templates
the body uses to make the structural
proteins and enzymes needed to build and
Sci. & Tech.
maintain tissues and organs. Humans have
about 20,000 genes bundled into 23 pairs
of chromosomes all coiled up in the
nucleus of nearly every cell in the body.
Human immune system?
The Immune system is a complex network of cells
and organs that work together to defend against
foreign substances (antigens-bacteria, virus etc.).
Various cells associated are:
 B-cell – It is a type of white blood cell that
makes antibodies. Antibodies are large Y-
shaped proteins which bind to specific
antigens. This signals the other cells of the
immune system to get rid of the invading
microbes.
 T-cell – These are designed to recognise
the molecular signatures of particular
proteins, such as those from bacteria, in
order to activate an immune response.
 Macrophage – It is the first cell to
recognize and engulf foreign substances. It
may break down these substances and
present the smaller proteins to the T
lymphocytes.
Molecular Diagnosis
 You know that for effective treatment of a
disease, early diagnosis and understanding
its path physiology is very important.
 Using conventional methods of diagnosis
(serum and urine analysis, etc.) early
detection is not possible.
 Recombinant DNA technology,
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and
Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay
(ELISA) are some of the techniques that
serve the purpose of early diagnosis.
 Presence of a pathogen (bacteria, viruses,
etc.) is normally suspected only when the
pathogen has produced a disease symptom.
By this time the concentration of pathogen
is already very high in the body.
 However, very low concentration of a
bacteria or virus (at a time when the
symptoms of the disease are not yet visible)
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can be detected by amplification of their
nucleic acid by PCR.
 PCR is now routinely used to detect HIV
in suspected AIDS patients. It is being used
to detect mutations in genes in suspected
cancer patients too. It is a powerful
technique to identify many other genetic
disorders.
 ELISA is based on the principle of
antigen-antibody interaction. Infection by
pathogen can be detected by the presence
of antigens (proteins, glycoprotein‘s, etc.)
or by detecting the antibodies synthesized
against the pathogen.
Transgenic animals
 Animals that have had their DNA
manipulated to possess and express an
extra (foreign) gene are known as
transgenic animals.
 Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows
and fish have been produced, although over
95 per cent of all existing transgenic
animals are mice.
 Why are these animals being produced?
How can man benefit from such
modifications? Let us try and explore some
of the common reasons.
 Normal physiology and development:
Transgenic animals can be specifically
designed to allow the study of how genes
are regulated, and how they affect the
normal functions of the body and its
development, e.g., study of complex factors
involved in growth such as insulin-like
growth factor. By introducing genes from
other species that alter the formation of this
factor and studying the biological effects
that result, information is obtained about
the biological role of the factor in the body.
 Study of disease: Many transgenic animals
are designed to increase our understanding
of how genes contribute to the development
of disease. These are specially made to
serve as models for human diseases so that
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investigation of new treatments for diseases
is made possible. Today transgenic models
exist for many human diseases such as
cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis
and Alzheimer‘s.
 Biological products: Medicines required
to treat certain human diseases can contain
biological products, but such products are
often expensive to make. Transgenic
animals that produce useful biological
products can be created by the introduction
of the portion of DNA (or genes) which
codes for a particular product such as
human protein. Similar attempts are being
made for treatment of phenylketonuria
(PKU) and cystic fibrosis. In 1997, the first
transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human
protein-enriched milk (2.4 grams per litre).
The milk contained the human alpha-
lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more
balanced product for human babies than
natural cow-milk.
 Vaccine safety: Transgenic mice are being
developed for use in testing the safety of
vaccines before they are used on humans.
Transgenic mice are being used to test the
safety of the polio vaccine. If successful
and found to be reliable, they could replace
the use of monkeys to test the safety of
batches of the vaccine.
 Chemical safety testing: This is known as
toxicity/safety testing. The procedure is the
same as that used for testing toxicity of
drugs. Transgenic animals are made that
carry genes which make them more
sensitive to toxic substances than non-
transgenic animals. They are then exposed
to the toxic substances and the effects
studied. Toxicity testing in such animals
will allow us to obtain results in less time.
Biotechnology: Ethical Issues
 The manipulation of living organisms by
the human race cannot go on any further,
without regulation. Some ethical standards
are required to evaluate the morality of all
human activities that might help or harm
living organisms.
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 Going beyond the morality of such issues,
the biological significance of such things is
also important. Genetic modification of
organisms can have unpredictable results
when such organisms are introduced into
the ecosystem.
 Therefore, the Indian Government has set
up organizations such as GEAC (Genetic
Engineering Approval Committee),
which will make decisions regarding the
validity of GM research and the safety of
introducing GM-organisms for public
services.
 The modification/usage of living organisms
for public services (as food and medicine
sources, for example) has also created
problems with patents granted for the same.
 There is growing public anger that certain
companies are being granted patents for
products and technologies that make use of
the genetic materials, plants and other
biological resources that have long been
identified, developed and used by farmers
and indigenous people of a specific
region/country.
 Rice is an important food grain, the
presence of which goes back thousands of
years in Asia‘s agricultural history. There
are an estimated 200,000 varieties of rice in
India alone. The diversity of rice in India is
one of the richest in the world.
 Basmati rice is distinct for its unique aroma
and flavour and 27 documented varieties of
Basmati are grown in India. There is
reference to Basmati in ancient texts,
folklore and poetry, as it has been grown
for centuries.
 In 1997, an American company got patent
rights on Basmati rice through the US
Patent and Trademark Office. This allowed
the company to sell a ‗new‘ variety of
Basmati, in the US and abroad. This ‗new‘
variety of Basmati had actually been
derived from Indian farmer‘s varieties.
 Indian Basmati was crossed with semi-
dwarf varieties and claimed as an invention
or a novelty. The patent extends to
functional equivalents, implying that other
people selling Basmati rice could be
restricted by the patent.
Sci. & Tech.
 Several attempts have also been made to
patent uses, products and processes based
on Indian traditional herbal medicines, e.g.,
turmeric neem. If we are not vigilant and
we do not immediately counter these patent
applications, other countries/individuals
may encash on our rich legacy and we may
not be able to do anything about it.
 Biopiracy is the term used to refer to the
use of bio-resources by multinational
companies and other organizations without
proper authorization from the countries and
people concerned without compensatory
payment.
 Most of the industrialized nations are rich
financially but poor in biodiversity and
traditional knowledge. In contrast the
developing and the underdeveloped world
are rich in biodiversity and traditional
knowledge related to bio-resources.
 Traditional knowledge related to bio-
resources can be exploited to develop
modern applications and can also be used
to save time, effort and expenditure during
their commercialization.
 There has been growing realization of the
injustice, inadequate compensation and
benefit sharing between developed and
developing countries. Therefore, some
nations are developing laws to prevent such
unauthorized exploitation of their bio-
resources and traditional knowledge.
 The Indian Parliament has recently cleared
the second amendment of the Indian
Patents Bill, that takes such issues into
consideration, including patent terms
emergency provisions and research and
development initiative.
Bioinformatics: An interdisciplinary approval
in with application of computer science and IT in
to the field of molecular Biology for finding DNA
sequence of organisms. Predicting str. of discovers
proteins, developing protein models etc. It
compares different DNA of protein sequence to
compare them. It helps in creating 3-d view modals
if protein structural. Branches include Structural
Bioinformatics, Drug Designing, phylogenetics,
computational Biology, Genotype Analysis.
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Biological Computing
 For a long time, it was known that DNA
can be used for data storage.
 This may be used in future to build
biological computers that use biological
materials such as RNA, DNA and proteins,
mimic biological organisms or are used to
study biological organisms.
 The biological computer may be an
implantable device that is mainly used for
tasks like monitoring the body‘s activities
or making simple calculations or inducing
therapeutic effects, all at the molecular or
cellular level.
Genome Sequencing
 Genome sequencing is figuring out the
order of DNA nucleotides, or bases, in a
genome i.e. the order of As (Adenine), Cs
(Cytosine), Gs (Guanine), and Ts
(Thymine) which make up an organism's
DNA.
 The human genome is made up of over 3
billion of these genetic letters.
 It may provide new information on the
genetic basis of poorly understood diseases,
with the potential to provide new therapies.
Human Genome Project (HGP):
1. HGP-Read
 This was an international and
multiinstitutional effort that took 13 years
[1990-2003] and $2.7 billion to produce a
blueprint of the human genome.
 The HGP has revealed that there are
probably about 20,500 human genes
composed of over 3 billion base pairs.
 India did not participate in HGP-read
2. HGP-Write:
 This project was launched in 2016 to
write or build an artificial human
genome from scratch with sophisticated
bioengineering tools.
 HGP-write will aim to address a number
of human health challenges. Potential
applications include growing transplantable
human organs, engineering immunity to
viruses in cell lines via genome-wide
recoding, engineering cancer resistance into
Sci. & Tech.
new therapeutic cell lines, and accelerating
high-productivity, cost-efficient vaccine
and pharmaceutical development using
human cells and organoids.
 The project could encourage broad
intellectual property access via patent
pooling.
 But, the HGP-write will require public
involvement and consideration of ethical,
legal, and social implications.
The Genome Asia 100k initiative:
 A non-profit consortium called Genome
Asia 100K based in Singapore has
announced an ambitious plan to sequence
100,000 Asian individuals in hopes of
accelerating precision medicine
applications for Asian populations.
 Bangalore-based MedGenome has also
teamed up with it.
Stem cells Therapy
 Stem cells are undifferentiated primitive
cells with have potential to develop into
almost any cell type of the busy under
curtain and biochemical conditions.
Characteristics of Stem Cell
 Are primitive cells
 High rate of cell division
 Unspecialized cell.
Types of Stem Cell - based on Potency
 Totipotent Stem Cell:-can
differentiate into all types of cells.
They are obtained only from early
stage of embryo. In human, they have
potential to transform into 220
different types of cells. These are also
known as Embryonic cells.
 Pluripotent Stem Cells: - These are
adult stem cells, also known as somatic
stem cell. They have potential to give
rise to many types of cells but not all
types of cell necessary for foetal
development. Ex. - Inner cell mass
cells that can form every type of cell
but cannot form an organism because
they are unable to give rise to placenta
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and tissues necessary for development
of uterus. ASCs are found throughout ones
lifetime
in tissues such as the umbilical cord,
placenta,
bone marrow, muscle, brain, fat tissue,
skin, gut, etc.
 Multipotent Stem Cell: - These are
specialized stem cell which can give
rise to cell having a particular function.
Ex. Blood stem cell, skin stem cell.
 iPSCs :- Pluripotent cell derived by
inducing cell expression of certain
genes and Transcription Factors (OctA,
Sox2). These induced cells have traits
similar to embryonic stem cell but do
not require use of embryos.
 When unspecialised stem calls give rise
to specialised cells the process is called
differentiation.
 Immunosuppressants are class of
drugs that suppress the immune
response through various mechanisms.
In organ transplantation, they are used
to prevent the body from either
recognition or attacking the foreign
organ.
Importance
 Stem cells offer new potentials for treating
diseases such as diabetes, and heart disease.
 To screen new drugs and to develop model
systems to study normal growth and
identify causes of birth defects.
 Study how an organism develops from a
single cell and how healthy cells replace
damaged cells in adult organisms.
Applications of Stem Cells
 Serious medical conditions - cancer and
birth defects can be treated.
 Testing of new medication using
human cell lines
 Generation of cells and tissues for cell
therapy treatment.
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 Renewable source of replacement cell
and tissue to treat myriad of diseases-
Parkinson's disease, diabetes ect.
 Transplant of healthy heart muscle
cells could be a ray of hope for chronic
heart patients.
 Islet cell lined (derived from pluripltrnt
stem cells) could lie used for diabetes
research.
 Preservation of endongered species.
Moral Issue in use of Stem Cells:-
 Science should not depend on
deliberate destruction of human life
(embryonic term cell lines derived from
destruction of human embryo) by
killing embryo to cure others (when
alternate- adult stem cell available)
 Pluripotent stem cell might explode
into a cancerous mass after transplant.
 Inefficient, unnecessarily and
expensive.
Adult Stem Cell
 Stem cells that have begun to
specialize may develop other type of
cells under certain conditions. Ex. Stem
cells fond in bone marrow.
Limitations of adult stem cells
 Stem cells from adult have not yet been
found for all tissue.
 They are present in minute quantity, so
difficult to isolate and purify less
capacity to proliferate.
Draft Guidelines for stem cell research
 The Indian Council of Medical Research
(ICMR) in association with the
Department of Biotechnology recently
released the revised Draft Guidelines for
Stem Cell Research, 2017 which calls for:
o Conducting research in an ethical
and scientifically responsible
manner involving various
stakeholders in research of human
stem cells.
o option of sharing IPRs
o Ensuring compliance with the
national guidelines through
National Apex Committee for
Stem Cell Research and Therapy
which currently monitors and
oversees research activities at the
national level.
Gene Editing
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 The genetic modification may be either
through human manipulation or as a result
of traditional plant breeding methods like
selective breeding or crossbreeding
between plants within the same species. On
the other hand, genetically engineered (GE)
foods refer to foods for which DNA has
been altered by human manipulation, often
by inserting genes from unrelated species,
to introduce new, desirable traits to that
organism; genetically engineered foods
occur artificially in a way that would not
otherwise happen in nature. This is the key
difference between GMOs and genetically
engineered foods. Genetically engineered
foods are essentially an extension of
GMOs.
 Enzymes which cut DNA are known as
engineered nucleases
 DNA is inserted, deleted or replaced in the
genome of a living organism using
engineered nucleases or molecular scissors.
 Currently, there are four families of
engineered nucleases which are being used
1) Meganucleases, 2) Zinc finger
nucleases (ZFNs), 3) Transcription
activator-like effector-based
nucleases (TALEN), 4) Clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic repeats
(CRISPR)-Cas system.
CRISPR-Cas9
 CRISPR is a dynamic, versatile tool that
allows us to target nearly any genomic
location and potentially repair broken
genes. It can remove, add or alter specific
DNA sequences in the genome of higher
organisms.
 CRISPR (Clustered Regularly
Interspaced Short Palindromic
Repeats) are sections of DNA and are
sections of genetic code containing short
repetitions of base sequences followed by
spacer DNA segments.
 CAS-9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) is
an enzyme. It uses a synthetic guide RNA
to introduce a double strand break at a
specific location within a strand of DNA. It
is a system used by bacterial cells to
recognize and destroy viral DNA as a form
of adaptive immunity
How CRISPS Cas9 work?
Sci. & Tech.
 CRISPR scans the genome looking for the
right location and then uses the Cas9
protein as molecular scissors to snip
through the DNA.
 Cas9 endonuclease – guide RNAs to direct
it to a particular sequence to be edited. The
genetic sequence of the RNA matches the
target sequence of the DNA that has to be
edited.
 When Cas9 cuts the target sequence, the
cell repairs the damage by replacing the
original sequence with an altered version.
 Unlike other gene-editing methods, it is
cheap, quick, easy, safer and more
accurate to use because it relies on RNA–
DNA base pairing, rather than the
engineering of proteins that bind
particular DNA sequences.
Cons of Gene Editing
 Making irreversible changes to every cell
in the bodies of future children and all their
descendants would constitute
extraordinarily risky human
experimentation.
 There are issues including off-target
mutations (unintentional edits to the
genome), persistent editing effects, genetic
mechanisms in embryonic and fetal
development, and longer-term health and
safety consequences.
 Some argue that we do not understand the
operations of the genome enough to make
long-lasting changes to it. Altering one
gene could have unforeseen and
widespread effects on other parts of the
genome, which would then be passed down
to future generations.
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 Many consider genome alterations to
be unethical, advocating that we should let
nature run its course.
 Few argue that after permitting human
germline gene editing for any reason would
likely lead to its ignorance of the regulatory
limits, to the emergence of a market-based
eugenics that would exacerbate already
existing discrimination, inequality, and
conflict.
 It will become a tool for selecting desired
characteristics such as intelligence and
attractiveness.
Pros of Gene Editing
 CRISPR could be used to modify disease-
causing genes in embryos brought to term,
removing the faulty script from the genetic
code of that person‘s future descendants as
well. Genome editing (Gene editing) could
potentially decrease, or even eliminate,
the incidence of many serious genetic
diseases, reducing human suffering
worldwide.
 It might also be possible to install genes
that offer lifelong protection against
infection.
Modified food
 Food derived from organisms whose
genetic material (DNA) has been
modified by introduction of gene from
a different organisms.
 GM crops have been developed to
improve yield, there introduction of
resistance to plant diseases or tolerance
of herbicides.
 Transgene is a gene/genetic material
that have been transferred naturally or
by any technology of gene from one
organism to another, potential to
change, the phenotype of an
origination.
BT Crops
 Gram positive soil bacteria discovered
in 1902 by Ishiwata (Japanese
biologist). He found that when a
bacterium is phagocytised by insects,
Bacteria secretes an endoprotein
(crystalin) that disrupt the respiratory
system of insects, killing the insect.
The endoprotein is activated by Cry
gene - that is of two types- Cry 1AB
and Cry 1AC.
Sci. & Tech.
 In 1980s, with the advent of Genetic
Engineering, Cry gene was isolated and
introduced into the genome of other
seed crops that were called Bt Crops.
 Cry gene is present in every part of
plant because of the endoprotein is
secreted and every part of plant is
resistant to insect and there is no need
of spraying pesticides.
Bt Cotton
 Bt stands for Bacillus thuringiensis - a soil
bacterium which contains a toxic gene
called Bt gene.
 The aim is to make the cotton crop resistant
to bollworm. Hence through genetic
modification the gene is inserted into the
cotton seed. Due to this the toxin will no
more be harmful to the plant because bt
gene now becomes a part of it just like
other genes.
 Along with this, a gene responsible for high
yield is chosen from another cotton variety
and fused into the same seed. Needless to
say this seed grows into HYPR(High
Yielding Pest Resistant) cotton crop which
we popularly call Bt Cotton.
Bt Brinjal
 Transgenic brinjal is created by
inserting a crystal gene (cry gene) from
soil bancterium Bacillus thuringiensis
into brinjal genomes. Bt brinjal
develops resistant against insects
(lepidopteron).
 Monsanto (MNC, USA) has developed
Bt brinjal partnership with India's
Maharashtra Hybrid seeds co.
(Mahyco). It was approval by GEAC
for commercialization in India in 2009
but after public outcry GoI applied
moratorium on its release, in 2010.
Controversy
 Adverse impact in human health and
bio-safety, livelihoods and
biodiversity.
 Genetically Engineered Bt gene could
result in brinjal becoming aggressive
and a weed.
The benefits of Bt Brinjal
 Insect resistant
 Is yield
 More cost effectuie
 Minimal environmental impact
Terminator Genes
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 The terminator gene is a specific
genetic sequence inserted by scientists
into a seed's DNA that renders the seed
and the crop it produces sterile. The
seed company initiates the terminator
process before selling the seeds by
adding an inducer. Farmers plant seeds,
grow plants and the harvest matures but
the seeds are sterile and force farmers
to buy fresh seeds every season. This
Transgene is lethal to developing seeds
and not to maker's seeds or plant the
crop can lie grown normally except that
seeds are sterile.
Benefits of Transgenic Plants
 Improved Nutritional quality - Ex.
golden rice with Vit. A.
 Insect resistance - Bt cotton
 Disease resistance
 Herbicide resistance
 Salt tolerance
 Sudden deaths of farmers due to
mishandling of pesticides can be
prevented.
 Environmental damages due to use of
pesticides can be minimised.
Issue of Transgenic
 Potential risk of transgenic in
commercial crops endangering native
spices.
 Mixing of transgenic crops that into
non-transgenic food crops.
 Health risk to Human: little knowledge
about their long tram effect
 Potential damage to environment.
 Long term health effects cannot be
neglected.
 Insect may develop resistant to Bt due
to excessive use.
 Corporate control- Bt seeds cannot be
reused because of terminator genes.
 Negative impact on biodiversity.
 Might endanger the wild variety of
crops.
 Might have impact on reproduce
positive capacity of humans as shown
by research on mice.
Products of Transgenic
Sci. & Tech. 30

