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vi Contents
Part III The Structures of Governance 129

5 | The Constitution 130
Constitutions and Constitutionality 131

Features of the Canadian Constitution 137
Understanding the Relationships in the Constitution 141
Citizen Participation in Constitutional Reform 162
Summary 166
Starting Points for Research 168
CBC Archives and TVO’s The Agenda 168
Relevant Websites 168
Review Exercises 169
6 | Rights and Freedoms 170
The Meaning of Rights and Freedoms 172

Emergence of Rights Issues 173
The Pre-Charter Era 174
Life in the Post-Charter Era 176
Applying the Charter 181
Has the Charter “Americanized” Canadian Politics? 188
Summary 188
Brooks__FrontMatter.indd 6 13-02-11 4:15 PM

Contents vii
7 | Federalism 191
What Is Federalism? 192

The Origins, Maintenance, and Demise of Federal States 193
The Origins of Canadian Federalism 196
The Courts and Federalism 201
The Evolution of Canadian Federalism 203
The Federal Spending Power, National Standards, and the Social Union 219
Summary 223
8 | How Parliamentary Government Works in Canada 226
The Organization of Government 227

The Executive Branch 230
The Legislature 251
Is There a Democratic Deficit in Canada? 262
The Judiciary 263
Summary 271

viii Contents
Part IV Participation in Politics 275

9 | Parties and Elections 276
The Definition and Functions of Parties 278

The Origins and Evolution of Canada’s Party System 281
A Divided Electorate: The 2004, 2006, and 2008 Elections 291
Realignments and the 2011 Election 293
The Electoral System and Its Consequences 299
Voting Behaviour 302
Party Finances and Special Interests 307
Summary 312
10 | Interest Groups 314
Charting the Territory 315

The Bias of the Interest-Group System 316
Analytical Perspectives on Interest Groups 320
The Ingredients of Interest-Group Success 326
The Interest-Group System 332
Interest-Group Strategies 334

Contents ix
Summary 340
11 | The Media 343
“The Pictures in Our Heads” 345

What Do the Media Produce? 346
What Determines the Mass Media Product? 351
The Media and Democracy 364
Summary 366
Part V Canadian Political Issues 369

12 | Language, Diversity, and Aboriginal Politics 370
Language Politics 371

Diversity and Politics 383
Aboriginal Politics 401
Summary 416

x Contents
13 | Canada in the World 419
Canada’s Century: The Twentieth or the Twenty-First? 420

Globalization and Canada 421
The Canadian Dilemma in Foreign Affairs 426
What Now with the United States? 429
Summary 433
Glossary 436
Notes 442
Credits 454
Index 455

Figures, Tables,
and Boxes
Figures
2.1 Left/Right Socio-Economic Spectrum 34 5.1 The Structure of Parliament in Canada 147
2.2 Political Power Spectrum 35 5.2 The Constitutional Roots of Ministerial
2.3 The Political Compass 39 Responsibility 149
2.4 Politicalcompass.org and the Ideological 7.1 Public Finance in Canada: Revenue and
Positions of Canadian Political Parties Expenditure as Percentages of GDP for Each
in 2011 40 Level of Government, 1950 and 2009 216
2.5 Strength of Traditional Religious Values: 7.2 Federal Cash Transfers as Percentage of
Canada, United States, France, and Provincial Government Expenditures,
Great Britain, 2000 72 2008–9 216
2.6 Inglehart-Welzel Cultural Map of the 7.3 Federal Cash Transfers to Provinces and
World 73 Territories, 2010–11 217
7.4 Federal Social Transfers as a Percentage of
3.1 Average After-Tax Income Quintiles,
Provincial Program Spending, 1989–2003 222
Canada, 1996 and 2007 84
8.1 The Formal Organization of the Canadian
3.2 Percentage of Unemployed by Province
Parliamentary System of Government 228
in 2009 and 2010 86
8.2 The Republican Presidential System of
3.3 The Gap between the Richest and Poorest
Government of the United States 228
Provinces, 1954–2008 87
8.3 How the System of Checks and Balances
4.1 Opinion on the Charter and the Courts, Works in the United States 229
by Region, 2002 116
8.4 How Responsible Government/The
4.2 Support for Freedom versus Equality, by Westminster System Works in Canada 231
Region, 2002 116
8.5 The Expenditure Management System 239
4.3 Attitudes on Equality, by Region, 2002 117
8.6 Layouts of the Canadian House of Commons
4.4 Province Is Treated with Respect It and the American House of Representatives 259
Deserves, by Region, 1998–2005 117 8.7 How an MP Spends the Day 261
4.5 Trust and Confidence in Federal and 8.8 A Typical Week in the House of
Provincial Governments, by Region, Commons 261
2004 118
8.9 From Bill to Statute 265
4.6 Level of Government That Gives You
8.10 The Structure of Canada’s Court System 266
Most for Your Money, by Region, 2004 118
9.1 Socio-Economic Values as Reflected
4.7 Support for Equalization, by Region,
by Canadian Political Parties 279
2004 119
9.2 Map for Voters on Election Day 303
4.8 Cross-Border Regions 120
Brooks__FrontMatter.indd 11 13-02-15 9:37 AM

xii Figures, Tables, and Boxes
9.3 Voting Behaviour Outside Quebec, 2008 12.1 Ethnic Origins of the Canadian Population,
Election 306 Selected Years 386
9.4 Primary Sources of Public and Private Funding 12.2 Breakdown of Canadian Population by First
of the Federal Political Parties in 2009 310 Language, 2006 386
9.5 Breakdown of Paid Election Expenses by 12.3 Growth of Selected Occupational Groups
Category, 2008 General Election 311 of Women in the Workforce 1996–2006 391
10.1 Interest Group Mind Map 319 12.4 Aboriginal Identity Population as
Percentage of Total Population, Provinces
10.2 Policy Community “Bubble Diagram” 325
and Territories, 2006 403
11.1 Prime-Time TV Viewing in English Canada,
1960-2006 347
Tables
1.1 Variants of Power 7 7.1 Territory and Political Authority 192
1.2 Types of Political Systems 16 7.2 The Federal Division of Powers and
2.1 Kay Lawson’s Summary of Ideologies 38 Responsibilities 200
2.2 American versus Canadian Nationalism 74 8.1 Regional Representation in the Senate 252
3.1 Measuring Class 83 8.2 Recent Landmark Supreme Court Cases 270
3.2 Two Groups Most at Risk for Poverty 85 9.1 Summary of Election Results, 1965–2011 290
4.1 Selected Economic and Population 9.2 Three Models of Leadership Selection 298
Characteristics, by Province 114 9.3 Canadian Voter Participation Rates
5.1 Human Rights and the Charter 142 over Time 303
5.2 Canada’s Hybrid Political System 147 10.1 Interest Groups, Their Funding, and Their
Staff 328
5.3 Amending the Constitution 158
13.1 An Asymmetrical Economic Relationship,
6.1 Classic Charter Cases 177
2009 425

