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 ROBERT
BRYM

NEW SOCIETY
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Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
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 Brief contents

ABOUT THE AUTHORS XVII

PART 4 INST IT U T IONS
PREFACE XXIII
Chapter 11 Families  246
Sandra Colavecchia

Chapter 12 Work and Occupations  268

PART 1 IN TRO D UCTIO N Sandy Welsh

Chapter 13 Education 297

Scott Davies
Chapter 1 Introducing Sociology 2
Robert Brym Chapter 14 Religion 321
Reginald W. Bibby
Chapter 2 Research Methods  30
Neil Guppy

PART 5 CHANGE AND CONFLICT

PART 2 CULTURE
Chapter 15 Deviance and Crime 350
Julian Tanner
Chapter 3 Culture 58
Robert Brym Chapter 16 Population and Urbanization 377
John Hannigan
Chapter 4 Socialization 80
Lisa Strohschein Chapter 17 Sociology and the Environment 402
S. Harris Ali
Chapter 5 Gender and Sexualities  102
Rhonda L. Lenton Chapter 18 Health and Aging 422
Margaret J. Penning
Chapter 6 Communication and Mass Media 125
Neena L. Chappell
Sonia Bookman

Chapter 19 Politics and Social Movements  441

Robert Brym

Chapter 20 Globalization 465

PART 3
Josée Johnston
IN E Q UA LITY
Epilogue The Future of Sociology 492
Chapter 7 Social Stratification 146 Michael Burawoy
Harvey Krahn
REFERENCES 498
Chapter 8 Gender Inequality 174
Marisa Young INDEX 544

Chapter 9 Race and Ethnic Relations  196

Online Chapter  21
Vic Satzewich
Networks, Groups, and Bureaucracies* 21-1
Chapter 10 Development and Robert Brym, Lance Roberts, Lisa Strohschein, and John Lie
Underdevelopment 223
Anthony Winson

*This chapter is available online only, in the MindTap that accompanies this book.

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Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 contents

CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Careers

in Sociology 25
SUMMARY 26
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 27
GLOSSARY 27
NOTES 29

Illustrated by Aaron Millard.

Chapter 2

Research Methods Neil Guppy 30

INTRODUCTION 31
Social Science as a Social Practice 31
Minimizing Bias in Social Science 32
Scientific versus Nonscientific Thinking 33
ABOUT THE AUTHORS XVII Understanding Science Sociologically 34
Natural versus Social Science 34
PREFACE XXIII METHODS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH 35
Explanation 35
Understanding 36
Ethics in Social Research 37
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY The
PART 1 IN TRO D UCTIO N Relationship between Power and Knowledge in
Research 38
Chapter 1 TECHNIQUES OF SOCIAL RESEARCH 38
Experiments 39
Introducing Sociology Robert Brym 2 Survey Research 41
INTRODUCTION 3 Qualitative Research 45
Why I Decided Not to Study Sociology 3 Comparing Qualitative and Quantitative
A Change of Mind 3 Approaches 48
The Goals of This Chapter 5 Other Methods of Research 49
THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 5 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY The
The Sociological Explanation of Suicide 6 Politics of the Canadian Census 51
Suicide in Canada Today 7 THE ANALYSIS OF NUMERICAL DATA 51
From Personal Troubles to Social Structures 8 THE FUTURE OF SOCIAL RESEARCH 54
The Sociological Imagination 9 SUMMARY 55
Origins of the Sociological Imagination 10 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 55
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES 12 GLOSSARY 55
The Origins of Sociology 12 NOTES 56
Theory, Research, and Values 12
Functionalism 13
Conflict Theory 14
The Cultural Turn and Poststructuralism: PART 2 CU LT U RE
Gramsci and Foucault 15
Symbolic Interactionism 16
Feminist Theory 18 Chapter 3
THEIR REVOLUTION AND OURS 19 Culture Robert Brym 58
The Industrial Revolution 19
Box: THE FOUR PARADIGMS IN CANADA 20 CULTURE AS PROBLEM SOLVING 59
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION The Innu THE ORIGINS AND COMPONENTS OF CULTURE 59
of Labrador 21 Abstraction: Creating Symbols 60
Postindustrialism and Globalization: Opportunities Cooperation: Creating Norms and Values 60
and Pitfalls 22
Why Sociology? 24

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x contents

Production: Creating Material and Nonmaterial The Mass Media and the Feminist Approach
Culture 60 to Socialization 96
Culture and Biology 61 Resocialization and Total Institutions 97
Language and the Sapir-Whorf Thesis 62 SOCIALIZATION AND THE FLEXIBLE SELF 98
CULTURE AS FREEDOM AND CONSTRAINT 63 Self-Identity and the Internet 99
A Functionalist Analysis of Culture: Culture and SUMMARY 100
Ethnocentrism 63 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 100
CULTURE AS FREEDOM  64 GLOSSARY 100
Symbolic Interactionism and Cultural Production 64
Cultural Diversification 65
Multiculturalism 66 Chapter 5
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Gender and Sexualities Rhonda L. Lenton 102
Female Genital Mutilation: Cultural Relativism or
Ethnocentrism? 66 THE CASE OF DAVID/BRENDA 103
Globalization 67 SEX AND GENDER 104
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION The Globalization Defining Male And Female 104
of English 68 Sexual Minorities 105
A Conflict Analysis of Culture: The Rights Revolution 69 SEXUALITIES, SEXUAL ATTITUDES, AND SEXUAL
Postmodernism 69 BEHAVIOUR 106
Is Canada the First Thoroughly Modern Postmodern Sexual Orientation and Queer Theory 108
Country? 71 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Same-Sex
CULTURE AS CONSTRAINT 72 Marriage 108
Rationalization 72 DOES SEX DETERMINE DESTINY? 110
Consumerism 74 Essentialism 110
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY Class Social Constructionism 114
and Clothes 75 CONSTRUCTING GENDER THROUGH SOCIALIZATION 115
From Counterculture to Subculture 76 Primary Socialization 115
SUMMARY 78 Secondary Socialization 116
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 78 The Mass Media 116
GLOSSARY 78 Body Image and Eating Disorders 117
NOTES 79 MALE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 118
Assault 118
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION The
Chapter 4 Internationalization of Sex Work 120
Sexual Harassment 120
Socialization Lisa Strohschein 80
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY Indigenous
THE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN Women and Intersectionality 121
CHILDHOOD 81 LOOKING AHEAD: TOWARD A NEW SEXUAL ETHIC 121
FORMATION OF THE SELF 82 Feminism and Sexuality 122
Sigmund Freud 82 SUMMARY 123
Charles Horton Cooley 82 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 123
George Herbert Mead 82 GLOSSARY 124
Paul Willis 83
AT THE INTERSECTION OF BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY  84
Sociology of the Life Course 85 Chapter 6
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY The Communication and Mass Media Sonia Bookman 125
Modern Effort to Ban Child Marriage 86
Age Cohort 87 WHY STUDY THE MASS MEDIA? 126
Generation 87 WHAT ARE THE MASS MEDIA? 127
HOW SOCIALIZATION WORKS 90 Mass Media and Society 129
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION 91 DETERMINISTIC THEORIES OF MEDIA INFLUENCE 130
Families 91 Innis and McLuhan 130
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY Inequality The Political-Economy Perspective 131
across the Life Course 92 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY
Schools: Functions and Conflicts 93 Government Intervention in Canadian Media
Symbolic Interactionism and the Self-Fulfilling Industries 135
Prophecy 93 VOLUNTARISTIC THEORIES OF MEDIA INFLUENCE 136
Peer Groups 94 Cultural Studies 136
The Mass Media 95 Reception Analysis 138
SOCIAL MEDIA 138