 Flavr Savr. - Genetically modified  Issue of IPR.

tomato with increased shelf life. With Use of GM crops have been opposed
natural colour and flavour. First severely by many sections of society
commercially grown genetically including some scientists but as the research
engineered food granted licence for done so far shows no adverse impact of GM
human consumption. crops, use of GM crops can be permitted
 Golden Rice: - Genetically modified after further evaluation and field trials. It
rice with beta Carotene - a precursor of may prove helpful in solving the problem of
pro-Vit-A to overcome def. of Vit-A food security in India.
in diets.
Controversy over GM Crops GEAC- Genetic Engineering Appraisal
 Food Safety- Safety of GM crops at par Committee
conventional crops is an issue of  A committee of experts under MoEF
concern. Although no adverse health that is responsible to permit the use of
effects of GM crops have been health GMOs approve the conduct of field
risks. trials; evaluate field trial date and final
 Effect on natural Ecosystem. Impacting approval for release of transgenic crop
biodiversity causing environmental in the environment.
risks.  Biotechnology Regulatory Authority
 Gene flow into Non-GM crops i.e. of India (BRAI) a proposed regulatory
horizontal gene transfer also is a body for use of biotech products
concern for future impact as genes including GMOs, BRAI draft was
might spread from Gm crops to wild placed in parliament by GoI in 2012
relatives. but could not get passed. Later, GoI
 Moral and religious contains. passed it via Ordinance.
 Corporate control of GM food supply
with hampers true independent
research.
 Biometrics:-Biometrics is the science of measuring and analysing Biological Data. The
identity of user is identified by biological phenomenon. Ex. Fingerprint, face recognition,
palm print, iris, retina, voice, gait etc. It has been used in Aadhar Project of GoI.
 Smart Card is based on biometric technology which is used at ATM machines as debit,
credit card, for storage of data, security identification.
 Use of Smart card in administration can bring revolutionary changes as they would be
more Secure, efficient, authenticate, leak proof and customer friendly.
 Biometric ATMs are self service cash machine that use a biometric measure to identify
customers and allows them to withdraw cash. It helps to avoid fraud and corruption. PIN
is fingerprint or retina of the card holder. They are very safe and very secure. But are very
costly.
Application of Biometrics
 Single Sign-on
 Applications log-in
 Data Protection
 Remote Access to Resources
 Transaction Security
 Web Security
 Limitations of Biometrics
 Finger prints can damage by injury, burns or wear out to work

SUPERBUG: Organisms (generally bacteria) that have become resistant to mult iple
antibiotics or drugs are called Superbug. Nomenclature of Superbug is based on its place of
origin. Journal "lancet" in August 2010 published an article reporting the presence of
Superbug in New Delhi hospitals and named it NDM -1 (New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase-1).
GoI opposed to this publication and claimed it a conspiracy by developed nations against India
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Sci. & Tech. 31

to hamper Medical Tourism of India that is growing at a rate of 300 -400% per year and thus
adversely affecting their tourism.
 Medical tourism is at boom in India because of availability of high quality medical
facilities at low reasonable cost.
 A number of EU nations had even declared "Red Alert" for their nationals not to get
Medical treatment in India.
Three Parent Baby
Probiotic Food  Mitochondrial Replacement therapy
 Probiotics are live organisms bacteria (MRT) is used to replace mother‘s faulty
or yeast that are available in Mitochondrial DNA with healthy
supplements and food and improve Mitochondria from a donor woman
health. Ex. Yogurt, cheeses containing
during IVF process, thus the name- ―three-
Lactobacillus.
parent‖ baby.
 According to FAO, Probiotics are live
micro-organism that if administered in  The donor‘s mitochondria contribute just
adequate amount, confers a health 37 genes to the child, compared with more
benefit on the host. They are:— than 20,000 from the parents. That is a
a. Useful in lowering toxicogenic negligible amount and far less than one
or mutagenic reaction in the gut would gain from a blood transfusion or
that ultimately reduces risk of organ transplant.
colon cancer.  No other characteristics in terms of
b. Used to lower serum cholesterol. intelligence, eye colour, hair colour, height
c. Strengthens innate immunity etc. are changed.
d. Control of inflammatory bowel
disease
e. Maintenance of Colon flora
f. Suppression of Pathogens.
Risks of Probiotic Food
 Probiotic food may be harmful if a
person is critically ill.
 May lower immune System.
 May lead to obesity (Ex. Yoghurt).
Difference between GM food and GE food
The genetic modification may be either
through human manipulation or as a result of
traditional plant breeding methods like selective
breeding or crossbreeding between plants within
the same species. On the other hand, genetically
engineered (GE) foods refer to foods for which
DNA has been altered by human manipulation,
often by inserting genes from unrelated species, to
introduce new, desirable traits to that organism;
genetically engineered foods occur artificially in a
way that would not otherwise happen in nature.
This is the key difference between GMOs and
genetically engineered foods. Genetically
engineered foods are essentially an extension of
GMOs.

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Bio-Ink
 Recently, a new printing material called
flink (functional living ink), has been
developed by scientists using bacterias.
 Bio ink consists of a hydrogel biomaterial.
It temporarily mimics the natural
extracellular matrix environment of
mammalian cells, giving them time to
produce their own milieu.
 Bio inks are ideal for 3D bioprinting, thus
provide a 3D environment for culturing
cells.
 The bio-ink contains two different polymer
components: a natural polymer extracted
from seaweed, and a sacrificial synthetic
polymer used in the medical industry.
 Application: It can be used for printing
complex tissues using the patient‘s own
stem cells for surgical bone or cartilage
implants, which could be used in knee and
hip surgeries.
 Medical applications: Printed prosthetics,
use of bioprinting in tissue engineering,
high dose pills manufacturing.
 Industrial applications: Apparel,
customisable art and jewelry, in automotive
industry as 3D printed cars, construction,
fire arms etc.
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Embryo transfer technology
 It is a technique of assisted reproduction
in which the embryo or zygote is collected
from a donor animal with higher genetic
merit and transferred to a recipient animal
which serves as surrogate for rest of the
pregnancy.
 Government has undertaken a Mass
Embryo Transfer programme in Indigenous
Breeds under the scheme, National
Mission on Bovine Productivity.
 The programme is implemented with the
objective of conservation and development
of indigenous breeds under Rashtriya
Gokul Mission.
 Indigenous Cow Breeds such as Sahiwal,
Gir, Red Sindhi, Ongole, Deoni and
Vechur will be the recipient surrogates
under the program.
Benefits of ETT
 Farmers may get 5-6 times increased
number of off springs.
 Calves will be of high genetic merit and
born disease free.
Sci. & Tech.
CHAPTER : 4
—: NANOTECHNOLOGY :—
 The concept was first introduced in 1959
by an American Scientist ―Richard
Feynman‖ in his famous lecture ―There
is plenty of room left at the bottom‖.
 The term Nano Technology was defined
by Tokyo Science University Professor
―Norio Tanigerchi‖ in 1974.
 The technological significance of Nano
scale was promoted by Dr. K. Eric
Dexler in his famous book Engine of
Creation: The coming Era of Nano
Technology.
 Nanotechnology is a technology for
building or constructing materials,
devices, tools etc. in smallest or lowest
possible form i.e. on the scale of atom
and molecule.
 One nanometre is a one billionth of a
meter.
 At this scale, the physical, chemical
and biological properties of materials
differ from the properties of individual
atoms and molecules or bulk matter,
which enable novel applications.
 Nanotechnology research and
development is directed towards
understanding and creating improved
materials, devices and systems that
exploit these properties as they are
discovered and characterized.
 Nanotechnological inventions would
bring enormous benefits and luxury in
human life. It is widely believed that
nanotechnology has got the much
needed potential to be effective in
terms of energy consumption besides
being environment friendly. It is also
expected to solve major health
problems.
 Applications of this technology will
help manufacturing products at reduced
cost which will be smaller, lighter and
cheaper.
 The Nanotechnology is believed to be
very promising in bringing solutions in
the fields of health and sanitation, food
security and environmental issues.
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 Nanotechnology development in India
is at a nascent stage with policy
initiatives directed towards promoting
research and development. It is largely
a government led initiative and
industry participation is still emerging.
A more inclusive science and
technology (S and T) policymaking
process and integrated framework is
needed to ensure that this technology is
diffused and used for socially valued
goods.
Process/Method:
 The two methods that are used in NT are
top down and bottom up approach. In the
top down approach, Nano objects are
constructed from larger entities. It is
expensive and time consuming.
 The bottom up approach builds larger
structure by linking atom by atom using
special molecular assemblers. Materials
reduces to Nano scale can show different
properties compared to what they scribes
on a macro scale, enabling unique
application.
Nano Materials:
 They are classified into 2 types : organic
consisting of carbon Nano tubes &
inorganic Nano material consisting of
metals and their oxides.
 The vastly increased ratio of surface area
to volume leads to altering physical,
thermal and catalytic properties of Nano
material.
 Carbon Nanotubes: They are graphite
sheet rolled to form a cylindrical Nano
tube. These are hollow, tubular and cage
molecules.
Nanotubes:
 Strength: Carbon Nano Tubes are the
strongest and stiffest material on earth in
terms of tensile strength. They are 100
times stronger yet 6 times lighter than
the steel.
 Electrical Properties: Carbon NT can
carry 1000 times more electric current
than on equivalent copper and silver wire
and they are regarded as ideal component
for electric circuit.
 Thermal Property: Carbon NT are very
good thermal conductor along the tube
Sci. & Tech.
while good insulator laterally to the tube.
The temporary stability of CNT is up to
2800°c in vacuum.
Nano-tube application
 Used to build light weight space craft.
 They can easily penetrate membranes to
fuel a cell wall. Medical researchers are
using this property by attaching
molecules that are attracted to cancer
cells to Nano tubes to deliver drugs
directly to diseased cells.
 The electrical resistance of Nano tubes
changes significantly when other
molecules attach themselves to the
carbon atom. Companies are using this
property to develop sensors that can
detect chemical vapors such as carbon
monoxide or biological molecules.
 Light weight windmill blades made with
an epoxy containing carbon Nano tubes.
This increase the amount of electricity
generates by each windmill.
 Aircraft user CN to increase strength
availability in highly stressed
components.
 Nano tube electrodes in thermo cells
generate electricity from waste heat.
 In expensive non tube based sensor
detects bacteria in drinking water.
Nanotechnology initiatives in India
 Nanotechnology in India is a Millennium
government led initiative. Industry
participation has very recently
originated.
 Nanotechnology R&D barring a few
exceptions is largely being ensued at
public funded universities as well as
research institutes.
 Department of Science and Technology
(DST), the chief agency engaged in the
development of nanotechnology,
initiated India‘s principal programme,
the Nanoscience and Technology
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Mission (NSTM) in 2007, with an
allocation of Rupees 1000 crores for a
period of five years.
 The five-year programme followed the
flagship initiative, the Nanoscience and
Technology Initiative (NSTI) that was
in operation from 2001–06.
 Close to 200 projects have been
undertaken in the NSTI and NSTM
since 2002.
 The DST has also set up ‗Centers of
Excellence (CoE) for Nanoscience and
Technology‘ established under the
NSTI to undertake R&D to develop
specific applications in a fixed period
of time.
 SERC (Science and Engineering
Research Council) too has aided
projects on nanotechnology. Support
for these projects has been through its
general R&D schemes for basic science
and engineering science.
 The Nano Mission lays down as one of
its objectives that ‗special effort will
be made to involve the industrial sector
into nanotechnology R&D directly or
through PPP ventures‘. Of the six PPP
launched under the Mission, three are
in the pharmaceutical sector.
 CSIR‘s flagship program New
Indian Technology
Leadership Initiative (NMITLI),
India‘s largest public–private
partnership scheme also has a few
nanoprojects under its umbrella and is
an initiative by the government to get
industry on board with public funded
R&D.
 A Planning Commission study has
called for the creation of a National
Institute of Nanotechnology in
Agriculture (NINA) under National
Agricultural Research System.
Sci. & Tech. 35