Figures, Tables, and Boxes xiii
Boxes
Democracy Watch
1.4 Is Canada’s Democracy Broken? 17 8.3 An Elected Senate? 254
2.3 The Meaning of Freedom 60 9.3 First-Past-the-Post versus Proportional
3.4 crtc: Protector or Punisher? 100 Representation 301
4.2 Canada: All Things to All People? 121 10.2 Having an Impact: Politician or Special
Interest? 333
5.3 Referendums: Should the Constitution
Be Open to Populist Decision-Making? 163 11.2 The Future of News Media 352
6.1 To Keep or Not to Keep the 12.5 Speak Up for Your Most Important
Notwithstanding Clause 180 Contemporary Issue 415
7.2 Making a Case for Federalism 218 13.1 Our Vision of Ourselves as Canadians 421
Canadian Spotlight
1.3 Timeline: Important Dates in the Evolution of 5.2 The Canada Clause 161
Canadian Democracy up to Confederation 12 5.4 International Law and the Self-Determination
2.1 Timeline: Major Violent Confrontations between of Quebec 167
French Canadians and English Canadians 53 8.1 How Responsible Government/The
2.2 Timeline: Major Violent Confrontations Westminster Model Works in Canada 231
between Aboriginals and Non-Aboriginals 8.5 How a Law Is Passed 264
and/or Political Authorities 56
9.1 What Do Canadians Get Worked Up About?
2.5 Changing Canadian Values 69 Single-Issue Elections in Canadian History 278
3.2 Canada’s Corporate Elite: Where Everyone 12.2 Little Mosque on the Prairie 388
Looks the Same 90
12.3 Timeline: Dates in Women’s Progress
3.3 Canada’s Economic Links to the United States toward Legal and Political Equality 393
and the Rest of the World 98
12.4 Chief Matthew Coon Come Compares Canada
4.1 Modernization and Regionalism 109 to South Africa under Apartheid 410
4.3 The West as Canada’s Internal Colony 122 13.2 Timeline: Canada in the World 430
5.1 Timeline: Canada’s Constitutional History 138

xiv Figures, Tables, and Boxes
Inside Politics
1.1 Some Important Definitions of Politics 8.2 The Role of the Deputy Minister 249
and Power 5 8.4 Edmund Burke and the Role of Members
1.2 Alternative Definitions of State 10 of the Legislature 256
1.5 Measuring Freedom 21 8.6 Chief Justice McLachlin Defends the Court’s
2.4 What Architecture Says about a Nation’s Politics 67 Involvement with Questions of Social Policy 269
6.2 Some General Principles of Interpretation 9.2 Unite the Left? 296
That Guide the Courts in Charter Cases 183 10.1 King of the Interest Group Hill: The ccce 329
7.1 A Tale of Two Countries: Language, 10.3 What Does a Government Relations
Nationalism, and Federalism 195 Firm Sell? 338
7.3 Two Former Premiers and Two Views 10.4 Who Do Government Relations Firms
on Federal Transfers 220 Represent? 339
Media Beat
3.1 The Best of Times? 81 11.4 Editorializing through Public
3.5 The Long Shadow of American Opinion Polls 365
Culture 101 12.1 Do English-Language Posters in Pubs
11.1 The Art of Selling 351 Threaten the French Language in
Quebec? 379
11.3 What Is Canadian Content? 357

Preface
I often wonder if Canadian politics wouldn’t be easier to teach if our system of government
was not a parliamentary democracy. Indeed, Canadian politics is difficult for most students
or citizens to understand without some sort of theoretical training. To the untrained eye,
it appears to be an odd amalgamation of laws, institutions, and accommodations that are
either inherited, borrowed, or invented by Canadians for Canadians. By contrast, totalitar-
ian regimes seem to be easier to grasp, perhaps because of the simplified arrangements, the
efficient and blunt use of power, and the general lack of accommodation. Even the American
democratic system of government, with its constitutional separation of powers and system of
checks and balances, seems prettier to look at and easier to explain. Yet, for all its complexity
and occasional inelegance, Canadian democracy has allowed Canadians for almost a century
and a half to manage their differences, share their resources, protect their rights, and regularly
and peacefully change their governments.
This concise version of Stephen Brooks’s Canadian Democracy is written mainly for those
who are new to Canadian politics. As a long-time teacher of politics, I have discovered that stu-
dents learn politics best when the instructor and the textbook offer early, clear, and frequent
explanations of the “why” of politics, followed immediately by theoretical models, examples,
and illustrations. This is what first enticed me to use Canadian Democracy in my classroom.
Therefore, the concise version has been structured with the same treatment of the key com-
ponents of Canada’s political system around such themes as equality, freedoms, rights, and
access. The five-part structure of the original text has also been kept.
Part I, the introduction, begins with an explanation of why politics is best studied using cer-
tain definitions and scientific methodology. This is followed with explanations of fundamental
concepts such as power, the state, and democracy that continue to be used throughout the book.
Political scientists often refer to political systems as though they were living and breathing
organisms, constantly evolving eco-systems. Part II of the textbook, which includes Chapters
2 to 4, is devoted to understanding the societal context in which Canadian democracy has
evolved and continues to evolve. The reader will notice that comparisons with the United
States are frequent and woven into many chapters. Notwithstanding the obvious historical
and geographic relationship to the United States, the use of comparisons (one democracy to
another) can be very useful in understanding the evolution of a democracy. Chapter 2 dis-
cusses political culture with particular attention to the values, ideologies, and institutions of
Canadian society, as well as the role that culture, in addition to history and geography, has
played in shaping the Canadian political system.
Economics, which is discussed in Chapter 3, is also an important determinant of any
political system, and is a good place to begin our understanding of the forces that shape the
laws, institutions, and policies of a country. Chapter 4 examines regionalism as a constant
theme in Canadian politics. Canadian democracy has had to adapt to its unique historical and

xvi Preface
geographic circumstances. But one of the more fascinating aspects of Canadian politics is how
it has managed to overcome significant internal political divisions such as regional conflict
and disparities.
Part III deals with the structural elements, the heart of Canadian democracy: its
Constitution, institutions, and political arrangements and accommodations.
Newcomers to Canadian politics are often fascinated to learn that much of our Constitution,
the fundamental rules of the game, is unwritten. Chapter 5 is first and foremost an introduc-
tion to the elements of the Canadian Constitution that form the basis for the way Canadians are
governed, which includes the power relationships between different government institutions as
well as the limits citizens place on their politicians and their governments. Chapter 6 expands
on the discussion started in Chapter 5 by familiarizing the reader with the language of rights
and freedoms, looking at how citizens express their demands in a democracy as well as discuss-
ing the effects of the 1982 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms on Canadian society.
The idea of sharing power between a central government and smaller regional
governments—federalism—was considered by the Fathers of Confederation to be a great com-
promise without which there would be no Canada. Chapter 7 shows the reader that while many
Canadians feel a deep sense of commitment to Canada as a country, strong ties to their region
continue to exert a tremendous influence on Canadian politics. The issue of who should play
the dominant role, the provinces or the federal government, continues to be asked and debated.
Another surprise for students of Canadian politics is how very different the Canadian sys-
tem of government is from the American system, in spite of them both being democracies. As
such, the comparison made in Chapter 8 between the two countries’ machinery of government
is often illustrative and educational. It is also interesting to see, in a democracy, the extent to
which the machinery of government is shaped by the values and the expectations of its citizens.
Part IV is an exploration of how Canadians participate in the democracy. If Canadians live
in a democracy, what is the nature of their participation in the country’s politics, and how do
they access politicians and the levers of government? Chapter 9 discusses these matters as well
as the role that elections and political parties play in the democratic process.
Organizations such as interest groups also have a role to play in a democracy, and Chapter 10
is devoted to an analysis and breakdown of the interest-group system in Canada. Chapter 10 also
looks at different theories that help political scientists explain interest-group activities and their
tactics, and which segments of Canadian society benefit the most from interest-group activities.
Most Canadians have an opinion about government and how well or poorly it works.
Chapter 11 looks at some important questions about the role of the media as an agent of change.
The quality of the information provided by the media and the images portrayed therein can
significantly affect how people interact with each other and the political system.
Part V, which includes Chapters 12 and 13, is an analysis of contemporary issues in
Canadian politics. Chapter 12 looks at long-standing issues in Canadian politics: language
politics and the Quebec question; diversity, immigration, and gender politics; and Aboriginal
politics. And finally, Chapter 13 closes the book with a brief look at Canada’s international
presence and the perceptions, values, and expectations that Canadians have about its role on
the world stage.