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Social Media’s Potential 139
The Downside of Social Media 139
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY The Idle
No More Movement and Social Media 140
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL Inequality The Digital
Divide 141
The Hard Answer 142
SUMMARY 143
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 143
GLOSSARY 143
PART 3 IN E Q UA LITY
Chapter 7
Social Stratification Harvey Krahn
INTRODUCTION 147
STRATIFICATION: A CORNERSTONE OF SOCIOLOGY  148
SOCIAL HIERARCHIES IN STRATIFIED SOCIETIES 148
Ascribed and Achieved Status 149
Open and Closed Stratification Systems 149
Social Class 150
EXPLANATIONS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 151
Karl Marx: Capitalism, Exploitation, and Class
Conflict 151
Max Weber: Class and Other Dimensions of
Inequality 153
Davis and Moore: A Functional Theory of
Stratification 154
Gerhard Lenski: Technology and Stratification
Systems 155
Erik Olin Wright: A Neo-Marxist Approach 156
Frank Parkin: A Neo-Weberian Approach 157
Pierre Bourdieu: Different Forms of Capital 157
Explanations of Social Stratification: Summing Up 158
OCCUPATIONS, SOCIAL CLASS, AND INEQUALITY IN
CANADA 159
Occupational Shifts over Time 159
Occupational Mobility and Status Attainment 160
The Distribution of Wealth 161
Income Distribution 162
The Poor 163
Material Inequality in Canada: Summing Up 166
Consequences of Material Inequality 166
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION How
Globalization Contributes to Inequality in
Canada 167
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Different
Reactions to Rising Tuition Fees in Quebec and the
Rest of Canada 169
RESPONDING TO INEQUALITY  169
SUMMARY 171
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 171
GLOSSARY 171
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contents xi
Chapter 8
Gender Inequality Marisa Young 174
INTRODUCTION 175
A Brief History of Gender Differences in Paid and
Domestic Work 175
GENDER INEQUALITY AND THE DIVISION OF LABOUR 176
Patterns of Inequality in Paid Work 177
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY Conflicting
Responsibilities among Single Mothers 177
EXPLAINING GENDER INEQUALITY IN PAID WORK  180
Supply-Side Explanations 181
Demand-Side Explanations 182
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN UNPAID WORK  183
Domestic Responsibilities 183
The Paradox of Preferences 184
EXPLAINING GENDER DIFFERENCES IN UNPAID WORK  185
Individual-Centred Theories 185
146
Cultural Theory 185
CHANGING PATTERNS OF GENDER INEQUALITY  186
Gender Differences in Informal Caregiving 187
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY
Perspectives on Paternity Leave 188
WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT GENDER DIFFERENCES? 188
Conflicting Work and Family Responsibilities 188
Explaining Gender Equality in Work–Family Conflict 189
GENDER INEQUALITY AND DIMENSIONS OF SELF 190
The Intersecting Bases of Social Inequality 191
CLOSING THE GAP: INITIATIVES TO EQUALIZE MEN’S AND
WOMEN’S STATUSES 191
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION Globalization
and Migrant Caregivers 191
Political Solutions 192
Cultural Conventions 192
SUMMARY 194
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 194
GLOSSARY 194
Chapter 9
Race and Ethnic Relations Vic Satzewich 196
INTRODUCTION 197
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF DIFFERENCE 198
Ethnicity 198
Race 199
Racism 200
THEORIES OF RACE AND ETHNIC RELATIONS 202
Social Psychology 202
Primordialism 203
Normative Theories 203
Power-Conflict Theories 204
Race and the Split Labour Market 204
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 205
Explanations of Indigenous Conditions 206
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Idle
No More 208
Class and Gender Diversity 208
xii contents

QUEBEC: NATIONALISM AND IDENTITY  209 SUMMARY 242

The Social Basis of Québécois Nationalism 209 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 243
Who Is Québécois? 211 GLOSSARY 243
IMMIGRATION: STATE FORMATION AND ECONOMIC NOTE 244
DEVELOPMENT 212
Factors That Shape Canadian Immigration 213
Contemporary Immigration Categories 215
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION Transnational
Ethnicity 216
PART 4 INST IT U T IONS
ETHNIC INEQUALITY AND THE CANADIAN LABOUR
MARKET 216 Chapter 11
John Porter and the Vertical Mosaic 216
Families Sandra Colavecchia 246
The Declining Significance of the Vertical Mosaic 217
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL Inequality The Ph.D. INTRODUCTION 247
Immigrant Taxi Driver 220 Defining Families 248
SUMMARY 220 Defining Marriage 249
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 221 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FAMILIES 250
GLOSSARY 221 Functionalism 251
Conflict Theory 251
Feminism 252
Chapter 10 Symbolic interactionism 253
Development and Underdevelopment Anthony HISTORICAL AND CROSS-CULTURAL VARIATION 253
Winson 223 Early Hunting and Gathering Societies 253
Preindustrial Society 255
COMMONSENSE THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT 224
Industrialization 255
WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT? 224
THE 1950s AND BEYOND  256
THE RELEVANCE OF DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBAL
Economic Prosperity and the Traditional
INEQUALITIES: SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SECURITY  225
Nuclear Family 256
EARLY THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT 227
Economic Crises and the Emergence of the
Development in Stages 227
Dual-Earner Family 256
Development as a State of Mind 227
CONTEMPORARY TRENDS 257
Development as Dependency 227
Marriage 257
From Contact to Conquest 227
Divorce 257
The Slave Trade 228
Cohabitation 258
The Structural Roots of Underdevelopment 229
Fertility 259
Countries versus Classes as Causes of
Same-Sex Marriage and Same-Sex Couples Raising
Underdevelopment 230
Children 259
Not All Countries Are Alike: Class Alliances and State
Single-Person Households 260
Control 230
Delayed Home-Leaving 260
Beyond Dependency: Agrarian Class Structure and
Transnational and Multi-Family Households 260
Underdevelopment 230
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND IDEOLOGICAL CHANGE 261
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION The Destruction
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION Canada
of Third World Dominance in Manufacturing 231
Is Leading the Pack in Mixed Unions 261
Development in Canada 231
SOCIAL POLICY  262
GEOGRAPHY AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 232
Income Support Policies 262
Criticisms of Diamond’s Thesis 233
Maternity and Parental Leave and Benefits 263
THE NEOLIBERAL ERA: DEBT, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT,
Child Care 264
AND UPHEAVAL IN THE SOUTH 233
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: Protest and Policy Child-Care
The Rise of Neoliberalism 233
Costs Highest in Toronto Area, Lowest in Quebec
Neoliberalism and SAPS as Solutions to Poverty 234
because of Provincial Policies 264
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY How
Implications of Social Policy 265
Should We Measure the Development Gap between
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY Child
Countries? 236
Poverty 265
STATE VIOLENCE, WAR, AND THE PRODUCTION OF
CONCLUSION 266
POVERTY 238
SUMMARY 266
RESISTANCE TO THE NEOLIBERAL NEW WORLD ORDER 240
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 267
Government Resistance 240
GLOSSARY 267
Post-Neoliberalism 241
Popular Resistance 241

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 contents xiii

Chapter 12 Chapter 14

Work and Occupations Sandy Welsh 268 Religion Reginald W. Bibby 321

AN INTRODUCTION TO WORK IN CANADA 269 INTRODUCTION 322

Working in Retail 269 SOCIOLOGY AND RELIGION 323
The Industrial Revolution and Beyond 269 THEORETICAL TRADITIONS 324
WORK IN THE SERVICE ECONOMY  272 Marx and Conflict 324
Good Jobs or Bad Jobs? 273 Durkheim and Collectivity 324
Nonstandard Jobs 274 Weber and Ideas 326
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY The Rise THE NATURE OF RELIGION 326
of the Unpaid Intern 275 Personal Religiosity 327
Why the Rise of Nonstandard Work? 276 Collective Religiosity 328
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION Migrant CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Dollars
Workers 277 for Deity: The Funding of Religious Education 332
Are Nonstandard Jobs Bad Jobs? 277 THE SOURCES OF RELIGION 335
Work Hours and Work Arrangements 278 Individual-Centred Explanations 335
The Impact of BlackBerrys, iPhones, and Laptops 280 Structure-Centred Explanations 337
LABOUR MARKET SEGMENTATION 281 THE CONSEQUENCES OF RELIGION 339
Job Ghettos and Disadvantaged Groups 282 Personal Consequences 339
Professions 284 Interpersonal Consequences 340
Unions 285 Societal Consequences 342
TECHNOLOGY AND WORK ORGANIZATION 285 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION Why the Global
The Organization of Work 286 Rage Hasn’t Engulfed Canada: Multiculturalism
“WILL I LIKE MY JOB?” JOB SATISFACTION AND and Media Likely Muted Protests 343
ALIENATION 288 THE FUTURE OF RELIGION 344
What Determines Job Satisfaction? 289 SUMMARY 346
Alienation 290 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 347
Finding Work 292 GLOSSARY 347
THE FUTURE OF WORK  294
SUMMARY 295
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 295
GLOSSARY 295
PART 5 CHANGE AND CONFLICT