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NanoMission of India
 The Nano Mission is an umbrella
programme for capacity building which
envisages the overall development of this
field of research in the country and to tap
some of its applied potential for nation‘s
development. In brief, the objectives of the
Nano-Mission are:
1. Basic research promotion: Funding
of basic research by individual
scientist and/or group of scientists and
creation of centres of excellence for
pursuing studies leading to
fundamental understanding of matter
that enables control and manipulation
at the nanoscale.
2. Infrastructure Development for
Nano Science & Technology
research: Investigatuins on the nano
scale require expensive equipments
like Optical Tweezer, Nano Indentor,
Transmission Electron Microscope
(TEM), Atomic Force Microscope
(AFM), Scanning Tunneling
Microscope (STM), Matrix Assisted
Laser Desorption Time of Flight Mass
Spectrometer (MALDI TOF MS),
Microarray Spotter & Scanner etc. For
optimal use of expensive and
sophisticated facilities, it is proposed
to establish a chain of shared facilities
across the country.
3. Nano Applications and Technology
Development Programmes: To
catalyse Application and Technology
Development Programme leading to
products and devices,Nano-
Technology Business Incubators etc.
Special effort will be made to involve
the industrial sector into
nanotechnology R&D directly or
through Public Private Partnership
(PPP) ventures.
4. Human Resources Development: The
Mission shall focus on providing
effective education and training to
research and professionals in
diversified fields so that a genuine
interdisciplinary culture for nanoscale
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science, engineering and technology
can emerge. It is planned to launch
M.Sc/M.Tech programmes, create
national and overseas post-doctoral
fellowships, chairs in universities, etc.
5. International Collaborations: Apart
from exploratory visits of scientists,
organisation of joint workshops and
conferences and joint research
projects, it is also planned to facilitate
access to sophisticated research
facilities abroad, establish joint
centres of excellence and forge
academis-industry partnerships at the
international level wherever required
and desirable.
Organizational Structure
 The Nano Mission is a Mission-Mode
programme within DST. At the apex level,
it is steered by a Nano Mission Council
(NMC). It is currently being chaired by
Professor CNR Rao, FRS, National
Research Professor and Honorary
President & Linus Pauling Research
Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for
Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore
 The technical programmes of the Nano
Mission are also being guided by two
advisory groups, viz. the Nano Science
Advisory Group (NSAG) and the Nano
Applications and Technology Advisory
Group (NATAG).
 The Nano Mission is the second phase of
DST activities in Nano Science and
Technology. DST, in October 2001, had
launched a modest programme in Nano
Science and Technology, called the Nano
Science and Technology Initiative (NSTI),
and the Nano Mission is the successor of
this programme.
 Under NSTI, and since May 2007 under
the Nano Mission, DST has supported a
number of activities in Nano Science and
Technology. A brief resume of those
programmes is being given below.
1. Support for R & D Projects to
Individual Scientists:
 Around 130 projects have been supported
to individual scientists mainly working on
Sci. & Tech.
fundamental scientific aspects of
nanoscale systems. Investigations are
aimed at looking into new and improved
understanding of the relationship between
structure of various nanoscale systems and
their properties using sophisticated
characterization facilities.
 Significant results have been reported from
these projects. Extensive studies on
semiconductor nanocrystals have been
undertaken in several projects. As
semiconductor particles exhibit size-
dependent properties like scaling of the
energy gap and corresponding change in
the optical properties, they are considered
as technologically important materials.
 Several projects have looked into synthesis
of important nanomaterials like CdSe, ZnO
etc. Size-tunable, organic-soluble
industrially important CdS, AlN, GaN and
InN nanocrystals have been prepared by
employing novel solvothermal techniques
and some soft chemical routes.
 In another project, it has been reported that
flow of various liquids and gases over a
mat of single-walled carbon nanotube
(SWNT) bundles generate electrical
signals. This discovery has several
important technological implications.
Negative differential resistance in a one-
dimensional molecular wire with odd
number of atoms attached between two
macroscopic electrodes at some critical
bias has generated considerable interest for
possible device applications.
 Towards development of micro fluidic
devices, interesting results have been
obtained in another project. It may have
several applications in the fields of
biotechnology, pharmaceutical industry,
drug delivery, intelligent pneumatic
systems, information technology etc.
2. Strengthening of Characterization
Facilities
 Research with nanoscale systems requires
sophisticated characterization facilities
which were not available in our
institutions. Realizing this gap, DST has
established an array of sophisticated
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equipments such as Optical Tweezer, Nano
Indentor, Transmission Electron
Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force
Microscope (AFM), Scanning Tunneling
Microscope (STM), Matrix Assisted Laser
Desorption Time of Flight Mass
Spectrometer (MALDI TOF MS),
Microarray Spotter & Scanner etc. at
various locations in the country.
3. Establishment of Centres of
Excellence
 Eleven Units/Core Groups on Nano
Science have been sanctioned across the
country. These centres of excellence house
some of the more sophisticated facilities
for sharing with other scientists in the
region and would help in promoting
scientific research on nanoscale systems in
a decentralized fashion.
 Seven Centres for Nano Technology
focusing on development of specific
applications have also been established.
 In addition, a centre of excellence on
Computational Materials Science has also
been established at JNCASR, Bangalore.
4. International Collaborative
Programmes
 As expected, Nano Science and
Technology has prominently figured in all
S&T cooperation agreements entered into
in recent times. Joint R&D activities are
already taking place with several
countries. For example, with the US,
several projects have been funded on
CNTs in composites, nano-encapsulating
materials, etc. under the DST-NSF
programme.
 Several Indo-US Workshops have also
been held. With Germany, a programme on
engineered functional nano-composites has
started which would focus on magnetic
properties, magnetic interactions, gas-solid
interactions including catalysis, etc.
 Programmes are also on with Italy, EU and
developing with Taiwan. ARCI,
Hyderabad, which is an autonomous
institute of DST has active programme in
nanomaterials with institutions in Russia,
Ukraine, Japan, Germany and USA.
Sci. & Tech. 38

5. Joint Institution-Industry Linked Manipulation' at Bangalore in

Projects and Public Private Partnership February 2003, on 'Science of Size
activities Reduction, Different Routes of
 In order to focus the existing expertise in Preparation and Characterization of
research and educational institutions Nanomaterials and Applications' at
towards developing products and processes Kolkata in February 2005 and on
of direct interest to industries, DST, under ‗Nanoscience & Nanobiology‘ at
the Nano Programme, has promoted Joint Bangalore in February 2007.
Institution-Industry Linked Projects and o Postdoctoral Fellowships initiated
some other Public Private Partnership through JNCASR, Bangalore.
activities in recent times. In many these Achievements of Nano Mission
activities, the industrial partners have also  Development of Nano filters by IIT Madras
invested financially into the project. and BHU.
 These activities will help us to  Invention of Nano bulb by Indian scientist dr.
simultaneously leverage the scientific
Bhargava. The bulb is more energy efficient
knowledge-base existing in our research
and educational institutions and the than LED bulbs.
commercial vision of our industry to  Development of kit for Tuberculosis diagnosis
generate competitive technologies leading in early stages
to products and devices.  Development of carbon Nano-tube
 Six such projects have received financial  Development of targeted drug delivery system
support so far.
which only affects the diseased cells and not
6. Human Resource Development in
Nano Science & Technology the healthy cells
 In order to train and nurture human
India‘s International Collaborations
resource in the area of Nano Science and
 Several bilateral collaborations
Technology, a number of activities have
emerged in nanoscience and
already been undertaken— for example,
technology, as it was a part of nearly
organization of national and international
all the S&T agreements between India
conferences, national review meetings and
and other countries. I
advanced schools, support for post-
doctoral fellowships through JNCASR,  Initiatives include Science and
Technology Initiatives with Indian
Bangalore, etc. The following activities for
diaspora – Scientists and Technologists
manpower training have been organized so
of Indian Origin Abroad (STIOs) for
far:
encouraging networking between
o Three International Conferences
Indian scientists and scientists and
organized focusing on different
technologists of Indian origin that are
aspect of Nano Science and
based abroad.
Technology - at Kolkata in
December 2003, Delhi in March  The International Science and
2006 and Chennai in February, 2008 Technology Directorate (ISAD) of the
o Two National Review and CSIR that aims to strengthen
Coordination Meetings organized cooperation between CSIR and
based on projects supported under international institutions has facilitated
the programme in March 2005 and workshops and collaborative projects
February 2007. with international partners like South
o Three Advanced Schools Africa, France, South Korea, China,
organized—on 'Nanomaterials Japan in the area of nanoscience and
Preparation, Characterization and technology.

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Sci. & Tech. 39

 Another forum for international

collaboration is the Euro-India Net set Benefits
up under the FP6 between EU and India  Nanotechnology today is regarded as a
to encourage collaborations between revolutionary technology.
scientists from the two regions in the  Nanotechnology can enable cost
area of nanotechnology. effective solar and fuel cells with
 A memorandum of understanding also higher efficiency.
has been signed between India and  Nanomaterials could also facilitate
UNESCO to establish a Regional energy saving through nanomaterials
Centre for Education and Training in aided efficient lighting (LEDs),
Biotechnology, where one of the focus nanocatalysts that improve combustion
areas is on nano-biotechnology. processes and also better insulation
Conceptualising national Capability materials.
 there is a need for strong infrastructure  Enhancement of agricultural
to enable and stimulate R&D and productivity has been identified as the
commercialisation of nano products; second most critical area of application
 constraints and concerns among users
of nanotechnology for attaining the
must be addressed for successful
deployment of technology; Millennium Development Goals.
 appropriate strategies, policies and  Nanotechnology is believed to enhance
institutions are needed to engage with agricultural productivity through
an emergent technology; genetic improvement and make crops
 human resources with multidisciplinary more resistant to heat and water
perspectives is key for progress in logging. Water treatment and
nanotechnology;
remediation has been cited as the third
 there is a need for addressing
most critical area where
nanotechnology risks in the societal
context; nanotechnology applications might aid
 regulatory oversight and preparedness developing countries. Some of the
for nanotechnology is necessary to interventions include water
channelise research efforts in a specific purification, detection of contaminants
direction; and waste water treatment.
 capacity building of regulatory and Risks
monitoring agencies transparency and  The unusual properties of
public involvement in the design and nanomaterials that can enable
implementation of regulatory structure rewarding applications for society
in nanotechnology should be ensured. might pose unknown or unforeseen
environment, health and safety
challenges.
 Nanomaterials like other tiny particles
might be able to enter the human body
and those of other species
imperceptibly through various
pathways- inhalation, ingestion, dermal
contact, etc.
 Nanoparticles, it is believed might be
able to disrupt cellular, enzymatic and
other organ related functions posing
health hazards.

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 With the increase in the application of
nanomaterials in various products, the
risk of the exposure of the consumers
and the general public will also
increase. Therefore it is crucial to
examine and estimate the risk for
regulating the production, use,
consumption and disposal of these
materials.
Challenges and Approach
Challenges to technology development
 Producing the nanomaterials in large
enough volumes, with consistent
quality, at acceptable costs.
 Supplying the nanomaterials in a form
(such as proper particle size, surface
chemistry, dispersion capability,
compatibility with various media, etc.)
that would allow integration into the
process.
 Engineering and customizing the nano-
based system to local requirements.
 Addressing environmental, health and
safety concerns in the use and disposal
of nano products.
Challenges to technology governance
 One of the biggest challenges has been
in terms of the interdisciplinary nature
of nanotechnology per se and the scope
of its applications. This has lead to
significant overlaps in the areas for
R&D support identified by different
agencies.
 The gap between basic research and
application is another challenge in
nanotechnology, like several other
technologies. There is poor lab-firm
integration which is compounded by
the paucity of skilled manpower that
could provide linkages between the
technology and commercial domains.
 Being cost and risk intensive, and
being dependent upon sophisticated and
complex equipment, technical know-
how and capacity, financial constraints
often act as an impediment in this
regard.
 The main challenges faced by
regulatory institutions currently relate
to the regulatory capacity, information
asymmetry and absence of interagency
coordination.
 Another challenge that
nanotechnologists should address in
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their research is due priority to risk
research. Currently, funding allocated
for analysing risks from
nanotechnology is abysmally low
compared to the vast amounts invested
for its commercial applications. On the
other hand, other experts argue that
research related to toxicity and risk
assessment must be undertaken once
the applicability of specific nano-
applications are ascertained, especially
when the prototype of the product has
been developed and is available for
field testing. This strategy might help
enable a balanced approach between
technology development and
addressing risk issues. Moreover, it
could also facilitate the judicious
allotment of already constrained
financial resources as well as prevent
an overzealous focus on risk issues
especially in the nascent stages of
product development that might in turn
prevent the emergence of socially
useful and significant applications.
 Venture capital mechanisms are nearly
non-existent. This made taking research
forward to technology development in
this arena sluggish.
Applications of Nanotechnology
 Medical field: Nano scale diagnostic
devices are more efficient in detecting
cancer or infection, Nano size drugs can be
delivered to targeted areas which can also
help fight cancer. For example - Recently,
a new technology for safer and cheaper
diagnosis and treatment of cancer has been
found by turning nano-particles of calcium
phosphate into fully biodegradable radio
frequency (RF) agents that can be imaged
in MRI and CT scans.
 Combating climate change: by
developing nanomaterial which can
effectively help to reduce the Carbon
Dioxide in the air and trigger
bioremediation to get rid of toxic waste
such as dyes, oil spill etc.
o Combating Carbon Emission: The
Nano CO2 Harvester can capture
more CO2 than usual and is more
efficient fuel converter.
o Cleaning Water: The magnetically
charged nanoparticles have been
proved potent in researches to have
effectively carried on adsorption
Sci. & Tech.
process to remove heavy & toxic
metals, dyes from and oil spills
from water bodies.
o Accelerating Biodegradation
(Solid
Waste Management): They
accelerate
the conversion of organic waste into
organic manures or biogas and
fertilizers can also be quickened
through use of Nanoparticles (such
as Iron oxide particles).
 Agriculture: Food processing industry can
get better packaging, presentation with
least waste and minimum moisture flow
and growth of bacteria. Also, Silver
Nanoparticles which exhibit antifungal,
anti-bacterial, antiinflammatory, antiviral
and antiplatelet properties can be used to
increase the shelf life of agricultural
products.
 Defence: Use in intelligence gathering
through difficult to detect sensors/cameras/
recording devices, precision guiding tools
etc.
 Construction: as nanomolecular structures
can make asphalt and concrete more robust
to water seepage, heat-resistant
nanomaterials can block ultraviolet and
infrared radiation etc.
 Energy: such as Novel hydrogen storage
systems based on carbon nanotubes and
other lightweight nanomaterials,
Nanocatalysts for hydrogen generation etc.
 Other Uses: Nano-silver provides an
effective, broad-spectrum antimicrobial
coating to the surface of various
consumer products. Therefore silver
nanotechnology is being used in a wide
range of consumer products such as
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wound dressings, textiles, food storage
containers, paints and personal care
appliances. In the consumer goods
industry, excellent openings in the
form of product developers, quality
control specialists await professionals
in nanotechnology.
 Nanotechnology has significantly
scaled down the size of transistors and
chips used in the production of
computers and other electronic goods.
 Nanotechnology has made great strides
in the field of medicine. Several nano-
sized gadgets and materials are being
developed to diagnose and treat
diseases like cancer more effectively.
Nano-pharmacology helps to produce
smart drugs that have negligible side
effects.
 Nanoscale thin films on eyeglasses,
computer and camera displays,
windows, and other surfaces can make
them water-repellent, antireflective,
self-cleaning, resistant to ultraviolet or
infrared light, antifog, antimicrobial,
scratch-resistant, or electrically
conductive.
 Scientists are using nanoparticles to
enhance clothing. Coating fabrics with
a thin layer of zinc oxide nanoparticles,
manufacturers can create clothes that
give better protection from UV
radiation.
 Using nanoparticles in the manufacture
of solar cells is beneficial as they can
reduce manufacturing costs by using a
low temperature process instead of the
high temperature vacuum deposition
process typically used to produce
conventional cells made with
crystalline semiconductor material.
 Titanium oxide nanoparticles have a
comparable UV protection property to
the bulk material thus used for
sunscreen.
 Nanoparticles help in drug delivery
also. The drug is encapsulated in a
nanoparticle which helps it pass
through the stomach to deliver the drug
directly to the blood stream.
Sci. & Tech. 42

CHAPTER : 5
—: SPACE TECHNOLOGY :—

Space programme

Satellite – INSAT IRNSS

Launching Vehicle - GSLV PSLV

Objective of Space Programme

Origin of Space Research in India
 1967 – Initiation of Space research under
DAE
 1962 - INCOSPAR formed & established
(Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching
Station) TERLS
 1969 - Establishment of ISRO
 1972 – Establishment Space Commission
& DoS under Ministry of Science. &
Technology
 To promote the development & application
of space science & technology for socio -
economic benefit of the country.
 To make India self - reliant in space
Science & Technology
 Design & fabricate satellites & develop
Launching Vehicle

Indian Space Research Programme

Satellite Programme Launching Programme

INSAT IRS PSLV GSLV

 Fixed in polar orbit of earth

Satellite: - Artificial body revolving around a  IRS programme.
planet. They do not require any energy source ISRO (Indian Space Research
because a force and planet attracts them providing Organisation) : ISRO is the apex body in the
them energy. They revolve in specific orbit around country to formulate, and implement space policies
the planet because the centrifugal force of the and programmes. It was set up in 1969, located
planet is balanced by the angular velocity of space technology and its application to various
national tasks. ISRO has launched INSAT and IRS
satellite of two year.
satellite systems. ISRO have a number of regional
Communication Satellites:- centres. In 1972, DoS and space commission were
 Fixed in geostationary orbit of earth constituted. ISRO and space commission functions
 Fixed rotation period equivalent to rotation under DoS.
period of earth  SDSC- Sriharikota, AP
 Seems stable from a point of earth.  VSSC- Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
 NNRMS- Bangalore
 Under INSAT programme.
 IIST- Thiruvananthapuram
Remote Sensing Satellite:-
 ISTRAC- Bengalore
 Fixed in near orbit of earth of 400-1200  Antrix- Bengalore
km.
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Sci. & Tech. 43