Preface xvii
What Stephen Brooks wrote in the preface of the seventh edition of Canadian Democracy is
worth repeating: the title of the book is neither a judgment nor a conclusion. It is, rather, a focus.
And the approach is neither an uncritical celebration of Canadian politics nor a lopsided con-
demnation of its shortcomings and failures. By looking at the complex and contested concept
of democracy, we hope to encourage the readers to think about Canadian politics in ways that
will enable them to assess fairly and realistically the performance of Canada’s political system.
Acknowledgements
There was no way of knowing, when I was first asked by OUP, what a personal challenge this
particular project would be. I liked using Canadian Democracy in the classroom. And I was
happy and proud to work on a project that would make the text more accessible and make it
fit into a fourteen-week semester. Nevertheless, the process of abridging any textbook, like a
home renovation, is never as easy as one initially thinks. Countless hours went into ensuring
that the quality of the textbook would not be affected by the reduction in size.
I would like to thank Stephen Brooks and Katherine Skene, Oxford University Press, for
giving me the opportunity to work on Canadian Democracy: A Concise Introduction in spite of
my general lack of experience in the field of writing and editing. They were taking a risk, and I
was surprised at how much leeway and patience I was granted. That being said, I had a tremen-
dous amount of support and assistance from editor Jodi Lewchuk and copy editor Leslie Saffrey.
Support and assistance also came from Claire Moane, Chair of the School of English and
Liberal Studies, Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology, as well as the library staff at
Seneca Libraries. I also received countless suggestions and thoughtful comments from my
colleagues, Mark Rubinstein and Ken Sproul, both social science professors at Seneca College.
And finally, I would like to acknowledge the contributions and encouragement from my
wife, Liz, daughters, Laura, Catherine, and Carolyn, and the members of our extended family.
Our dinnertime conversations and heated debates over politics are a constant reminder of the
importance of being clear, factual, and succinct.
Marc Ménard, Professor, School of English and Liberal Studies,

Faculty of Business, Seneca College, Toronto, Ontario

Highlights of the
Concise Edition
Canadian Democracy: A Concise Introduction presents a succinct overview of Canadian
government and politics without sacrificing depth and breadth of coverage. Key features
of the concise edition include:
• Unique structure and hallmark writing style. The country’s social
values are covered in parts I and II, giving readers a foundation for understanding
Canada’s governmental institutions and political structures, covered in parts III and
IV. Throughout, clear writing and accessible language guide readers through the
sometimes complex world of political process.
Part II
al Context
The Societ Politics 113
s
and Canadian
of Politic prominent
and are more
4 | Regionalism
of major
ons, or fault
lines, are more
than are other
s. re is often at the root
s and divisi government a’s industrial structu The Kyoto Protoc
ol,
ty certain issue politics and a broad n that exists in Canad and the provinces.
In every socie ding of its xt of ge
to mana Politic s The regional variatio and between Ottawa
ll understan | The have al
nt Societ had Conte
between regions pitted Ottawa against
al to an overa of goveIIrnme
112 regionalism
, eco-
the United States, political conflicts carbon-based fuels,
fundament
its demo cratic syste
m
h–En glish split, otive goods go to s that would reduce the use of that the environ mental gains
ty and ogies, the
Frenc nces fromall the exported autom ry’s future which requires policie government knew
Canadian socie including ideol as exter o’s GDP. Almost
nal influe nding the indust . Albertans and their to their economy.
lines s, as well
per cent of Ontari h are uncertainty surrou a decade y that is central
range of socia
l fault
gender differ
ence 12
English and dealFrencof urgenc y into the Alberta for about expense of the industr that a clear majori
ty
and age and fact that
fact that injects a great be achieved at the n polls showing
, ethnicity, example, the a population
is con- and regions. On of the protocol would point to public opinio vative Party’s
nomic class lization. For h-speo.aking in nces in the demog
raphy of provinces ment was able to turned out, the Conser
from globa the in Ontari
Frenc rity to have consider- The federal govern agreement. As it
other coun
tries and and that e majo
some signific
findphon
ant differe
raphic differences
tend
d ratifying the Kyoto lack of sympathy
the population predatesWe thealsoanglo
velyion, these demog moot, given the party’s
large portions of ry that the relati
major except ic interes ts. The major of Canadians favoure rendered the issue
spoken by
one region,
with a histo her exam
whole, and withple is
one nt regional econom cent national election to global warming.
largely in
try. the
Anot Canada’s differe
doged with over 80 per victory in the 2006 ntionist approach toward
centrated cs of the coun pe, al impact
which has chan
than phone province, and its less interve
policies have been slanted
nce the politi ablyof less
Europolitic
er majority franco ty having for the Kyoto guideli
nes
major economic
nues to influe tries outside the only
Yet isanoth tongue and a majori against and even
exploita-
Canada, conti s from coun is Quebe
iondian politi which
c,cs.
as their mother federal government’s
of immigrant impact on
except
Cana onshipg French different from the
rest Historically, the On occasion the
discrimination tariffs, each
l of millions significant
tion claimin
ing relati
cial popula ter is dramatically central Canada. us. Examples include
recent arriva is having a the provin
of try’s long-stand whose ethnic charac is not to the interests of
graphy and is the coun s through
er region is Aboriginal. This West, has been egregio
Canadian demo government ancestr Anoth
y.onne ction of the population like s, particularly the National Energy
Policy.
cs and French
web of interc
wherextabout 85 per cent ter of provin ces tion of other region eration, and the
Canadian politi a complex Canada is Nunav ut,conte within demographic charac of entry into Confed
influence on that involves of the societal differences in the population, and
Nova province’s terms
relationship y. In short, there are not enorm ous
politics Asian immigrant
d States, a foreign polic say that e of any country’s
to the Unite lation , culture, and the natur with its large non-European and the ethnic charac ters of British
tment, popu both inate. But
trade, inves understanding British Columbia, ancestr y predom franco- ac-
is crucial to of British Isles way that Quebec’s Tariffs tariffs on manuf
cal life unfol ds
Scotia, where people ty are
on socienot get expressed in our politic s the ic policy was high