Chapter 13 Chapter 15
Education Scott Davies 297 Deviance and Crime Julian Tanner 350
INTRODUCTION 298 INTRODUCTION 351
HOW SCHOOLS CONNECT TO SOCIETY: CLASSICAL AND CONCEPTIONS OF CRIME AND DEVIANCE 351
CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES 298 Crime and Deviance as Norm-Violating Behaviour 351
SELECTION 299 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY The Case
Changing School Structure 300 of Obesity 354
Inequality among Students 302 Crime and Deviance as Labels and Social
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY Gender Constructs 355
Segregation in Fields of Study 305 Crime in the News 357
SOCIALIZATION 306 COUNTING CRIME AND DEVIANCE: NUMBERS AND
Changing Forms of Moral Education 307 MEANING 358
Creating Identities? Gender and Race 309 Official Statistics 358
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Equity Regional Variations in Crime Rates 360
Categories and Equity Policy 311 Homicide Rates 360
The Limits of School Socialization 311 Other Data Sources: Self-Report Surveys and Direct
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 313 Observation 362
Theories of School Organization 313 CORRELATES OF CRIME 362
School Authority: From Tradition to Rationality to THEORIES OF CRIME AND DEVIANCE 364
Markets? 314 Strain Theory 364
CONCLUSION 319 Social Learning Theories: Edwin Sutherland and
SUMMARY 319 Differential Association 365
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 320 Control Theory 366
GLOSSARY 320 Routine Activities Theory 366

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xiv contents

CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Blurred Environmental Concern 405

Lines: The Politics of Criminal Justice 367 THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
TYPES OF CRIME AND DEVIANCE 368 ISSUES 407
Gender and Crime 368 Contesting Climate Change 407
Youth, Crime, and Deviance 369 NATURAL RESOURCES 409
Net Effects: Internet Deviance 370 Nonrenewable Resources 409
RESPONDING TO CRIME AND DEVIANCE 370 Renewable Natural Resources 409
Incarceration 370 The Resource Curse 410
INTERVENTION 373 INDUSTRY, ECONOMY, AND THE ENVIRONMENT 411
Preventing Crime 373 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION Global Climate
Big Brother Is Watching You: Surveillance in Everyday Change and the Kyoto Protocol 411
Life 373 Corporate Social Responsibility and Eco-Standards 413
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION The Edward THE ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD  413
Snowden Affair 375 Food Deserts 414
SUMMARY 375 Organic Foods 414
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 376 THE ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH 414
GLOSSARY 376 Risk Management 415
The Precautionary Principle 415
Gender and the Environment 416
Chapter 16 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY Inequality
Population and Urbanization John Hannigan 377 and Environmental Justice 417
Environmental Justice and Canada’s First Nations 419
INTRODUCTION 378 SUMMARY 420
EARLY CITIES 379 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 421
POPULATION ISSUES AND URBAN GROWTH 379 GLOSSARY 421
The Demographic Transition 379
The Industrial City 381
The Development of an Urban-Industrial Economy Chapter 18
in Canada 383
Health and Aging Margaret J. Penning and
Researching the industrial City: The Chicago School 384
Neena L. Chappell 422
Ecology of the Industrial City 385
Urbanization of the Developing World 387 CHALLENGING COMMONSENSE BELIEFS ABOUT HEALTH AND
THE CORPORATE CITY  388 AGING 423
The Corporate Suburb 389 INDIVIDUAL AND POPULATION AGING 424
THE POSTMODERN CITY  391 HEALTH AND OLD AGE 426
The Edge City 392 Inequality, Health, and Aging 428
The Multiethnic City 393 Explaining Social Inequalities in Health 430
The Dual City 394 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION Multiethnic Individualistic and Sociological Tips for Better
Immigrant Neighbourhoods in Canadian Suburbs 395 Health 432
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY The Walls Intersecting Inequalities and Health over the Life
Were Theirs to Write On 397 Course 432
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Tent City CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: Protest and Policy Why
Eviction 399 We Haven’t Won the War on Cancer 433
SUMMARY 400 HEALTHCARE 434
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 400 Self-Care and Informal Care 435
GLOSSARY 401 Formal Medical and Home Care 436
Healthcare System Change and Reform 437
Privatization and Profitization 437
Chapter 17 SUMMARY 439
Sociology and the Environment S. Harris Ali 402 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 439
GLOSSARY 440
INTRODUCTION 403
The Earth in Danger 403
Incorporating the Environment into Sociological
Analysis 403
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND
CONCERN 404
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY
Environmental Governance 405

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 contents xv

Chapter 19 ARE STATES RELEVANT IN A GLOBAL WORLD? 476

The Three Sisters 476
Politics and Social Movements Robert Brym 441
Empire U.S.A.? 477
INTRODUCTION 442 Global Inequality and the “Fourth World” 478
POWER FROM ABOVE: NORMAL POLITICS 443 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY The Global
Pluralist Theory 445 Brand Backlash 478
Elite Theory 445 THE GLOBAL CONSUMER 480
Power-Balance Theory 447 Globalization of Consumption 480
State-Centred Theory 449 Culture as Commodity? 480
POWER FROM BELOW: POLITICS BEYOND THE RULES 452 Cultural Imperialism? 481
Relative-Deprivation Theory 452 Consumer Alternatives: Fair Trade 481
Resource Mobilization Theory 452 Ecological Consequences of Consumerism 483
Framing Discontent 453 GLOBAL WORKERS 484
Refrain: Back to 1968 454 Wage Labour and Wage Inequality 484
THE HISTORY AND FUTURE OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 455 Searching for Cheap Labour: “The Race to the
I. The Rich Countries 455 Bottom” 485
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY The GLOBAL ECOLOGY  486
Women’s Movement and Electoral Politics 456 Global Food 486
II. The Other 85 Percent 459 SUMMARY 489
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION Will the QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 490
Revolution Be Tweeted? 461 GLOSSARY 490
SUMMARY 462
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 463
GLOSSARY 463 Epilogue
NOTES 464 The Future of Sociology Michael Burawoy 492

MARKETIZATION 492
Chapter 20 SOCIOLOGY VERSUS THE MARKET 492
THE GREAT TRANSFORMATION 493
Globalization Josée Johnston 465
THIRD-WAVE MARKETIZATION 494
THE BURGER AND FRIES GO GLOBAL  466 THREE WAVES OF SOCIOLOGY  495
Globalization or “Globaloney”? 467 CONCLUSION 497
Defining Globalization 467
How Globalization Spreads Unrest 468 REFERENCES 498
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY How
INDEX 544
Inequality Limits Globalization 469
Top-Down versus Bottom-Up Globalization 470
CAPITALISTS GO GLOBAL  471
The Rise of Financial Capital 471 Online Chapter 21
Overcapacity and Centralization 472
Networks, Groups, and Bureaucracies
Growth of the Corporate Giants 474
Robert Brym, Lance Roberts, Lisa Strohschein,
Critics of Corporate Power 475
and John Lie  21-1

*This chapter is available online only, in the MindTap that accompanies

this book.