19. NNRMS Secretariat: Bangalore

20. Civil Engineering Programme Office:
Bangalore
21. Antrix Corporation: Bangalore
22. UR Rao Satellite Centre (URSC):
Bangalore
23. Laboratory for electro-optical systems
(LEOS): Bangalore
24. ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command
Network (ISTRAC): Bangalore
25. Southern RRPC: Bangalore
26. Liquid Propilsion Systems centre (LPSC):
Bangalore
27. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC):
Thiruvanantpuram
28. Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre(LPSC):
Thiruvanantpuram
29. ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU):
Thiruvanantpuram
30. Indian Institute of Space Science and
Technology(IIST): Thiruvanantpuram
31. ISRO Propulsion complex: Mahendragiri,
TN
32. Sarish Dhawan Spca Centre (SDSC)- Shri
Harikota, TN
33. Down Range Station: Port Blair
Dr. K. Sivan is the current chairman of ISRO. 34. National Atmospheric Research
Centres of ISRO Laboratory (NARL): Tirupati
6. Semi Conductor Laboratory: Chandigarh 35. National Remote Sensing Centre(NRSC):
7. Solar Obervatory: Udaipur Hyderabad
8. Space Application Centre (SAC): 36. North Eastern Spcae Application Centre
Ahmadabad (NE-SAC): Shillong
9. Physics Research laboratory (PRL): 37. ISTRAC Ground Station: Lucknow
Ahmadabad 38. Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS):
10. Development and Educational Dehradun
Communication Unit (DECU): 39. Centre for Space Science and Technology
Ahmadabad Education in Asia-Pacific (CSSTEAP):
11. Infrared Observatory: Mt. Abu Dehradun
12. Master Control Facility (MCF)-B: Bhopal
13. Indian Deep Spcae Network(IDSN):
Byalalu, Kanrnataka
14. Indian Space Science Data (ISSDC):
Byalalu, Kanrnataka
15. Master Control Facility (MCF): Hassan
Kanrnataka
16. Space Commission: Bangalore Scan this QR code to read more about the missions
17. Department of Spca and ISRO of ISRO in its timeline.
headquarters: Bangalore
18. INSAT programme office: Bangalore INSAT SYSTEM
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Sci. & Tech.
 It is a multipurpose satellite system
providing services for telecommunications,
TV broadcasting & meteorology including
disaster management.
 It is a Joint Venture of DoS, DoT, IMD,
AIR & Doordarshan.
 It was established in 1983 with the
commissioning of INSAT- IB.
 The INSAT system is Geo-synchronous
(GS) rotating in circular equatorial orbit at
a fixed altitude of ≈ 36,000 km INSAT
satellites are launched using GSLV.
Applications of INSAT
 Telecommunications: - remote area
communication, Village public Telephone,
Search & Rescue services & satellite
navigation.
 Television- INSAT has been a catalyst for
rapid expansion of TV coverage in India -
Doordarsan - covering 65% area 90% of
population.
 Educational TV
 Satellite News Gathering
 Radio Networking
 Meteorology - Weather forecasting &
providing advance warning on disasters.
 Telemedicine - Through Sat.
communications, specialised medical
facilities are made available to remote areas
of the countries.
 Search & Rescue- Disaster Mgmt.
 Mobile Satellite Service - brought mobile
revolution in India providing 1G, 3G, 4G,
5G advanced services.
 Tele education: EDUSAT satellite was
launched. IGNOU is providing education
services through this technology.
Important INSAT Satellites
 KALPANA-1:- exclusive meteorological
satellite.
 GRAMSAT: - for rural upliftment.
 INSAT series
 GSAT series
IRS Satellite System
 Satellites used for observation of Earth
from space are known as Remote Sensing
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Satellites ie. Space based earth observation
system.
 They are placed in Polar Sun Synchronous
Low Earth Orbit. They form an integral
part of resource management for
exploitation of renewals & natural
resources of the earth.
Application of IRS Satellite System
 Agriculture - assessment of net cropped
area, crop production forecast, movement
of locust, flood warning, etc.
 Natural resource management:- Oceanic &
Continental assessment of land we, land
cover mapping, mineral prospects, forest
resource surveys, monitor forest-fires etc.
 Disaster management & Meteorology -
Warning mechanisms for cyclones, weather
forecasting & assessment of drought &
floods.
 Urban Studies- structural plan for cities,
guide map for Delhi, Bangalore etc.
 Study of climate & Weather predication.
 Disaster management.
 Monitoring coastal areas & study of ocean
surfaces.
 Divisions of maps - CARTOSAT
 Defence:- act as spy in the sky, picking
images of troop movements etc.
Examples of IRS Satellites
 SARAL
 RISAT
 CARTOSAT1/2 - to study Cartographs/
maps
 OCEANSAT - to study ocean surface
 MEGATROPICS - To study clouds.
 RESOURCESAT- to study Natural
resources
Xperimanetal IRS Satellite: ARYBHATA
was the first experimental Satellite launched in
April 1975 from Baikonur, Kazakhstan the
assistance of Russia.
1979-81 -BHASKAR Series to study clouds.
1981- ROHINI series
1985- Named as SROSS Series.
Operational IRS Satellite System: 1st IRS
satellites launched in 1988.
Sci. & Tech.
LAUNCH VEHICLES : Launch Vehicle is a
rocket that carries the satellite into the orbit. Ex.
SLV, ASLV, PSLV& GSLV.
SLV Satellite Launch Vehicle : A four
staged Satellite Launch Vehicle that used solid
propellant used to launch low weight satellites
(50kg) in lower orbit of Earth. It was used only
four times of that IInd and IVth launch were
successful. The project was headed by APJ Abdul
Kalam. SLV was intended to reach a height of
400 km and carry a payload of 40 kg. The first
experimental flight of SLV-3, in August 1979, was
only partially successful.
ASLV (Augmented Satellite Launch
Vehicle) : A five Stage experimental launching
vehicle with solid propellant to launch low weight
(150kg) (but comparatively heavier than launched
by SLV in lower earth orbits. It was used only 4
times. This project was started by India during the
early 1980s.
PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle)
 PSLV is India's most successful launching
vehicle programme.
 PSLV is used to launch RSS into Sun
synchronous orbit.
 It can also launch small satellites into GTO.
 PSLV was designed & developed at VSSC,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
 PSLV is a stage SLV using solid (1 & 3) &
liquid (2 & 4) propulsion system.
Stage 1:- Solid- fuel rocket boosters carrying
138 tonnes of HTPB (Hydroxy-terminated
polybutadiene) as propellant& Ammonium
Perchlorote as oxidizer
Stage 2:- Vikas engine is used carrying (41.5
tonnes) of liquid propellant - UDMH
(Unsymmetrical Di-Methyl Hydrazine) as fuel
&N₂O₄ (Nitrogen tetra oxide ) as oxidiser.
Stage 3 :- (7 tonne) of HTPB - solid
propellant.
Stage 4:- Liquid propellant - mono - Methyl
Hydrazine as fuel & Mixed oxides of Nitrogen as
oxidiser.
 Each stage falls off after fuel exhaustion.
 It can carry heavy satellites - 800-1000 kg
upto a height of 800-1200 km orbits.
 PSLV-D1- first PSLV launched was
unsuccessful. But after that all 23 launches
have been successful of PSLV.
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 For different mission requirements, variants
of PSLV have been designed for eg. PSLV-
CA & PSLV-XL.
Significance of PSLV for ISP
 Success of PSLV made India's a potential
competitor of West & India can benefit
through its lower launch price.
 PSLV helps in launching spy satellites -
strengthening national security.
 Meteorology Satellite launched will help in
constant tracking of cyclones & saving life
& property.
 PSLV has strengthen Indian's capabilities
& status in space technology & its
application in military, commercial &
civilian field, PSLV has right fully earned
the status of workhorse launch Vehicle of
ISRO.
 Initially PSLV as used for only for polar
satellites launch but the deviation of its
advanced versions (PSLV-XL) having
boosters motors, they have been used for
other space missions- EX. PSLV-C4 for
METSAT (KALPANA), PSLV-C11 for
Moon Mission.
 PSLV are also used for launching foreign
satellites. Hence an important source of
foreign currency in flow. Ex. -PSLV-C7
for AGILE Satellite of Italy in 2007;
PSLV-C9 launched 10 satellites of 8 were
foreign. Till now more than 20 foreign
satellites have been launched.
PSLV C40
 ISRO‘s through PSLV C40 has
successfully placed 31 satellites (second
highest number launched by ISRO using
a single rocket) including main payload
Cartosat-2s series and 28 foreign satellites
in two different orbits
 The launch marks the roll out of the 100th
satellite by ISRO
 It is the second time that ISRO will be
achieving the two orbits feat. This was done
through the ―multiple burn technology‖
under which the rocket‘s engine is switched
off and then switched on to control its
height.
GSLV (Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle)
Sci. & Tech.
 GSLV is a launch system operated by
ISRO.
 It is used to launch INSAT satellites into
geostationary orbits and made India less
dependent on foreign market.
 It is a 3-stage launching vehicles with first
stage-solid-propelled, (with hypergolic
fuels) and final stage being liquid Oxygen
are used as cryogenic fuel and oxidiser.
 It can carry satellites of weight 1500-
2000kg in Geo-stationary orbit- 36,000-
40,000 km high.
Significance of GSLV for ISP
 Most advanced launching vehicle capable
of lifting 2500 kg INSAT class satellites
into Geostationary orbit.
 GSLV gave India ICBM Status- that can
direct explosive to a distance of 5000km.
 India become self-dependent in launching
of Communication satellites into GTO.
(India pays $70m to Ariane space for
launch of INSAT, that could be saved)
 The GSLV rocket is a part of 20years ISP.
The purpose of the programme is to be self-
sufficient in telecom, Earth sounding,
environmental monitoring and enter into
world space market. The ISP has been
aided by Russian technology providing
most vital part of GSLV- Russian
cryogenic engine.
 ISRO has designed 3 staged programmed
for GSLV:—
1. I generation GSLV - GSLV-MKI
2. II generation GSLV - GSLV -MKII
3. III generation GSLV- GSLV-MKIII
 GSLV-MK-III will be heaviest and most
powerful launching vehicle of India that
capacity of 4-5 tonne for GTO.
 First time, GSLV -D1 launched in 2001
that cryogenic engine developed by Russia.
 In 2010, indigenous cryogenic engine was
in GSLV-F06 that Russian cryogenic
engine also unsuccessful .It was a major
setback to India's GSLV because of two
continuous failures.
 5 Jan 2014 GSLV-D5 launch which was
indigenous cryogenic engine was a success.
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 Out of 8 launches 5 have been successful
than PSLV
 GSLV-D6 Sept. 2015 launched GSAT-6
having indigenous cryogenic engine.
CRYOGENIC ENGINE: Cryogenics is the
science of very low temperature which use super-
cooled liquid propellants. Rocket engines using
fuel at very low temperature to launch heavy
satellites into space are known as cryogenic
engines. The cryogenic propellant used in liquid
H₂ at -265°c as fuel and liquid O₂ at -240°c as
oxidiser. They show 100% efficiency and are 50%
less in weight than other propellants.
Indian initiated its cryogenic engine
development program because of USA opposition
to transfer cryogenic technology in 1993 from
Russia under provisions of MTCR. So, Russia only
supplied cryogenic technology. So, India
developed its own liquid propellant research centre
at Mehandragiri, Tamil Nadu
GSLV-MARK is based on Cryogenic
technology. That will be used to launch heavy
satellites in remote orbits of earth.
Limitations of Cryogenic
 Being extremely volatile, handling of fuel
and oxidiser at such low temperature is
complex and requires advanced technology.
 Highly reactive volatile gases - Difficult to
maintain ultra low temperature.
 Issue of leakage and storage.
 Hydrogen embrittlement.
Importance: Cryogenic engines are important
because they are essentially required to place
heavy satellites 2500-3000 kg GSAT in 36000
km high Geo Stationary orbit. Moreover they
are required for manned space flight of
ISRO'S plan in future. The low weight of
cryogenic propellants allows carrying
additional payloads to longer distance.
 USA, Russia, China, France and Japan
have this technology till today.
 Cryogenic engine is used in III stage of
GSLV launch.
Advantages of Cryogenics
 High energy per unit mass.
 Clean fuel - when combine and burn, gives
only water.
 Economical- cheap and easily available
fuel.
Sci. & Tech.
 Can develop thrust needed in final state of
rocket to put heavy satellite into
geosynchronous orbit.
 It will make India Self-reliant in sending
heavy satellites
GSLV MK III
 It is the heaviest rocket to be launched
from India till now
 Apart from the upper cryogenic stage, the
vehicle has two solid strap-on motors
(S200) and a core liquid booster (L110)
 For the first time there will be no
transponders on the satellite. It will be
using a new way beaming data down using
multiple frequency beams. It is therefore
called "a high through put satellite"
 For the first time, it would have
indigenously made Lithium ion batteries
 It is a three stage vehicle with an
indigenous cryogenic upper stage engine
(C25). It has been designed to carry heavier
communication satellites weighing upto up
to 4000 kg into the Geosynchronous
Transfer Orbit
Transponders : Transponders are electronic
devices that receive the signals from ground
(uplink), amplify and send back to ground
(downlink) at a different lower frequency .Mainly
three types of transponders are:-
 S band-TV broadcasting-2.5 to2.7 GHz
 C band-Telecon-3.9 to 6.2 GHz.
 Ku Band-Internet-11 to 14 GHz.
Mangalyan-Mars Orbital Mission
 Launched by ISRO on 5 Nov 2013 from
Sriharikota, AP.
 Entered orbit around Mars on 24 Sept
2014.
 Using PCLV-C25.
 India's first interplanetary mission.
 USA, Russia and ESA are only other to
reach Mars.
 First Asian nation to reach Mars orbit and
first nation to do so on its first attempt.
 Monitored from ISTRAC, Bangalore.
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 Total project cost appears approximately
4.54 billion (Rs 450 crore).
 It carried 5 instruments for Atmospheric
studies (Lyman-Alpha Photometer (LAP),
Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM)), Particle
environment studies (Mars Exospheric
Neutral Composition Analyser (MENCA)),
Surface imaging studies (Thermal Infrared
Imaging Spectrometer (TIS), Mars Colour
Camera (MCC).
 ISRO was presented with the Indira Gandhi
Prize for Peace, Disarmament and
Development for the year 2014 for the
successful Mars Orbiter Mission and for
strengthening international co-operation
Objective of Mangalyan
1. Deep space communication, navigation and
management.
2. Exploration of Mars surface feature,
morphology, mineralogy and atmosphere.
3. Explore the pressure of CH4, He, H2O and
soil on Mars.
4. Carried 5 payloads for the atmospheric
studies-MCC (Mars Colour Camera), TIS
(Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer),
MSM (Methane Sensor for Mars), MENCA
AND LAP.
Chandrayaan-1
 Launched by India in Oct, 2009 using PSLV-
C11
 The aim of the mission was to prepare a 3D
atlas of both near far side of the moon and
chemical mineralogical and photo-geological
mapping of moon.
 It had made almost 3400 orbits around moon
before it lost contact with Earth in 2009.
 Recently, scientists from Brown University,
USA have created the first map of water
trapped in the uppermost layer of Moon‘s
soil using the data captured by instrument on
Chandrayan-1. Scientists have stated that the
water thus detected by the Chandrayan-1
lunar mission mostly concentrated around the
polar region is present everywhere and not
just polar region
 It was also found that the concentration of
water changes over the course of Lunar Day
at latitudes lower than 60 degrees i.e. wetter
Sci. & Tech. 48

in morning and evening and dry during lunar tracking facilities in international market. Antrix is
noon with fluctuations up-to 200ppm. a MINIRATNA, Antrix helps in acquiring space
Findings of Chandrayan-1 trade business from various European countries
 Detection of Water – Major finding was and other small nations. More than thirty foreign
the detection of Water (H2O) and satellites have been launched by India during last
Hydroxyl (OH) on the surface of the 10 years.
moon. The data revealed its presence in NAVIC or IRNSS
abundance around the polar region.  It is an independent indigenous regional
 Magma Ocean Hypothesis – It confirmed system developed by India on par with the
the Ocean Magma Hypothesis i.e. the moon US-based Global Positioning System (GPS),
was once completely in molten state using Glonass of Russia, Galileo by Europe,
HySi and TM BeiDou by China and Quasi-Zenith Satellite
 Evidences of landing site of Apollo 15 System (QZSS) by Japan
and 17 – TMC found the anomalies in  IRNSS will provide basically two types of
Lunar surface about the landing of USA‘s services
Apollo-15 and 17 o Standard Positioning Service (SPS)
 New Spinel-rich Rock – Data from TMC, for civilian users
HySI, M3 and SIR2 have led to detection o Restricted Service (RS), is an
of new spinel-rich rock type on lunar far- encrypted service provided only to
side specific users
 X-Ray signals detected– C1XS have
detected x-ray signals during weak solar
flares thus indicating presence of
magnesium, aluminium, silicon and
calcium on lunar surface.
Lunar Day
 Lunar Day refers to time taken by the
Earth‘s moon to complete one rotation on
its axis and it is also the time taken by the
moon to complete one orbit around the
earth.
 One Lunar Day equals to 27 Earth days, 7
hours, 43 minutes and 12 seconds.
 It is usually the phase between two new
moons.