which politi r and influe
nce. impacts Scotia do stone of econom n regions. The cost
bution of powe
and their and Nova ies a’s history a corner unequally betwee
and the distri ns of the state Columbiatal forces on the polic For most of Canad s were distributed Thunder Bay),
that the actio of socie character does. costs and benefit railhead (today’s
, however, effects phone bureaucrat
s,
tured imports, whose
Some argue so than, the leaders and rail to the Fort William been. And the costs
of
as, if not more key political s to ship grain by than it should have
sM in Canada
important s, including of the pol- for western farmer greater have
at least as nt. State actor the contours es, always seemed they might
cs, shaping ionali despite federal subsidi prices higher than
Mapping Reg
s of governme ens in politi steering to the West made had
and instit ution what happ ed to, and thus .” A manufactured goods beginning in 1879—
influence on s are listen e definition of “region shipping eastern National Policy
often have
a powerful sts and voice als able to ignor The answer depends on our the high tariffs of the s. The Canadian
g which intere inted offici a have? one drawn along been if trade—protect
ed by states and region
ion, determinin are elected
and appomany region s does Canad s, ideas, look different from with American ent with the
itical conversat But only rarely
How d them . These value along economic lines will of Canada’s l north–south lines of its origina l agreem
that ensue.
aroun
the societymap with boundomic aries drawn e way to conceive followed more natura ve prime lands (part
structure, andargue that the only sensibl control over extensi
the outcomes interests from its econ . Some separa te region. More
Pacific Railway’s n sensitiv ities.
of values, ideas
, and
cal ident ities,
lines of demog raphy or history
xt within which ce constit utes a y) also rankled wester
the pressure society’s signif
icant politi er conte such that each provin ces into the same government in the
nineteenth centur
including a de the broad provincial lines, ct of e certain provin
cape, provi regions is alongrs are the subje ers tend to combin are difficulties.
and interests, across its lands tal facto r, political observ But here, too, there
lines that cut . These sociecommonly, howeve eastern provinces. ion
the major fault ng take place the western and bia into a comm
on region desig- into Confederat
Terms of Entry
entered
viour and
policy maki region, particularly ba and British Colum to have these provinces
political beha lumping Manito o they may appear know that when
justification for being west of Ontari , few Canadians powers and contro
l over
. The both it has been com- and Saskatchewan the law-ma king
Part II of the
book
is unclear. Aside
from
Difficulties aside, Outside Alberta iately receive all ent was due to
nated “the West” ba and Nova Scotia. Columbia and the they did not immed discriminatory treatm
on than do Manito Canada in 1905 ces enjoyed. This then being
no more in comm a: the West (or British l that the other provin of the Prairies,
regions in Canad physica l and cultura natura l resources ic development ga
“is it four or five main In terms of both l over the econom of buildin
listen to the mon to speak of Atlantic provinces. ant region. to retain contro al to the Nation
al Policy goal
Time to Redraw
the o, Quebec, and the is another signific Ottawa’s desire ion was essenti
Prairies), Ontari Canadian North ics, values, whose expans acturers.
Regional Map
of
as well as economics, the aries of regions: econom settled rapidly, and c and Ontario manuf
Canada?” podcas
t, geogra phy, ine the bound market for Quebe
al ways to determ larger domestic
available at www There are three princip
m/
.oupcanada.co
and identit y. y Policy (1981)
The National Energ
Brooks Concise .
Conser vative govern-
ey’s Progressive
omic Regi ons it was abolished
by Brian Mulron y of Albertans. It
s vivid in the memor
Canada’s Econ
for A generation after
provide a basis Policy (NEP) remain Alberta to the rest
l geography, may National Energy r of wealth from
linked to physica s, Ontario and Quebe
c’s ment in 1984, the enormous transfe rial heartland,
ic interests, often ence on fisherie ably believed, an Canada’s indust
Common econom a’s greater depend on grain produc
-
involved, they reason and industries of lly
s. Atlantic Canad greater reliance to the consumers to western, and especia
classify ing region West’s comparatively ering these of Canada, and chiefly ered hostile
g base, and the basis for consid that they consid
greater manufacturin ts that provide a - Libera l government
ic interes
4.1 shows, the econom
ic charac perpetrated by a
l resources are econom
Part II
tion and natura distinc tive regions. As Table
as constituting
parts of Canada erably.
I
ces vary consid
a’s provin
teristics of Canad
The S
t
of Go ructures
verna
The roo
ect.” An
nce
t of the
word
“gover
d, ind nmen
of the eed, go t” is the
public’s vernm Latin
busin ent do verb “gu
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tions, is gene vide dir berna
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ucrac ing a for a soc aning
y, and legisla ction iety thr “to gu
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cratic unwritte ced, an nd in es ecutive)
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nance. embo s is pro part on se ins
Const died in vided its co titutio
itutio a coun to aggri nstitu ns
ns and try ’s co eved tion. La
ded. In cit ws are
the ca str uctur nst itutio izens,
system se of es of go n. This on the
Canada vernm is the basis
of go , the Co ent ref ideal
circums vernm nstitu lect the of demo
ent ma tion ad -
tances y be un opted societ
place, . The derstoo ies in
const same in 186 which
itutio is true d as res 7 and they are
indep ns an for the ponse the co embe
endent d gover revisio s to pa untry d-
eff nm ns rtic ’s parlia
agenda ect on ent ins in the ular soc menta
, how politica titutio Const ietal an ry
some the y are l ou tcome ns ten itu tio d his
degre frame d to ha n Act, torica
d, wh s. In oth ve wh 1982. l
environ e influe at voice er wo at po But on
nced rds, the litical ce in
ment by the s are issues scientis
politica of ide structur listen that ge ts call
as an es of ed to, an
l outco d intere gover and wh t onto
menta mes de sts tha nmen at ultim the po
l system pend t press t. Socie ately litical
s throu to som on tho tal fac happen
One of gh wh e degre se wh tors are s is to
the mo ich the e on the o exe importa
influe st dif y are natur rcise nt—the
nce of ficult proces e of the public
societ challe sed. const autho
politics al fac nges itutio rity—b
and po tors an in po nal an ut
in quest licy. Th d tha litical d gover
e balan t of str analy n-
ion; ho ce be uctur sis is
itical wever tween al fac to dis
outco , gover structur tors (co tinguish
mes. nmen al nstitu be tw
tal str and soc tions een the
uctur ietal fac and ins
es alm titutio
ost alw tors de ns) on
ays pla pends
y a rol on the
e in de issue
termi
ning po
l-