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may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 About the Authors

ABOUT THE GENERAL EDITOR
AND CONTRIBUTOR
ROBERT BRYM
Robert Brym is S. D. Clark
Chair in the Department of
Sociology at the University
of Toronto. He is a Fellow
of the Royal Society of
Canada, a member of the
President’s Teaching Academy, and a winner of the
Northrop Frye Prize for academic and teaching excel-
lence. His introductory-level textbooks have been
published in Canada, Quebec (in French), the United
States, Brazil (in Portuguese), and Australia. He has
published research on the sociology of intellectuals,
social movements in Canada, Jews in Russia, and col-
lective and state violence in Israel and Palestine.
Currently, his research focuses on the 2010–11 Arab
Spring and the ensuing Arab Winter.

ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS REGINALD W. BIBBY

Reginald W. Bibby is one of
Canada’s leading experts on reli-
S. HARRIS ALI gious and social trends. He holds
the Board of Governors Research
S. Harris Ali is a sociologist
Chair in Sociology at the
working in the Faculty of
University of Lethbridge. For
Environmental Studies at York
more than three decades, he has
University, Toronto. His research
been monitoring Canadian social
interests involve natural and tech-
trends through his Project Canada national surveys of
nological disasters, environmental
adults and teenagers, recently in partnership with
management, and the relation-
Angus Reid. Dr. Bibby has presented his findings in
ship of the environment to human
academic settings around the world. He also has taken
health. He has written articles on a wide range of topics,
his work well beyond the academic community through
including infectious disease outbreaks (e.g., E. coli
innumerable public appearances, extensive media
O157:H7, tuberculosis, SARS, and H1N1); the political
exposure, and 13 best-selling books. They include
economy of disasters (e.g., a plastics recycling fire in
Fragmented Gods (Toronto: Irwin, 1987), Beyond the
Hamilton, Ontario; mining disasters in Nova Scotia;
Gods & Back (Lethbridge, AB: Project Canada Books,
and heat waves in Toronto); and the environmental
2011), Mosaic Madness (Toronto: Stoddart, 1990), The
management of solid waste. His most recent research
Boomer Factor (Toronto: ECW Press, 2006), and The
analyzes the disputes and controversies related to the
Emerging Millennials (Lethbridge, AB: Project Canada
proposed Northern Gateway and Keystone XL pipe-
Books, 2009). In recognition of his contribution to the
lines designed to carry oil extracted from the Alberta tar
nation, the Governor General appointed him an
sands to British Columbia and the U.S. Gulf Coast.
Officer of the Order of Canada in 2006.

NEL

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may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xviii A bout the A uthors

SONIA BOOKMAN University of Victoria, where she continues to conduct

research. She has published more than 300 academic
Sonia Bookman is Assistant
articles and reports. She is past President of the
Professor in the Department of
Canadian Association on Gerontology and of Academy
Sociology at the University of
II (Social Sciences) of the Royal Society of Canada.
Manitoba, where she teaches
courses in consumer culture,
media and society, and urban
SANDRA COLAVECCHIA
sociology. She is a graduate of
the University of Winnipeg Sandra Colavecchia received her
(B.A. Honours) and the University of Manchester Ph.D. from the University of
(M.A. and Ph.D., 2006). Her research interests are in Toronto and is now an Assistant
the sociology of brands and branding, urban culture, Professor in the Department
and consumption. Her work on these topics is pub- of Sociology at McMaster
lished in various books and journals, including the University, where she teaches
Journal of Consumer Culture, Cultural Sociology, and introductory sociology and soci-
Space and Culture. ology of families. Her teaching
interests include teaching tech-
nologies, active learning, and academic skill develop-
MICHAEL BURAWOY ment. Her research interests are in sociology of families
and family policy. Sociology is not just a job for her—it
Michael Burawoy teaches sociology at the University
is a lens through which she understands her life and the
of California, Berkeley. He is President of the
world around her. She strives to share her excitement
International Sociological Association and former
about sociology with her students.
President of the American Sociological Association.
He has authored more than 125 scholarly articles
and authored or co-authored 10 books, including SCOTT DAVIES
Manufacturing Consent (Chicago: University of
Scott Davies is Professor of
Chicago Press, 1982), a classic study of change in
Leadership, Higher and Adult
the capitalist labour process, and Global Ethnography
Education, at the University of
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000),
Toronto. He has studied social
a pioneering work on ethnographic sociological
movements and organizations in
research in the postmodern world.
education and is currently exam-
ining the emergence of academic
inequalities from preschool to
NEENA J. CHAPPELL
postsecondary levels. He has won awards from the
Neena Chappell, F.R.S.C., American Education Research Association and the
F.C.A.H.S., Canada Research Canadian Education Research Association, and has
Chair in social gerontology, has been an associate editor and editorial board member
been conducting research in the of several journals. With Neil Guppy, he is author of
area of aging for more than three editions of The Schooled Society.
30 years. Throughout her career,
she has sought to demonstrate
the value and relevance of sociological thought and
NEIL GUPPY
research for applied issues in aging. She believes that Neil Guppy is Professor of
rigorous university-based social science research has a Sociology at the University of
critical role to play in the nonuniversity community. British Columbia. He is a
Her interests include caregiving, health, and social graduate of Queen’s University
policy in Canada and cross-nationally. She has estab- (B.A./B.P.H.E.) and the
lished two university research centres on aging, one at University of Waterloo
the University of Manitoba and the other at the (M.Sc./Ph.D., 1981). He has

NEL

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may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

published several books, including Education in Canada
(Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1998, with Scott Davies),
The Schooled Society, 3rd ed. (Toronto: Oxford
University Press, 2014, with Scott Davies), and
Successful Surveys, 4th ed. (Toronto: Thomson Nelson,
2008, with George Gray). Recently, he has published
work in the American Sociological Review, Canadian
Public Policy, and International Migration Review. At
UBC, he has received both a University Killam
Teaching Prize and a University Killam Research
Prize.
JOHN HANNIGAN
John Hannigan is Professor of
Sociology at the University of
Toronto Scarborough (UTSC),
where he teaches courses in
urban and environmental soci-
ology. He attended the
University of Western Ontario
and Ohio State University,
where he received his Ph.D. in
1976. While at Ohio State, he
was a Research Associate at the Disaster Research
Center. He is the author of three books: Environmental
Sociology (1995, 2006, 2014), Fantasy City: Pleasure and
Profit in the Postmodern City (1998), both published by
Routledge (New York), and Disasters Without Borders:
The International Politics of Natural Disasters (Polity
Press, U.K., 2012). Fantasy City was nominated for the
1999/2000 Canadian Sociology and Anthropology
Association (CSAA) John Porter Award. Environmental
Sociology has been translated into Portuguese, Japanese,
Chinese, and Korean. Dr. Hannigan is a frequent con-
tributor to media discussions of culture and urban
development, having appeared on National Public
Radio (United States), in The Independent (Britain), and
in The Globe & Mail (Canada). He has served in a
number of administrative posts including Graduate
Director and Associate Chair in the Department of
Sociology (1999–2002); Interim Chair, Department of
Social Sciences, UTSC (2003); and Secretary, CSAA
(2000–03). Polity Press (U.K.) will publish his most
recent book, The Geopolitics of Deep Oceans, in 2015.
NEL
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may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
A bout the A uthors xix
JOSÉE JOHNSTON
Josée Johnston is Associate
Professor of Sociology at the
University of Toronto. Her
major interest is the sociological
study of food, which is a lens for
investigating questions relating
to culture, politics, gender, and
the environment. She co-
authored (with Shyon Baumann)
Foodies: Democracy and Distinction in the Gourmet
Foodscape (New York: Routledge, 2014 [2010]), as well
as Food and Femininity (Bloomsbury, 2015) (with Kate
Cairns). She has also published articles in the American
Journal of Sociology, Theory and Society, Signs: Journal of
Women in Culture and Society, and Gender and Society.
Her research has been supported by the Social Sciences
and Humanities Research Council and the Canadian
Institute for Health Research. In 2009, she was awarded
the Province of Ontario’s five-year Early Researcher
Award. Professor Johnston teaches courses on the soci-
ology of food and globalization with an emphasis on
inequality, social justice, and sustainability.
HARVEY KRAHN
Harvey Krahn is a Professor
of Sociology at the University
of Alberta. His research
interests include social
inequality, the sociology of
work, the sociology of edu-
cation, immigration, envi-
ronmental sociology, and
political sociology. He typically uses quantitative
research methods but has also participated in studies
employing qualitative and historical methods. His
largest research project involves interviewing a sample
of 400 individuals seven times over 25 years to learn
more about school–work transitions and how social
inequality is reproduced across generations. He is one
of three co-authors of a textbook on the sociology of
work (Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7th ed.
Toronto: Nelson, 2015) and has published research
findings in a wide range of scholarly journals.
xx A bout the A uthors