CHANDRAYAN-2
 Approved by GoI in September 2008.
 Joint project by ISRO and Russia.
 India's second lunar exploration mission.
 To be launched by ISRO by end of 2016-17
using GSLV.
 Collaboration with NASA and France.
ANTRIX : Antrix Corporation Limited is a
commercial arm of ISRO set up in 1992 at
Bangalore, It is a marketing agency for
components of satellites, sells imageries,
undertakes contract to build satellites and provides

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Sci. & Tech.
 It offers services like terrestrial and marine
navigation, disaster management, vehicle
tracking and fleet management, navigation
aide for hikers and travellers, visual and
voice navigation for drivers and marine &
aerial navigation for India and its
neighbourhood.
 IRNSS-1A is the first of the seven satellites
comprising the Navigation with Indian
Constellation (NavIC) - (IRNSS-1G;
IRNSS-1F; IRNSS-1E, IRNSS-1D, IRNSS-
1C, IRNSS-1B; and IRNSS-1A.
 It has been designed to support vehicle
tracking, fleet management, disaster
management and mapping services besides
terrestrial, marine and aerial navigation for
India and its neighbourhood.
 It was carried on by PSLV (Polar Satellite
Launch Vehicle)-C39 to augment the
existing seven satellites of the NavIC
constellation.
CARTOSTAT : Cartostat satellite is a part of
IRS programme, specifically launched for Earth's
resource management and monitoring. Cartostat
2B is the 7th satellite in IRS launched on 12-7-2010
NNRMS : National Natural Resources
Management System is located at Bangalore,
works under DoS. It was set up in 1983, supported
by PC, GOI. DoS is the nodal agency for
NNRMS. It integrates the data from various RSS
that conventional data for effective management of
country's natural resources.
ISTRAC (ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and
Command Network)
It is located at Bangalore that a number of
ground stations throughout Indian and abroad. It
provides Software and Command support for the
launch Vehicles and Satellite Vehicles.
GPS (Global Positioning System) : GPS is a
space based satellite navigation system of USA
that provides location and time information in all
weather and anywhere on earth having an
unobstructed line of sight to A or more GPS
satellites. It is maintained by USA and freely
accessibly to anyone that a GPS receiver.
The GPS Satellites are powered by solar
energy. The first GPS satellite was launched in
1978, uses 24 satellites, in orbit of 20,200 km
above Earth and completed in 1995.
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GLONASS : Russian satellites navigation
system involves 24 satellites, in orbit at 19,100 km
full operational in 1998 Jan India is a part of
GLONASS but India can use it only for military
purposes.
GALILEO : Global Navigation satellites
System (GNSS) built by EU and ESA. European
nations need not depend on GLONASS and GPS
that can be disabled for commercial uses in time of
war and conflict. 30 satellites will be used in total.
BELDOU : GNSS of china.Operational in
China in December 2012 that 10 satellites and
providing Service to customers in Asid.Pacific
region.
GAGAN : GPS Aided Geo Augmented
Navigation Satellites based Navigation system for
the Indian Air space
 Marine Navigation
 Search and Rescue Operation
 Rail and Road transport (Safety at
unmarried crossing)
 Survey and Mopping
 Developed Jointly by ISRO and AAI
 Constellation of 24 satellites
 to assist air craft is accurate landing
 Since Feb 2014, GAGAN Signal in Space
is available through GSAT-10 and
GAGAN is the first SBAS system in the
world to serve equatorial region and
(Satellites Based Augmentation System).
SUN MISSION: - ADITYA L1
 India is set to launch its first solar mission
Aditya-L1 in 2019.
 The Aditya L1 will be placed in a halo
orbit around a vantage point in space
known as L1 Lagrange point.
 Aditya L1 is to be the first satellite to study
the magnetic field of the sun‘s corona.
 The Aditya L1 is expected to help study
that why the photosphere, the deeper layer
of the sun is at much lower temperature
than the corona.
 It will also study aspects that affect space
weather, the origin of solar wind ions, their
reaction to coronal mass ejections, the
distribution of these in the heliosphere- the
Sci. & Tech.
space around the sun thath extends up to
Pluto.
 Halo Orbit: t is periodic, three-
dimensional orbit near the L1, L2 and L3
lagrange point (unstable) in a three body
system.
 Lagrange Point: It is the point where the
combined gravitational force of two large
bodies is equal to the centrifugal force that
is felt by a third body which is relatively
smaller. There are 5 such points in a two
body system.
 Corona: The outer layers of the Sun,
extending to thousands of km above the
disc (photosphere) is termed as the corona.
It has a temperature of more than a million
degree Kelvin which is much higher than
the solar disc temperature of around
6000K.
MEGHATROPIQUES
 Joint programme of ISRO (India) and
CNES (France) agreed in 2005
 Launched by PSLV-C18 in October 2011
from Sriharikota by ISRO.
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 First satellites of world to study the
climatic conditions of tropical regions. It
will study the physical conditions of
clouds, convectional winds, and
convectional rainfall, ie to study the water
cycle over the Tropics.
 Payloads - MADRAS, SAPHIR AND
SCARAB, ROSA
JUGNU : A nano satellite (7"- 8") developed
by students of IIT- Kanpur that was launched a
long that MEGHATROPIQUES (PSLV-C18). It
will study flood, drought and other disaster.
Hyper Spectral Imaging Satellite
 Hyperspectral imaging, or imaging
spectroscopy, combines the power of
digital imaging and spectroscopy.
Hyperspex imaging is enabled by an optical
imaging detector chip.
 For each pixel in an image, a hyperspectral
camera acquires the light intensity
(radiance) for a large number of contiguous
spectral bands.
 Every pixel in the image thus contains a
continuous spectrum in the visible and near
infra-red regions and can be used to
characterize the objects in the scene with
great precision and detail.
 Significance: Hyperspectral images
provide much more detailed information
about the scene than a normal color camera,
which only acquires three different spectral
channels corresponding to the visual
primary colors red, green and blue.
 ISRO plans to launch HySIS
(Hyperspectral Imaging Satellite) – an earth
observation satellite, using a critical chip it
has developed called ―optical imaging
detector array‖.
GROWTH (Global Relay of Observatories
Watching Transients Happen)
 GROWTH is an international scientific
collaborative project in astronomy
studying the physics of fast changing
events in the cosmos like supernovae,
neutron stars or black hole mergers, and
near earth asteroids. It is partnership of
eleven universities and research
institutions from US, India, Sweden,
Taiwan, Japan, Israel and Germany
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 It continuously gathers data of cosmic
transient events in the first 24 hours after
detection to build a more complete picture
and better understand the physical
processes of their evolution.
 It jointly operates 17 observatories in the
northern hemisphere. Girawali
Observatory – IUCAA in Maharashtra
(near Pune) is part of this network
ASTROSAT-1 :
 It is India‘s First dedicated multi-
wavelength space observatory.
 It observes universe in the optical
ultraviolet, low and high energy X-ray
regions of the electromagnetic spectrum,
whereas most other scientific satellite are
capable of observing a narrow range of
wavelength band.
 Its dubbed as a similar version of NASA‘s
Hubble Space Telescope.
 Various Payloads carried by it are: Large
Area X-ray Proportional Counter,
Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope, Soft X-rat
Telescope, Scanning Sky Monitor,
Cadmium Zinc telluride imager.
Aims:-
 To understand high energy processor in
binary star system containing neutron stars
and black holes.
 To estimate the magnetic field of neutron
star.
 to study star birth regions
 to detect bright X-ray source in the Sky
 To perform a deep field survey of universe
in UV regions.
 Astros at put India (ISRO) in Select group
of countries that have a space telescope to
study celestial objectives of 30 consecutive
successful launched of PSLV.
 AstroSat team in collaboration with the
GROWTH network of observatories, has
concluded that this event is due to a gamma
ray burst, which was confirmed by POLAR
project
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NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture
Radar)
 It is the world's most expensive earth
imaging satellite till date ($1.5 billion),
being jointly developed by India and USA
and expected to be launched around 2021.
 NISAR is a dual frequency L-band and
Sband radar mission, that will map Earth
every 12 days from two directions.
 NASA and Jet Propulsion Laboratory
will be responsible for the design &
development of L-band SAR, while ISRO
will be responsible for the design &
development of S-band SA
 It will make global integrated
measurements of the causes and
consequences of land surface changes.
 NISAR will provide a means of resolving
highly spatial and temporally complex
processes ranging from ecosystem
disturbances, to ice sheet collapse and
natural hazards including earthquakes,
tsunamis, volcanoes, and landslides.
 NASA and ISRO have signed a framework
agreement in 2008 that called for
cooperation in the exploration and use of
outer space for peaceful purposes.
 Under the agreement, both ISRO and
NASA have executed an implementing
arrangement for cooperation in NISAR
mission, which is valid until 2034.
BHUVAN : A web- based 3D satellite
mapping tool launched by ISRO in August 2009 to
provide 3D representation of the Surface of Earth
to Indian citizens (similar to Google Earth). It
provide content in 4 local languages; allows views
to view 2D/3D images, along with information of
soil, waste land and water resources on Indian
subcontinent useful for planning of eco system
management, management services of disaster,
flood and forest fire alerts of great help for
government to plan reconstructions and
rehabilitation activities.
Space Pollution : Man made waste products
in space is continuously increasing. It includes
decommissioned and non-functional spacecrafts,
debris of launching vehicles, by products or waste
by cosmonauts, radioactive rays released during an
explosion in space craft, leakage of atomic fuel
Sci. & Tech. 52

from space crafts, collision is space etc. According provide initial thrust and Scramjet engine the
to a survey, if it is not controlled or minimised it desired Supersonic speed of Mach8.
may lead to big accidents in universe in the near Importance of RLV
future. So serious efforts should be made by the  Reduction in Launching Cost.
world community to control it.  Promote Space Tourism
ISS (International Space Station) : A space  Reduce and solve the technical errors of
station or a habitable artificial satellite established spacecrafts.
at a height of 400 km in near orbit of Earth that the  Solve space environmental pollution
efforts of USA and Russia in 1998. It has all problem.
facilities of accommodation for the astronauts. Its  Can be launched again and again upto 100
objective is to study the long-term impact of low times
gravity (Weightlessness) on humans and prepare  It produces its own fuel during the flight.
them for future man-missions. Research at zero Importance of Space Programme of India:-
gravity is also being carried out. 16 countries are
 High expenses and investment in space
part of ISS. It is the largest artificial body in orbit programme despite 47% children (0-6
and can be seen that naked eye from Earth. Recent years) malnutrition and 79% people earns
experiment on ISS showed that vegetables can be only Rs. 20/day. International Hunger
cultivated in microgravity conditions. ISS serves as Index- India ranks 66th /80. Even Rawanda
microgravity and space environment research ranks better (60th rank). So, huge
laboratories in crew members conduct experiment investment in space programme not
in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, necessary.
meteorology etc.
 But the other side of coin shows the
RLV (Reusable Launching Vehicle) : To
importance of space programme.
overcome the cost minimize the cost of launching
1. A reliable and efficient space programme
vehicles that can be used only once, RLV were
of India have helped India to earn
developed that can be recovered of tea launch of
international space trade and foreign
satellites and reused. India also established SRE
currency.
capsule (space recovery experiment) that was
2. Exploring the possible opportunities in
tested successfully by PSLV-C7 in 2007 by ISRO
space and their utilization will be a boon to
and landed/recovered safely from the Bay of
the technological advancement of India.
Bengal.
3. Provide employment opportunity to space
AVATAR: Advanced Vehicle for
scientists and helps in increase in
Augmented Trans Atmosphere Research
awareness of space research.
An advanced version of RLV being developed
Hence the importance of Space Programme of
by ISRO and DRDO. It will have turbofan and
India lies in the long term development and future
Scramjet engine technology that will help in
prospects that cannot be neglected.
attaining supersonic speed. Turbofan engine will
Satellite Date Launch Vehicle Place Type
Aryabhatta 19th April, 1975 Cosmos Baikonur Experimental
Bhaskara I 7th June, 1979 Cosmos Baikanur Earth Observation
Rohini 10th August, 1979 SLV-3 Sriharikota Experimental
Rohini RS 1 18th July, 1980 SLV-3 Sriharikota Experimental
st
Rohini D1 31 May, 1981 SLV-3 Sriharikota Experimental
Apple 19th June 1981 Ariane Kourou Communication
Bhaskara II 20th November, 1981 Cosmos Baionur Earth Observation

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Sci. & Tech. 53

INSAT-IA 10th April, 1982 Delta America Communication

SROSS I 24th March, 1987 ASLV-D1 Sriharikota Science and
Exploration
SROSS II 13th July, 1988 ASLV-D2 Sriharikota Earth Observation
IRS-IB 29th August, 1991 Vostok Baikonur Earth Observation
INSAT-2A 10th July, 1992 Ariane-4 Kourou Communication
INSAT-2B 23rd July, 1993 Ariane-4 Kourou Communication
SROSS-C2 4th May, 1994 ASLV-D4 Sriharikota Science and
Exploration
IRS P2 15th October 1994 PSLV-C2 Sriharikota Earth Observation
IRS-IC 28th December, 1995 Moiniya Baikonur Earth Observation
IRS-P3 21st March, 1996 PSLV-D3 Sriharikota Earth Observation
OceanSat-1 or 26th May, 1999 PSLV-C2 Sriharikota Earth Observation
IRS P4
INSAT-3B 22nd March, 2000 Ariane-5 Kourou Communication
th
GSAT-1 18 April, 2001 GSLV-D1 Sriharikota Communication
INSAT-3A 10th April, 2003 Ariane-5 Kourou Communication
GSAT-2 8th May, 2003 GSLV-D2 Sriharikota Communication
EDUSAT 20th September, GSLV-F01 Sriharikota Communication
2004
CARTOSAT 1 5th May, 2005 PSLV-C6 Sriharikota Earth Observation
HAMSAT 5th May, 2005 PSLV-C6 Sriharikota Communication
SRE-1 10th January, 2007 PSLV-C7 Sriharikota Experimental
AGILE 23rd April, 2007 PSLV-C8 Sriharikota Astronomy
Tech SAR 21st January, 2008 PSLV-C10 Sriharikota Surveillace
IMS-1 28th April, 2008 PSLV-C9 Sriharikota Earth Observation
CHANDRAYAN- 22nd October, 2008 PSLV-C11 Sriharikota Moon Mission
1
OCEANSAT-2 23rd September, PSLV-C14 Sriharikota Earth Observation
2009
CARTOSAT-2B 12th July, 2010 PSLV-C15 Sriharikota Earth Observation
GSAT-5P 25th December, 2010 GSAT-F06 Sriharikota Communication

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Sci. & Tech. 54

RISAT-1 26th April, 2012 PSLV-C19 Sriharikota Radar Imaging

YOUTHSAT 20th April, 2011 PSLV-C16 Sriharikota Experimental/Small
Satellite
RESOURCESAT- 20th April, 2011 PSLV-C16 Sriharikota Experimental/Small
2 Satellite
GSAT-8 21st May, 2011 Ariane-5 VA-202 Kourou Communication
GSAT-12 15th July, 2011 PSLV-C17 Sriharikota Communication
SRMSat 12th October, 2011 PSLV-C18 Sriharikota Experimental/Small
Satellite
Megha-Tropiques 12th October, 2011 PSLV-C18 Sriharikota Earth Observation
Satellite, Climate and
Environment
Jugnu 12th October, 2011 PSLV-C18 Sriharikota Student Satellite
RISAT-1 26th April, 2012 PSLV-C19 Sriharikota Earth Observation
Satellite
GSAT-10 29th September, Ariane-5 VA-209 Kourou Communication
2012
SARAL 25th February, 2013 PSLV-C20 Sriharikota Earth Observation
Satellite
IRNSS-1A 1st July, 2013 PSLV-C22 Sriharikota Navigation Satellite
INSAT-3D 26th July, 2013 Ariane-5 VA-214 Kourou Communication
Disaster Management,
Earth Observation
Satellite
GSAT-7 30th August, 2013 Ariane-5 VA-215 Kourou Communication
MOM 5th January, 2013 PSLV-C25 Sriharikota Geo-Stationary Satellite
GSAT-14 5th January, 2014 GSLV-D5 Sriharikota Communication
IRNSS-1B 4th April, 2014 PSLV-24 Sriharikota Navigation
IRNSS-1C 16th October, 2014 PSLV-C26 Sriharikota Navigation
GSAT-16 7th December, 2014 Ariane-5 VA-221 Kourou Communication
GSAT-15 11th November, 2015 Ariane-5 VA-227 Kourou Communication

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CHAPTER : 6
—: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY :—

Information technology (IT) is a common term that includes all forms of technology used to create,
store, exchange, and use information in various forms. This comprises of software, hardware, and
applications. Information technology assists in arena of Business, education, and even healthcare.