Highlights of the Concise Edition xix
1 | An Intr
odu ction to Pol
Democracy
itical Life
17
Box 1.4
Is Canada’s
Demo
Watch
In 2009, cracy Bro
Maclean’s ken?
with low vot magazine
hosted a
er turnout round-tab
given as one le discuss
piece of evid ion on the
topic “Ou
Up for De ence that
all is not wel r Democr
bate l with Can
ada’s dem
acy Is Bro
ken,”
Is democr ocratic sys
acy possib tem.
Canadian le when
federal ele only 61.4
ction? Wh per cent
of eligible
y or why voters cas
not? t ballots,
as in the
2011 431
World
in the
nada
police forces, 13 | Ca
courts, and
coercion and jails. But unl
violence, and ike other form
they give citi s of govern
Perhaps eve zens an opp ment, they
n more imp ortunity to do not depend
society’s soc ortant than choose who on
ial and cultur constitutional will govern
anny of the al values. Toc guarantees them.
majority is queville arg and political
perceive the the existence ued that the practices are Defen
se
mselves as of multiple gro bes t pro tection agains a Air
can rt-
belonging to up identities t the Ameri d, a pa
tions, ethnic par ticular in society. Wh tyr- North D) is
create ited
or language social groups en individual The NORA the Un
citizenship groups, or reg —such as reli 1957 and ( and viet
with everyo ional commu s part-
Comm Canada of a So
ne else, the nities—in s gio us denomina ior ip of ssi bil ity
ar sta
-
ends. After l Issue
icaadd - da is
a jun
any; nersh the po ing rad
all, everyone democratic n Polit ition to sha na rm ag ainst rn
statnae dia
is less likely ring a commo War I:
Ca
again
st Ge State
s
Early
wa n terri-
rights and stat has a person V | Ca n World iance the co
m- attack. on Ca
nadia
Ight
us of his or al0interest to be turned the all under missile lished south
ern
in the toleran 1914 –18
her ow n 43 to oppressive ner in s fall estab across
Potl
existence of ce of social op are Lin e na da
group depend n tro ers. tions etree d- Ca
multiple gro on div ersi ty bec Canadia h of fic memb
er
the Pin the Mi
, and and the
Ian S
of Canadian up identities it. As is dis ause the of Britis nding tory:
rallel,
(diversity and cussed later mand s a fou in 1954 th pa 2 | Po
democracy. in this boo become Canada fif ty-fif
along litical
Some twentie
nad
multiculturali
sm) is an imp k, the
aty wi
th the Canada of Na
tions.
InsIdeic orb
it
e, at the ing (DEW
) line, Culture
67
Ca
ue on om Lin arn .
Leag W
PolIt
th-centur y ortant feature y Tre ted by 1919 of the the ec United Early in 1957
against the writers arg ciprocit abroga s from Distant rallel, Canadia
n
st Re passe t of the eth pa
ICs
tyranny of ue that cul ld The fir ned,
Canada into tha officia
lly seventi on, the
the majority. Dem tur al values represe W or s is sig . in w the ars of US
lar tolerance the 1854 d State in 18 65 1920 eat Br
ita
estmen Bo t no t. r Pe
s critic
al
of diversity. ocratic govern Ca na da in nt the ma es e, Unite rn ment a so vereign of Gr can inv
xinv2.4
estm|en de r Leste co me even
In The Civic me ine: rtugu in bulwark go ve as eri itis h W
ziehat Ar
Un
nt be m W ar,
Timel nt, they sug
and Sidney : Am
Culture ges
gli sh, Po the US of Canada that
the States value
of BrCa na ns’cken 19ch s
60ite
cturgo vernme Vietna con-
Verba conten .2
, American by Basque , En t, depon on the rs ter,diaMa t in the anies
Box 13
on by fea s the e Says
ships ends of
ati
d that dem popu- The cre ns on exceed minis pre to
a way ference for emen comp n of
According
to this politic ocratic gov Fishing pol itical anishntis
Spscie t
tsst coasrielthe 1867 is prom
pted
t have
desig
d by ’s pr
ime Greco-ro
ralism
as ma
n frohit m neo-goth involv abou
h Ca
natdiaa nNatio productio
involves exa al culture app late ernme Fren
and
ntchis, sus f the ea Gab of f Alm ond state
ate s migh eri ca an Canada multil
ateing s en
made y nc
e arc ecture
in their thoicug rather ofit from then’s Po rliti
Qucs ebec
mining the roach, s– nktain
s of
eddbywhcul aling Unite
d St
h North
Am
nue to
pay 1921 King,
sees indep also s. ref governm to pr than ports
. Unde e
1400det erm an d Ba tur al Be
atti lle itis nti nada’s conse al affair lect a pre tinue ent lated exarc hitectur t provinc
apparently population inin
Gr gouandsoc
land,
an rai t of tudes.9 of Br
ess to
co
ory. Ca ernati
rva
on tism , ference build-
-re son, thae of ma s
’s attitudes early iety the St parts llingn n territ assert eralismWestmins
suchter fence
fordethe sug mand
an’s tion of in intlib
democratic d indeg as tradit l Jo hnge ny Am
ands beliefsNewf ree s unwi in ide sts de
political ins coast explo ofitadem Britain’ Canadia the Great
Br ita
tetic of and the go- ion and soc emier as Da ofnie aits
rtive in relian cedent
erican
key to sustain titutions, is1500 br. ad
Thior s,
rathonomicn ropeans. ocracy defen
ce of
ntroll
ed by Statu cra y to neideas of ind ial
pr ord re as onseind ividuaindepen of the soc
politic
al build
ing it. argued toLabee—the first ecer stha Euthe existen s for the ies co transfer
red
Unde
r the
ires the
valuerit
autho s. The co in its ividualism come er sovmo
and de entattec
er and an ls, when
nd ere ceason iety an ings
The civ ic cul Isl the tru ource by he r furce of territor are qu tre aties lumns fou be iontur e fou pe the d of the
n rese test of lts ot
The va
st an y British 1931 ac n nd in the mo-
res n nd in Ca inent keystones
de state
ture thesis has Canadia
and
pe democracy the Comp 0, and Canada n for
eig Grecofor rep . ge
Castsnadia a promnada’s Parlia and arc
forand 70 –1 ’s Bay in 187 d sig -Ro ad a relme s h archi-
social capital recent ly enj beaver basis sthe 18 Hudson nada ince in tiate
an ar II, voice
ma
ab n ro
s be co ian ce on ins nersh
ip ment bu
: norms of oyed a renaiss Trade in oviding the din g route ita in to Ca
the fif th prov m ht. W or ld W
t ite d Stin ma
ate intain ca
ing
eri n ow titutions ildings
sug-
involvement interpersona te anc e thr pr
s, oug of tra of by Br
become
s hes fro own rig ates
in Grea the Un ue as
Am the ing rea
tur integrity of
ch such as
in politics and l trust, a la sen
begin
l ex
h
ten sion
wor k ony wh the north
lum bia na da stretc pa rticip rd ina te of
r ca l iss nu fac the
the mo
na rch
are low, pub in the life of 1500 ses of civ evicentua all the
wa to at
is called Co
er wh
ich Ca Ocea
ns.
5 Ca
nada
r as a
subo
m the
wa politi s and
ma state. y
lic authoritie the commu duteb y,ecand rta. 187 1, aft Pacific by the 1939 –4 longe
emerg
es fro
omies
. ource
levels
. uests
nity mafro m Qu a Albelbeief its to to the but no g econ
in res n req
and force to s must invest tter wa n and tha
tw otvisone ’s At lantic ad opted Canada ’s leadin edented tratio
more in ins s. Wh
he ere ke s the
Policy
is ludes Britain. memb
er unprec adminis nt pe
rmit,
maintain soc titutions and Saskatc leve
plainlsmaof soc of Qu
ebec
tional
It inc
of the
world
nding nnedy rnme
ial order. Soc am city ial ment. nu- n gove ree-
main argum de Ch tru stan The Na govern on ma as one s a fou d multi- The Ke TO ag
ent for policie ial capital is Sapol
muelicie s tab
thalish ing the
t rely ge; Eu
rope vative tariffs ling become e UN an Canadia d NA
arg 03 –8 da, es on
voya rep 1879 Conser se in fledg da . Th ts 19 62 t the an ssi les
izens will be s, practices, 16ued to hav ress Cana d Natio
ns weigh tha RAD mi
and Cana
e an eco second s. ion increa pr otect can Unite as co
unter the NO ds on is
happier and institutions 1608
on his
nomicnavalu da be gin a sh arp
ods
to Ameri 1945 of the seen ates on under warhea uest
have greater that proinmo n of Ca e,in but France ed go from ited St clear The req
teiza ial capn Brita
tio an d the tur ers co ur- lism are the Un ment
s, nu ritor y. nt,
control ove vernme
r their ow n colon soc latera
fac uc en
the Ne
w prod ich als
o nce of n ter
aker go
twee ital is tha in dian te in influe y. nadia
efenb rela-
lives. r be
a rivalr
y t cit- ch Ca na bu t wh op era to the n polic er of
the on Ca the Di da–US
The wa into g Fren eti tion, ies to - n foreig memb ed by in Cana cted
63 over s defea
tin comp mpan of for Canadia ing de us rif t ele
1759– spills e forma
l ed co h levels nd and Tra ref jor nt
troop US-bas to hig pro- is a fou Tarif fs ng a ma vernme
British in 175
9. Th
takes ages leads els of Canada nt on Treaty creati eral go st.
World, . This er lev reeme lantic The Lib reque
at Qu
ebec Britain Canada and low n-owne
d
1947 ral Ag rth At tions. th the rre
forces
ce to . rship Gene the No lies wi of Pie
w Fran of Paris n owne ult of
foreig
) and comp ent
fer of Ne Treaty eig a res ly for the (GATT ). n War in 19 63 vernm Optio
n”
trans r the
pplier
of y as uce on (NATO Korea l go “Third
3 unde jor su ductivit t prod ation Libera s the de,
ce in 176 ma s tha Organiz ate s in the olu tion. The un ce dia n tra
pla s a ation t. rs particip cil res anno Cana
become ips. corpor marke Wate Coun 1973 deau ifying total
Cana da h sh the Cana dia n
da ry Canada cu rit y th the Tru ers de the
Britis itain an
d Boun ates a UN Se
wi of div deca
pine for small
ational d St 1950 –3 under
sides ish policy of the d to
the
Early white een Br ttles on Unite Ca na da –B rit en d tie
2 betw ny ba The
Intern
n the ng the Crisis: Franco but by
the trade
me hig
h.
1800s ar of 181 uces ma wat- betwee creati Suez st the n foreig
n
and im
port
an all-ti
The W ared 1909 effect, IJC) s again
s prod the sh Treaty takes ion ( 1956 d State Canadia a export y is at
1812–14 d State an d da iss Unite t, and brokers onom
Un ite or y na Co mm of Egyp , who can ec
n territ and Ca Joint invasion arson arded Ameri
Canadia kes. nce of ational r Pe is aw
eat La influe Intern low). ght ter Le
ste crisis,
the Gr ute the
is fou minis d the
ers of da, the 09, be ction to en
to dil of Cana (see 20 ral ele ocity
in ent ize.
effor t idents migra- n gene recipr settlem ace Pr
In an rn res ge im nadia ue of o- bel Pe
1820s can-bo The Ca the iss The pr the No
Ameri encoura iva l of on ates.
rities
The arr 19 11
largely ited St ilfrid
ial autho itish Isles. from the Un of W (Top lef
colon ts wi th nt
m the
Br migran trade govern
me t) Unite
tion fro ds of im ine of the oc ity (B ottom d States
us an recipr ted. Capitol
of tho o fam g lef t) Do
tens g the potat be ginnin er is defea of the
Canadia
orway
to the
Building
. (Top
d durin nifica
nt Lauri Canadia right)
Irelan the sig yond n Parlia United
nt be ment bu n Parlia States
18 40s
marks that we s. ildings. menta
ry Librar Nationa
ralism unitie l Arch
nic plu glish
comm y. (B ott ives, co
of eth and En
om rig
ht) Ha lumn de
ench thinkers llway in tail.
the Fr , includ the int
and ing Georg erior
greater wi e Grant
political llingness and Charl
tradition to use the es Taylo
. state to r, have arg
achieve ued tha
commu t the col
nit y goals
are centra lectiv ist ethos
l to the Ca
nadian
• Special features geared towards student