RHONDA L. LENTON tance of self, informal, and formal care for dealing
with chronic illness and disability in middle and later
Rhonda Lenton is Professor,
life; the impact of structural inequalities on health and
Vice-President Academic,
healthcare; and healthcare restructuring and reform
and Provost at York
in the Canadian context. She is currently the principal
University. In addition to
investigator of a program of research focusing on
providing strategic leadership
transitions and trajectories in late-life care.
for the university, she has
oversight for institutional
change management and academic resource planning.
LANCE W. ROBERTS
She is currently a board member of the Ontario Online
Consortium and the Ontario Council on Articulation Lance Roberts was born in
and Transfer. Her areas of teaching and research exper- Calgary, grew up in
tise include research methods and data analysis, gender, Edmonton, and received
sexual harassment, and family violence. She has pub- his Ph.D. from the
lished peer-reviewed book chapters and articles in an University of Alberta. He
array of academic journals, and she is currently working is a Fellow of St. John’s
on a book based on a national study of marital conflict College and Professor of
in Canada. She also led a team on a project recently Sociology at the University
published by the Higher Education Quality Council of of Manitoba, where he teaches Introductory Sociology
Ontario assessing the impact of community-based and as well as research methods and statistics courses. In
community-service learning on student learning, as the last decade, he has received several teaching
well as opportunities for faculty development. awards, including his university’s Dr. and Mrs. H. H.
Saunderson Award for Excellence in Teaching. His
current research interests cover the comparative
JOHN LIE charting of social change, educational concerns, and
John Lie was born in South mental health issues. In addition to publishing in
Korea, grew up in Japan and research journals, Dr. Roberts recently co-authored
Hawaii, and received his A.B., The Methods Coach, The Statistics Coach, and
A.M., and Ph.D. degrees from Understanding Social Statistics: A Student’s Guide through
Harvard University. His main the Maze (Oxford University Press), all aimed at
interests are in social theory and helping students master fundamental research tech-
political economy. Currently he niques. He enjoys teaching Introductory Sociology
is the C. K. Cho Professor of and is currently developing a variety of tools to enlarge
Sociology at the University of his students’ sociological imaginations.
California, Berkeley, where he previously served as the
Dean of International and Area Studies. His recent
publications include Zainichi (Koreans in Japan) VIC SATZEWICH
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2008) Vic Satzewich is Professor
and Modern Peoplehood: On Race, Racism, Nationalism, of Sociology at McMaster
Ethnicity, and Identity, paperback ed. (Berkeley, CA: University. He has pub-
University of California Press, 2011). lished many books and
articles on various aspects
of immigration, racism,
MARGARET J. PENNING
and ethnic relations in
Dr. Penning is interested in the Canada. He has recently completed a major study of
sociology of health and health- discretion in the immigrant selection system in
care, as well as aging. In par- Canada. His most recent books include “Race”
ticular, she is interested in and Ethnicity in Canada: A Critical Introduction
examining issues of loneliness (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2013); Racism in
and social support; the impor- Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2011);

NEL

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may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Transnational Identities and Practices in Canada
(Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press,
2006); and The Ukrainian Diaspora (New York:
Routledge, 2002). In 2005, he received the
Outstanding Contribution Award of the Canadian
Sociology Association.
LISA STROHSCHEIN
Lisa Strohschein (rhymes with
sunshine) was born in Ontario,
Canada, and received her Ph.D.
at McMaster University in
2002. She is currently Associate
Professor and Associate Chair
(Undergraduate) in the
Department of Sociology at the University of Alberta.
In her research, she investigates how family dynamics
are related to health and well-being, with a specific focus
on the impact of divorce on adults and children. Her
current projects include a federally funded grant to
describe and evaluate the social implications of new
family forms in Canada and an international collabora-
tion that will compare how Canadian and American
youth navigated the transition to adulthood during the
Great Recession.
JULIAN TANNER
Julian Tanner is a Professor
of Sociology at the
University of Toronto.
His interest in the soci-
ology of crime and devi-
ance, particularly youth
crime and youth culture,
derives from his school
days in England—as both
a student in an all-boys boarding school and, later on,
as a secondary-school teacher. In addition to under-
graduate and graduate courses in crime and deviance,
he has taught and researched in the areas of school-
to-work transitions (high-school dropouts, the effects
of part-time jobs, and so on), the sociology of work
(the industrial and political attitudes and behaviours
of male manual workers, gender and the professions),
young people, and popular music. In the recent past,
he has studied patterns of crime and victimization
among young people in Toronto and youth gang
activity, and is currently investigating youth and guns.
NEL
Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
A bout the A uthors xxi
SANDY WELSH
Sandy Welsh is Professor of
Sociology and Vice-Dean,
Graduate Education and
Program Reviews, in the
Faculty of Arts and Science at
the University of Toronto. She
studies work and occupations,
gender, sociology of law, and
social policy. Her current research explores how changes
in federal and provincial regulations affect the adoption
and implementation of workplace harassment and
work–family policies in Canadian corporations.
Ongoing research collaborations focus on how the
pending regulation of Homeopaths, Naturopaths and
Traditional Chinese Medicine/Acupuncturists in
Ontario is changing these occupational groups. Her
research has appeared in Gender & Society, Social Problems,
Annual Review of Sociology, Sociology of Health and
Illness, and Social Science and Medicine. With Dr. Tracey
Adams, she co-authored The Organization and Experience
of Work (Nelson, 2008). She has received funding from
SSHRC, CIHR, Status of Women Canada, and other
foundations. Dr. Welsh provides expert testimony on
sexual harassment for the Ontario and Canadian Human
Rights Commissions and in other legal forums. She is a
recipient of the University of Toronto Faculty of Arts
and Sciences Outstanding Teaching Award.
ANTHONY WINSON
Anthony Wi n s o n ’s
research and publications
have focused on agricul-
ture, food, and rural
development issues
related to Canada and the
developing world. He is
the author of Coffee and Democracy in Modern Costa Rica
(London: Macmillan, 1989), The Intimate Commodity:
Food and the Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex
in Canada (Toronto: Garamond, 1993), and Contingent
Work, Disrupted Lives: Labour and Community in the
New Rural Economy (University of Toronto, 2002,
with Belinda Leach). Contingent Work won the 2003
John Porter Tradition of Excellence Book Award of
the Canadian Sociology Association. He has recently
co-edited (with M. Koc and J. Sumner) Critical
Perspectives in Food Studies (Toronto: Oxford
University Press, 2012). His latest book is entitled
xxii A bout the A uthors
The Industrial Diet: The Degradation of Food and the
Struggle for Healthy Eating (Vancouver: UBC Press and
New York: NYU Press). See his website at www.thein-
dustrialdiet.com and Twitter account @industrialdiet.
MARISSA YOUNG
Marisa Young is an
Assistant Professor in the
Department of Sociology
at McMaster University.
She specializes in research
on the work–family inter-
face and gender differ-
ences in paid and unpaid
Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
work. She is currently working on a series of cross-
sectional and longitudinal projects in Canada and
the United States examining how family and com-
munity contexts shape expectations of work and
family obligations. Her recently published research
examines the impact of workplace resources/
demands on work–family role-blurring; gender dif-
ferences in experiences and family-related conse-
quences of work–family conflict; and the
psychosocial determinants of perceived demands in
the work–family interface. Her future research
plans include further exploring how neighbourhood
context impacts work–family relations and well-
being among family members.
NEL
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 YORITOMO LIBERATING A THOUSAND CRANES IN HONOR OF
HIS VICTORIES.