Computer Generations

limitation known as von Neumann

Super Computer
 A computer that is at the frontline of
current processing capacity- speed of
calculation.
 It was introduced in 1960's by Seymour
Cray at Control Data Crop. (CDC)
 Traditional super computer had memory
>52mb and rating of 500 mega flops.
 Today, they have memory of 109 Mb and
rating of 106 megaflops.
 Supercomputer is based on parallel
processor that has a computing power up to
1000 megaflops. (A conventional computer
cannot perform high speed high speed
computing due largely to the physical
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barriers).
 1980 - India demanded XMP-4 from USA
for weather prediction but USA supplies a
very low capacity super computer – Cray
Supercomputer. Then, India started its own
programme for development of super
computer.
 C-DAC (Centre for Development of
Advanced Computing) is an government
organisation for development of super
computer.
 PACE – by DRDO (ANURAG-Advanced
Numerical research Analysis Group)
 PARAM - by C-DAC
 EKKA – by TCS
 ANUPAM – by BARC
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 Recently India development a super
computer - SAGA22.
 Tianhe-2-China : 33.86Petaflop
 Titan-Cray ZK7 – US: 17.59 Petaflop
 Sequoia - IBM : 7.17Petaflop
 K-Computer - Japan : 10.51Petaflop
 Mihir: India : 2.8Petaflop
 Pratyush :India: 4Petaplops
Characteristics of Supercomputer
 Very long size
 High Processing speed
 Used in specialized area such as defence air
craft design, weather research and other
scientific work.
Applications of Supercomputer
 Quantum Physics
 Weather forecasting
 Climate research
 Molecular modelling
 Physical Simulations
 Industries- pharmaceutical, bioinformatics.
National Super Computing mission
 It‘s implemented and steered jointly by the
Department of Science and Technology
(DST) and Department of Electronics and
Information Technology (DeitY)
 Mission envisages empowering our
national academic and R&D institutions
spread over the country by installing a vast
supercomputing grid comprising of more
than 70 high-performance computing
facilities.
 These supercomputers will also be
networked on the National Supercomputing
grid over the National Knowledge
Network (NKN) under Ministry of
Electronics & Information Technology.
 The NKN is another programme of the
government which connects academic
institutions and R&D labs over a high
speed network
 The Mission also includes development of
highly professional High Performance
Computing (HPC) aware human resource
for meeting challenges of development of
these applications.
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 Minister for Earth Sciences (MoES)
unveiled India‘s fastest supercomputer
named Pratyush and high performance
computer system ‗Mihir‘.
 It will also take India up from the present
365th position to top 30 in the
infrastructural ranking of Top 500 HPC
facilities in the world.
 Other top five super computers of India are
SahasraT (Cray XC40), Aaditya
(IBM/Lenovo system), TIFR Colour Boson
(Cray XC-30), IIT Delhi HPC and Param
Yuva 2.
Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing is a kind of Internet-based
computing that provides shared processing
resources and data to computers and other devices
on demand. Central server maintain the data and
application. Ex. Google –X
It offers services like :—
1. SaaS (Software as a service)
2. PasS (Platform as a service)
3. LasS(Infrastructure as a service )
Advantages of Cloud Computing
 Reduced cost
 Increased storage
 Highly automated - No need to keep
software updated manually
 Information can be accessed from
anywhere - Mobility
 Flexibility
Limitations of Cloud Computing
 Security - Data can lie used by unwanted
persons as it is a online server.
 End - user connectivity -Strong internet
connection is required.
 Data Recovery and Availability
 Management capabilities of the sevice
providers as it are still in its infancy stage.
Quantum Computing
 In a classical computer, information is
stored using binary units, or bits. A bit is
either a 0 or 1. A quantum computer instead
takes advantage of quantum mechanical
Sci. & Tech.
properties to process information using
quantum bits, or qubits.
 They function according to two key
principles of quantum physics:
superposition and entanglement
 Superposition means that each qubit can
represent both a 1 and a 0 at the same time
 Entanglement means that qubits in a
superposition can be correlated with each
other; that is, the state of one (whether it is a
1 or a 0) can depend on the state of another.
 It can be used in research in new
medicine and organic materials as
quantum computers would require 3.5
million fewer steps as compared to a
traditional machine.
 Other uses – efficient logistics and delivery
mechanism, more secure platforms for
banking transactions, revolutionize artificial
intelligence by faster processing of
complicated data, faster communication etc.
 Quantum cryptography: It is a recent
technique that can be used to ensure the
confidentiality of information transmitted
between two parties by exploiting the
counterintuitive behavior of elementary
particles such as photons. Quantum
cryptography is different from traditional
cryptographic systems in that it relies more
on physics, rather than mathematics, as a
key aspect of its security model.
 Quess: China launched the world's first
satellite under the Quantum Experiments
at Space Scale (QUESS) mission, to test
the fundamentals of quantum
communication in space. It is known as
Micius, after an ancient Chinese
philosopher.
Artificial Intelligence
 It is branch of computer science dealing
with simulation of intelligent behavior in
computers vis-a-vis visual perception,
speech recognition, decision making and
translation between languages.
 It enables computer system to carry out
task on their own that otherwise requires
human intelligence.
 Robotics is also a major field related to AI.
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 The government has formed a high-level
panel under the chairmanship of Rajiv
Kumar to lay out a roadmap for India‘s
research and development on AI and its
applications.
Project Brainwave
 Microsoft has launched ―Project
Brainwave‖, a deep learning acceleration
platform for real-time artificial intelligence
(AI) using Massive field-programmable
gate array (FPGA) infrastructure.
 Deep learning: It is a subset of machine
learning which utilizes hierarchical level of
artificial neural networks to process
unstructured data.
Blue Gene Project/Computers: - A
Supercomputer by IBM Company
An IBM Research Project, to explore frontiers
in supercomputing- computer architecture,
Software, understanding biological processes
protein folding
Infrared Supercomputer : Computer
powered by IR rays than electricity, a computer
capable of operating at tetra Hz radiation (Far IR)
Earth Simulator : Supercomputer for running
global climate models to evaluate the effects of
global warming and problems in Solid earth
geophysics by Earth simulator centre, Yokohama
Japan
 Cost 60b Yen.
 Speed- 35.86 Tflop/s
Applications :—
 To track global Sea temperature, rainfall
and crustal movement to predict natural
disasters
 Can predict the path of a typhoon or a
volcanic eruption with high precision.
DNA Computer / Molecular computing
 A computing device using a trillion living
cells
 It is so small that it can fit in a drop of
water
 Uses enzymes as hardware that manipulates
DNA molecules as Software.
 By Prof. Ehud Shapiro (Weizmann
institute of Science, Israel)
Optical Computing / Photonic Computing- Use
photons or light particles, produced by laser or
diode in place of electrons.
Sci. & Tech.
SIMPUTER
 Acronym for simple, inexpensive and
multilingual people's Computer.
 low cost; hand held Computing device
 runs on 3AAA batteries or Direct power
supply
 Memory-32 MB RAM
 GNU/Linux OP system.
 Can be connected to internet and other
peripherals like keyboard, mouse
 Has -text to speech capabilities in several
language
 literacy instructor
 Text and editing functions.
 Smart card facility for commercial
transactions.
 Used when PC cannot be used
Bi-Fi : Biological internet using attributes of
Virus 'M13' and creating a mechanism to send
genetic message for cell to cell developed at
Stanford University. It led to great control of
biological functions within cell.
 Spam Junk Mails: Unwanted e- mails
received are spam. They are sent with
objective to hack the e-mail, site for misuse
of user's personal information.
 Hacking: Stealing someone's personal data
for own use/ misuse by breaking in to
individual / companies account and making
changes in the database.
 Vishing (Voice Phising): When phising
done with the help of telephonic system.
 Tabnabbing: A phishing technology in
which tabbed browser of the user is used to
direct the user to the affected site.
 Whaling: Phising attacks directed against
senior executive & other high profile
targets in business.
 Spoofing: Involves one programme, system
or website successfully masquerading as
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another by falsifying data & thereby being
treated as a trusted system by a user. Its
purpose is to reveal confidential
information.
 Zombies: A zombie a computer connected
to the internet that has been compromised
by a hacker, virus or Trojan horse. It is
used to perform malicious tasks.
 Pharming: An attack to redirect websites
traffic to a different, fake website, where
individual's information is compromised.
TV and Telecommunication Technology
The telecom services have been recognized
the world-over as an important tool for socio-
economic development for a nation.
It is one of the prime support services needed
for rapid growth and modernization of various
sectors of the economy.
The two telecom technologies are:
GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communication) : GSM is a digital system using
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
technology in 30 KHz band. It provides data
networking, SMS, call forwarding, caller ID, call
waiting, Multiparty conferencing etc. as its
features. SIM cards are used for GSM service.
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) :
2G and 3G wireless mobile communication
technology using ultra-high freq. (800 MHZ and
1.9GHz bands) providing all about feature.
GSM CDMA
Operates on wedge On spread spectrum
spectrum technology ie.technology broad
Narrow band width band width
Less secure More secure
Frequency used 30 KHZ 850 MHZ and 1.9
GHZ
Used over 80% of Exclusive to USA and
world's mobile network Canada
Slow data transfer faster data transfer
rate
Emits more radiation less emission of
than CDMA (28 times radiation
more)
Sci. & Tech.
Spectrum:
 Spectrum refers to the radiowaves that are
used by mobile phones to transmit data.
 The spectrum has been divided into bands
by the government for uninterrupted
transmission of data.
 Carriers in India use airwaves in the 800
Mhz, 900 Mhz, 1800 Mhz, 2100 Mhz, 2300
Mhz and 2500 Mhz bands.
Different Telecom Technologies
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
 VoIP is the talking facility through Internet
connection between a computer and a
computer or between a computer and
telephone. VoIP is the technology through
which voice is converted to data, sent
through the Internet to another PC on net or
telephone where it is converted back in to a
voice signal.
 International calls using VoIP are very
inexpressive (cheap to talk and
convenient).
 Calls between VoIP users are usefully free.
 If poor quality microphone is used, they
result in fidelity of voice transmission and
congestion in network may make voice
interruption.
 It can be used only when both have PCs.
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) : Technology that
allow electronic devices to exchange data
wirelessly (using radio waves) over a computer
network. It operates in a low frequency. (2.4 GHz)
that is effective over a limited area called hotspot.
(upto30m) It is used in home network, mobile
phones, video game and other electronic devices.
Advantage of Wi-Fi
 Cheaper deployment and LAN without
cable.
 Available where cable cannot be run.
 Access to information is easier.
 Eliminate cable and wire.
Wi-MAX (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access) : Fourth generation 4G
wireless communication technology that provides
upto 70 Mbps shared data rate that is enough to
service upto a thousand norms with high speed
access and have a service range of 50 km. It
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provides a wireless alternate to cable and DSL for
"last mile" broad band access.
Advantages of Wi-Max
 Replaces cable and DSL.
 Deliver brood band to remote areas and
rural areas.
 Service range of 50 km.
Wi-Max Wi-Fi
Long rang 50 Km and 30 m short range
efficient band with
Can provide connectivity Narrow range area.
to entire cities.
Provide service to call Analogous to
phone cordless phone
Bluetooth : Bluetooth is a wireless technology for
exchange of data over very short distance
(using short radio waves) from fixed or mobile
device creating personal area network (PAN).
It transmits in 2400-2480 MHz band with high
level of security. It is useful in:
 Wireless communication between mobile
phone and hand free headset.
 Transfer of files, contact details and
appointment.
LAN (Local Area Network) : LAN is used to
connect devices that are geographically located
very close to each other for sharing of resource
between two PCs or printer or scanner.
WAN (Wide Area Network) : WAN is used
to connect devices that are geographically located
at large distance for data sharing.
Skype : Is a voice over internet protocol
service and software application developed by
Zennstrom and Frissin 2003 and owned by
Microsoft since 2011. It allows users to
communicate with peers by voice, video and
instant messages over the internet and also file
transfer and video conferencing.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) :
GPRS is packet oriented mobile data service on 2G
and 3G cellular communication systems global
system for mobile communication (GSM).
RFID
Sci. & Tech.
 Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)
is the use of radio waves to read and
capture information stored on a tag attached
to an object. A tag can be read from up to
several feet away and does not need to be
within direct line-of-sight of the reader to
be tracked. It is applied for tracking items
or as a pass.
 National Highways Authority of India
launched two mobile apps MyFASTag and
FASTag Partner to facilitate Electronic
Toll Collection. FASTag is a device which
uses RFID technology for making toll-
payment directly from the prepaid account.
QR code (Quick Response code)
 It‘s a two-dimensional (matrix) machine
readable bar code made up of Black And
White Square. This code can be read by the
camera of a smartphone.
 It carries information both horizontally and
vertically. It has error correction capability
and data stored in it can be restored even if
it is partially damaged or dirty.
 It is capable of 360 degrees (omni-
directional), high speed reading.
 QR Code can store up to 7089 digits as
compared to conventional bar codes which
can store max 20 digits.
 Scan the QR code below with your smart
phone.
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4G LTE Vs 4G WiMAX
 LTE stands for Long Term Evolution. It‘s a
first generation 4G technology termed as
―true 4G‖.
 WiMAX stands for Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access.
 They differ in their bandwidth; LTE has
higher bandwidth than WiMAX.
 LTE is compatible with existing network
but for WiMAX we need altogether new
network.
 The cost of installation of LTE is more than
WiMAX.
 Overall LTE is gaining popularity and
hopes to existing 4G technology in coming
years.
LiFi
 It is a high speed wireless
communications through light emitting
diodes (LEDs).
 It uses both visible and near-visible light
for freespace communication.
 LiFi is not strictly a line-of-sight
technology i.e. data rate is not dependent
on the line of sight but on the signal quality
at the device.
 It is a Line of Sight (LOS) technology. It
consists of an optical transceiver at both
ends to provide full duplex (bidirectional)
capability.
 This is also known as free optical
communication in which data in free space
allowing optical connectivity.
 Advantages: low initial investment,
flexible network that delivers better speed
than broadband, security due to line of
sight operation etc
 Challenges: misalignment errors,
geometric losses, background noise,
weather attenuation losses and atmospheric
turbulence.
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Telecommunication generations:
Generation Year
1 generation  First wireless communication.
(1G)  Voice calls.
 Limited capacity, not secure, backgroung interference.
 2kbps
2 Generation  Digital version of 1G technology
(2G)  Voice calls, short messages, browsing (partial)
 Low network range, slow data rates
 64 kbps
3 generation  Digital broadband, speed increments
(3G)  Video conferencing, mobile TV, GPS
 High power consumption, low network coverage, High cost of spectrum licence.
 2Mbps
4 generation  Very high speeds, ALL IP
(4G)  High speed applications, mobile, TV, wearable devices
 Hard to implement, complicated hardware required
 1 Gbps
 Cell densification, software defined network, low signal traffic
th
5 generation
(5G)  Hologram TV, Augmented reality, Ultra large and high data transfer, energy
saving
 More than 1 Gbps
Direct-to-Home (DTH) : DTH broadcasting programme from a vast selection. IPTV technology
is technology that allows people to receive TV is used for VoD Technology
programmes in Ku Satellite band in their homes, HDTV: Increase in picture resolution,
directly via dish antenna. DTH have dispensed the widescreen, high contrast of picture quality is the
presence of intermediaries- cable operators. DTH features of HDTV. HDTV has 1080 pixels (in
transmission is superior in quality. It provides place of 480).
flexibility to customers in choosing channels from IPTV (Internet Protocol TV): System through
free or paid channels. They can be used even in which TV services are delivered using Internet. It
remote areas where conventional cable cannot is both TV and internet services function on a
reach. single system.
Disadvantage of DTH: Bad weather affects 3-d TV:For seeing 3-d programmes using 3-d
broadcasting. goggles. Today, by using holography technique
Video on Demand (VoD): VoD are a system (LASER) 3d effect can be seen without goggles.
that allows viewers to choose a film/ TV
Difference between PLASMA TV; LCD TV and LED TV
PLASM TV LCD TV LED TV
Liquid Crystal Display Light Emitting Diode
fourth stage of CFL/Emitting effect is used to
matter of used generate light
Thickness- 5"-6" 2"-3" 1"-2"
Resistance: Moderate Minimum
Maximum
Energy Moderate Minimum
consumption:
Maximum
Heat effect: Moderate Minimum
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Maximum
Altitude effect- does No effect
not affect function at
high altitude
use florescent lights
fluorescent light always behind
the screen
Similarity between LED& LCD
 Both are liquid crystal displays.
 Both have two layers of polarized glass
there with the liquid
 LED TV is a subset of LCDTV.
Broadband : An always ON connection
(Internet), support various interactive services,
minimum Download speed 256 KBPS.
Types of Broadband
1. DSL Digital Subscriber Line : A broad
internet delivered over copper phone wire
line split into 2 frequency. Speed-768 Kbps
to 7 Mbps
2. Fibre : Broadband internet delivered over
fibre optic lines. Use light to transmit data
signals at faster speed.
3. Cable : Delivers data at broadband speeds
over the same cable used to deliver TV
data. Speed - 6 Mbps to 18 Mbps
4. Satellite : Satellites broadband use orbiting
satellites to transmit and received
broadband data. Used in areas where
terrestrial broadband technology. Speed-
768 Kbps -5Mbps.
5. Mobile band : Wireless broadband
technology- 3G, 4G, LTE enabled cell
phone
Bharat Net
 In 2011, National Optical Fibre Network
(now called Bharat Net Project) was
launched to provide broadband connectivity
to 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats with an
affordable broadband connectivity of 2 Mbps
to 20 Mbps.
 It is being implemented by a special purpose
vehicle (SPV) named Bharat Broadband
Network Ltd (BBNL) set up under
Companies Act.
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No effect
use light emitting diode
Light emitting diode can be placed either
behind the screen or around edges.
More clearer, better picture than LCD
 It is funded through Universal Service
Obligation Fund (USOF).
 Bharat Net Project is also significant for
generation of as much as 5 lakh jobs during
the installation of Wi-Fi hot spots.
Computer Disc (CD)/ CD-ROM/ CD-RW :
Optical disk is used to store digital data,
music, video, pictures etc. CD can store up to
700mb data and is of diameter 4.7". Based on
laser technology information is written by
creating pits on the disk by shining a laser
beam. The focused beam creates pit(=0.8")
wherever 1 in to be written and no pit
wherever 0 is to be written.
DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) : Optical dick
strong format, developed by Philips, Sony,
Panasonic in 1995. They have higher storage
capacity than CD in same dimensions. Up to 17
GB Red Laser is used to read the disc.
Blue Ray Disc : Optical disc storage that
capacity of 25 GB (single layer), 50GB (double
layer), 100GB (triple layer) and 128 GB. They are
mainly used for video storage with greater
definition than DVD is HD video Laser is used to
read the disc.
Telecommunication sector in india
The telecommunication sector witnessed
revolutionary change in the recent years and the
Indian Telecom network is now the second largest
in the World after China. From only 76 million
subscribers in 2004, the number has increased to
more than 1200 million in 2016. The increased has
been entirely due to spectacular increase in
wireless connections or mobile phones. The
number of mobile connections rose from 35
million in 2004 to 1150 million in 2016. Tele
density an important indicator of telecom
penetration increased from 7 percent in 2004 to 93
percent in 2016.
TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India)
Sci. & Tech.
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India is
the independent regulator of the
telecommunications business in India. It was
established by an act of Parliament, called the
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act 1997,
to regulate telecom services, including
fixation/revision of tariffs for telecom services
which were earlier vested in the Central
Government.
TRAI's mission is to create and nurture
conditions for growth of telecommunications in the
country in a manner and at a pace which will
enable India to play a leading role in emerging
global information society. One of the main
objectives of TRAI is to provide a fair and
transparent policy environment which promotes a
level playing field and facilitates fair competition
The directions, orders and regulations issued
cover a wide range of subjects including tariff,
interconnection and quality of service as well as
governance of the Authority.
The TRAI Act was amended by an ordinance,
effective from 24 January 2000, establishing a
Telecommunications Dispute Settlement and
Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) to take over the
adjudicatory and disputes functions from TRAI.
TDSAT was set up to adjudicate any dispute
between a licensor and a licensee, between two or
more service providers, between a service provider
and a group of consumers, and to hear and dispose
of appeals against any direction, decision or order
of TRAI.
Vision and Mission of TRAI
The vision and mission of the TRAI is to
ensure the services and protecting interests of all
telecommunication consumers. In emerging global
information system Telecommunication
Regulatory Authority of India have the
responsibilities to provide improved
telecommunication, broadband, broadcasting and
cable TV services to all consumers in Indian
society.
TRAI establishment act
Central Government of India appoints a
Chairperson and maximum six other members in
Telecommunication Regulatory Authority of India.
The Chair person must have worked as Supreme
Court Judge or Chief Justice of a High Court. The
TRAI members should have professional
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knowledge in telecommunication industry, finance,
law, accountancy, and management.
Any person with working experience for
minimum 3 years as Secretary or additional
Secretary or any equivalent post in the Central or
State Governments in India are also eligible for
posts of TRAI Chairperson and Members. TRAI
authority can appoint officers and other employees
as and when required for efficient functions of the
authority.
Functions of TRAI
The major functions of the Authority related to-
a. Make recommendations, either suo motu or on
a request from the licensor, on the following
matters, namely:-
i. need and timing for introduction of new
service provider;
ii. terms and conditions of license to a service
provider;
iii. revocation of license for non-compliance of
terms and conditions of license:
iv. measures to facilitate competition and
promote efficiency in the operation of
telecommunication services so as to
facilitate growth in such services.
v. technological improvements in the services
provided by the service providers.
vi. type of equipment to be used by the service
providers after inspection of equipment
used in the network.
vii. measures for the development of
telecommunication technology and any
other matter relatable to telecommunication
industry in general;
viii. efficient management of available
spectrum;
b. Discharge the following functions, namely:-
 ensure compliance of terms and conditions
of license;
 Fix the terms and conditions of inter-
connectivity between the service providers;
 Ensure technical compatibility and
effective inter-connection between different
service providers.
 Regulate arrangement amongst service
providers of sharing their revenue derived
from providing telecommunication
services;
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 lay down the standards of quality of service
to be provided by the service providers and
ensure the quality of service and conduct
the periodical survey of such service
provided by the service providers so as to
protect interest of the consumers of
telecommunication services;
 Lay down and ensure the time period for
providing local and long distance circuits
of telecommunication between different
service providers;
 Ensure effective compliance of universal
service obligations:
c. Levy fees and other charges at such rates and
in respect of such services as may be
determined by regulations.
d. Perform such other functions including such
administrative and financial functions as may
be entrusted to it by the Central Government or
as may be necessary to carry out the provisions
of the Act.
Telecom policy 2018
The draft of National Telecom Policy
(NTP) 2018 aka National Digital Communications
Policy 2018 has been uploaded for public
consultations on the Department of telecom (DoT)
The draft said the Policy aims to
accomplish some of the strategic objectives by
2022 including — Provisioning of Broadband for
all, creating four million additional jobs in the
digital communications sector, enhancing the
contribution of the digital communications sector
to eight per cent of India‘s GDP from around six
per cent in 2017, enhancing India‘s contribution to
global value chains — and ensuring digital
sovereignty.
 One of the key strategies in the draft is it
talks of recognising spectrum as a key natural
resource for public benefit to achieve India‘s
socio-economic goals, optimise availability
and utilisation by making adequate spectrum
available to be equipped for the new
broadband era.
 On spectrum pricing, it said there should be
optimal pricing of spectrum to ensure
sustainable and affordable access to digital
communications and simplifying the process
of obtaining permissions from various
agencies such as Wireless Planning and
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Coordination (WPC) and Standing Advisory
Committee on Radio Frequency Allocation
(SACFA) in order to promote efficiency.
 It also talks about enabling ‗light touch
licensing/ de-licensing for broadband
proliferation‘promoting the co-use/
secondary use of spectrum and constituting a
Spectrum Advisory Team (SAT) consisting
of exerts, industry and academia ‗to facilitate
the identification of new bands, applications
and efficiency measures to catalyse
innovation and efficient spectrum
management.
 It proposes identifying and making available
new spectrum bands for access and backhaul
segments for timely deployment and growth
of 5G networks and making available
harmonised and contiguous spectrum
required for deployment of next generation
access technologies.
 Further liberalising the spectrum sharing,
leasing and trading regime, coordinating with
government departments for freeing
underutilized/ substitutable spectrum, and its
auctioning and/ or assignment along with
unutilized spectrum for efficient and
productive use.
 It said there would be transparent and fair
mode of spectrum allocation by developing a
fair, flexible, simple and transparent method
for spectrum assignments and allocations.
 The draft also talks of National Broadband
mission to secure universal broadband access
for implementation of broadband initiatives,
to be funded through USOF and Public
Private Partnerships.
 BharatNet for providing 1Gbps to Gram
Panchayats upgradeable to 10 Gbps.
 GramNet for connecting all key rural
development institutions with 10Mbps
upgradeable to 100 Mbps.
 NagarNet for establishing one- million public
Wi-Fi Hotspots in urban areas.
 JanWiFi for establishing two-million Wi-Fi
Hotspots in rural areas.
 Fibre First Initiative‘ to take fibre to the
home, to enterprises and to key development
institutions in tier I, II and III towns and to
rural clusters.
Sci. & Tech.
 The Policy also speaks about strengthening
Satellite Communication Technologies in
India and said there would be review of the
regulatory regime for satellite
communication technologies including
revising licensing and regulatory conditions
that limit the use of satellite communications,
such as speed barriers, band allocation and
government would develop an ecosystem for
satellite communications in India.
 On USOF, it said there would be reviewing
the scope and modalities of USOF by
redesigning the USOF and broadening its
objectives to enable universal broadband
access and strengthening institutional
capacity of USOF to ensure effective rollout
of services in uncovered, remote and rural
areas.
 On ensuring quality of services, it talks about
establishing effective institutional
mechanisms to protect consumers‘ interests
including a Telecom Ombudsman and a
centralised web based complaint redressal
system. The Telecom Commission has
already approved setting up of the Telecom
Ombudsman and has asked TRAI to take
care of it.
 The Policy talks of incentivising the use of
renewable energy technologies in the
communications sector, including utilisation
of small cell fuel batteries, lithium-ion
batteries or other similar technologies;
promoting research and development of
green telecom through active participation of
stakeholders across government, industry and
academia and rationalising of taxes and
levies on the manufacture, production and
import of such equipment for digital
communication technologies.
Applications of Information Technology
 Science and Engineering: Scientific
development is almost entirely dependent
on the use of computers and other
microprocessor-controlled devices. For
example, using supercomputers,
meteorologists predict future weather by
using a combination of observations of
weather conditions from many sources.
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 Business and Commerce: Major
applications of computers is to keep and
manage business and financial records.
Most big companies keep the employment
records of all their workers in large
databases that are managed by computer
programs.
 Education: Development of Information
Technology has enabled the people to gain
more knowledge and education. With
computer literacy, users get more options
of jobs. Computer education is an essential
course at the primary level in most schools
across the world. With more information
getting digitized every day, and the internet
making it accessible to anyone across the
world, students are increasingly relying on
electronic sources of information rather
than physical libraries for their needs.
 Governance: The notion of e-governance
is new applications of Information
Technology which has changed the life of
global populace around the world.
Computerization of Government activities
makes it easier to supervise and audit, and
makes the administration more responsive
to the needs of society. It also bridges the
divide between the Government and the
people. India uses IT for managing
elections.
 Medicine: Information Technology has
immense importance in the field medicine.
MRI is the best example. A computer then
combines the pictures to produce detailed
three-dimensional images of the body's
organs. Additionally, the MRI produces
images that show changes in body
chemistry and blood flow. Novel ideas such
as robotic surgery enable specialists to
perform surgeries from remote locations.
Genomic studies greatly depend on
supercomputing power to develop
technologies for the future.
 Entertainment: Information technology
also impacted greatly the entertainment
industry. The convergence of various
technologies has created various options for
entertainment like games, streaming music
Sci. & Tech.
and video, digital television broadcasts,
satellite radio, animated movies which can
be accessed with the help of mobile
phones, PDAs, notebook computers or on
television either with a cable connection or
wirelessly using newer-generation Wi-Fi,
WCDMA or 4G technologies.
Disadvantages of Information Technology
 Implementation Expenses: Information
technology is quite expensive and Small
scale firms cannot afford this expensive
technology so they lose their clients to a
business which has improved its
2012
technology and provides a better service or
product.
 Job Elimination: Technology has
substituted most positions which humans
used to occupy. Accounting is now being
done by software, so accountants run out of
opportunities.
 Security Breaches: Since businesses store
their data on remote cloud servers which
can be accessed with a user name and
password, there is a risk of losing that data
to wrong minded knowledge works,
hackers or viruses, which can harm the
business.
 Internet security issues: Information
technology has security issues. If client
ordering online, they have to provide their
financial details. This sensitive information
is at risk. Experienced hackers can use this
loop hole to channel this information and
use it for their own needs.
 Faulty products and duplication: In many
cases, auction websites have products that
are not real. So a user can bid on a shoe
thinking it is original, upon delivery, they
discover that the shoe is fake and it does
not resemble the picture on auction.
 Privacy: Business websites collect
personal data using cookies to know more
about clients and suggest products basing
on that information. This data is collected
without any notice but with selfish
intention.
Current issues in Information Technology:
 Security: Security is a major strategic issue
for educational institutions who use
information technology. Given the large
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amount of information that needs to be
protected, the expanding body of rules,
regulations, and laws governing
information security and privacy, and the
current economic recession, which makes it
difficult for an institution to get the funding
required keeping up with requirements.
 Cyber security: Managing and
strengthening security and privacy for the
organizations' systems and data is main
concern across all industries.
National Policy on Information Technology
 Target of revenues of IT and ITES
(Information Technology Enabled
Services) Industry: 300 Billion USD by
2020 (Current 100 Billion USD)
 Target of IT Exports: 200 Billion USD by
2020 (Currently 69 Billion USD)
 Promotion of R&D in cutting edge
technologies
 Encouraging adoption of ICTs in key
economic and strategic sectors
 Provide Fiscal benefits to SMEs for
adoption of IT
 Create a pool of 10 million additional
skilled manpower in ICT.
 To make at least one individual in every
household e-literate.
 Provide for mandatory delivery of and
affordable access to all public services in
electronic mode.
 Enhance transparency, accountability,
efficiency, reliability and decentralization
in Government.
 Leverage ICT for key Social Sector
initiatives like Education, Health, Rural
Development and Financial Services.
 To make India global hub for development
of language technologies
 Strengthening the Regulatory Framework
 Adopt Open standards and promote open
source and open technologies
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IT Act, 2000 (Amended in 2008)
 It has 12th sections. Its features are:—
 Provides for legal recognition to e-
commerce, which facilitates commerce e-
transactions.
 Recogniser records kept in electronic form.
 Legal recognition to digital signature.
 Cyber law Appellate Tribunal to hear
appeal against adjudicating authorities.
 Act applies to any cyber offence committed
outside India by a person irrespective of
his/her nationality.
Fiber Optics & Optical Fibers
 A technology that uses glass (or plastic)
threads (fibers) to transmit data.
 A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of
glass threads, each of which is capable of
transmitting messages modulated onto light
waves. They work on the principal of TIR
and refraction. They are used to transfer
information from one place to another at
fast rate.
Fiber optics has several advantages over
traditional metal communications lines
 Much greater bandwidth than metal cables.
This means that they can carry more data.
 Carry information at very fast rate (with
speed of light).
 Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference
 Thinner and lighter than metal wires.
 Data can be transmitted digitally (the
natural form for computer data) rather than
analogically.
 Data Security & No sparks hazard
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 Carry signals with much less energy loss
compared to copper cables.
 Easy and cheap to manufacture.
 Avoid cross talk or noise.
Disadvantages of fiber optics
 Cables are expensive to install
 More fragile than wire due to limited
physical arc of the cable (cannot bend
much)
 Loss of light in fiber due to sckattering
 Difficult to join the leakage and requires
expertise of personnel for that.
 Difficult to handle and manage cable of
optical fibber.
Uses of Fiber Optics
 Telecommunications
 Internal inspection of the body
 Mechanical imaging
Project related to Optical fibres -
FLAG (fibre optics linked around the Globe): A
project started in 1997, linking UK to Japan by
a complex underwater optical fibre cable
system, provides round the clock network
surveillance.
Big Data
 Big data is a term that describes the large
volume of data – both structured and
unstructured beyond the ability of
commonly used software tools to capture,
curate, manage, and process data within a
tolerable elapsed time.
 Big data can be analyzed for insights that
lead to better decisions and strategic
business moves.
 Big data is characterized by 4Vs – Variety,
Volume Velocity and Value. Additionally,
two more concepts have been added –
Variability and Complexity.
 Interesting insights from big data can be
got using data mining.
Applications of Big Data
 Better understanding and targeting of
customers.
 Optimization of Businesses processes.
 optimizing treatment and even predicting
diseases.
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 Analyze and improve the performance of
individuals.
 Prevent cyber-attacks, detect credit card
fraud, foil terrorism and even predict
criminal activity.
 optimizing the heating or lighting in our
homes, the traffic flow in our cities, or the
energy grid across the country.
Data mining
 It‘s defined as a process used to extract
usable data from a larger set of any raw
data by analysing data patterns in large
batches of data using one or more software.
 It involves effective data collection and
warehousing as well as computer
processing.
 It uses sophisticated mathematical
algorithms for segmenting the data and
evaluating the probability of future events.
 Data mining is also known as Knowledge
Discovery in Data (KDD).
Block Chain Technology and Cryptocurency
 A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual
currency that uses cryptography for
security. Hence it is difficult to counterfeit.
It is not issued by any central authority,
rendering it theoretically immune to
government interference or manipulation.
 The first cryptocurrency to capture the
public imagination was Bitcoin, which was
launched in 2009 by an individual or group
known under the pseudonym Satoshi
Nakamoto. Bitcoin's success has spawned a
number of competing cryptocurrencies,
such as Litecoin, Ethereum, Namecoin,
PPCoin etc.
 Advantages: easier to transfer funds with
minimal processing fees, safety from
hackers due to blockchain technology and
difficult to counterfaeit
 Disadvantages: well-suited for illegal
activities such as money laundering, tax
evasion due to anonymous nature of
transactions, rate of exchange of
cryptocurrencies fluctuate widely and a
digital cryptocurrency balance can be
wiped out by a computer crash. Recently
concerns are being raised on its immunity
to hacks as well.
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 Various countries have adopted use of
bitcoins with regulations such as China,
South Korea, Japan etc.
 Some countries are also coming up with
their virtual currencies such as PETRO by
Venezuela, SOV (Sovereign) by Marshall
Islands etc.
 India does not consider cryptocurrency as
legal tender or coin.
Black chain
 Blockchains are basically digital ledgers or
decentralized database of financial
transactions that are immutable and
instantly updated across the world
 Distributed database: The blockchain
database isn‘t stored in any single location,
meaning the records it keeps are truly
public and easily verifiable.
 Whenever a financial transaction happens,
it is grouped in a cryptographically
protected block with other transactions and
sent out to the entire network.
 The members in the network then validate
the transactions by solving complex coded
problems.
 The new validated block is then added to
the chain in a linear, chronological order
and linked to older blocks making it a chain
of blocks that show every transaction made
in the history of that blockchain.
 Thus, the blockchain cannot be controlled
by a single entity and has no single point of
failure.
 Crypto currency (CC) is just one use of
Blockchain technology. The other possible
uses are – streamlining payment
mechanism, eliminated the need for trust.
Programmable money to not allow using
products of company flouting norms,
promoting artificial intelligence and
internet of things etc.
Internet of things
 The internet of things (IoT) is the network
of physical devices, vehicles, buildings and
other items-embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, and network connectivity
that enable these objects to collect and
exchange data.
 Thus IoT creates opportunities for more
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direct integration of the physical world into Tarang Sanchar Prtal