engagement. Inviting students into debate, shining the 11 | The Media
365
light on uniquely Canadian issues, and taking a behind-the- On the other hand,
the gains made in
n, Aboriginal Canad
recent years by social
ians, and environmen
ly marginal, politic
tal activists, have been
ally weak
largely
raise public
interests, such as wome media have helped
ds and spokespersons. The iginal
scenes look at the daily world of politics and the media, the ge of their deman of equal value, ” “Abor
due to media covera rse such as “equal pay for work that the
issues and discou denied
consciousness of the it can hardly be
pment.” Moreover, s, to say nothing
and “sustainable develo government action
self-government,” and critici zing
better job of scruti
nizing d, it is precis the
ely
following features capture readers’ interest and involve them media usually do a
of those of powerful
societal groups, than
critical and even irreve
rent tone of much
do the oppos ition parties. Indee
public affairs journa
lism that contributes
hment character.
to the wide-
endent and anti-establis t’s

mass media’s indep ter. Frank Lloyd Wrigh
spread belief in the not have this charac
with content. Most of what the
description of televis
mass media offer does
ion as “chew ing gum
for the eyes” is a fairly
apt charac teriza tion of much
»» “Democracy Watch” boxes focus on controversial

Media BeaT rializing throu gh Public Opinion
Polls
ians believe
events, processes, and situations related to Canadian Box 11.4 | Edito

“According to
an Environics
lesbians should
Research Group
be allowed to
survey, 57 per
marry. The result
cent of Canad
s are based on
within a margin
a telephone
of error of plus
that gays and to be accurate
peopl e and are considered
democracy and end with debate-style questions. survey of 1,500

or minus 2.5 per
Statements like
cent, 19 times out of 20.”
the one above
are repor ted on
le part of media
a daily basis.
coverage of public
In fact, polling result
affairs, along with
s
the
the words of
have become
an indispensab ps even more than
Poll results, perha respected. For
this
s and analys is of “experts.” that is widely
obser vation rity
a sort of autho and
»» “Canadian Spotlight” boxes provide timelines

ts, seem to carry pays for them,
interviewed exper conducted, who
to why they are
paying attention
reason, it is worth
ializing when sur-
where they are
repor ted. shades into editor
polling sometimes rsation on an issue
in
out that public opinion the public conve
It turns
rately used to push izations may com-
on important themes in Canadian democracy and veys of public

a particular direct
missio n survey
opinion are delibe
ion. Political partie
s that are design
s, governments,
ed to tell a partic
ed and
and private organ
ular story about
comm ented
public opinion.
on in the media
These poll
. And not
e
they are report Indeed, it has becom
equential until in the same way.
results are incons
highlight events, people, and places that have played a d by the media special
firms are treate zines to have a
all polls and polling apers, and maga
casters, newsp to Star’s pollste
r of
ular television broad example, The Toron
routine for partic research firm. For polls carried
nship to a particular survey sion regula rly commission
relatio and Global Televi nics.
the National Post nship with Enviro
role in the evolution of Canadian government. choice is Ekos; a similar relatio

an’s magazine has ining the levels
of sup-
Research; and Macle ers for determ
out by Compas preferred pollst y about
s also have their they wish to conve
Political partie ges or images
and sending messa private or public
or for framing will be kept either
port on issues g data
their opponents.
These pollin requires that some
themselves or ses. All of this
campaigning purpo what it is
»» “Inside Politics” boxes feature special issues and the strategic and public to learn
depending on access for the
outlets provide
cers, and news
journalists, produ
them to know.
the party wants
provide commentary on key concepts.

»» “Media Beat” boxes feature news and other media
stories related to politics.

xx Highlights of the Concise Edition
• Striking presentation of key terms and their definitions. Both key

terms and their definitions are highlighted directly in the narrative, giving readers in-
context understanding of important concepts and taking the guesswork out of studying.
32
II | Th
e So cietal 63
l Cult ure
Cont
ext o 2 | Politica
f Polit
ics
Valu have been high
es , Ideo es, rates of cult
ural assimilation
the United Stat be as capable as
Ideas
assum log aking groups in ents have show
n themselves to
ues an
d beli
e variou
s form Ies , and
non-English-spe
s. Moreover, Can
adia n gove rnm
nst ethnic and
religious com munities. For
efs ab s in po in both societie riminating agai of their property
and
tive m
ap for out ho litical
life. W Inst r American cou
nterparts of disc
Japanese origin
were deprived
the bo under
st
w soci
et y he n Itut thei
es man y peo ple of of Dou kho bors , Hutterites,
undar
ies of
anding
politic
the wor
is orga
nized
they ta
and ho
ke the
fo Ions exam ple, in both countri
ld War II. The relig ious practices
es brought them
into con flict with
s to em ld—they co w it ou rm of a set of ps during Wor at various tim
confined to cam States immi-
brace nstitu ght to interr ’s Witnesses have and the United
beliefs te an id functio elated ites, and Jehovah in both Canada ples —
and ju eology n — an l- non
vaMen rnments. And -European peo
dgmen
ts abou
. A n id
eology
interp
reta-either Ottawa or
prov incial gove ed agai nst non-white, non
t othe spills ally discriminat cy in either cou
ntry.
r soci beyond gration policy has historic acte rization of poli has known limits,
al rela a fair char dive rsity
tionsh no longer of cultural of Canada’s
ips, although this is ada tolerance The treatment
that also in Can United States.
Despite evidence ve than in the that of Americ
a’s
been less restricti less harsh and
less violent than
these limits have ple, has been that com pare s to the offi-
ples, for exam ada’s history of
Aboriginal peo e is noth ing in Can
erican blac ks for muc h
orities. And ther cted against Am
Aboriginal min sica l violence dire in Canada sinc
e 1971
ion and the phy alism has existed
cial discriminat ial poli cy of multicultur alism is the idea that cul-
history. An offic .37 Multicultur s
that country’s stitution in 1982 eover, Canada’
ed in the Con encouraged. Mor
and was entrench should also be other state
d for society, it on programs and
is not only goo affirmative acti viduals
tural diversity a firm er basi s for
dva ntag ed indi
ears to prov ide conditions of disa
Constitution app amelioration of
as their goal “the
activities that have
on
igin ’s death
r Lordly Ver
of leader Pete rsion to priv
ate
Yout anniversary over their ave
h are memorate the governm ent in 1907.
somet khobors com hed with the khobor land
gener
ation imes (Lef t) BC Dou and his people clas than a third of Dou e of the
draw 1927. Ver igin mor e In the wak
func
tion?
befor
e them n to 29 October the Cro wn to reclaim BC’ s inte rior in 1942.
a very ch led cam p in ted that
Is th . Wha of land , whi an internm ent ent specula
belie
fs be is ideo t is yo
dif fe
rent ownership ns arrive at adia n governm ps and
dif fe logy ur vi set of anese Canadia es, the Can regated cam
simila sion (Right) Jap United Stat d them to seg
rent r to th of ho values Harbor in the and confine
from
w so and ck on Pea rl in espionage
theirs
?
at of
your ciet y belie
fs th Japanese atta ada wer e eng aged
paren shou an w g in Can .
ts? W ld be
organ
as th
e Japanese livin and asse ts at auc tion
hy m ized r possessions
ight
your and sold off thei
values
and
38 II | The Societal Contex
t of Politics
Table 2.1 | Kay Laws