Although he bequeathed his power and the prestige of his name to

his descendants, thus securing for the latter the possession of the
Shôgunate, the office became a purely nominal affair. Like the
illustrious dead Yoritomo, who had wrested all real authority from the
imperial throne, leaving it only the bare show and pomp of power, so
now the Hōjō stepped in, and in their hands the Minamoto Shôguns
were but puppets moving at the will of their so-called guardians.
Daily the Hōjō adherents grew in strength and numbers, and every
position of trust and influence was soon occupied by them and their
creatures. In the arrogance of their pride, engendered by a long
continuance of absolute power, they at last did what even the great
Yoritomo himself had never dared to do,—they failed to pay even
outward reverence to the Emperor, and openly showed the mailed
hand by which he was ruled. Mikado after Mikado was forced to
abdicate in favor of some other member of the imperial family whom
the Hōjō thought more devoted to their interests, and the ex-
Emperors who had provoked their resentment—banished, sent into
exile, or forced into cloisters—were treated with rigor, often with
humiliating severity.
Such a course could not last. Neither the prestige gained for the
Hōjō by their military talents,—which in the year 1279 had repelled
the invasion of the great Mongol Chieftain Kublai Khan, with its
myriads of ships and its numberless army,—nor the merits of their
civil administration, which preserved internal peace, promoted
agriculture, industry, and trade, and showed harshness only in what
might be thought to trench upon their assumed prerogatives, could
reconcile the people to the disrespect shown to their Emperors. The
gods from whom the latter descended must sooner or later take
vengeance not only upon the desecrators, but also upon the people
who stood passively by and permitted this unholy work to proceed
without interfering.
Although hardly probable, it is yet perhaps barely possible, that the
Hōjōs harbored the thought of being able some day to usurp the
imperial throne; and it may have been this hope which dictated their
policy. They could not but know that such a consummation might be
looked for only after long years of preparation, and they therefore
tried to lessen the imperial prestige by forcing successive Mikados to
abdicate, and making light of their sacred rights and prerogatives.
But if some such deep-laid scheme really animated their course,
events proved that they had miscalculated the force of the feeling
which inspired the people, and which made love and reverence for
their Emperors the foundation of their patriotism and religion.
Repeated outbreaks against the Hōjō domination had occurred
within the last decade; but they had been quelled before assuming
any serious dimensions, and
summary punishment dealt out
to those concerned in them.
One of these, which had been
instigated in secret by the son
of the reigning Emperor, had
caused the father to lose his
throne and be banished to a
distant island, while the son
was forced to shave his head
and enter a convent, and
eventually to leave even that
retreat and flee to the
mountains to save his life.
Ono ga Sawa, although he
hated the Hōjō at heart, was
too prudent, without seeing a
reasonable chance of success,
to commit himself to any
movement which might
endanger his house and his
life. The great want of the
disaffected was a leader,—one
who by birth, position, and
personal qualities might
command the confidence and
esteem of all classes among
them. At last, however, news MAN IN ARMOR.
arrived at Kuwana in the fall of
the year that Nitta Yoshisada
had raised the standard of revolt and called upon the whole country
to assist him. This new champion of the Mikado was lord of the
castle of Nitta; and he as well as his brother, the lord of the castle of
Ashikaga, who had joined him in the rising, were direct descendants
of a celebrated Minamoto chief, their fiefs, which lay in contiguous
provinces, within easy distance of the Hōjō stronghold Kamakura,
having been in uninterrupted possession of themselves and their
forefathers for nearly four hundred years.
Nitta had earned a high military reputation while serving as captain
in the Hōjō armies. He had been deputed with a large force to
subdue Kusunoki Masashige, who had thrice within three years
raised the flag of revolt, and although defeated each time, had still
managed to escape to unfurl anew the imperial standard and
assemble soldiers in its defence. Although Nitta had always been
ready to support the Hōjō chiefs against rivals, or even in schemes
of personal aggrandizement, he yet had no wish to fight against the
supporters of the Mikado. He dared not refuse the command offered
to him, as he would thus lay himself open to suspicion, and suspicion
then meant death. His resolution in this dilemma was soon made.
Having started with his troops, he carefully sounded the temper of
the officers and men; and finding it what he expected, exhibited a
commission which he had procured from the exiled Emperor, at the
same time describing to them in an eloquent and affecting speech
the condition of their rightful rulers. They one and all agreed to fight
for the cause which they had been sent to overthrow.
All previous outbreaks had been confined to distant provinces, and
the lack of unity and concerted action, together with the want of
military ability among many of the would-be leaders, had resulted in
their easy suppression by the disciplined forces sent against them.
Nitta was resolved to carry the war into the enemy’s country, where
he knew the disaffected would muster in great numbers as soon as a
favorable opportunity should present itself; but for a time he pitched
his camp at his own castle. Before setting out, however, he sent
proclamations to the different provinces, stating his intention of
restoring the wrongfully exiled Mikado to the possession of the
throne and to the enjoyment of that supreme power which belonged
to him, and calling upon all loyal subjects to aid in carrying out this
sacred mission. Nitta’s emissaries were everywhere received with
joy and acclamation, and with promises of aid in men, money, and
war material,—promises which, as the immediate future showed,
were religiously kept.
 CHAPTER VII.
When Ono ga Sawa heard of Nitta’s rising and the manifesto, he
hesitated not a moment, but immediately proclaimed himself one of
those who were determined to secure to the Emperors their legal
rights. On account of his bodily infirmities, he was unable to take an
active part himself; but couriers were immediately despatched
assuring Nitta of his support, and promising that two thousand of his
best fighting men should leave Kuwana and march to Nitta’s aid
within four days. He was as good as his word, and within the
specified time as fine a body of troops as could be found in any part
of the Empire, well equipped and provided with all necessaries, were
ready to march in defence of their Emperors against the Hōjō
usurpers.
Sennoske naturally formed one of their number; but, contrary to
the Duke’s apprehensions, Mutto had not asked to join the
expedition, and the latter’s faithful and efficient services were so well
appreciated by this time that Ono ga Sawa felt greatly relieved at
being assured of having him by his side in case of any local
disturbance which Hōjō partisans might raise.
While making his hurried preparations, it seemed to Sennoske that
his father was several times on the point of telling him what he felt
must be the secret of his life; but each time Mutto checked himself,
changing the conversation to other subjects, and the last day of
Sennoske’s stay had nearly passed away without his having learned
anything in regard to it. He had not yet found time in the hurry of
preparation to take leave of Muramasa and O Tetsu. Going to
Senjuin late in the evening, when all his arrangements for departure
had been completed, he found the girl at the open door of the forge
awaiting his arrival, the smith and his son being within, busily
engaged in work. The young man followed his future little wife, as he
already sometimes playfully called her, to a room above; and there
the two exchanged those vows and professions of love and promises
of eternal faithfulness which, in Japan as well as everywhere else,
have been repeated millions of times before, and will be repeated
millions of times again. Then their talk ran on, and became
principally a reiteration of the hope of meeting each other again, with
flattering prognostications on the part of O Tetsu as to the
distinctions which her lover was sure to gain in battle; and in spite of
the latter’s deprecating remonstrance, it was evident by his pleased
looks that he listened not unwillingly. His was a handsome face, and
the flush of enthusiasm and of sanguine youthful ambition which now
sat upon it enhanced its natural beauty.
So engrossed were the lovers in each other that they took no note
of the opening of the sliding door of the room, and both started upon
hearing the voice of O Tetsu’s father, whom they now saw standing
close beside them, holding in his hand a sword splendidly mounted
in gold, and wrapped in rich silk. There was a kindly look on his face
such as even his daughter had rarely seen there before; and when
he asked her to leave them alone for a few moments, his naturally
harsh and firm voice was modulated in a soft and tender tone. His
rugged, athletic frame evidently shook with strong emotion; but
Sennoske, who had often seen him when laboring under strong
excitement, knew that this time the moving cause was neither anger
nor hate.
“Take this sword,” he said, Sennoske the while becoming almost
delirious with joy; “a better one I never forged in my life.” Then, after
a moment’s pause, he added: “I have learned to feel more affection
for you, Sennoske, than I thought I could ever feel for any one
outside of my own family, partly probably because I trust that with
you my daughter will be happy; but I also love you for your own
sake, and because your youthful ambition reminds me of a time
when I was like you. I hope and trust that your fate points to a
happier lot than mine has been. I am of humble birth; and this, with
the peace reigning over the land, has proved an impassable barrier
to my achieving distinction in arms and carving out a name for
myself that might, as I once dreamed, stand worthily by the side of
Japan’s great heroes.
 “Oh! the misery of feeling that one possesses the strength of arm
and the resolute will to achieve great things, and yet to lack every
means of action; to be treated as an inferior by every one of those
proud samurai, the immediate forefathers of many of whom have
been of as low birth as myself, and only achieved distinction in the
glorious Gempei wars! I was born to the humble lot of a peasant, to
labor from early morn until late at night, while my food was of the
poorest and scantiest description; but I would have worked ten times
harder, and been satisfied with even worse fare, if I could have had a
chance of bettering my fortunes. To accomplish this and rise above
the station in which I was born, I could see only one road open to
me,—to become a renowned sword-smith. It was not easy to do this.
I had no father and no brother to initiate me into the secrets of the art
handed down from father to son, generation after generation during
hundreds of years, as is the rule with the craft. Many a weary mile
did I travel, enduring hunger and thirst and, what was worse to me,
numberless slights and indignities, before I found one who was
without son or male kindred, and with whom I succeeded in obtaining
service. He had a daughter; and no lovesick swain ever showed
more outward tokens of the depth and strength of his devotion, or
spoke more passionate words of burning love to the object of it, than
did I to that ugly shrew, whom I loathed from my very soul when I
gave her my hand and took her name. For seven long years did I
dissemble, performing the most menial services to prove my
faithfulness, before my master and father-in-law thought fit to initiate
me into the first principles of the art. My teacher could tell me little
more, and I soon outstripped him.
“The gods have been kind to me, and have rewarded me for my
prayers by granting me skill and ability; have answered my fasting
and my devotion, my days and nights of restless toil, by allowing me
to discover many secrets which are unknown to others. Oh, the
fools, the fools! they think that steel is dead because it is cold and
motionless and without apparent life! Thrice-told fools and idiots!
they kill the life which exists in the iron as it comes from Nature, and
they give no other in return; and yet they know from their forefathers,
and have learned to prattle, that the sword is the living soul of the
samurai.
 “There is life in this blade
which I give you to-day, my
boy,—better, finer, and
richer life than in most of
the boors who try to fashion
a sword. But remember that
on this account, unless you
use it wisely and carefully,
this sword is a dangerous
gift. Never draw it unless
you need its help; never
return it to its scabbard
without using it; and never
let it remain undrawn longer
than a cycle of twelve
years. Should you ever by
any unforeseen fatality
have drawn and exposed it
to the light of the sun, the
moon, or the stars without
being able to use it on the
enemy who provoked you,
then before returning it to
its scabbard use it on some
inferior animal; but never
think of sheathing it without
the blade having come in
PEASANT.
contact with the blood of
something still living. If you
act thus, you will find it your
devoted friend; it will obey and even anticipate your thoughts and
desires; with the least guidance it will strike your enemies and those
who are opposed to you in their weakest places unto death, in spite
of numbers and courage, in spite of armor and helmet. But if you fail
in obeying the directions I have given you, the blade will turn upon
and mark you for its victim with equal certainty; and even were you
to bury it in the deep ocean, it would not fail to wreak vengeance
upon you.”