computer based systems, and resulting in  The Telecom Department launched a portal
improved efficiency, accuracy and – Tarang Sanchar Portal that will allow
economic benefits. people to track radiation emitted from
 IoT is one of the platforms of today's Smart mobile towers within a locality.
City, and Smart Energy Management  The portal will empower consumers to
Systems. It can also be used to improve know about the towers working in a
crop yield to help feed the world‘s growing particular area and whether they are
population. compliant to the Electromagnetic field
Array of things (EMF) emission norms defined by the
 It‘s an urban sensing project, a network of government.
interactive, modular sensor boxes that will  In general, mobile tower emissions rules in
be installed around city to collect real-time India are ten times more stringent than the
data on the city‘s environment, global norms.
infrastructure, and activity for research and Radiation
public use.  Ionizing radiation is radiation with
 It is expected to provide localised enough energy to cause chemical changes
information to the authorities enabling by breaking chemical bonds. This
them to act quickly in emergencies and ionization process results in the formation
warn citizens of environmental threats. of two charged particles or ions: the
Net neutrality molecule with a net positive charge, and
 Net Neutrality or Network neutrality is the the free electron with a negative charge.
idea that Internet service providers (ISPs) This effect can cause damage to living
should treat all data that travels over their tissue.
networks fairly, without improper  Non-ionizing radiation is the term given
discrimination in favour of particular apps, to radiation in the part of the
sites or services. electromagnetic spectrum where there is
Train recommendations regarding net insufficient energy to cause ionization but
neutrality may have enough energy to excite
 Non-Discriminatory treatment: molecules and atoms causing then to
irrespective of sender, receiver protocols vibrate faster.
used etc Applications of Ionisation
 Specialised Service: are exempted from  Medical Application: X-Ray, CT, and
neutrality framework such as tele-surgery, PET machines use X-ray (X-ray and CT)
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and and Gamma radiation (PET) to produce
IPTV services etc detailed images of the human body.
 Content delivery Network (CDN)  Industrial Application: to examine welds
platform: should not be included within for defects or irregularities, or examining
the scope ofany restrictions on non- other materials to locate structural
discriminatory treatment. anomalies or internal component.
 Reasonable traffic Management  Food irradiation is the process of using
practices: by framing appropriate radioactive sources to sterilize foodstuffs.
regulations time to time.  As a disinfectant: Ultraviolet light is used
 Regulatory Body: TRAI suggested DoT to disinfect drinking water in some homes.
may establish a multi-stakeholder body  Pollution Abatement: Radiation is used to
with framework for collaborative help remove toxic pollutants, such as
mechanism among the stakeholders for exhaust gases from coal-fired power
monitoring the net-neutrality. stations and industry. For example, electron
beam radiation.
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Cyber Security
 NIC: It comes under Ministry of
Electronics and IT (MeitY) and has a key
role in e-governance at the national, state
and district levels. Almost all Indian-
government websites are developed and
managed by NIC
 NIC-CERT is a dedicated body to detect,
prevent and mitigate the impact of cyber
attacks, by monitoring data across the NIC
platform, including communication
between all the levels of government and
between governments to citizens.
 Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative: t has
been launched by Ministry of Electronics
and Information Technology (MeitY), in
association with National e-Governance
Division (NeGD) and industry partners,
to strengthen Cybersecurity ecosystem in
India.
 Section 69B of IT Act, 2000, talks about
the power to authorize to monitor and
collect traffic data or information through
any computer resource for Cyber Security.
Types of Cyber Threats
 Malware: Malware is short for malicious
software, meaning software that can be
used to compromise computer functions,
steal data, bypass access controls, or
otherwise cause harm to the host computer.
Malware is a broad term that refers to a
variety of malicious programs.
 Bot: Bots are software programs created to
automatically perform specific operations.
While some bots are created for relatively
harmless purposes (video gaming, internet
auctions, online contests, etc), it is
becoming increasingly common to see bots
being used maliciously.
 Ransomware: It is a form of malware that
essentially holds a computer system captive
while demanding a ransom. The malware
restricts user access to the computer either
by encrypting files on the hard drive or
locking down the system and displaying
messages that are intended to force the user
to pay the malware creator to remove the
restrictions and regain access to their
computer.
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 Spyware: Spyware is a type of malware
that functions by spying on user activity
without their knowledge. Spyware spreads
by exploiting software vulnerabilities,
bundling itself with legitimate software, or
in Trojans.
 Trojan Horse: A Trojan horse, is a type of
malware that disguises itself as a normal
file or program to trick users into
downloading and installing malware. A
Trojan can give a malicious party remote
access to an infected computer.
 Virus: A virus is a form of malware that is
capable of copying itself and spreading to
other computers. Viruses can be used to
steal information, harm host computers and
networks, create botnets, steal money,
render advertisements, and more.
 Worm: Computer worms are among the
most common types of malware. They
spread over computer networks by
exploiting operating system vulnerabilities.
Worms typically cause harm to their host
networks by consuming bandwidth and
overloading web servers. Worms often
spread by sending mass emails with
infected attachments to users‘ contacts.
E-governance
The ―e‖ in e-Governance stands for
‗electronic‘. Thus, e-Governance is basically
associated with carrying out the functions and
achieving the results of governance through the
utilization of ICT (Information and
Communications Technology).
ICT provides efficient storing and retrieval
of data, instantaneous transmission of information,
processing information and data faster than the
earlier manual systems, speeding up governmental
processes, taking decisions expeditiously and
judiciously, increasing transparency and enforcing
accountability. It also helps in increasing the reach
of government – both geographically and
demographically.
In India, the main thrust for e-Governance
was provided by the launching of NICNET in 1987
– the national satellite-based computer network.
This was followed by the launch of the District
Information System of the National Informatics
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Centre (DISNIC) programme to computerize all
district offices in the country for which free
hardware and software was offered to the State
Governments. NICNET was extended via the State
capitals to all district headquarters by 1990. In the
ensuing years, with ongoing computerization, tele-
connectivity and internet connectivity established a
large number of e-Governance initiatives, both at
the Union and State levels
The 11th report of the Second
Administrative Reforms Commission, titled
"Promoting e-Governance - The Smart Way
Forward", established the government's position
that an expansion in e-Government was necessary
in India. The ARC report was submitted to the
Government of India on 20 December 2008. The
report cited several prior initiatives as sources of
inspiration, including references to
the Singapore ONE programme. To pursue this
goal, the National e-Governance Plan was
formulated by the Department of Information
Technology (DIT) and Department of
Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances
(DAR&PG). The program required the
development of new applications to allow citizen
access to government services through Common
Service Centres; it aimed to both reduce
government costs and improve access to services.
Types of government interactions in e-governance
 G2G – Government to Government
 G2C – Government to Citizen
 G2B – Government to Business
 G2E – Government to Employee
1. Government to Government
 Khajane project in Karnataka is a
comprehensive online treasury
computerization project.
 SmartGov (Andhra Pradesh) developed to
streamline operations, enhance efficiency
through workflow automation and
knowledge management for
implementation in Andra Pradesh
Secretariat
2. Government to Citizen
 Computerization of land records
 Bhoomi project (Karnataka): online
delivery of 20 million rural land records
through 177 Government-owned kiosks.
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 Gyandoot: provide information to the rural
people and act as an interface between the
district administration and the people.
 Lokvani project in Uttar Pradesh
 Project FRIENDS in Kerela (Fast, Reliable,
Instant, Efficient Network for the
Disbursement of Services)
 E-Mitra project in Rajasthan: an integrated
project to facilitate the urban and the rural
masses with maximum possible services
related to different state government
departments through Lokmitra Janmitra
centres/Kiosks.
 E-Seva (Andhra Pradesh)
 Admission to Professional Colleges –
Common Entrance Test (CET):
3. Government to Business
 E-Procurement Project in Andhra Pradesh
and Gujarat
 MCA 21: easy and secure online access to
all registry related services provided by the
Union Ministry of Corporate Affair to
corporate and other stakeholders at any
time and in a manner that best suits them.
4. Government to Employee
Current Government Initiatives
 Direct Cash transfer: To facilitate
disbursements of Government entitlements
like NREGA, Social Security pension,
Handicapped Old Age Pension etc. of any
Central or State Government bodies, using
Aadhaar and authentication thereof as
supported by UIDAI.
 Adhaar Enabled Payment systems
(APES): AEPS is a bank led model which
allows online interoperable financial
inclusion transaction through the Business
correspondent of any bank using the
Aadhaar authentication. This has helped in
financial inclusion. The four Aadhaar
enabled basic types of banking transactions
are as follows:
o Balance enquiry
o Cash withdrawal
o Cash deposit
o Adhaar to adhaar fund transfer
 Digital India Programme: This
programme has been envisaged by
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Department of Electronics and Information
Technology (DeitY). The vision of Digital
India aims to transform the country into a
digitally empowered society and
knowledge economy. The programme will
be implemented in phases from the current
year till 2018.
 The Digital India is transformational in
nature and would ensure that Government
services are available to citizens
electronically. It would also bring in public
accountability through mandated delivery
of government‘s services electronically, a
Unique ID and e-Pramaan based on
authentic and standard based interoperable
and integrated government applications and
data basis.
 The program aims at providing digital
infrastructure as a utility to every citizen as
well as high-speed internet as a core utility
in all gram panchayats. The overall scope
of this program is ―to prepare India for a
knowledge future‖, ―to make technology
central to enabling change‖ and ―to become
an umbrella program covering many
departments‖
 MyGov: a technology-driven platform that
would provide people with the opportunity
to contribute towards good governance.
 E-Kranti scheme: This is project for
linking the internet with remote villages in
the country. This scheme will broaden the
reach of internet services to the rural areas
in the country. The fundamental features of
this scheme will be making the records
handy to the government with ease. It also
includes Expansion of internet and
commencement of IT-based jobs in rural
areas. It will also boost the use of mobile
phones and computers in rural areas. It will
also expand the use of IT in agriculture and
retail trade too.
 Crime and Criminal Tracking
Networking & Systems: Crime and
Criminal Tracking Network & Systems
(CCTNS) MMP aims at creating a
comprehensive and integrated system for
enhancing the efficiency and effective
policing at all levels and especially at the
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Police Station level through adoption of
principles of e-Governance, and creation of
a nationwide networked infrastructure for
evolution of IT-enabled state-of-the-art
tracking system.
National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)
The National e-Governance Plan(NeGP)
is an initiative of the Government of India to make
all government services available to the citizens of
India via electronic media NeGP was formulated
by the Department of Electronics and Information
Technology (DeitY) and Department of
Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances
(DARPG). The Government approved the National
e-Governance Plan, consisting of 27 "Mission
Mode Projects" (MMPs) and Tencomponents, on
18 May 2006. This is an enabler of Digital India
initiative, and UMANG (Unified Mobile
Application for New-age Governance) in turn is an
enabler of NeGP.
Umang app
UMANG or Unified Mobile Application
for New-age Governance, is a Government of
India all-in-one single unified secure multi-channel
multi-platform multi-lingual multi-service
freeware mobile app for accessing over 1,200
central and state government services in multiple
Indian languages over Android, iOS, Windows and
services such as AADHAR, DigiLocker, Bharat
Bill Payment System, PAN, EPFO services,
PMKVY services, AICTE, CBSE, tax and fee or
utilities bills payments, education, job search, tax,
business, health, agriculture, travel, birth
certificates, e-District, passport and much more.
Bharat Bill Payment System
Bharat Bill Payment System (BBPS) is
an integrated bill payment system in India offering
interoperable and accessible bill payment service
to customers through a network of agents of
registered member as Agent Institutions (AI),
enabling multiple payment modes, and providing
instant confirmation of payment.
National Payments Corporation of
India (NPCI) functions as the authorised Bharat
Bill Payment Central Unit (BBPCU), which will
be responsible for setting business standards, rules
and procedures for technical and business
requirements for all the participants. NPCI, as the
BBPCU, will also undertake clearing and
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settlement activities related to transactions routed
through BBPS. Existing bill aggregators and banks
are envisaged to work as Operating Units to
provide an interoperable bill payment system
irrespective of which unit has on-boarded a
particular biller. Payments may be made through
the BBPS using cash, transfer cheques, and
electronic modes.
DigiLocker
DigiLocker is a "digital locker" service
operated by the Government of India that enables
Indian citizens to store certain official documents
on the cloud. The service is aimed towards
reducing the need to carry physical documents, and
is part of the government's Digital India initiative.
1 GB of storage space is offered to users to
store identification card issued by government
agencies, education certificates, PAN cards,
driving license, vehicle ownership documents and
some other documents
Advantages of e-governance
 Speed: Technology makes communication
speedier. Internet, Phones, Cell Phones
have reduced the time taken in normal
communication.
 Cost Reduction: Most of the Government
expenditure is appropriated towards the
cost of stationary. Paper-based
communication needs lots of stationary,
printers, computers, etc. which calls for
continuous heavy expenditure. Internet and
Phones makes communication cheaper
saving valuable money for the
Government.
 Transparency: Use of ICT makes
governing profess transparent. All the
information of the Government would be
made available on the internet. The citizens
can see the information whenever they
want to see. But this is only possible when
every piece of information of the
Government is uploaded on the internet and
is available for the public to peruse.
Current governing process leaves many
ways to conceal the information from all
the people. ICT helps make the information
available online eliminating all the
possibilities of concealing of information.
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 Accountability: Once the governing
process is made transparent the
Government is automatically made
accountable. Accountability is
answerability of the Government to the
people. It is the answerability for the deeds
of the Government. An accountable
Government is a responsible Government.
 Convenience: E-Government brings public
services to citizens on their schedule and
their venue.
 Improved Customer Service: E-
Government allows to redeploy resources
from back-end processing to the front line
of customer service.
 Increased access to information: E-
Government improves the accessibility of
government information to citizens
allowing it become an important resource
in the making the decisions that affect daily
life and so it helps in empowerment of
citizens.
Disadvantages of e-governance
 Electronic governments also consist on
certain disadvantage. The main
disadvantage of an electronic government
is to move the government services into an
electronic based system. This system loses
the person to person interaction which is
valued by a lot of people.
 In addition, the implementation of an e-
government service is that, with many
technology based services, it is often easy
to make the excuse (e.g. the server has gone
down) that problems with the service
provided are because of the technology.
 The implementation of an e government
does have certain constraints. Literacy of
the users and the ability to use the
computer, users who do not know how to
read and write would need assistance. An
example would be the senior citizens. In
general, senior citizens do not have much
computer education and they would have to
approach a customer service officer for
assistance.
 And also in case of rural people, it gives
scope for middle man, who distort the
information.
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E-commerce
Electronic commerce is burgeoning as a
means to doing business at a very rapid rate and is
also showing every sign of continuing to expand.
The rise of this new medium is attracting
increasing attention by both private and public
sector in order to remain upgraded and competitive
so as to give 100 per cent services to their
customers efficiently and effectively.
The E-commerce also involves using all
round electronic methods and procedures to
conduct business activities to achieve the
organizational goal.
Electronic Commerce provides new
opportunities for all overseas firms to access
India‘s domestic market and vice versa. In fact, it
has set the ball rolling in India. Every service and
information about the product is available just on a
mouse click on computers.
Types of e-commerce merchants
1. Product type
i. Stores that sell physical goods: These
are the typical online retailers. They can
include apparel stores, homeware
businesses, and gift shops, just to name a
few. Stores that sell physical goods
showcase the items online and enable
shoppers to add the things they like in
their virtual shopping carts. Once the
transaction is complete, the store
typically ships the orders to the shopper,
though a growing number of retailers are
implementing initiatives such as in-store
pickup. Examples are amazon, flipkart,
ebay etc.
ii. Service-based e-tailers: Services can
also be bought and sold online. Online
consultants, educators, and freelancers
are usually the ones engaging in
ecommerce. Examples are Netflix,
Unacademy etc.
iii. Digital products: Ecommerce is, by
nature, highly digital, so it‘s no surprise
that many merchants sell ―e-goods‖
online. Common types of digital
products include ebooks, online courses,
software, graphics, and virtual goods.
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Examples are Microsoft, Norton,
software stores.
2. Parties involved
i. Business to consumer (B2C) –
Transactions happen between
businesses and consumers. In B2C
ecommerce, businesses are the ones
selling products or services to end-
users (i.e. consumers). Examples are
flipkart, amazon etc.
ii. Business to business (B2B) – As its
name states, B2B ecommerce
pertains to transactions conducted
between two businesses. Any
company whose customers are other
businesses operate on a B2B model.
Indiabulls, Square etc.
iii. Consumer to business (C2B) –
Consumer to business ecommerce
happens when a consumer sells or
contributes monetary value to a
business. Many crowd sourcing
campaigns fall under C2B e-
commerce.
iv. Consumer to consumer (C2C) – As
you might have guessed, C2C
ecommerce happens when something
is bought and sold between two
consumers. C2C commonly takes
place on online marketplaces such
as eBay, in which one individual
sells a product or service to another.
Examples Quikr, OLX etc.
v. Government to business (G2B) –
G2C transactions take place when a
company pays for government
goods, services, or fees online.
Examples could be a business paying
for taxes using the Internet.
vi. Business to government (B2G) –
When a government entity uses the
Internet to purchases goods or
services from a business, the
transaction may fall under B2G
ecommerce. Let‘s say a city or town
hires a web design firm to update its
website. This type of deal may be
considered a form of B2G.
Sci. & Tech. 75