on’s summ ary of IdeoLogIes
general Issues
Communism and
social Liberalism
some forms of democrats/ Conservatism fascism
socialism feminism
1. Means of Change
Revolution
• Art program with emphasis

Persuasion and democr
atic elections Coup/coercion
2. Human Nature
Unselfish and social
Selfish and social
Selfish and
on visual learning. A host

3. Role of the State unsocial
Economic
redistribution Protect individual liberty
Control
4. Values
Economic equality
Freedom and political equality
5. Positions
Far left Left Centre Right
Social order
Far right
of images, political cartoons, and
This table shows how the
Source: Adapted from
values of most present
Kay Lawson,
-day ideologies are very
The Human Polity: A Comparat
similar.
ive Introduction to Political
Science (New York: Wadswor
figures and tables in each chapter
th, 2002).
that governments can and should

oppressed. They are more likely
act to alleviate hardships experie
nced by the poor and the
bring a visual dimension to learning
to worry about minorit y group
rights than individual free-
doms, in the sense that they
achieving real freedom for the
see protecting disadvantaged
members of these groups. Modern
minorities as a necessary step
liberalism has also become
in about key ideas and concepts.
associated with support for multicu
lturalism and openness toward
and social institutions. non-traditional lifestyles
The doctrine of classical conserv
atism has disappeared from
leaving what has been called the contemporary democracies,
conservative outlook or “conser
atives tend to embrace the econom vative mind.”2 Modern conserv
ic beliefs that once were characte -
liberals, they defend the principl ristic of liberals. Like classical
e of equality of opportunity
protection of personal freedom and are more likely to place the
s before the advancement of minorit
conservatism is generally viewed y rights. As in earlier times,
as the ideology of the privileg
however, that conservative politicia ed in society. It is worth noting,
ns and political parties receive
middle-class voters whose hands much of their support from
are far from the levers of econom
Of the three classica l ideolog ic power and social influence.
ies, the meaning of “socialism”
is today, however, much less has changed the least. There
confidence among socialists
of economic production and that state ownership of the means
distribution is desirable. Modern
as they often call themselves, socialists, or social democrats
temper their advocac y of an
ance of capitalism and the inequal egalitarian society with an accept-
ities that inevitably are generat
Defending the rights of society’ ed by free-market economies.
s least-well-off elements is today
banner of other “isms” includin carried out largely under the
g feminism, multiculturalism
collectiv ist–egalitarian belief , and environmentalism. These
systems have more impact on
than does socialism. Canadian and American politics
A second reason why the traditio
nal trio of “isms” is no longer
has to do with the character a reliable guide to politics
of politica l divisions in modern
and title and the deferential society. The aristocracy of land
social norms that nurtured classica
l conservatism belong to the