SENNOSKE RECEIVING THE SWORD FROM THE SMITH.

The mainspring which moved the nature of the smith was evident.
Sennoske, although he was young and inexperienced in the
passions which stir the heart and guide the actions of men, was yet a
keen observer, and he could now easily fathom the depths of the
sword-smith’s strange nature. He saw that the man’s ruling passion
was ambition,—ambition so inordinate that it could never be
satisfied, and which, burning so fiercely without hope of realization,
had retired into itself and assumed the semblance of a morose and
misanthropic disposition. The mildness apparent in him when he
entered the room had passed away after a few moments; and as he
recounted his sufferings and disappointments, the play of his
features and the tones of his speech had been a fitting
accompaniment to the words he uttered. Yet his voice had never
been loud, and while allowing scope to his passions he still evidently
held them in check. Nevertheless the eyes which shone like coals of
fire, and the half-hissing sound of his utterance showed plainly how
deeply he was moved by dwelling upon his real and fancied wrongs.
Sennoske had often seen fierce outbreaks of temper; yet as he now
listened he gave an involuntary start, due not so much to what was
presented to his senses as to the thought of how fierce a volcano
must have been burning for years in that herculean frame. Slight as
the movement was, it did not escape the smith; it arrested
immediately the force of the current into which he had drifted with the
recital of these reminiscences, and as he continued he resumed the
quiet earnestness which he had shown upon first entering.
“I have long looked forward to the breaking out of this war, and I
thought at one time that my son would realize my hopes of a glorious
career in arms; but although physically strong and active, he does
not possess a nature to achieve great things. You, however, I firmly
believe, will make a name. When you return from this campaign the
hand of O Tetsu shall be yours; and the name of Muramasa shall
indeed be coupled, not only with the skill of the forge, but also with
the memory of heroic deeds. This sword which I give you forms part
of the dowry of your future bride, with whom I will now leave you to
say your last farewell. Before you start for the seat of war, if your
father is as yet unacquainted with what I know is your wish as well
as mine, I desire you to inform him of the purport of our
conversation.”
 The parting of the lovers was of necessity brief, as it was time for
Sennoske to return; but deep love and passionate devotion spoke on
both sides, and O Tetsu was overjoyed at hearing that her father had
openly countenanced their mutual affection. As the young man
passed through the forge on his way home, he again wished to thank
the smith for his princely gift; but Muramasa, who had relapsed into
his usual taciturn mood, stopped him short, telling him that his father
had a right to whatever time was still at his disposal. With a few
words of farewell to the smith and his son, and a last look at O
Tetsu’s window, he tore himself away.
When he reached home he found his father sitting beside the
brazier, with letters and papers spread out before him. At the sight of
the magnificent sword, Mutto showed even more emotion than his
son had expected under the circumstances. He looked at it on all
sides, weighed it in his hands, and partly withdrew the blade, slowly,
inch by inch, replacing it only to withdraw it similarly over and over
again. While this was going on, Sennoske, not without a sinking
heart, acquainted him with what had happened regarding O Tetsu;
but, contrary to his fears and expectations, the recital elicited no
displeasure and hardly any surprise.
 RESENTING AN INSULT.