vii. Consumer to government (G2C) –  Mechanical failures can cause

Consumers can also engage in B2C unpredictable effects on the total processes.
ecommerce. People paying for traffic  As there is minimum chance of direct
tickets or paying for their car customer to company interactions,
registration renewals online may fall customer loyalty is always on a check.
under this category.  There are many hackers who look for
Government initiatives opportunities, and thus an ecommerce site,
Since 2014, the Government of India has service, payment gateways, all are always
announced various initiatives namely, Digital prone to attack.
India, Make in India, Start-up India, Skill India and
Innovation Fund. The timely and effective
implementation of such programs will likely
support the e-commerce growth in the country.
Some of the major initiatives taken by the
government to promote the e-commerce sector in
India are as follows:
 In order to increase the participation of
foreign players in the e-commerce field, the
Indian Government hiked the limit of
foreign direct investment (FDI) in the E-
commerce marketplace model for up to 100
per cent (in B2B models).
 In the Union Budget of 2018-19,
government has allocated Rs 8,000 crore
(US$ 1.24 billion) to BharatNet Project, to
provide broadband services to 150,000
gram panchayats.
 As of August 2018, the government is
working on the second draft of e-commerce
policy, incorporating inputs from various
industry stakeholders.
Advantages of e-commerce
 Faster buying/selling procedure, as well as
easy to find products.
 Buying/selling 24/7
 More reach to customers, there is no
theoretical geographic limitations.
 Low operational costs and better quality of
services.
 No need of physical company set-ups.
 Easy to start and manage a business.
 Customers can easily select products from
different providers without moving around
physically.
Disadvantage of e-commerce
 Any one, good or bad, can easily start a
business. And there are many bad sites
which eat up customers‘ money.
 There is no guarantee of product quality.
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