Highlights of the Concise Edition xxi
Online Support
• Integrated online material and a full suite of ancillaries. With
online material integrated with the text and a robust suite of supplements, Canadian
Democracy: A Concise Introduction offers one-stop shopping for all student and
instructor needs.
»» Podcasts providing mini-lectures focused on important issues of the day. An
icon in the text’s margin indicates where a relevant podcast is available online.
»» Links featuring audio and visual material from the CBC archives and tvo’s
politics-focused roundtable forum The Agenda.
»» Appendices, including the Constitution Act, 1867, and the Constitution Act,
1982, as well as instruction on how to write an essay.
»» “Get Involved” section for students, featuring a history of Canada’s major
political parties; Q&As with members of parliament; and links to political
websites of interest, including Democracy Watch, Elections Canada, The
Democracy Project, and many more.
»» Student study guide, offering short-answer questions; self-testing quizzes;
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Brooks_1-127_Ch1-4.indd 22 13-02-11 4:23 PM
Part I
Introduction
We all have an idea of what politics involves. But the term “political science” may be less
familiar and, in some ways, more puzzling. The problem may arise from the word “science”
and images of hard facts, measurements, and laboratories. The problem may also arise from
the fact that some experts consider politics an art, which defies experimentation and meas-
urement. The study and understanding of politics, as for all forms of human behaviour and
organization, seems to lack the hard edge and to rely on techniques quite different from
those used in the natural and applied sciences such as physics and biology. Can there be such
a thing as political science?
The answer is: yes, within limits. Political science is considered a “soft” rather than a
“hard” science. Like the natural and applied sciences, political science rests on a bedrock
of empirical analysis—analysis that seeks to formulate laws about the world of politics and
government based on verifiable observation and, in some cases, experimentation. Like the
practitioners of the hard sciences, those who study politics and government seek to do so
objectively, attempting to understand the way things are and how they may be changed.
Political scientists’ analysis of politics may not always look like the activities and results of
those in the hard sciences, but the aspiration to produce objective, empirical knowledge is
the same. Political scientists generally have to make do with observing behaviour and the
functioning of institutions in less controlled circumstances than might be found in laborator-
ies or computer simulations.
No matter where politics and government are studied, the core concepts and analytical
methods are the same. Power, authority, identity, participation, bureaucracy, integration, sta-
bility, and equality are just some of the core concepts that are relevant to understanding the
politics of any country. In Part I of Canadian Democracy: A Concise Introduction we examine
some of the concepts that are crucial to understanding politics and government in Canada.
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FÉLIX GRAS’S ROMANCES.
The White Terror.
A Romance. Translated from the
Provençal by Mrs. Catharine A. Janvier.
Uniform with “The Reds of the Midi” and
“The Terror.” 16mo. Cloth, $1.50.
“No one has done this kind of work
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spontaneity, the vividness, the intensity
of interest of a great historical
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The Terror.
A Romance of the French Revolution.
Uniform with “The Reds of the Midi.”
Translated by Mrs. Catharine A. Janvier.
16mo. Cloth, $1.50.
“If Félix Gras has never done any
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reader’s attention closely, there is about
it a literary quality that makes it worthy of
something more than a careless
perusal.”—Brooklyn Eagle.
The Reds of the Midi.
An episode of the French Revolution.
Translated from the Provençal by Mrs.
Catharine A. Janvier. With an
Introduction by Thomas A. Janvier. With
Frontispiece. 16mo. Cloth, $1.50.
“I have read with great and sustained
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Though a work of fiction, it aims at
painting the historical features, and such
works if faithfully executed throw more
light than many so-called histories on the
true roots and causes of the Revolution,
which are so widely and so gravely
misunderstood. As a novel it seems to
me to be written with great skill.”—
William E. Gladstone.
BOOKS BY ANTHONY HOPE.
The King’s Mirror.
Illustrated, 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
“Mr. Hope has never given more
sustained proof of his cleverness than in
‘The King’s Mirror.’ In elegance, delicacy,
and tact it ranks with the best of his
previous novels, while in the wide range
of its portraiture and the subtlety of its
analysis it surpasses all his earlier
ventures.”—London Spectator.
“Mr. Anthony Hope is at his best in
this new novel. He returns in some
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‘The Prisoner of Zenda.’... A strong book,
charged with close analysis and
exquisite irony; a book full of pathos and
moral fiber—in short, a book to be
read.”—London Chronicle.
“A story of absorbing interest and one
that will add greatly to the author’s
reputation.... Told with all the brilliancy
and charm which we have come to
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work.”—London Literary World.
The Chronicles of Count Antonio.
With Photogravure Frontispiece by S. W.
Van Schaick. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
“No adventures were ever better
worth recounting than are those of
Antonio of Monte Velluto, a very Bayard
among outlaws.... To all those whose
pulses still stir at the recital of deeds of
high courage, we may recommend this
book.... The chronicle conveys the
emotion of heroic adventure, and is
picturesquely written.”—London Daily
News.
“It has literary merits all its own, of a
deliberate and rather deep order.... In
point of execution ‘The Chronicles of
Count Antonio’ is the best work that Mr.
Hope has yet done. The design is
clearer, the workmanship more
elaborate, the style more colored.”—
Westminster Gazette.
The God in the Car.
New edition, uniform with “The
Chronicles of Count Antonio.” 12mo.
Cloth, $1.25.
“‘The God in the Car’ is just as clever,
just as distinguished in style, just as full
of wit, and of what nowadays some
persons like better than wit—
allusiveness—as any of his stories. It is
saturated with the modern atmosphere;
is not only a very clever but a very strong
story; in some respects, we think, the
strongest Mr. Hope has yet written.”—
London Speaker.
“A very remarkable book, deserving
of critical analysis impossible within our
limit; brilliant, but not superficial; well
considered, but not elaborated;
constructed with the proverbial art that
conceals, but yet allows itself to be
enjoyed by readers to whom fine literary
method is a keen pleasure.”—London
World.
BOOKS BY GILBERT
PARKER.
Uniform Edition.
The Seats of the Mighty.
Being the Memoirs of Captain Robert
Moray, sometime an Officer in the
Virginia Regiment, and afterwards of
Amherst’s Regiment. Illustrated, $1.50.
“Another historical romance of the
vividness and intensity of ‘The Seats of
the Mighty’ has never come from the pen
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the best he has done. From the first
chapter to the last word interest in the
book never wanes; one finds it difficult to
interrupt the narrative with breathing
space. It whirls with excitement and
strange adventure.... All of the scenes do
homage to the genius of Mr. Parker, and
make ‘The Seats of the Mighty’ one of
the books of the year.”—Chicago
Record.
“Mr. Gilbert Parker is to be
congratulated on the excellence of his
latest story, ‘The Seats of the Mighty,’
and his readers are to be congratulated
on the direction which his talents have
taken therein.... It is so good that we do
not stop to think of its literature, and the
personality of Doltaire is a masterpiece
of creative art.”—New York Mail and
Express.
The Trail of the Sword. A Novel.
$1.25.
“Mr. Parker here adds to a reputation
already wide, and anew demonstrates
his power of pictorial portrayal and of
strong dramatic situation and climax.”—
Philadelphia Bulletin.
The Trespasser. $1.25.
“Interest, pith, force, and charm—Mr.
Parker’s new story possesses all these
qualities.... Almost bare of synthetical
decoration, his paragraphs are stirring
because they are real. We read at times
—as we have read the great masters of
romance—breathlessly.”—The Critic.
The Translation of a Savage. $1.25.
“A book which no one will be satisfied
to put down until the end has been
matter of certainty and assurance.”—The
Nation.
Mrs. Falchion. $1.25.
“A well-knit story, told in an
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the reader’s attention to the end.”
The Pomp of the Lavilettes. 16mo.
Cloth, $1.25.
“Its sincerity and rugged force will
commend it to those who love and seek
strong work in fiction.”—The Critic.
BOOKS BY E. F. BENSON.
Mammon and Co.
12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
“Eminently readable.”—London
Athenæum.
“Entertaining and amusing.”—London
Academy.
“A novel of mark. Its character
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vivacious.”—Literature.
“Mr. Benson writes from intimate
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clever epigrams give it a finish and polish
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setting itself. What is more, Mr. Benson
sees with a great deal of heart the
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of it feelingly.”—Boston Herald.
Dodo.
A Detail of the Day. 12mo. Paper, 50
cents; cloth, $1.00.
“‘Dodo’ is a delightfully witty sketch of
the ‘smart’ people of society.... The writer
is a true artist.”—London Spectator.
The Rubicon.
12mo. Paper, 50 cents; cloth, $1.00.
“The anticipations which must have
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DAVID HARUM.
A Story of American Life. By Edward
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“David Harum deserves to be known
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Cleveland.
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Philadelphia Item.
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HE MORMON PROPHET. 12mo.
T Cloth, $1.50.
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“A novel that stands quite by itself,
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Boston Beacon.
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“The author of this novel has the gift
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HE ZEIT-GEIST. 16mo. Cloth, 75 cents.
“One of the most remarkable
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BOOKS BY GRAHAM
TRAVERS.
INDYHAUGH. A Novel. By Graham
W Travers, author of “Mona Maclean,
Medical Student,” “Fellow
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‘Windyhaugh’ is not a book in which
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ONA MACLEAN, Medical Student.
M 12mo, paper, 50 cents; cloth, $1.00.
“A high-bred comedy.”—New York
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“‘Fellow Travellers’ is a collection of
very brightly written tales, all dealing, as
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BOOKS BY ALLEN RAINE.
Each, 12mo, cloth, $1.00; paper, 50
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Garthowen: A Welsh Idyl.
“Wales has long waited for her
novelist, but he seems to have come at
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By ELEANOR STUART.
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A Novel of Modern New York. 12mo.
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For a writer to manage this assortment of
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It takes work as well as talent. The
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Those who are fond of dry wit, a subtle
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will find ‘Averages’ a novel to their
taste.... There are interesting love
episodes and clever, original situations.
An author capable of such work is to be

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Part III The Structures of Governance 129

Constitutions and Constitutionality 131

6 | Rights and Freedoms 170

The Meaning of Rights and Freedoms 172

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What Is Federalism? 192

8 | How Parliamentary Government Works in Canada 226

The Organization of Government 227

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Part IV Participation in Politics 275

The Definition and Functions of Parties 278

10 | Interest Groups 314

Charting the Territory 315

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11 | The Media 343

“The Pictures in Our Heads” 345

Part V Canadian Political Issues 369

Language Politics 371

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13 | Canada in the World 419

Canada’s Century: The Twentieth or the Twenty-First? 420

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Marc Ménard, Professor, School of English and Liberal Studies,

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• Special features geared towards student

endent and anti-establis t’s

»» “Democracy Watch” boxes focus on controversial

events, processes, and situations related to Canadian Box 11.4 | Edito

democracy and end with debate-style questions. survey of 1,500

»» “Canadian Spotlight” boxes provide timelines

on important themes in Canadian democracy and veys of public

role in the evolution of Canadian government. choice is Ekos; a similar relatio

provide commentary on key concepts.

Brooks__FrontMatter.indd 19 13-02-11 4:16 PM

• Striking presentation of key terms and their definitions. Both key

Table 2.1 | Kay Laws

• Art program with emphasis

on visual learning. A host

that governments can and should

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