“Many a man superior to you in worldly position would willingly and

gladly marry an Eta if she brought him such a dowry,” was the
response; “and even without this princely gift I could have raised no
objection to your marriage with one who is in other respects your
equal. But, my boy,” Mutto continued, in a tone which showed that he
was powerfully affected, “you run a risk beyond that of any of your
companions. With your strength, your skill in arms, and your
discriminating wisdom, I have no fears for you as to the ordinary
chances of battle. If you fall, it will be as a hero. Otherwise, with all
these advantages, added to the sword you carry, you will be sure to
achieve distinction.
“There is, however, a task which devolves upon you where no
public honor is to be gained, and where the danger is infinitely
greater,—nay, where it is extremely doubtful whether you will survive
success, or even the mere attempt to achieve it. I have refrained
from speaking to you about this heretofore, and my intention was to
give you all the particulars to-day. But upon mature consideration I
have determined again to defer it. Old Yamagawa, who accompanies
you, knows the matter, and has my orders to disclose it to you when
the occasion demands. I know you will not hesitate a moment to do
and dare everything to accomplish the object I have in view; but act
with prudence and circumspection, and do not endanger yourself
recklessly. My future without you would be dreary; and although I
should not hesitate to sacrifice your young, hopeful life in the pursuit
of a just vengeance, yet to see that vengeance accomplished and
still preserve you would be happiness indeed. You have yet to take
leave of the Duke, and you will naturally desire to show your sword
at court. Do not be chary of doing so; it will be of great benefit to you.
You will start with the first approach of dawn, and we will spare each
other the pain of any further leave-taking. So farewell, and may the
gods protect and prosper you!”
 Sennoske was deeply touched; yet, with the varied emotions
which the day had brought forth, the pain of separation was less
acute than under ordinary circumstances it would have been. At the
castle the preparations for the departure of so many men of rank
caused an unusual stir, with attendant bustle and commotion. When,
after having himself announced, Sennoske entered the large
audience-hall, he found it filled with court nobles and with those who,
like himself, were bound for the war, and had come to pay their
homage to the Duke before departure. Passing through the crowded
ranks to the raised platform where the Duke had his seat, he there
made the customary low obeisance. Ono ga Sawa, with whom he
had always been a favorite, after addressing him in his usual kindly
way, at once fixed his attention upon the sword, which in truth looked
sufficiently conspicuous.
“What, Sennoske,” he exclaimed, “you, who are such a sober,
steady youth, nevertheless indulge in this finery, and begin to be a
dandy now, when rough life in field and camp is about to open for
you! It must have cost all your pocket-money to have this tinsel put
on your sword. In my time we took pride only in the blade itself, and
carried it in unvarnished plain wooden scabbards. Is it your old
sword, or have you also exchanged it for some modern weapon
which glitters and shines to match the outside, but which will break
as soon as your hand causes it to fall upon helmet or cuirass?”
“It is a Muramasa, your Highness, which the smith himself gave
me less than two hours ago; and if it be only as true as the hand and
heart of him who guides it, it will not fail in splitting the helmets and in
passing through the bucklers and armor of those against whom your
Highness bids me draw it.”
While speaking, Sennoske offered the sword for inspection to the
Duke, whose astonishment, shared by every one present, was so
great that he could not control it; and the youth remained with the
weapon in his outstretched hands for several moments before the
other recovered sufficiently to take it from him. Looking at it in the
orthodox fashion, by withdrawing it slowly and carefully, inch by inch,
until about half of it was exposed, Ono ga Sawa’s astonishment gave
way to admiration; and so absorbed did he become in his gaze, that
notwithstanding those present in the hall, whose surprise had been
as great as that of their chief, pressed around him closer than court
etiquette ordinarily permitted, he seemed utterly oblivious of their
curiosity. A long time elapsed before he even looked up, and then
those around, recollecting themselves, hastily drew back; but his
thoughts were as yet too much occupied with the sword to notice any
impropriety.
“To a warrior by birth and training like myself there is nothing in my
dominions of equal value with your sword, Sennoske,” the Duke said
at last; “and to tell you to be careful of such a treasure would be like
asking the heavens to guard the sun, like telling a child to cherish its
parents, like importuning a samurai not to fail in the duty of kataki-
uchi. In the struggle before us, which is the cause of the heaven-
descended Emperors, we need not fear defeat in the end; but should
it happen that any single action in which you participate go against
us, I charge all your companions to see that this sword is not lost,
and that even if you fall, it be brought back here and returned to your
father. It will be the thought of many that Muramasa has
distinguished you in a way which your years hardly justify; but he has
only given expression to opinions which I also hold as to your merit. I
hope and believe you will return safely and with honor; and if my
good wishes count for anything, you have them in the fullest degree.”
Meanwhile the news had been spread in the courtyard by some of
the servants, who had heard it in the hall; and when Sennoske
retired, he found himself surrounded by an eager crowd anxious to
examine his gift and to congratulate him upon his good fortune. Most
of them doubtless were sincere; for he had always been a great
favorite, and there was little to excite envy in the modest manner
with which he had invariably borne himself. He was detained for a
considerable time, and it was nearly midnight before he reached his
home, where Yamagawa waited for him.
Everything was ready for departure; and as he threw himself upon
the quilted mats of his bed for a few hours’ repose, the events of the
day flitted before him, mingled with hopes dictated by ambition, with
a vague dread as to his father’s objects and purposes, and of course
with tender thoughts of O Tetsu. But even these did not prevent him
from soon falling into a deep sleep, which the exertion, the
excitement, and the varied incidents of such an eventful day
naturally induced in a healthy and robust body; still they were
powerful enough to retain their influence over his mind after
consciousness had left it. They conjured up picture after picture of
happiness, and when he awoke a few hours afterward, O Tetsu’s
image was still in his thoughts and her name on his lips.
Rousing himself, his eye fell upon the sword by his side, and then
only did the reality come home to him; with a half sigh, in spite of the
exulting glance which he bestowed upon the weapon, he was soon
dressed and ready for departure. He could hear his father moving
about in the next room, which was separated from his only by a
paper-covered partition; but as he did not come out, Sennoske,
remembering his instructions the day before, made no attempt to see
him again. As he went to join his party, it gave him a pang to
recollect how much more his mind had been occupied with thoughts
of the girl he loved, than of the man who until now had been parent,
friend, teacher, and everything to him; and he muttered a fervent
prayer that it might be granted him to try his strength with his father’s
unknown enemies, and to bring back a cheerful look to that stern,
sad face, so long clouded by sorrow.

SADDLE, STIRRUP, AND SADDLE-CLOTH.

 CHAPTER VIII.
The war in which Sennoske now took part forms one of the most
glorious epochs in Japanese history. On one side was the imperial
family, who in an unbroken line had ruled the land for two thousand
years; and yet this period represented but a small part of the time
during which their authority had been recognized, for they were
directly descended from the gods who had been venerated and
adored from time immemorial. Opposed to the imperial cause was a
horde of usurpers, whose only claim to recognition was the power
which they wielded temporarily, and, as they themselves knew,
unjustly. It was a struggle of the inherited and invested majesty of
right, religion, patriotism, and justice, against usurpation, cunning,
and intrigue; and the result could not be in doubt. Yet it is a subject
of just pride to the imperial family and to the people whom they
govern that victory was achieved in so short a time, a few months
being sufficient for the complete overthrow of the hitherto all-
powerful usurpers. The latter and their adherents fought bravely, and
their natural courage was doubtless stimulated to its utmost by the
knowledge that defeat with them meant utter annihilation,
accompanied with eternal shame and disgrace. Yet their desperate
valor availed them nothing. They fought like burglars caught in the
act; but the cool, steady, and determined loyalty of the imperial
partisans mowed them down as the sharp knife of the husbandman
cuts down noxious weeds.
Although the Kuwana contingent was one of the first to join the
forces of the popular general, Nitta, they found him already greatly
strengthened by numerous volunteers and deserters. Several
encounters which soon took place with detachments of Hōjō forces
sent against them resulted in an easy victory, as large numbers of
the vanquished troops deserted their colors and enlisted for the
righteous cause. In one of these engagements, Nitta, who always
fought in the van of his troops, noticed near him a knight whose
alertness and elasticity of movement, in spite of his complete coat of
mail, could belong only to a young man, while the blows which he
dealt were such as few even among veterans could give,—his sword
at every stroke cleaving a Hōjō armor and going deep into the body
beneath it. It was no other than Sennoske, whom, immediately after
the fray and on the field of battle, Nitta made one of his aids. Others
besides the general had noticed the prowess of the new-comer, and
admiration changed to wonder when he took off his helmet and
showed his fair, boyish face, as yet with scarcely a vestige of beard,
and with a complexion that a girl might have envied.
 SENNOSKE IN BATTLE.

Within a few weeks the army in and around the castle had, in the
opinion of its leader, become strong enough to try issues with the
enemy in the latter’s stronghold. Marching orders were therefore
given, and the troops were told openly that their destination was